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STATISTICS, 

MEDICAL  AND  ANTHIIOPOLOGICAL, 


^    PROVOST-MAKSIIAL-GENERAL^S  BUREAU. 


1)E1:IVED   FROM 


RECORDS  OF  THE  EXAMINATION  FOR  MILITARY  SERVICE  IN 

THE  ARMIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  DURING 

THE  LATE  WAR  OF  THE  REBELLION, 


OVKR    A.    MILLION 

RECRUITS,  DRAFTED  MEN,  SUBSTITUTES,  AND  ENROLLED  MEN. 

COMPII.r.ll    UNDIClt    DIIiKCTION    Dli' 

THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR 


J  .    H  .    BAXTER,    A  .    M  . ,    M  .    D 

COLONEL  AXU  ClIIKF  MEUICAL   I'UHVEYOI!   UNITED  STATES  AKMI. 

LATE  CHIEF  MEDICAL  OFFICE'!  OF  THE  PROVOST- 

MAIJSIIAL-GENEIIAL'S   IlUnEAU. 


IN    TWO     VOLUMES. 


\  OL.    1. 


WASHING  T  0  N  : 

(fOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE. 

I  «  7  .5  . 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


VOLUME  I, 


*,*  A  copious  general  imies  will  be  fonud  at  the  enil  of  tliis  volume. 

INTRODUCTORY. 

Page. 

Plan  and  scope  of  the  work 

Instructions  to  recruiting- surgeons  issued  by  various  governments VIII 

Outline  OF  THE  HISTORY  OF  ANTHROPOMETRY IjXll 


TART  I. 

Review  of  the  tables,  and  their  results 

PART  11. 

71 

Charts  and  maps : "  ■ 

PART  lit. 

Reports  OF  SURGEONS  OF  BOARDS  op  ENROLLMENT  AND  other  documents  Ij' 


41.5380 


INTRODUCTORY 


During  the  first  two  years  of  the  war  of  the  rebelUon,  the  armies  of  the  United 
States  were"  recruited  by  vohmteer  enlistments,  under  the  control  of  the  authorities  of 
the  several  States;  audit  was  not  until  March  3,  1863,  when  this  method  had  proved 
inadequate,  that  Congress  passed  an  act^  creating  a  bureau  of  the  War  Department 
to  be  known  as  the  Provost-Marshal-General's  Bureau,  which  should  have  charge, 
among  other  matters,  of  the  recruitment  of  the  armies  by  volunteer  enlistments,  if 
found  practicable,  or  by  draft,  should  it  become  necessary. 

As  preliminary  to  the  latter  method,  a  complete  enrollment  of  all  persons  liable 
under  the  law  to  perform  military  duty,  namely,  "all  able-bodied  male  citizens  of  the 
United  States  between  the  ages  of  twenty  and  forty-five  years,"  with  certain  excep- 
tions,"- was  speedily  made  by  boards  of  enrollment,  one  in  each  congressional  distnct,-' 
consisting  of  a  provost-marshal,  a  surgeon,  and  a  commissioner,  whose  duty  it  was  to 
attend  to  enlistments,  the  enrollment,  and  the  draft ;  forward  volunteers,"  drafted  men, 
or  substitutes  to  the  various  rendezvous  camps,  &c. 

At  the  time  these  boards  of  enrollment  were  formed,  the  armies  in  the  field  were 
depleted  by  casualties  and  disease,  the  discharge  of  soldiers  on  account  of  disabilities 
existing  prior  to  their  enlistment,  and  by  the  expiration  of  the  terms  of  service  for 
which  men  were  enUsted.  Owing  to  these  causes,  they  were  in  no  condition  to  cany 
on  offensive  operations,  more  than  three  hundred  thousand  men  being  necessary  to  fully 
recruit  them  to  a  condition  of  efficiency. 

In  order  that  none  but  able-bodied  men  should  be  put  in  the  field,  a  thorough  and 
systematic  medical  examination  was  necessary;  and  on  January  11,  1864,  the  "Medical 
Branch  of  the  Provost-Marshal-General's  Bureau"  was  estabhshed,  and  to  it  was 
assigned  the  supervision  of  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  medical  examination  of  men 
for  military  service,  and  to  its  chief  medical  officer  all  surgeons  of  boards  of  enrollment 
reported  and  from  him  received  their  instructions.  Prior  to  the  establishment  of  this 
branch,  by  an  order  assigning  me  to  duty  as  chief  medical  officer,  medical  matters  of 
the  Bureau  had  been  conducted  in  an  able  and  efficient  manner  by  the  late  Lieut.  Col. 
R.  H.  Coolidge,  medical  inspector  United  States  Army,  whose  attention,  however,  had 

■  "An  act  for  enrolling  and  calling  out  the  national  forces,"  approved  March  3,  1863. 

=  For  exceptions,  see  act  of  March  3,  18fi3,  section  a,  and  the  amendatory  act  of  February  24,  18t)3. 

^Ibid.,  particularly  section  4  of  the  first. 

*  As  only  those  who  voluntarily  enlisted  were  known  to  the  Provo3t-Marshal-Gener.al's  Bureau  as  recruits,  the  same 
designation  has  been  adopted  in  the  tables  of  this  report;  but  elsewhere  the  term  volunlcers  is  used,  and  the  words 
ra-rMt  and  recruih  are  givcu  their  more  extended  and  general  signification.  For  further  remarks  on  this  subject,  see 
page  4. 


II  IXTRODUCTORY. 

been  mainly  directed  to  the  formation  of  the  Veteran  Reserve  Corps,  or  rather  to  the 
examination  of  soldiers  in  hospital,  who,  b)^  reason  of  wonnds  or  disease,  were  unfit 
for  active  service  in  the  field,  but  Avho  were  able  to  perform  lighter  duty  in  the  Veteran 
Reserve  Corps. 

The  loose  manner  in  which  iiiedical  examinations  had  been  performed  when 
recruitment  was  under  control  of  the  several  State  authorities  demanded  a  radical 
reform  in  that  direction ;  for  it  had  been  fully  demonstrated  that  the  placing  of  men  in 
the  field  who  wei-e  physically  disqualified  for  performing  the  duties  and  enduring  the . 
hardships  incident  to  the  life  of  a  soldier  was  not  only  poor  economy  but  fatal  to  the 
successful  prosecution  of  military  operations.  The  requirements  of  the  service 
demanded  that  the  medical  examiner  should  possess  not  only  a  high  order  of  medical 
talent,  but  that  he  must  combine  with  it  a  thorough  knowledge  of  human  nature  and 
a  strict  moral  integrity.  He  was  expected  to  ju^dge  of  the  physical  and  mental  capacity 
of  men  under  the  most  diverse  circumstances.  He  must  be  able  to  detect  a  defect  in 
the  volunteer  or  the  substitute,  who  was  to  receive  a  large  bounty  in  case  of  acceptance, 
and  who  sought  to  conceal  disqualifying  defects ;  and  he  must  also  be  able  to  discrimi- 
nate between  the  assumed  and  the  real  disability  of  the  drafted  man,  who,  by  exaggerating 
existing  disabilities  or  feigning  those  which  did  not  exist,  strove  to  be  exempted ;  he 
must  pursue  a  strict  line  of  duty,  and  mete  out  even  justice,  being  responsible  to  the 
whole  country  on  the  one  hand  that  its  claims  upon  its  citizens  were  enforced,  and  on 
the  other  hand  to  the  conscript,  who  was  perhaps  forced  into  the  Army  away  from  a 
family  that  depended  on  him  for  support.  If  his  humanity,  in  such  cases,  preponderated 
his  sense  of  duty  to  the  country,  and  caused  him  to  reject  or  exempt  men  for  small 
disability,  he  was  accused  of  being  too  lenient  and  of  subjecting  other  men  to  the 
chances  of  another  draft ;  and  if  a  strict  sense  of  duty  compelled  him  to  hold  for 
service  men  vvho  were  in  the  smallest  degree  disabled,  he  was  accused  of  forcing 
cripples  and  invalids  into  the  Army.  To  the  credit  of  the  medical  profession,  it  may 
be  said  that,  notwithstanding  all  these  embarrassments  and  diificidties,  physicians  of 
repute  willingly  undertook  the  duties,  even  at  a  pecuniary  disadvantage,  and  have  not 
only  earned  from  me  as  chief  medical  officer  of  the  Bureau  a  grateful  acknowledg- 
ment of  their  services,  but  are  entitled  to  the  gratitude  of  their  countrymen.  It  is 
from  their  records  and  reports  that  the  statistical  tables  of  this  work  have  been  com- 
piled, and  to  them  I  am  indebted  for  another  valuable  portion  of  the  work,  which, 
with  introductory  remarks,  constitutes  Part  III. 

During  the  existence  of  the  Provost-Marshal-General's  Bureau,  four  di'afts  were 
made.  The  first,  the  draft  of  1863,  furnished  records  of  the  examination  of  252,843 
men ;  under  the  second,  which  was  made  under  the  call  of  March  14,  1864,  84,486 
examinations  were  recorded  ;  the  third,  made  under  the  call  of  July  1 8,  1864,  furnished 
records  of  163,122  examinations  ;  and  the  fourth,  made  under  the  call  of  December  19, 
1864,  furnished  records  of  the  examination  of  104,594,  making  the  total  number  of 
drafted  men  examined  605,045.  The  number  exempted  under  each  draft  was :  under  the 
first,  80, 131  ;  under  the  second,  20,848  ;  under  the  tliird,  40,711 ;  and  under  the  fourth, 
14,040;  making  a  total  of  155,730,  or  a  ratio  of  257.39  per  thousand  exempted  out  of 
the  605,045  examined.  During  the  same  period  there  were  examined  225,639  volun- 
teers and  79,96H  substitutes.     Of  the  former,  50,008,  or  a  ratio  of  221.63,  and  of  the 


INTRODUCTORY.  IH 

latter,  21,125,  or  a  ratio  of  204.17  per  thousand,  were  rejected.  The  total  number, 
then,  of  examinations,  (exclusive  of  enrolled  men  who  came  up  for  exemption  from 
the  draft,  or  ratlier  to  have  their  names  stricken  fi-om  the  enrollment-lists,)  that  were 
made  under  the  authority  of  the  Provost-Marshal-General's  Bureau,  and  of  which 
records  more  or  less  complete  were  made  and  preserved,  is  910,652. 

March  17,  1866,  Maj.  Gen.  James  B.  Fry,  Provost-Marshal-General  of  the  United 
States,'  submitted  to  the  Secretary  of  War  a  final  report  of  the  operations  of  his  Bureau, 
including  "a  historical  report  of  the  operations  of  the  medical  branch,"  and  "a  ^yrdim- 
iiiary  report  of  the  medical  statistics  on  file."  Before  the  Bureau  was  discontinued, 
(August  28,  1866,)  it  was  evident  that  very  valuable  statistical  matter  existed,  in  the 
form  of  disconnected  records,  which,  if  compiled  in  a  shape  to  be  readily  consulted, 
and  so  arranged  as  to  present  comparative  results,  would  be  of  great  value,  but  which 
must  necessarily  be  lost  to  the  world  unless  some  action  were  taken  by  Congress  to 
provide  for  its  compilation  and  pubhcation.  To  this  end,  resolutions  were  passed  by 
the  Senate  and  the  House  of  Representatives  on  July  9,  1866,  directing  the  Secretary 
of  War  "to  communicate  *  *  *  a  report  of  the  medical  statistics  collected  during 
the  war  in  the  Bureau  of  the  Provost-Marshal-General  by  Surgeon  J.  H.  Baxter  as  soon 
as  such  report  can  be  compiled  and  prepared  by  him ;"  and  in  accordance  with  this 
resolution  the  work  was  commenced  on  August  28,  1866,  and  has  steadily  progressed 
up  to  the  present  time,  (1S75,)  the  necessary  appropriation  of  money  having  been  made 
by  Congress  July  28,  1866. 

Of  the  records,  covering  the  examination  of  over  a  million  men,  a  little  over  one- 
half  have  been  used,  owing  to  incompleteness  in  the  remainder.  This  incompleteness 
was  found  largely  among  those  of  an  earlier  date — those  made  prior  to  the  establish- 
ment of  the  medical  branch ;  but  as  those  which  could  be  used  seemed  to  be  fair  repre- 
sentatives of  all,  the  omission  abridged  the  work  rather  than  detracted  from  its  value. 
I  believe  the  data  from  which  these  statistics  are  comjjiled  vastly  exceed  in  extent  any 
of  a  similar  nature  ever  before  collected  and  published;  and  the  exclusion  of  all  incom- 
plete records  from  the  statistics,  while  it  does  not  reduce  the  number  of  examinations 
actually  made  use  of  to  a  low  number,  renders  them  free  from  the  objection  that,  in 
many  instances,  statisticians  resort  to  the  calculus  of  probabilities  to  eke  out  the  meager 
foiindation  on  which  their  conclusions  are  based. 

The  examinations,  the  records  of  which  form  the  groundwork  of  these  statistics, 
were  conducted  in  the  manner  following :  A  large  room,  having  abundance  of  light, 
was  chosen  as  the  examining-room,  upon  entering  which  the  recruit  was  required  to 
divest  liimself  of  all  his  clothing;  and  as  this  was  done  in  the  presence  of  the  exanaining 
surgeon,  any  defect,  as  a  stiff  joint,  &c.,  which  the  volunteer  or  substitute  would  wish 
to  conceal  would  often  be  detected,  especially  as  he  would  be  thi-own  off  his  guard,  not 
supposing  the  examination  had  commenced.  Similarly,  a  feigned  defect  could  be 
detected.  Having  divested  himself  of  his  clothing,  he  was  asked  his  name,  age,  nativity, 
and  occupation,  and  questioned  in  regard  to  his  general  health  and  that  of  his  family, 
whether  any  hereditary  taints  existed,  and  if  he  had  ever  suffered  from  any  disease  or 
accident,  thus  endeavoring  to  obtain  all  the  information  possible  concerning  him,  his 
conversation  at  the  same  time  enabling  the  surgeon  to  judge  of  his  mental  as  well  as  of 

'  Message  and  Docnmeiifs,  War  Depaitniert,  Part  3,  ]86!i-'e6. 


JV  INTRODUCTORY. 

his  physical  qualifications.  He  Avas  then  placed  under  the  sliding-bar  of  a  stationary 
measui'ing-rod,  directed  to  stand  erect  while  his  height  was  accurately  measured  and 
noted,  and  a  tape-measure  was  passed  around  the  chest,  over  the  inferior  angles  of 
the  scapulae,  and  directly  over  the  nipples,  and  an  accurate  measurement  taken  both  at 
inspiration  and  at  expiration.  After  this  the  color  of  the  eyes  and  hair,  and  the  com- 
plexion were  noted,  and  a  general  inspection  of  the  whole  body  made,  notice  being 
taken  of  the  muscular  development  and  general  appearance ;  and  at  the  same  time 
tumors,  ulcers,  varicose  veins,  clu-onic  swellings  of  the  extremities,  or  any  visible  defect 
that  would  disqualify  him  for  service,  were  carefully  sought  for.  The  head  was  then 
examined  for  any  depressions  or  irregularities  that  might  exist,  and  the  eyes,  eyelids, 
nose,  ears,  teeth,  palate,  and  fauces  were  attentively  noticed.  The  chest  was  then 
inspected,  and  the  respiration,  action  of  the  heart,  and  condition  of  the  lungs  ascertained 
by  auscultation  and  percussion.  He  was  next  directed  to  stand  erect,  place  his  heels 
together,  and  raise  his  hands  vertically  above  his  head,  the  backs  together,  in  which 
position  he  was  required  to  cough  and  make  other  expulsive  movements,  while  the 
abdomen,  the  inguinal  rings,  and  the  scrotum  were  examined  for  hernia.  The  penis 
was  then  examined  for  epispadia,  hypospadia,  and  venereal  disease ;  the  groin  for 
glandular  enlargements ;  and  the  testicles  for  atrophy,  induration,  and  other  diseases 
He  was  then  required  to  bend  forward,  the  fingers  touching  the  floor,  the  legs  straight, 
and  the  feet  widely  separated,  in  which  position  the  fissure  between  the  nates  was 
inspected  for  haemorrhoids,  fistula,  prolapsus  ani,  or  any  other  disease  of  the  anus,  and 
firm  pressure  was  made  along  the  whole  length  of  the  spine,  at  shoi't  intervals,  to  dis- 
cover if  any  tenderness  indicative  of  disease  existed.  Next  he  was  required  to  extend 
his  arms  laterally,  at  right  angles  to  the  body,  and  then  bring  them  together  on  as 
nearly  the  same  level  as  possible  both  in  front  and  behind ;  to  pronate  and  supinate 
them  rapidly ;  to  strike  out  from  the  shoulder ;  to  flex  the  arm  upon  the  shoulder, 
and  the  forearm  upon  the  arm ;  and  to  open  and  close  the  fingers  rapidly.  He 
was  then  required  to  walk  rapidly,  and  to  run  around  the  room  several  times ;  to 
hop,  first  on  one  foot  and  then  on  the  other ;  with  his  heels  together,  to  raise  himself 
upon  his  toes  ;  to  flex  and  extend  the  thigh,  leg,  and  foot ;  to  kick  first  with  one  foot 
and  then  with  the  other,  and  to  make  several  leaps  in  the  air.  While  thus  excited,  he 
was  again  examined  for  lung  and  heart  diseases,  and  also  for  hernia.  The  eye-sight 
was  next  tested  by  placing  him  at  one  end  of  the  room,  the  surgeon  standing  at  the 
other,  and  asking  him  the  number  and  color  of  objects  displayed  to  each  eye  separately. 
The  hearing  was  also  tested  at  the  same  time  by  modulating  the  tones  of  the  voice 
while  conversing  with  him,  and  by  covering  one  ear  while  endeavoring  to  discover 
defects  of  the  other.  The  remaining  portion  of  the  record  was  then  made  out,  the  re- 
sult of  the  examination  recorded,  and,  in  case  of  rejection,  the  disease  or  infii-mity  on 
account  of  which  he  was  found  unfit  for  military  service  was  written  in  full. 

The  foregoing  method  of  conducting  the  examinations  applies  more  particularly  to 
volunteers  and  substitutes,  who  frequently  sought  to  hide  defects  in  order  that  they 
might  be  accepted,  receive  large  bounties,  and,  when  in  the  field  or  at  rendezvous  and 
distributing-camps,  be  discharged  from  the  service  to  enlist  again,  and  again  obtain 
bounties.     With  the  drafted  man,  however,  the  case  was  different,  and  the  manner  of 


INTRODUCTORY. 

As  the  volunteer 


conducting  the  examination  was  modified  to  suit  the  circumstances.     As   he  volunteei 
.nd  r  s^b  t  tute  endeavored  to  conceal  a  defect  to  gain  admittance  to  the  Arm,      o 
'^^ch  fted  man  frequently  simulated  a  defect  or  disease  that  d.d  no   exist,  or  undul 
n    :^fi  d  tW  existing,  I  order  to  escape  from  the  service.     Add..ond  rnhn-mation 
rehxtive  to  the  manner  of  conducting  examinations  may  be  found  on  P^§«  ^V^^^^^ 

^K  reports  required  of  examining  surgeons  were  made  on  blanks  fmmshed  by 
the  nld^cab  mch  of  the  Bureau,  and  exhibited,  in  regard  to  volunteers  and  substi- 
u  e     arr^^^^^  of  the  examination;    (2)  the  designating  number  ;    (3    tire  name  o 
tutes,  ^i;  I  nativity  ;    (6)  his  occupation  ;   (7)  his  height,  m  teet 

'"l  •"■;■"      /s?htZ;iexion     (T)  the'coll- of  his  eyes;   (10)  the  color  of  his  hair; 
'::;^t^o^^:^        \h  .l^th  of  chest  at  expiration  ;  (13)  whetl^r  ma. 
iedorsino-le-    (14)  whether  white  or  colored ;  (15)  his  genenxl  physical  constitution 
an    c;i:S?on   Ur  the  general  term  ''physique  ;"  (16)  f^^^J^^^^^  --.t 
stitute-   (17)  the  resuh  of  the  examination,  whether  accepted  or  rejected     (18)  spec.h 
I  on  'o/  the  disease  or  disability  for  which  he  was  rejected,  or,_m  case  of  -cep^n     . 
^  note  of  any  distino-uishing  natural  or  accidental  mark  by  which  he  imgh   be  ident  - 
fied      In  release  of  drafted  men  the  record  was  the  same,  with  the  addition  of  col- 
nmns  for  recordiu""  the  town  and  county  where  drafted.  ^  ^,     ^   ,  . 

Th  ati  Ll  table,  and  chart,  which  constitute  Part.  I  and  II  of  tins  report  ave 
accomnan  d  by  explanatory  remarks,  and,  therefore,  requh-e  only  comments  o  a  gen- 
ZLter  in  this  introduction.  The  elementary  conditions  "'-';"'-■"»-- 
parison  with  each  other  are:  height;  girth  of  chest ;  .«P»™'»"  »' ^  .^'  (Taceoftst 
comnlexion  •  nativity ;  social  condition,  married  or  single;)  and  locaht} ,  (place  01  . esi 
dent )  The  comparison  of  each  of  tlie^  with  others,  and  a  ™-<^-'"'"  »'*!'' 
Xi  to  disease,  may  be  briefly  stated  as  the  scope  o  this  rei»r  --'l^^-™ 

that  statistics,  when  presented  in  a  fonn  requn-mg  from  the  reade,  J         ^"^rd  LSof 
putation,  fail  to  be  interesting  or  beneficial  except  to  a  very  few  ad  a  ced  students  o 
the  subiect-  and,  in  order  that  this  report  may  be  easily  comprehended  by  any  one 
al   in  Sd,  tl,;  plan  of  giving  ratios  expressing  the  relation  ^!^V'i:rt:.^ 
to  another  has  been  adopted;  and  again,  as  these  raios  are  »-'  «-'»'; '"'J, ''^X;*^^^ 
comparable  one  with  another.     If  it  be  stated  that  out  of  "'■«« ."  ™  "'  f  ^i;™ 
plein  S70  were  rejected  on  aceonnt  of  chronic  rheumatism,  and  that  out  "     -1^-   " 
if  li^ht  complexion  the  number  rejected  for  the  same  di.,ease  was  1,013,  no  dehnite 
Mea  i     eo"iv  yed  as  to  whether  the  men  of  light  or  those  of  dark  comp  exion  we  e 
fid  more  iected  by  that  particular  disease  ;  ^"^'-^"it^f^^tJ^tZ 
well  as  the  „uml,or  is  given-4.871   for  the  former  "."'' "'"^^  f"  *«J^  ^ ,     ''^.f,,^ 
once  clear  t«  the  mind  that  the  men  of  dark  complexion  were  mo  e  "««  «»  *»"  ";° 
other  class. '     Again,  if  it  be  stated  that  on  account  of  the  same  disease  1,. MO  on    o 
3    r«  "  "a«ve  Americans  were  rejected,  and  that  out  of  .,4.944  men  of  «-n-     '    1 
he  number  reiected  was  287,  it  is  not  clear  which  nativity  was  lound  more  affected 

,  1  -ing  the  respective  millesimal  r„.ios-4.8fK  and  4.313-we  arrive  a,  a  »     , 

a  d  undeista°,d  that  tie  ,«,,■  of  rejection  in  the  iir.st  case  was  four  men  and  eig  ,t  liun- 
dr«l  forty-eight  thousandths  of  a  man  in  the  tl^on^^nA^^niO^^iO^^^^^^^ 


'  Sue  Tablo  18. 


VI 


INTEODUCTORY. 


little  less,  being  four  men  and  three  hundred  and  thirteen  thousandths  of  a  man  per 
thousand  examined.  * 

The  value,  then,  of  the  ratios  given  cannot  be  overestimated,  because  without 
them  the  whole  work  would  prove  to  be  practically  valueless.  The  labor  of  com- 
puting all  these  ratios  has,  of  course,  been  very  great ;  over  a  hundred  and  thirteen 
thousand  calculations,  in  which  the  decimal  was  carried  out  four  places,  having  been 
made  and  carefully  verified  by  the  ordinary  method  and  by  the  addition  of  the  results 
ob1;ained,  which,  if  correct,  would  agree  with  a  larger  ratio  obtained  in  another  way. 
A  further  statement  of  the  labor  required  to  bring  the  statistics  into  their  present  shape 
may  be  di  interest.  For  convenience  in  estimating,  the  tables  may  be  put  into  six 
classes,  as  follows :  the  first  class  consisting  of  Tables  1 ,  2,  and  3 ;  the  second,  of 
Tables  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  and  9  ;  the  third,  of  Tables  10,  11,  12,  13,  14,  and  15  ;  the  fourth, 
of  Tables  16  and  17;  the  fifth,  of  Tables  IS,  19,  and  20;  and  the  sixth,  of  Tables  21, 
22,  and  23.  To  produce  the  tables  of  the  first  class  in  their  present  form,  three 
thousand  five  hundred  preliminary  tables  had  to  be  made.  These  preliminary  tables 
contained,  in  the  aggregate,  three  million  five  hundred  thousand  sets  of  figures,  or 
independent  numbers,  and  were  condensed  into  twenty-four  intermediate  tables — one 
for  each  nativity — which  contained  one  million  four  hundred  and  forty  thousand 
sets  of  figures,  exclusive  of  eleven  thousand  ratios  ;  and  these  twenty-four  intermediate 
tables  were  condensed  so  as  to  form  Tables  1,  2,  and  3,  presented  in  this  report.  The 
subjoined  tabular  statement,  which  recapitulates  the  foregoing,  and  shows  the  work 
performed  on  the  other  classes,  will  give,  with  less  verbiage,  a  better  idea  of  the  labor 
necessary  for  the  preparation  of  the  statistical  matter : 


Class. 

Preliminary 
tables. 

Sets  of   fig- 
ures. 

Intermediate 
tables. 

Sets  of   fig- 
ures. 

Number  of 
ratios. 

Final  tables. 

\ 

3,500 
1,225 

78 

310 

310 

3 

3,  500,  000 
1,500,000 
148,  800 
310,  000 
310, 000 
179, 040 

24 
6 
6 
1 
1 
3 

1,440,000 
37,000 
11,904 
17,  334 
30, 000 
62, 352 

11,000 
18,000 
3, 000 
4,050 
15,000 
02,  352 

3 

2      

6 

3 

4                          .          

0 
2 

5    

6 

3 

Totals    

.5,421) 

5, 947,  e40 

41 

1,598,590 

113,402 

23 

It  should  be  bonie  in  mind  that  this  statistical  matter  does  not  relate  to  soldiers 
already  in  the  service — picked  men,  in  no  wise  representing  the  masses — but  to  the 
people;  the  men  engaged  in  every  occupation  ;  the  professional  man  and  the  man  of 
letters,  the  trader,  the  merchant,  the  clerk,  the  artisan,  and  the  unskilled  laborer ;  the 
rich  man  and  the  poor  man  •  the  robust  and  the  crippled ;  in  short,  to  the  citizens  of 
the  United  States,  both  native  and  foreign-born,  and  does,  it  is  believed,  illustrate  the 
physical  aptitude  of  the  nation  for  military  service.  The  tables  in  which  nativity  is 
an  element  of  the  comparison  show  the  physical  condition  of  foreign-born  citizens  of 
various  nativities  in  relation  to  each  other  and  in  relation  to  native  Americans,  both 
white  and  colored. 

'  Sec  Table  17. 


INTRODUCTORY.  VII 

Tlie  charts  and  maps,  as  stated  in  the  introductory  notice  to  Part  II,  are  derived 
from  Tables  16,  17,  18,  19,  20,  and  22.  Although  the  statistics  of  all  these  tables  are 
rendered  easy  of  comprehension  by  the  ratios  given,  yet  a  mental  comparison  of  ab- 
stract numbers  is  necessary;  but  the  charts,  which  have  been  prepared  in  order  that  the 
most  interesting  results  of  the  pathological  tables  may  be  presented  to  the  eye,  show, 
as  a  picture  and  at  a  glance,  the  relation  between  the  different  terms,  conditions,  or 
elements  of  the  comparison.  An  inspection  will  at  once  reveal  the  method  adopted, 
and  the  comments  upon  each  chart  or  class  of  charts  will  direct  the  attention  of  the 
reader  to  the  interesting  comparative  results. 

It  may  be  of  interest  to  mention  that,  after  the  tables  forming  the  secoud  volume 
had  been  stereotyped,  the  completion  of  an  improved  "calculating  engine"  seemed  to 
offer  a  desirable  opportunity  of  testing  the  accm-acy  of  the  work  done.  The  machine 
was  accordingly  obtained,  and  the  entu'e  series  of  ratios  re-calculated  by  it.  Although 
this  proceeding  has  necessarily  produced  considerable  delay  in  publication,  it  is  amply 
compensated  for  by  the  satisfactory  conviction  that  the  figures  referred  to  are  indis- 
putably correct. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  work,  I  have  been  very  materially  aided  by  the  profes- 
sional and  scientific  attainments  of  the  following  gentlemen,  who  have  been  on  duty  in 
my  office,  viz :  J.  0.  Stanton,  M.  D.,  late  surgeon  United  States  veteran  volunteers ; 
Robert  Fletcher,  M.  D.,  late  surgeon  and  brevet  colonel  United  States  volunteers;  and 
M.  L.  Baxter,  M.  D.,  late  acting  assistant  surgeon  United  States  Army.  Mr.  J.  J. 
Beardsley,  also,  as  chief  clerk,  lias  discharged  the  duties  assigned  to  him  with  diligence 
and  discrimination. 

The  accuracy,  and  consequent  usefulness,  of  a  Work  like  the  present,  which  abounds 
in  teciinicalities  and  contains  such  a  multitude  of  figures,  depends,  in  no  moderate 
degree,  upon  the  critical  supervision  and  cultivated  taste  that  may  be  exercised  upon 
it  at  the  press.  To  the  Superintendent  of  the  Government  Printing-Office,  the  Hon. 
A.  M.  Clapp,  I  take  pleasm-e  in  according  the  grateful  acknowledgments  which  he  has 
so  ably  and  coiuteously  earned.  I  have  also  to  thank  his  skillful  assistant,  Mr.  H.  T. 
Brian,  Foreman  of  Printing,  for  the  unwearied  vigilance  and  intelligent  scrutiny  with 
which  he  has  aided  in  the  production  of  these  pages,  which,  of  themselves,  bear  wit- 
ness to  the  justice  of  this  commendation. 

The  following  comparative  view  of  instructions,  issued  by  different  governments 
for  the  guidance  of  the  examining-surgeon,  as  also  a  history  of  the  attempts  at  man- 
measurement,  with  a  bibliography  of  the  subject,  will,  it  is  hoped,  be  found  valuable, 
not  only  in  connection  with  the  tables  of  this  work,  but  to  students  of  antlu-opology. 


VIII  INTRODUCTORY. 


A  comparative  view  of  the  instructions  issued  hy  the  United  States  Government  and  hy  the 
principal  {jovernments  of  Europe  for  the  guidance  of  the  medical  officer  in  the  exami- 
nation of  recruits. 

In  the  United  States,  as  in  most  of  the  great  kingdoms  of  Em'ope,  tlie  limitations 
as  to  heioflit  and  ag-e  of  the  recruit  have  varied  with  the  uro-encv  of 'the  demand  for 
men.  The  rejection  for  physical  disqualification,  such  as  disease  or  deformity,  how- 
ever, has  admitted  of  no  such  variation.  The  experience  of  all  nations  has  demon- 
strated the  uselessness  of  attempting  to  conduct  military  operations  to  advantage 
unless  the  rigid  scrutiny  of  the  surgeon  has  been  exerted  to  exclude  such  men  as  were 
subjects  of  or  pi'edisposed  to  disease,  or  were  unfitted  to  sustain  the  continued  fatigue 
and  exposure  of  the  march.  It  has  been  estimated  by  an  eminent  English  statistician 
that  in  time  of  peace  7  per  cent,  of  the  fighting-men  of  tlie  army  are  habitually  in 
hospital.  In  the  peninsular  war  21  per  cent,  of  the  British  forces  were  constantly  in 
hospital;  "but  the  Crimea  was  the  culminating  point,  for  there  39  per  cent,  of  the 
force  was  sick  on  an  average  during  seven  months,  and  the  destruction  of  life  was 
enormous."  Well  may  Dr.  FaiT  add,  "Nothing  is  so  expensive  as  an  unhealthy  mili- 
tary force."  '■ 

The  sickness-rate  for  the  troops  generally  in  the  United  Kingdom  from  1860  to 
1869  averaged  4.782  per  cent.,  and  in  1870  only  3.858  per  cent- 
It  is  known  that  the  French  troops  engaged  in  the  Crimea  were  better  cai:ed  for 
by  their  officers  and  were  more  judiciously  provided  with  comforts  than  either  the 
English  or  Sardinian  forces ;  yet  an  army  of  50,000  French  soldiers  on  their  way  to 
Sebastopol,  before  the  advent  of  the  cholera,  left  5,500  men  in  hospital  on  the  way.^ 

It  is  difficult  to  make  any  comparison  with  these  figures  of  the  constant  sickness- 
rates  of  our  forces  in  the  late  war,  as  the  casualties  from  wounds  were  generally 
included  in  the  returns.  Mr.  Elliott's  tables  show  that  for  a  period  of  about  six  months 
the  sickness-rate  varied  from  7  to  nearly  17  per  cent.,  the  larger  rate  occurring  among 
the  western  forces."*  These  rates  are  probably  underestimated.  The  complaints  of 
commanding  generals  and  the  experience  of  regimental  surgeons  demonstrated  a 
lamentable  discrepancy  between  the  force  on  paper  and  the  number  of  men  ready  for 
duty  In  the  field. 

The  success  of  an  army  depends  so  largely  upon  the  fidelity  and  capacity  of  the 
recruiting  surgeon  that  It  becomes  interesting  to  compare  the  regulations  established 
for  his  guidance  in  different,  nations  ;  and  with  this  view  application  was  made,  through 

tlie  State  Department;  to  the  governments  of  Great  Britain,  France,  Austria,  Russia, 

* 

'  Tha  lieaVli  of  the  Britiah  arnvj,  and  the  effect  of  recent  sanUarij  measures  on  its  mortality  and  sickness,  by  Dr.  Fahh. — 
Journal  of  the  Statistical  Socicti/,  vol.  xxiv,  p.  480,  I^iiiuluii,  18G1. 
-Army  Medical  Report  fur  1870,  [1.37. 

' Hccrulcnunt  di:  VarmiT ct piiiidalion  ile  la  France,  ir.iv  h:  Dr.  J.  C.  Ceikn'ij,  4to,  Paris,  1937,  p.  6. 
*  On  the  military  slaiislics  nf  lite  Cintcd  States  of  America,  4to,  Berlin,  IStiS,  x'-  "• 


INTRODUCTOKY.  •  '^ 

the  North-German  Empire,  Belgium,  Italy,  a,iul  Switzcrlai..!,  tor  their  latest  regulations 

npon  the  subject. 

Among  the  ancient  Romans  the  physical  qualifications  to  be  required  of  a  recruit 
have  been  described  by  Vegetius  in  his  summary  of  the  art  of  war.  He  says,  "  The 
young  soldier  ought  to  have  a  lively  eye,  should  cany  his  head  erect,  liis  chest  should 
be  broad,  his  shoulders  muscular  and  brawny,  his  fingers  long,  his  arms  strong,  his 
waist  small,  his  shape  easy,  his  legs  and  feet  rather  nervous  than  fleshy.  When  all 
these  marks  are  found  in  a  recruit,  a  little  height  may  be  dispensed  with,  as  it  is  of 
much  more  importance  that  a  soldier  should  be  strong  than  that  he  shoukl  be  tall."' 

The  regulation  height  of  the  Roman  soldier  appears  to  have  varied,  as  it  has 
among  modern  nations.  The  lowest  stature  mentioned  is  equivalent  to  about  5  feet  3 
inches  of  our  measure.^  The  emperor  Valentinian  established  5  feet  7  inches  as  the 
most  desirable  height  for  the  soldier,  which  would  be  5  feet  5.55  inches  Enghsh.  The 
members  of  the  First  Legionary  Cohort  were  required  to  have  a  stature  of  6  feet,  (5 
feet  10.3  inches  English.) 

The  regulation  as  to  age  in  the  Roman  army  required  a  ]-ecruit  to  have  attamed 
his  seventeenth  year  upon  entering  the  service.  Under  ordinary  circumstances,  the 
soldier's  term  of  duty  ended  with  his  forty-fifth  year ;  but  if  the  need  of  troops  were 
m-gent  and  continual,  he  could  be  retained  until  he  was  sixty  years  of  age.  AVhen  the 
extstence  of  the  republic  was  in  peril,  men  of  all  ages,  from  seventeen  to  fifty  years, 
were  impressed  for  duty. 

After  the  tyro  was  accepted,  he  was  subjected  to  close  observation  dm-ing  a  pro- 
bationary period  of  four  months,  at  the  end  of  which  time  he  was,  if  found  qualified, 
finally  enrolled  liy  the  impress  of  the  "military  mark"  upon  the  hand.  It  is  indis- 
putable that  this  extreme  care  in  the  selection  of  its  material  was  one  of  the  causes 
of  the  early  invincibility  of  the  Roman  armies.  The  writer  already  quoted  says,  "An 
army  raised  without  due  regard  to  choice  of  recruits  was  never  yet  made  a  good  army 

by  any  length  of  service."^ 

FRANCE. 

The  limit  of  stature  of  the  French  foot-soldier  has  undergone  numerous  changes. 
In  1701,  an  ordonnance  of  Louis  XIV  fixed  the  limit  at  5  feet,  (French,)  equivalent  to 
1.624  metres,  (63.938  inches  English.)  From  1799  to  1803,  the  limit  was  lowered  to 
1.598  metres,  (62.914  inches  English,)  and  again,  in  1804,  to  1.544  metres,  and  this 
last  measure  remained  the  standard  until  after  the  downfall  of  Napoleon.  By  the  law 
of  March  10,  1818,  the  minimum  Avas  estabhshed  at  1.57  metres,  (61.812  inches  Eng- 
Hsh,)  but  was  reduced,  by  the  law  of  December  11,  1830,  to  the  lowest  point  yet 
attained,  viz,  1.54  metres,  (60.631  inches  English)  The  law  of  March  11,  1832, 
raised  it  to  1.56  metres,  (61.418  inches  English;)  in  February,  1868,  it  was  reduced 
to  1.55  metres,  (61.025  inches  English;)  and,  lastly,  by  the  1-aw  of  Jidy  27,  1872,  it 
was  again  reduced  to  1.54  metres,  (60.631  inches  English.) 

Before  the  re-organization  of  the  French  army  in  1872,  the  family  of  a  conscript 
>vas  allowed  to  furnish  a  substitute,  (remplarant,)  or  to  pay  a  stipulated  sum  of  money 
for  his  release;  the  latter  process  being  termed  exoneration.  After  the  overwhelmmg 
reverses  following  the  war  with  the  North-German  Empire  the  doctrine  of  obligatory 
personal  service  was  adopted  by  the  French  Rcpublic,jmd_substitu^^ 

'  Vkgf.tius  Rkn.mus,  Dc  re  miliiari,  lib.  i,  cai..  (i.    ■^Acconiin-  to  d'Auvillr's  stau.laid.    n'tcurius,  op.  ciL,  Vb.  i,  cap.  7. 


X  INTKODUCTORV. 

The  principal  features  of  the  law  of  July  27,  1872,  by  which  the  French  anny  was 
re-organized,  are  as  follows: 

Every  Frenchman  owes  personal  military  service,  and  can  be  called  upon  from  the 
age  of  20  to  40  years  to' form  part  of  the  active  army  or  of  the  reserve.^  No  bounty  is  paid 
in  any  shape.    Only  Frenchmen  are  admitted  into  the  army;  all  convicts  are  excluded. 

In  January  of  every  year,  the  mayor  of  each  canton  prepares  a  list  of  the  names 
of  those  young  men  who  attained  their  twentieth  year  during  the  year  jireceding." 
On  a  given  day,  this  list  is  read  aloud,  and  observations  are  pennitted  from  those  inter- 
ested. At  the  di-awing,  those  who  have  been  guilty  of  fraudulent  representations  have 
their  numbers  first  extracted  from  the  m-n,  after  which  the  general  drawing  takes  place. 
Persons  are  appointed  to  draw  for  those  not  present,  and  the  result  is  unalterable,  no 
second  drawing  being  allowed  under  any  circumstances.^ 

Exemption  obtains  for  those  who  are  found  to  be  physically  unfit  for  either  active 
or  auxiliary  duty;  also  in  certain  cases  of  dependent  relationship,  confined,  however, 
to  those  of  legitimate  birth.  Young  men  who  at  the  period  of  their  examination  have 
not  attained  the  required  minimum  of  height,  viz,  154  centimetres,  (G0.G31  inches 
English,)  or  who  are  not  robust  enough  for  the  service,  are  required  to  present  them- 
selves again  the  next  year,  and,  if  still  incompetent,  again  the  year  following,  for  fur- 
ther examination.     They  are  described  as  '■^ajournes."* 

Each  canton  has  its  council  of  revision,  consisting  of  a  general  ofiicer,  a  surgeon, 
and  one  or  more  magistrates.  After  hearing  all  matters  of  appeal,  the  council  divides 
the  list  of  conscripts  into  five  classes: 

1.  Young  men  found  fit  for  service. 

2.  Those  exempt  for  dependent  relationship. 

3.  Those  exempt  as  students,  volunteers,  &c. 

4.  Those  who  from  deficient  height  or  other  causes  have  been  dispensed  from 
active  service  but  are  fit  to  take  part  in  some  auxiliary  branch. 

5.  Those  "adjourned"  to  a  future  examination.^ 
The  French  ai"my  is  classified  under  four  heads  : 

The  Active  Army :  Tlais  is  composed  of  the  young  men  found  fit  for  active  service  be- 
longing to  the  five  latest  classes  drafted.    It  also  includes  volunteers  and  re-enlisted  men. 

The  Beserve  of  the  Active  Army:  This  is  composed  of  the  four  classes  prior  in  date 
to  the  five  active  classes. 

The  Territorial  Army:  This  is  composed  of  those  who  have  served  their  full  terms 
in  the  two  preceding.  This  force  is  locally  distributed,  and  is  analogous  to  the  Landwehr 
of  the  German  nations. 

The  Reserve  of  the  Territorial  Army:  This  is  composed  of  those  who  have  served 
their  full  terms  in  the  tlu'ee  preceding. 

The  term  of  service  of  the  French  soldier  dates  from  July  1  of  the  year  in  wliicli 
he  is  di'awu,  and  extends  through  twenty  years.     Pie  serves  liis  first  five  years  "  luulcr 

'  Lot  siir  le  recntlenieut  de  Varmie,  dn  27.  juillct  1872.  Bulletiu  des  lois  <le  la  E<5publiqao  Franfaiso  :  l-J"  sdrio,  t.  v, 
]>.'.t7,Hvo,  Paris,  lS7:i. 

-  As  the  couscii|>t  iiuist  )i.'ivc  attained  tlio  ago  of  twenty  ou  or  Ijel'ore  the  lUst  December  of  the  jear  previous  to  the 
(Irawiiij;  of  liis  "  class,"  it  isevideut  that  luaiiy  of  them  may  be  upward  of  tweuty-oue  years  old  wheu  scut  to  camp  to 
commence  their  military  career.  A  competent  authority  has  estimated  the  average  age  of  the  class  at  twenty  and  a 
half  years.  {0»  the  mililarij  cousi-ript'nm  of  France,  by  JIajor-General  Bai.I'OUR,  Journal  of  the  Statintical  Sociel;/.  vol. 
xx.\,  p.  216,  Londou,  lciG7.) 

=  Op.d/.,  pp.  OS, 93.  1  Oj).  ci(.,  p.  101.  '■  Op.  eil. ,  p.  ^0G. 


INTRODUCTORY.  XI 

the  flag "  with  the  active  army,  and  the  next  four  years  in  the  reserve  of  the  same.  * 
During  the  following  five  years  he  belongs  to  the  temtorial  army,  and  for  the  remain- 
ing six  years  to  the  reserve. 

A  certain  number  of  young  men  of  the  active  army  are  allowed  to  remain  at  their 
homes  "e«  dlsponihiliW  They  take  part  with  the  reserve  in  two  annual  maneuvers, 
neither  of  which  exceeds  four  weeks  in  duration. 

Men  are  allowed  to  many  after  passing  into  the  active  reserve.  The  same  privi- 
lege is  accorded  to  those  "ew  disponibilite"  even,  but  they  are  at  all  times  liable  to  be 
summoned  to  the  field.  Shovild  one  of  this  latter  class,  however,  become  the  father  of 
four  children,  it  entitles  him  to  be  transfeired  to  the  territorial  army.^ 

Volunteers  are  admitted  into  the  army  under  certain  restrictions.  They  must  be 
between  18  and  24  years  of  age,  and  not  below  154  centimetres  in  height.  Since 
January  1,  1875,  the  ability  to  read  and  write  is  also  required  of  them."  The  Prus- 
sian system  of  one-year  volunteers  has  also  been  adopted.  Young  men  who  pass  a 
required  examination  are  admitted  as  volunteers  for  a  year.  They  themselves  j^ay  the 
entire  cost  of  their  equipment  and  of  their  support  for  the  year;  and  if  at  the  end  of 
that  term  of  service  they  pass  the  final  examination  satisfactorily,  they  are  appointed 
sous-officiers,  or  receive  an  equivalent  commission.^  An  engagement  for  a  second  year 
on  same  conditions  is  also  permitted.^ 

Men  convicted  of  maiming  themselves  in  order  to  avoid  performance  of  military 
duty  are  to  be  imprisoned  for  a  year.  Physicians  aiding  them  therein  are  liable  to  a 
fine  and  to  imprisonment  for  from  two  months  to  two  years.'^ 

The  official  instructions  to  the  surg-eon  as  to  his  duties  in  examining  conscripts  for 
the  French  army  are  those  of  April  2,  1862.     They  are  very  comprehensive." 

The  candidate  is  to  be  entirely  naked  when  examined,  and  is  to  stand  in  the  posi- 
tion of  the  soldier  without  arms  In  the  general  survey,  certain  defects  are  to  be  looked 
for,  which  at  once  incapacitate  for  military  service,  such  as  marasmus,  obesity,  extensive 
marks  on  the  face  of  a  livid,  hairy,  or  frightful  appearance ;  loss  of  substance  of  the 
cheeks ;  the  loss  of  both  eyes,  or  of  a  single  eye ;  loss  of  the  nose ;  loss  of  a  limb,  or 
of  an  essential  part  thereof;  loss  of  the  penis;  evident  deformity  of  a  limb.  Should 
none  of  these  appear,  the  examination  of  the  entire  body  is  to  be  made  in  detail. 
The  surgeon  is  to  satisfy  himself  that  the  splanchnic  organs  are  sound,  and  the  organs 
of  the  senses  in  full  perfection;  that  there  is  nothing  to  impede  the  full  use  of  the 
limbs,  or  to  render  painful  or  difficult  the  carrying  arms  and  equipment.  Finally, 
he  is  to  ascertain  that  the  man  has  no  infirmity  which,  though  not  obnoxious  to  his  own 
health,  might  excite  disgust  among  his  fellow-soldiers  in  the  close  contact  of  military 
quarters.  The  use  of  angesthetics  in  the  examination  is  not  permitted,  except  in  hos- 
pital-cases, where  invaliding  is  in  question. 

Table  of  disqualifications  for  the  militar/j  service  in  France. 

GENERAL   DISEASES. 
Weakness  of  constitution. 

Anaemia,  when  extreme. 

'  Op.  cit.,  p.  109.  •  Op.  cit.,  p.  110;  also  Decret  du  novembre  ^0,  1872. 

'^Bulletin  dcs  lots,  etc.,  xii'^  serii),  t.  v,  p.  112.  '  Decret  dii  norembre  28,  187."?.  ''  Op.  cit.,  p.  115. 

'^Instruction  ponr  serrir  dc.  guide  aux  offwicrs  dc  saiitedans  I'apprc'cintioit  dcs  iufirmite's  ou  des  maladien  qui  rriideut  ivi- 
propre  au  serrice%ililairc.  A pprourev par  le  inarechal  de  France,  miiiistrc-aecrctaire  d'etat  de  la  ijuerre,  le  2  arril  18G2,  d'aprh 
la proponition  du  conseil  de  sante  des  armies.     Folio,  Paris,  imprinierie  impdrialo,  1862. 


XII  INTRODUCTORY. 

"Scrofula,  if  evidenced  by  ulcers  or  enlarged  ganglia. 

Syphilis.  Primary  ulcers  exempt  only  when  of  great  size  and  likely  to  leave  ten- 
der cicatrices;   secondary  syphilis  always  exempts. 

Scui-vy,  if  attended  by  oedema,  loss  of  teeth,  &c. 

Cachexia,  induced  by  metallic  or  miasmatic  poisoning. 

Tubercles  in  any  tissue  of  the  body  must  be  carefully  sought  for,  as  the  diathesis 
peremptorily  exemjDts. 

Melanosis. 

Cancer ;  cancroid ;  fibro-plastic  tumors. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  TISSUES 

DISEASES    OF    THE    SKIN. 

Ekzema  and  lichen,  when  clu'onic. 

Pityriasis,  if  very  extensive. 

Lupus ;  pellagra. 

Erysipelas  can  rarely  exempt. 

Ecthyma,  pemphigus,  and  rupia  never  exempt. 

Ulcers,  when  extensive  and  obstinate. 

NsBvi  and  erectile  tumors,  if  on  the  face,  and  repulsive,  or  where  pressure  would  irritate 

the  latter. 
Cicatrices,  if  extensive,  disfiguring  or  binding. 
Hairy  or  horny  growths,  if  interfering  with  motion. 

DISEASES    OF   THE    CELLULAR   TISSUE. 

Thinness  or  emaciation ;    the  former,  if  to  the  extent  of  marasmus ;   the  latter  may 

indicate  a  concealed  disease. 
Obesity,  if  excessive. 

Anasarca  and  oedema,  wlien  evidences  of  organic  disease. 
Abscesses;    acute,  when  likely  to  destroy  much  tissue;    constitutional  and   internal 

(congestive)  abscesses. 
Lipoma  and  cysts,  if  impeding  motion. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    SEROUS    TISSUES. 

Dropsy  of  the  great  ca\'ities. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    ARTERIES. 

Aneurism. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    VEINS. 

Varix  of  the  lower  limbs 

DISEASES    OF    THE    LYMPHATICS. 

Dilatation  of  the  lymphatics. 

igi 


Angioleucitis,  if  severe. 

A^denitis,  chronic  and  acute,  according  to  extent. 


INTRODUCTORY.  -Mil 

DISEASES   OF   THE   NERVES. 

Paralysis  ;  traumatic  paralysis ;  general  progressive  paralysis  ;  lead-palsy. 

Habitual  tremor. 

Partial  atrophy  of  iiuiscles  ;   contractions  of  muscles. 

Neuroma. 

DISEASES    OF    MUSCLES,   TENDONS,  AND    THEIR    SHEATHS. 

Rupture  of  tendons. 

Inflammation  and  dropsy  of  sheatlis  of  tendons. 

DISEASES    OF    THE   BONES    AND    THE    JOINTS. 

Crookedness  of  tlie  long  bones. 

Spina- ventosa ;  osteo-sarcoma. 

False  joints ;  distention  of  joints ;   ankylosis,  complete  or  incomplete,  of  an  important 

joint. 
Necrosis,  caries,  fistula,  chronic  tumors  of  bones. 
White  swellings  and  dropsy  of  joints;  loose  cartilages. 

REGIONAL  DISEASES. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    SCALP. 

Tinea  favosa ;  tinea  furfuracea ;  tricophy ton ;  ekzema. 

Impetigo,'  if  chronic. 

Plica. 

Calvities. 

Tumors  and  large  cicatrices. 

DISEASES    OF   THE    SKULL. 

Un-united  sutures. 

Deformity. 

Fracture,  though  united. 

Loss  of  bony  substance ;  tumors  in  the  same. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    BRAIN   AND   NERVOUS    SYSTEM. 

Idiocy ;  dementia ;  epilepsy ;  epileptiform  vertigo  ;  catalepsy. 
Ecstacy ;  somnambulism ;  chorea. 


DISEASES    OF   THE   EAR. 


Loss  of  the  external  ear ;  extreme  atrophy  or  hypertrophy  of  the  same. 

Obliteration,  contraction,  vegetations  or  polypus  of  auditory  canal ;    perforation   of 

tympanum. 
Obliteration  or  contraction  of  Eustachian  tube. 


XIV  INTRODUCTORY. 

Chronic  otitis. 

Purulent  discharge  from  internal  ear ;  suppuration  of  mastoid  cells. 

Deafness  and  deaf-dumbness. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    FACE. 

Excessive  ugliness,  if  to  the  extent  of  repulsiveness. 

Excessive  protuberance  of  the  forehead. 

Tumors  ;  cysts ;  exostoses ;  ulcers  of  considerable  extent. 

Fistulse  ;  herpetic  affections  of  the  skin. 

Facial  neuralgia  and  facial  paralysis. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    EYES. 

Mechanical  lesions  of  the  globe,  according  to  extent. 

Exophthalmia ;  hy drophthalmia ;  atrophy. 

Acute  ophthalmia,  (will  require  the  subject  to  be  reserved  until  the  result  is  seen.) 

Chronic  ophthalmia  of  long  standing. 

Glaucoma ;   staphyloma. 

Keratitis,  especially  if  chronic. 

Ulcers  of  the  cornea,  if  perforating. 

Albugo,  if  in  front  of  the  pupil. 

Tumors  of  the  coi'nea. 

Injuries  or  absence  of  the  iris. 

Synechia. 

Atresia  of  the  pupil,  when  complete. 

M)"driasis. 

Dislocation  and  continual  tremor  of  the  iris. 

Iritis,  whether  traumatic,  rheumatic,  or  syphilitic,  if  established. 

Extreme  thinness  of  the  sclerotic. 

Luxation  of  the  crystalline  lens. 

Cataract. 

Amaurosis ;   all  affections  of  the  deep  structures  producing  diminution  of  sight. 

Myopia ;  hemiopia ;  diplopia ;    pseudoblepsia ;  presbyopia,  if  excessive  ;  photophobia. 

Chemosis,  if  old ;  pannus ;  pterygion  ;  xerosis. 

Cysts  of  the  conjunctiva,  if  involving  the  cornea. 

Strabismus,  when  the  right  eye  is  fixed  in  its  malposition. 

Nystagmus. 

Absence,  atrophy,  or  adhesions  of  the  eyelids. 

Ectropion ;  entropion. 

Trichiasis  ;  dystichiasis  ;  blepharospasmus. 

Paralysis  of  the  eyelids. 

Tumefaction  of  the  lachrymal  gland. 

Continual  lachrymation. 


INTRODUCTORY.  XV 

Obliteration  of  the  lachrymal  puncta. 
Deviation  of  the  laclii'ymal  ducts. 
Tumor  or  fistula  of  the  lachrymal  duct. 
Encanthis. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  NOSE  AND  THE  NASAL  PASSAGES. 

Loss  of  the  nose,  comjjlete  or  partial ;  atrophy ;  hypertrophy ;  extreme  crookedness  or 

flatness  ;  a  crushed  condition  of  the  root. 
Lupus ;  acne. 
Chronic  rhinitis. 
Polypus. 
Ozsena. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  JAWS. 

Dartrous  eruption  on  the  lips ;  mentagra. 

Labial  paralysis. 

Stomatitis,  if  constitutional  in  origin. 

Fetid  breath,  if  dependent  on  disease  of  stomach  or  on  carious  teeth. 

Gums  retracted  so  as  to  loosen  the  teeth. 

Epulis. 

Loss  or  distortion  of  teeth,  when  likely  to  impede  mastication. 

Partial  loss  or  deformity  of  the  tongue. 

Stammering. 

Dumbness. 

Absence  or  extreme  deformity  of  the  soft  palate. 

Ranula;  salivary  fistula. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  NECK. 

Scrofulous  ulcers. 

Adenitis  cervicalis. 

Goitre. 

Torticollis,  muscular  or  articular. 

Fistula  of  larynx  or  of  trachea. 

Membranous  laryngitis. 

Aphonia. 

Angina,  diptheritic  or  gangrenous. 

Dysphagia  from  stricture  of  the  oesophagus  or  other  cause. 

Paralysis  of  the  pharynx. 

Stricture  of  the  oesophagus. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  THORAX  AND  THE  BACK. 

Deformities  of  chest,  such  as  pigeon-breast,  depressed  sternum,  narrowness  of  chest. 
(No  man  is  to  be  received  whose  girth  of  chest  is  less  than  784  millimetres,  30.8  7  in.) 
Hernia  of  lung;  traumatic  injuries  of  lungs. 


XVI  JNTRODUCTOEY. 

Emphysema,  traumatic  or  pulmonary. 

Ill-united  fracture  of  rib,  of  sternum,  or  of  clavicle. 

Osteitis,  caries,  necrosis,  osteo-sarcoma,  or  exostosis  of  ribs  or  sternum. 

Hypertrophy  or  inflammation  of  the  mammary  gland. 

Bronchitis ;  chronic  pneumonia ;  phthisis  pulmonalis  ;  haemoptysis  ;  pleui'itic  effusion 

Displacement .  of  heart;  endocarditis;  i)ericarditis ;  hypertrophy  of  heart;  adhesions 

of  pericardium ;  valvular  disease ;  dilatation  ;  cyanosis. 
Asthma. 

Distortion  of  vertebral  column  ;   Pott's  disease. 
Large  boils  on  back ;  carbuncle. 

DISEASES  OP  THE  LOINS  AND  THE  ABDOMEN. 

Spina  bifida. 

Lumbago,  if  chronic. 

Lumbar  hernia. 

Psoitis. 

All  abdominal  hernise. 

Fistula. 

Artificial  or  abnormal  anus. 

Tumors,  abscesses,  or  chronic  phlegmasiee  of  the  abdominal  viscera. 

Inguinal  abscess. 

Hsematemesis. 

Tympanitis. 

Jaimdice,  when  result  of  disease  of  liver. 

Tumors  and  fistula  of  perineum. 

DISEASES    OF   THE  ANUS  AND   THE   RECTUM.  - 

Fistula ;  prolapsus. 

Fissures  of  anus,  if  deep  or  indicative  of  disease  of  lungs. 

Stricture  of  rectum. 

Haemorrhoids. 

Incontinence  of  faeces. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    URINARY    PASSAGES. 

Incontinence  of  mine. 

Stricture  of  urethra ;  fistula  of  urethra. 

Hajmaturia ;  albuminuria ;  diabetes ;  gravel ; 

Urinary  abscess. 

Nephritis ;  renal  calculus ;  renal  abscess  and  fistula. 

Atrophy,  hypertrophy,  or  extrophy  of  bladder. 

Calculus  in  bjadder ;  cystitis ;  fistulous  opening  into  bladder. 

Hernia  of  bladder. 

Hypospadia;  epispadia. 


INTRODUCTORY. 

Chronic  urethritis. 

Hermaphroditism. 

Partial  or  complete  los.s  of  penis. 

Elephantiasis  of  scrotum. 

Dartrous  affections  of  scrotvini,  when  obstinate. 

Tumors,  abscesses,  fistulse,  or  cysts  of  scrotum. 

Cirsocele  and  varicocele,  when  large  enough  to  impede  motion. 

Hydrocele  ;  chronic  inflammation  and  hydrocele  of  cord. 

Undescended  testicle,  (one  or  both,)  if  remaining  in  inguinal  ring. 

Degenera,tion  (cancerous  or  otherwise)  and  atrophy  of  testicle. 

Orchitis,  when  chronic  and  not  blenorrhagic. 

Spermatorrhea. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  LIMBS. 

Deformity ;  atro23hy  ;  contractions  from  muscular  rigidity. 

Ill-united  fractures  ;   old  dislocations,  if  apt  to  recur 

Varicose  veins. 

Abscesses,  if  extensive. 

Neuralgic  rheumatism,  if  accompanied  with  wasting. 

GrOUt, 

Lesions  of  finders. 


Biglit  hand. 

1 .  Loss  of  thumb,  or  of  one  phalanx  thereof. 

2.  Loss  of  index-finger,  or  of  one  phalanx 

of  same. 

3.  Loss  of  two  fingers,  or  of  two  phalanges 

of  two  fingers. 

4.  Loss  of  one  phalanx  of  each  of  the  three 
last  finders. 


'o^ 


Left  hand. 

1.  Loss  of  thumb,  or  of  one  phalanx. 

2.  Loss  of  index-finger,  or  of  two  pha- 

langes of  same. 

3.  Loss  of  two  fingers,  or  of  two  phalanges 

of  two  fingers. 

4.  Loss  of  one  phalanx  of  each  of  the  three 

last  fingers. 


Lesions  of  toes — either  foot. 

1.  Loss  of  big  toe,   or  of  one  phalanx  of     2.  Loss  of  two  entire  toes. 

same. 

3.  Loss  of  one  phalanx  of  each  of  the  four  last  toes. 
Deformity  of  fingers,  if  preventing  necessary  motion. 
PeiTnanent  contractions  or  extensions  of  fingers. 
All  varieties  of  club-foot. 
Flat  feet,  only  when  the  feet  also  curve  outward,  so  that  the  ankles  are  likely  to  touch 

in  marching ;  very  hollow  feet  also  exempt. 
Over-riding  of  toes,  if  causing  much  deformity. 
Toe  bent  at  such  an  angle  that  the  nail  rests  on  the  ground. 
Web-fingers  ;  web-toes,  if  complete. 
Ill 


XVTII 


INTRODUCTORy. 


Bunion,  if  deep-i-ooted. 

Coims,  if  very  large  and  numerous. 

Perforating  disease  of  foot. 

Fetid  perspiration  of  feet. 

Incurvated  nail  of  big  toe,  if  attended  with  fungoid  condition  of  the  flesh. 

Hygroma,  if  extensive. 

Loose  cartilages  in  joints. 

Claudication. 

GREAT  BRITAIN. 

The  British  army  is  supplied  with  men  by  means  of  a  very  thorough  system  of 
recruiting.  A  small  bounty  is  paid,  which  varies  with  the  need  for  material ;  but  it 
seldom  exceeds  twenty  pounds.  At  present  the  bounty  offered  is  four  pounds  and  the 
kit.  There  is  no  conscription,  nor  any  system  resembling  it,  in. force  in  the  British 
dominions ;  but  it  is  the  opinion  of  many  competent  authorities  that  better  soldiers 
would  be  obtained  by  it,  were  it  introduced,  than  by  voluntaiy  enlisting. 

The  age  of  recruits  for  all  branches  of  the  service  is  from  eighteen  to  twenty- 
five  years  for  service  in  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  Canada,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and 
the  Mediterranean  stations.  For  other  foreign  stations  none  are  to  be  received  under 
eighteen  and  a  half  years.  By  special  application  "very  eligible  lads  between  seven- 
teen and  eighteen  years  of  age"  may  be  enlisted  for  home-infantry.  Artillery-drivers 
must  be  nineteen  years  old ;  artificers  for  the  artillery,  seventeen.  Boys  from  four- 
teen to  sixteen  years  of  age  are  enlisted  for  musicians.' 

The  height  and  circumference  of  chest  prescribed  for  the  different  corps  of  the 
army  are  exhibited  in  the  following  table : 


Cavalry : 

Heavy 

Mediuai . . . 
Light 

Royal  Artillery : 


GiiiiDcrs. 


Heigbt. 


From- 


Artificers 

Drivers 

Eoyjil  Engineers: 

Sappers 

'  Drivers  

Infantry  of  the  line 

Kitle-Iirigiule 

Sixtieth  Regiment 


5  ft.  8    in. 
.'i        7 
5        G 


7 
H 
10 
5 
ii 

C 

5 

4i 


To— 


5  ft.  11  in. 
5  9 


5         10 
Upwards. 


r>  ft.  fii  in. 

Upwards. 
■'')  ft.  H    in. 
Upwards. 

r>  ft.  7    in. 


Chest-measurement. 


34  to  35  inches. 
33  to  34  inches. 
33  inches. 

33  inches,  full. 

34  inches. 

35  inches. 
33  inches. 
35  inches. 

33  inches,  niinimnm. 
35  inches,  niinininni. 

33  inches,  uiinimnin. 

34  inches,  njinininni. 


Height  (in  metres  ) 


Froni- 


1.727 
1.702 
1.67G 

1.702 
1.727 
1.778 
1.651 
1.C39 


i.(i:;9 


To- 


1.803 

"1.753 

1.727 

1.727 

1.778 
Upwards. 


1.689 


1. 676  I     Ui)Ward8. 
1.639  j  1.676 

1.651   I     Upwards. 


1.702 


Chest-measurement, 
(in  millimetres.) 


864  to  889 
838  to  864 

838 

838,  full. 
864 

889 
838 
889 

838,  minimum. 
889,  minimum. 
838,  minimum. 

864,  niininiuni. 


'  General  orders  by  his  Royal  Uiglmeas  the  Field- Manhal  Commandiiig-in-chief,  lat  November,  1872,  p.  92. 


INTRODIICTOIiV.  XIX 

The  instructions  to  the  exaniinino-  snro-eons  are  very  concise  thou<i'li  cleai'.'  They 
lack  the  minute  detail  of  the  P'rench  code,  and  leave  more  to  the  individual  jud^'ment 
of  the  medical  oflRcer.  The  directions  at  to  the  general  survey  and  examination  are 
as  follows  : 

In  the  inspection  of  recruits,  examining  surgeons  must  be  guided  by  their  ji'.dg- 
ment  and  experience  in  rejecting  men  who  do  not  possess  the  phvsical  capacity  requisite 
for  the  endurance  of  the  toil,  hardships,  and  exposure  incidental  to  military  life. 

The  principal  ^joints  to  be  attended  to  are — - 

That  the  recruit  is  sufficiently  intelligent. 

That  his  vision  is  siifficiently  good  to  enable  him  to  see  clearlv  with  either  eve  at 
the  required  distance. 

That  his  hearing  is  distinct. 

That  his  speech  is  witliout  impediment. 

^J'hat  he  has  no  glandular  swellings  or  marks  of  scrofula. 

That  his  chest  is  capacious  and  well  formed,  and  that  the  soundness  of  his  heart 
and  lungs  has  been  stethoscopically  ascertained 

That  he  is  not  ruptured. 

That  the  limbs  are  well  formed  and  fully  developed. 

That  there  is  free  and  perfect  motion  of  all  tlie  joints. 

That  the  feet  and  toes  are  well  formed. 

GROUNDS    OF    KEJKCTION. 

Men  presenting  any  of  the  following  conditions  should  be  rejected :  Scrofula ; 
phthisis  ;  syphilis  ;  impaired  constitution  ;  defective  intelligence  ;  defects  of  vision,  voice, 
or  hearing;  hernia;  hsemorrhoids  ;  varicose  veins,  beyond  a  limited  extent ;  inveterate 
cutaneous  disease ;  chronic  ulcers ;  traces  of  corporal  punishment,  or  evidence  of 
having  been  marked  with  the  letters  D,  or  B  C  ;  contracted  or  defoi-med  chest ;  abnor- 
mal curvature  of  spine ;  or  a,i\j  other  disease  or  physical  defect  calculated  to  unfit 
them  for  the  duties  of  a  soldier. 

n  he  following  course  of  examination  is  recommended: 

Note. — When  not  required  to  approach  tlie  recruit  fqr  special  objects,  the  siu-geon 
should  ahvaj's  take  his  place  at  a  distance  of  about  six  feet  from  him.  The  recruit 
should  be  placed  so  that  the  light  may  fall  u|)on  him. 

GENERAL    EXAMINATION    OV    THE    RECRUIT. 

The  recruit  being  wholly  undressed,  the  following  directions  are  given  seriatim 

1.  Walk  up  and  down  the  room  smartly  two  or  three  times. 

2.  Hop  across  tlie  room  on  the  right  foot. 
'6.  Back  again  on  the  right  foot. 

4.  Hop  across  the  room  on  the  left  foot. 

5.  Back  again  on  the  left  foot. 

[The  hops  should  he  short  and  upon  the  toes.) 

6.  The  recruit  is.  halted,  standing  ujiright,  with  his  arais  extended  above  his  head, 
while  the  surgeon  walks  slowly  round  him,  carefully  inspecting  the  whole  surface  of 
his  body. 

'  Iiialriwtioiis  for  the  medical  examination  of  recruits  for  the  army.     Issued  -vitli  aniiy-circular  July  1st,  1870. 


XX  INTRODUCTOEV. 

Be)))arks. — This  completes  the  general  examination.  The  objects  to  be  observed 
and  noted  in  this  part  are  the  following :  The  existence  of  any  obvious  defects  in 
physical  constitution  ;  the  formation  and  development  of  the  limbs ;  the  power  of 
motion  in  joints,  especially  in  the  feet  and  hips ;  flatness  of  the  feet ;  formation  of  the 
toes ;  skin-disease  ;  varicose  veins ;  cicatrices  or  ulcers ;  marks  of  the  letter  D,  or 
letters  B  C ;  and  any  special  marks  from  congenital  or  accidental  causes.  If  any 
obviously  disabling  defects  be  noticed  in  the  general  examination,  it  is,  of  course,  not 
necessary  to  proceed  with  the  exercise  further.  If  no  such  defects  be  found,  the 
second  part  of  the  examination  is  at  once  proceeded  with. 

SPECIAL    EXAMINATION.' 

A.— The  trunk 

The  trunk  is  examined  fi-om  below  upward.  The  recruit  stands  with  his  arms 
extended  above  his  head,  the  backs  of  the  hands  being  in  contact.  The  following  is 
the  order  of  inspection  : 

1.  The  surgeon  notes  indications  of  venereal  disease. 

2.  He  examines  the  scrotum  to  ascertain  if  the  testicles  have  descended  and  be 
normal,  or  if  there  be  varicocele. 

3.  He  inserts  the  point  of  his  finger  in  the  external  abdominal  ring  of  each  side, 
and  desires  the  recruit  to  cough  two  or  three  times  to  ascertain  if  he  be  ruptured  or 
liable  to  that  condition. 

4.  He  examines  the  abdominal  walls  and  parietes  of  the  chest. 

5.  He  desires  the  recruit  to  "take  in  a  full  breath"  several  times,  while  he  watches 
the  action  of  the  chest.     Careful  stethoscopic  examination  is  made. 

G.  He  examines  the  action  of  the  heart  and  notes  its  sounds. 

JRemarlis. — This  subdivision  comprehends  the  inspection  for  venereal  disease,  disease 
of  the  testes,  varicocele,  hernia,  visceral  disease  of  the  abdomen  and  chest,  and  capacity 
of  chest. 

B. — The  knver  extremities  and  had: 

The  inspection  is  made  from  below  upward.  The  recruit  first  faces  the  surgeon ; 
afterward  turns  his  back  to  him.     The  following  are  the  directions  given : 

1.  Stand  on  one  fopt ;  put  the  other  forward. 

2.  Bend  the  ankle-joints  and  toes  of  each  foot  alternately  backward  and  forward. 

3.  Turn  round ;  kneel  down  on  one  knee. 

4.  Up  again. 

6.  Down  on  the  other  knee. 

6.' Down  on  both  knees,  and  up  from  that  position  with  a  simultaneous  spring  ol 
both  legs. 

7.  Separate  the  legs. 

8.  Touch  the  ground  with  the  hands. 

While  the  recruit  performs  these  movements,  the  surgeon  observes  the  action  of 
the  knee-joints  and  the  condition  of  the  perinceum  and  of  the  spinal  column. 

Remarks. — This  subdivision  includes  the  inspection  for  defects  of  the  toe,  ankle, 
and  knee  joints;  for  luBinorrhoids,  prolapsus  aui,  fistula  in  perinteo,  and  spinal 
deformity. 


TNTRODUCTOKY  XXI 

C. — The  upper  extremities. 

This  examination  is  made  from  below  upward.  Time  is  saved  by  the  surgeon 
himself  actins:  as  well  as  tellino-  the  recruit  the  movements  he  desires  to  be  made 
The  following  are  the  directions : 

1.  Stretch  out  your  arms,  with  the  palms  of  your  hands  upward. 

2.  Bend  the  fingers  backward  and  forward. 

3.  Bend  your  thumbs  across  the  i)alms  of  your  hands. 

4.  Bend  the  fingers  over  your  thumbs. 

5.  Bend  your  wrists  baclcAvard  and  forwaixl. 

6.  Bend  the  elbows. 

7.  Turn  the  backs  of  the  hands  upward. 

8.  Swing  your  arms  round  at  the  shoulders. 

9.  The  surgeon  approaches  the  recruit  and  examines  for  marks  of  vaccination. 
Bemarks. — This  comprehends  the  inspection  for  loss  or  defects  of  the  fingers, 

thumbs,  wrists,  elbow  and  shoulder  joints,  power  of  rotating  the  forearm,  and  vacci- 
nation.    If  not  vaccinated,  the  circumstance  should  be  stated  on  the  attestation-papers. 

.D. — The  head  and  neck. 

The  examination  is  made  from  above  downward.  The  surgeon  notes  the  intelli- 
gence, character  of  voice,  and  power  of  hearing  of  the  recruit  by  his  replies  to  the 
questions  put  to  him.     The  following  are  the  directions : 

1.  Have  you  had  any  blows  or  cuts  on  the  head?  Are  you  subject  to  fits  or 
giddiness  !     The  surgeon  at  the  same  time  examines  the  scalp. 

2.  The  surgeon  examines  the  ears. 

3.  Do  you  see  well !     The  surgeon  examines  the  eyes  and  eye-lids. 

4.  He  examines  the  nostrils. 

5.  He  examines  the  mouth,  palate,  and  fauces,  and  then  tells  the  recruit  to  say 
loudly,  "Who  comes  there?" 

6.  He  examines  the  neck. 

7.  The  recruit  is  desired  to  dress  himself 

8.  The  special  tests  for  power  and  range  of  vision  are  applied  to  each  eye,  as 
directed  on  the  card  of  test-dots  furnished  for  that  purpose.     , 

Bemarhs. — This  comprehends  the  inspection  for  injuries  of  the  head,  deafness, 
disease  of  the  ears,  defect  of  voice,  polypus  of  nose,  state  of  teeth,  scrofulous  idcera-* 
tion,  glandular  enlargements,  and  defects  of  vision. 

For  testing  the  power  of  vision,  a  quite  simple  but  efi'ective  invention  by  Professor 
Longmore  is  directed  to  be  made  use  of  It  consists  of  a  card,  iq^on  which  are  printed 
square  dots  at  irregvilar  intervals.  A  slide  covers  the  whole  or  a  part  of  these  dots, 
as  desired.  The  card  is  held  15  feet  from  the  recruit,  at  which  distance  each  dot 
corresponds  to  the  bull's  eye,  2  feet  square,  at  000  yards,  which  is  required  to  be 
quite  visible  to  the  soldier.  The  eyes  are  to  be  tested,  together  and  separately,  by 
obliging  the  man  to  describe  the  iuiml)er  and  relative  position  of  the  dots  as  they  are 
varied  in  expo.sure  by  the  person  holding  the  card. 

In  measuring  the  chest  of  recruits,  it  is  directed  that  the  measuring-tape  be  placed 
quite  horizontally  round  the  chest,  the  lower  edge  of  the  ii\\)(i  touching  the  U})per  i)art 


XSII  I^■TKODUCTORY. 

of  the  nipple,  the  arms  hanging  loosely.  The  man  is  to  be  told  to  count  slowly  from 
1  to  10,  to  avoid  nndue  inflation  of  the  chest,  and  the  measiu-e  is  to  be  then  ascer- 
tained.^ (It  is  much  to  be  wished  that  all  chest-measurements  should  be  made  both  at 
the  moment  of  full  inspiration  and  of  complete  expiration.) 

BELGIUM. 

The  Belgian  army  is  recruited  by  voluntary  enlistments  and  liy  an  annual  con- 
sci-iption.  The  latter  is  conducted  upon  a  plan  closely  resembling  that  prevailing  in 
France.  The  annual  contingent  is  divided  into  the  active  force  and  the  reserve. 
Exchange  from  the  former  into  the  latter  is,  under  certain  conditions,  permitted,  and 
substitutes  are  received.  The  young  men  are  all  registered  at  nineteen  years  of  age, 
and  take  their  chances  in  the  draAving  of  the  succeeding  year.  The  term  of  military 
service  is  of  eight  years'  duration.' 

The  minimum  and  maxinumi  of  height"  are  tixed  for  each  arm  of  the  service  as 
foUow^s  :^ 

INFANTRY. 

Infantry  of  the  line,  1.55  metres  (61.02  inches,  English)  and  over. 
Carbineers,  1.62  metres  ((i3.78  inches,  English,)  ;ind  over. 
Grenadiers,  1.70  metres  (66.93  inches,  English,)  and  over. 

CAVALRY. 

Mounted  chasseurs,  minimum,  1.64  metres,  (64.57  inches,  English;)  maximum, 
1.67  metres,  (65.75  inches,  English) 

Lancers,  minimum,  1.66  metres,  (65.35  inches,  English;)  maximum,  1.70  metres, 
(66.93  inches,  English.) 

Guides  and  cavalry-school,  minimum,  1.69  metres,  (66.54  inches,  English;)  maxi- 
mum, 1.71  metres,  (67.32  inches,  English.) 

ARTILLERY. 

Mounted  artillery,  minimum,  1.67  metres,  (65.75  inches,  English;)  maxinmm, 
1.72  metres,  (67.72  inches,  English.) 

Horse-artillery,  minimum,  1.67  metres,  (65.75  inches,  English;)  maxinuim,  1.72 
metres,  (67.72  inches,  English.) 

Siege-artillery,  minimum,  1.68  metres  (66.14  inches,  English)  and  over. 

Train-artillery,  minimum,  1  (17  metres,  (65.75  inches,  English  ;)  maximum,  1.72 
metres,  (67.72  inches,  English  ) 

Pontoniers,  mininuun,  1.70  metres  (66.93  inches,  English)  and  over. 

ENGINEERS. 

Regiment  of  engineers,  1.65  metres  (64.96  Inches,  English)  and  over. 
In  all  cases  the  chest  is  to  be  well  developed,  though  no  precise  circumference  is 
prescribed  as  a  limit. 

'  General  Order  111,  December  1,  1870. 

-  Loi  9ur  la  milice,  '.i  juin,  1870. 

' Inslriiction  gdni'rah  rcglantl'executioii  de  la  loi  sur  In  milice  dii  i  jiiiii  1870.     Biuxelles,  28  Kvrier  1871. 


INTRODUCTORY  XXIII 


The  surgeon  is  instructed  to  report  separately  such  cases  of  disability  as  unfit  the 
conscript  for  immediate  service,  and  yet  from  their  nature  are  susceptible  of  cure.  The 
recruit  so  reported  is  obliged  to  present  himself  for  examination  with  the  next  year's 
contino-ent.' 


'&^ 


Tables  of  diseases  and  infirmities  which  justify  exemption,  either  perpetual  or  temporayi). 

FIRST  TABLE. 

INCURABLE    DISEASES    OR     INFIRMITIES    WHICH    GIVE    RISE    TO    IMMEDIATE    AND    PERMANENT 

EXEMPTION. 

1.  Loss  of  sight  of  both  eyes,  or  of  one  eye,  due  to  a  physical  lesion  of  the  organ. 

2.  Total  loss  of  nose. 

3.  Deformity  of  nose  to  such  an  extent  as  to  produce  a  rejjulsive  appearance  or  to 

impede  respiration. 

4.  Hare-lip  ;  loss  or  deficiency  of  hard  palate. 

5.  General  caries  of  the  teeth  ;  considerable  loss  of  teeth,  so  as  to  impede  mastication. 

6.  Loss  of  substance  of  jaw  from  necrosis,  or  other  cause,  sufficient  to  impede  masti- 

cation. 

7.  Dumbness  caused  by  loss  of  a  part  of  the  tongue,  or  by  peculiar  conformation  of 

that  organ. 

8.  Loss  of  the  whole  or  a  considerable  part  of  the  external  ear. 

9.  Deafness  due  to  absence  or  obliteration  of  the  auditory  tube. 
10.  Great  disfigurement,  or  repulsive  marks  on  face. 

IL  Large  goitre. 

12.  Hernia,  well  developed. 

13.  Loss  of  the  penis  or  of  the  testicles. 

14.  Epispadia,  hypospadia,  situated  at  the  middle  or  at  the  root  of  the  penis;  her- 

maphroditism. 

15.  Artificial  anus. 

16.  Loss  of  an  arm,  leg,  foot,  or  hand,  or  irremediable  loss  of  motion  of  those  parts. 

17.  Well-marked  ati'ophy  of  a  limb. 

18.  Permanent  contraction  of  the  flexor  or  extensor  muscles  of  a  limb. 

19.  Aneurism  of  impoi'tant  ai'teries. 

20.  Spina- ventosa ;  osteo-sarcoma ;  other  grave  diseases  of  the  bones. 

21.  Curvature  of  long  bones,  and  rachitis,  if  interfering  with  motion  of  the  limbs. 

22.  Lameness,  when  well  marked. 

23.  Total  loss  of  the  right  index-finger;  total  or  partial  loss  of  a  thumb,  of  a  big  toe, 

or  of  two  fingers  of  the  same  hand ;   permanent  immobility  of  the  same  pai-ts. 

24.  Flat-footedness,  if  extreme. 

25.  Tinea  favosa,  with  loss  of  hair. 

'  Nouvelles  instruolions  stir  la  visite  aanitaire  des  hommes  de  guerre.    Service  sanitaire  de  Varm4e.    7  mars  1871. 


XXIV  INTRODUCTORY. 


SECOND  TABLE. 


DISEASES  OR  INFIRMITIES  WARRANTING  EXEMPTION,  TEMPORARY  OR   PERPETUAL,  ACCORDING 

TO  THE  DEGREE  OF  THEIR  DEVELOPMENT.      , 

1.  Extensive  lesions  of  the  skull. 

2.  Extensive  baldness. 

.    3.  Total  or  partial  loss  of  sight,  resulting-  from  injury  to  the  nervous  centers  or  deej) 
structures  of  the  eye. 

4.  Caries  of  the  nasal  passages  or  of  the  hard  palate. 

5.  Fistula  of  the  antrum. 

6.  Dysphagia  from  continued  obstacle  to  j^assage  of  food. 

7.  Sarcocele,  and  other  serious  diseases  of  the  testicle,  sjicrmatic  cord,  and  scrotum. 

8.  Haemorrhoids,  if  large,  ulcerated,  or  habitually  bleeding;  incontinence  of  faeces; 

prolapsus  or  stricture  of  rectum ;  fistula  of  anus. 

9.  Deformity  of  feet,  hands,  limbs,  or  other  parts  of  the  body,  which  is  likely  to 

impede    locomotion,  or   prevent    carrying   the  necessary  equipment.     This 
will  include  overriding  of  the  toes,  and  knock-knees. 

10.  Scirrhus ;  cancer;   inveterate  ulcers. 

11.  Cicatrices,  when  large,  adherent,  or  tender,  or  when  likely  to  interfere  with  march- 

ing or  wearing  the  necessary  equipment. 

12.  Varicose  veins,  when  large  and  numerous. 

13.  Internal  aneurisms. 

14.  Phthisis  pulmonalis,  when  developed;  and  other  cachexise,  when  grave  in  character. 

15.  Epilepsy;  mental  aberration ;  idiocy;  imbecility. 

THIRD  TABLE. 

DISEASES  OR    INFIRMITIES  WHICH    MAY    BE  CURED,  AND  WHICH   GIVE  RISE  TO  AN  EXEMPTION 

FOR  A  YEAR. 

1.  Defects  in  the  power  of  sight  which  prevent  objects  from  being  distinguished  with 

clearness,  or  at  the  distance  required  in  military  operations.     This  will  include 
myopia,  presbyopia,  diplopia,  nyctalopia,  hemeralopia,  and  strabismus. 

2.  Chronic  ophthalmia;  chronic  diseases  of  the  eyelids  and  of  the  lachrymal  j^assages. 

3.  Ozsena. 

4.  Salivary  listula.. 

5.  Habitually  fetid  Ijreath. 

6.  Dumbness  or  permanent  aphonia  due  to  other  causes  than  those  named  in  tlie  first 

table. 

7.  Affections  or  defects  of  the  (U'gans  of  speecli,  voice,  and  hearing  which  interfere 

witli  their  function. 

8.  Fetid  otorrhoca. 

9.  Grave  disease  of  the  thoracic  viscera. 

10.  Ascites;  engorgement  of  the  abdominal  viscera. 


INTRODUCTORY.  XXV 

11.  PernicUicnt  retention  of  ;i  testicle  at  the  ring,  or  in  the  lower  part  of  the  inyninal 

canal. 

12.  Plyctrocele,  varicocele,  cirsocele,  when  the}'  impede  motion. 

13.  Calculus  of  ])ladder;  gravel;   incontinence  or  habitual  retention  of  urine;  fistula; 

or  other  diseases  or  lesions  of  the  urinary  jjassages. 

14.  General  or  partial  spasmodic  motions ;  habitual  tremor  of  the  whole  body  or  of 

a  limb. 

15.  Fetid  persjiiration,  general  or  local. 

16.  Old  cutaneoits  diseases,  congenital  or  acquired. 

1 7.  Decided  cachexia,  scrofulous,  scorbutic,  or  sy])hilitic. 

18.  Weakness  of  constitution  and  predisposition  to  pulmonary  consumjjtion. 

The  regulations  for  granting'  the  rcforme  and  'pension  de  ret  mite  in  the  Belgian  army 
closely  resemble  those  so  minutely  laid  down  by  the  Frencli  authorities. 

SWITZERLAND. 

The  Swiss  army  is  composed  of  men  furnished  by  an  aimual  contingent  from 
each  canton  of  the  confederation.  The  army  is  divided  into  the  elifc  and  the  reserve 
In  case  of  need,  the  landwehr,  or  home-force,  consisting  of  soldiers  who  have  returned 
into  civil  life,  may  also  be  called  into  active  service.  On  the  1st  January,  1872,  the 
Swiss  army  numbered  201,257  men,  made  up  as  follows:  StaflP,  841;  elite,  84,369; 
reserve,  50,006  ;  Jandwehr,  6), 981.'  Every  male  Switzer,  upon  attaining  the  age  of 
twenty  years,  owes  military  service  to  his  canton  for  the  republic,  his  liability  terminating 
with  his  forty-fourth  year.  The  cantons  furnish  the  requisite  number  of  men,  in  the 
proportion  of  3  per  cent,  of  the  population,  for  the  elite  and  li  per-cent.  for  the  reserve. 
The  contingent  must  be  kept  up  to  its  standard  luunber  by  new  recruits,  to  compensate 
for  casualties  and  losses." 

The  height  required  for  the  men  serving  in  the  different  corps  of  the  Swiss  army 
Avas  laid  down  in  the  regulations  of  1857,  but  has  been  slightly  modified  since  that 
time.     The  regulation-stature  is  as  follows  :^ 

For  sharpshooters  and  fusileers,  the  minimvun  height  is  5  feet  2  inches  Swiss, 
equivalent  to  5  feet  1  inches  English. 

For  engineers,  5  feet  3  inches,  or  5  feet  2  inches  English. 

For  artillery,  5  feet  5J  inches,  or  5  feet  4.4  inches  English. 

For  cavalry  and  for  artillery-train,  5  feet  4  inches,  or  h  feet  3  inches  English. 

All  disabilities  for  service  in  the  federal  arnn^  are  either  partial  or  total.''  Under 
the  first  heading  are  grouped  such  diseases  or  infirmities  as  are  incurable,  l)ut  yet 
permit  of  certain  military  services  being  performed.  Men  enlisted  as  "partially 
disabled"  serve  in  the  various  staff-departments,  and  as  hospital-attendants,  chaplains, 
military  police,  &C.'' 

'  Varmee  Suisse,  par  A.  Baciielin,  12ino,  Lausaiiiui,  187;?,  p.  243. 

•  AlUjemeines  ref/lenwiit  Ubcr  die  ausuahl  der  rckniicn  und  die  uhhaltiitig  dcr  cidijcniissisdu-H  niiUliirscluileii  J'iir  dii:  spc:ial- 
i('ojfc",25  December,  ISrw. 

^  Ucher  rcrhrsscniiir/eii  und  rrspnrnisxe  im  cidijeuiissischen  iiehnreseH :  bcricht  an  die  UindcsrUlldiclte  ers2)ar>dss-ki»nmis- 
sion,  von  J.  Staicmpfi.!,  nationaliatli.     Bern,  ISfiG. 

'  lu'^lliiDciit  mid  iiixIructioiHii  iilier  deii yi'siindheilMlitiiKt  hri  der  eidgiuiissisehen  annce.     Bern,  ISGl. 

''  Mr.  Si  AKMPFLi  Ltiiiiplaiiis  that,  no!  witlistainlini;  this  regulation,  alile-boiUcd  soldiers  are  constantly  employed  for 
the  veiy  work  to  which  the  "partially  disabled  were  intended  to  be  assigned. "     Op.  cit.,  p.  15. 
IV 


XXVI  INTRODUCTORY. 

Men  found  to  be  totally  disabled  are  again  divided  into  two  classes :  Firstly,  of 
those  permanently  disqualified;  and,  secondly,  of  those  who  may  at  some  future  time 
have  recovered  from  their  malady  and  have  become  capable  of  service. 

In  case  of  suspected  simulation  of  disease,  the  surgeon  is  authorized  to  send  the 
man  to  hospital  for  such  continued  observation  as  he  may  think  requisite.  The 
official  list  of  disqualifying  diseases  is  not  classified  upon  any  system  of  nosology, 
being  merely  alphabetical  in  order.  The  disabilities  which  insure  total  or  temporary 
exemption  do  not  difter  in  any  impoiiant  particular  from  those  already  described  in 
the  French  and  Belgian  regulations.  The  practice  of  enlisting  men  who  are  subjects 
of  incurable  though  partial  disability  is  so  far  peculiar  that  the  table  of  diseases 
warranting  this  selection  deserves  careful  consideration. 

PARTIAL    DISABILITY. 

Diseases  or  infirmities  which  may  he  incurable,  hut  nevertheless  ijermit  the  performance  of 

certain  military  service. 

Abdomen — chronic  diarrhoea. 

Arm — moderate  degree  of  deformity  or  disproportion. 

Articulations — weakness  from  accidental  causes. 

Cicatrices — when  not  very  large  or  tender. 

Cranium — partial  deformity. 

Eyes — such  affections  of  the  sight  as  may  necessitate  the  use  of  spectacles. 

Face — moderate  deformity  from  marks  or  cicatrices ;  tremor  of  facial  muscles. 

Fingers — partial  loss,  stiffness,  or  paralysis ;  supernumerary  fingers  ;  all  according  to 

amount  of  useful  motion  still  remaining. 
Genital  organs — defects  or  partial  loss. 
Hernia — when  easily  supported  by  a  truss. 
Knee — displaced  or  ill-united  fracture  of  patella. 
Legs — deformity  and  limping. 
Obesity — according  to  degree. 

Structure  of  the  body — feeble  or  badly-developed  body. 
Teeth — total  loss  or  very  bad  condition  of  incisors  and  canines  of  one  jaw. 
Toes — deformity  or  irregularity ;  partial  or  total  loss  of  big  toe,  or  of  two  other  toes 

of  same  foot. 
Vertebral  column — slight  deformity. 
Voice — stammering. 

TOTAL    DISABILITY. 

I. — Diseases  which  for  the  time  totally  disqualify,  hut  lohich  admit  of  cure  by  time  or  treatment 

Abdomen — acute  inflammation  of  any  of  the  viscera, 

Abscess — of  important  organs. 

Articulations — acute    inflammation;     weakness,    the    result  of    wounds,    contusions, 

luxations,  or  ganglia. 
Bladder — acute  inflammation. 


INTRODUCTORY.  XXVII 

Cholera. 

Cicatrices — if  non-adherent  to  parts  beneath. 
Congelation — inveterate  cliilblaiiis,  with  nlceration. 

Cutaneous  eruptions — acute  and  eruptive  fevers ;    such  diseases  of  the  skin  as  are 
'  likely  to  yield  to  treatment. 

Delirium  tremens. 

Dropsy — dependent  on  acute  inflammation. 
Dysentery. 

Ears — all  diseases  which  admit  of  reasonable  hope  of  cure. 
Encephalon — inflammation. 

Eyes — all  diseases  which  admit  of  reasonable  prospect  of  cure 
Feet — bunions  ;  varicose  veins,  if  small ;  fetid  ^ler.spiration. 
Glands — swelling  and  induration,  according  to  degree. 
Gonorrhoea. 
Heart — inflammation. 
Helminthiasis. 

Haemorrhages — if  likely  to  yield  to  treatment. 
Hypochondria. 

Intermittent  fever.  * 

Kidneys  and  urinary  apparatus — acute  inflammation. 
Larynx — inflammation. 

Lungs — inflammation,  haemorrhage,  or  abscess. 
Mental  diseases — if  likely  to  be  temporary  in  character. 
Mouth — tumors  ;  fistula. 
Nails — onychogrj-phosis. 
Neck — inflammation  of  glands  or  muscle. 
Neoplasms — benign  tumors  promising  radical  cure. 
Nose — polypi,  easily  removable. 
Parotid  gland — inflammation. 
Pharynx — inflammation  or  abscess. 
Pleura — inflammation. 

Rheumatism — acute  or  chronic,  if  likely  to  yield  to  remedies. 
Scrofula — local  disease. 
Stomach — inflammation  ;  haemorrhage. 
Structure  of  the  body — general  debility. 
Syphilis — primar}^,  recent. 
Testicles — inflaimnation  ;  abscess. 
Tongue — inflammation,  wounds,  or  ulcer ;  ranula. 
Trachea  or  bronchi — inflammation. 
Typhus  and  typhoid  fevers. 
Ulcers — superficial. 

LTrethra — inflammation  ;   fistula  and  stricture. 
Veins — inflammation. 


XXVIU  INTRODUCTORY. 

II. — Diseases  which  totally  and  permanently  disqualify  for  military  service. 

Abdomen — ulceration  of  the  intestines;  tubercles  and  morbid  growths;  stricture;  fistula. 

Abscess — with  destruction  of  important  parts. 

Aneurism — of  large  arteries. 

Apoplexy — well-defined  disposition  to  apoplexy,  dependent  on  structure  of  body  and 
condition  of  heart  and  arteries. 

Arm — ankylosis  of  joints  ;  distortion  or  paralysis  ;  loss  of  an  arm. 

Articulations" — chronic  inflammation ;  caries,  fistula,  dropsy,  and  morbid  growths  of 
joints ;  stiffness  arising  from  cicatrices,  contractions,  ankylosis,  old  luxations,  and 
exostosis ;  relaxation  of  ligaments,  permitting  easy  dislocation  ;  false  joints. 

Bladder — paralysis  or  stricture  of  neck. 

Bones — periostitis,  exostosis,  caries,  necrosis,  tumors,  rachitic  affections,  and  badly- 
united  fractures. 

Breast — malformation  of  the  thorax. 

Catarrh — constitutional  pulmonary  catarrh,  with  dyspnoea. 

Cicatrices — if  large  and  adherent  and  interfering  with  motion. 

Clavicle — irreducible  luxation  or  considerable  deformity. 

Consumption. 

Cranium — depressions ;   exostosis  ;    deficiency  of  bone. 

Cutaneous  eruptions — inveterate  skin-diseases. 

Diabetes. 

Dropsy — when  constitutional. 

Ears — all  diseases  or  malformations  wdnch  cause  complete  deafness ;  purulent  constitu- 
tional otorrliQ^a. 

Encephalon — morbid  growths. 

Eyes — all  diseases,  malformations,  and  injuries  of  eyes  and  eye-lids  in  which  a  per- 
manent cure  is  not  to  be  expected,  nor  a  sufficient  recovery  of  power  of  vision 
for  military  duties.     The  loss  of  sight  of  one  eye  exempts  from  all  service. 

Face — great  deformity  from  nsevi,  spots,  tumors,  cicatrices,  &c. 

Feet — flat-footedness,  if  it  make  walking  difficult ;  club-foot  and  horse-foot ;  varicose 
veins,  when  numerous  and  liable  to  burst. 

Fingers — total  loss  of  thumb,  or  of  use  of  it ;  total  loss  of  right  index-finger,  or  of 
more  than  two  fingers  of  one  hand ;  partial  loss,  stiffness,  paralysis,  deformity,  or 
supernumerary  fingers,  if  preventing  free  use  of  hand. 

Gangrene  of  a  limb. 

Glands — swelling'  or  induration,  if  excessive  and  constitutional. 

Goitre — when  large,  cystic,  or  extending  behind  the  sternum. 

Gout — inveterate,  with  swollen  joints. 

Hair — incurable  baldness,  extending  over  half  of  the  scalp. 

Heart — organic  disease  or  malposition. 

Hsemorrhages — when  due  to  lia?morrhagic  diathesis. 

Haemorrhoids — inveterate,  bleeding,  and  constitutional. 

Hernia — voluminous  or  confined  with  difficulty. 


INTEODUCTOEY.  XXIX 

Hypertrophy — of  any  part  of  the  liody  of  sncli  extent  as  to  interfere  with  motion  or 
with  wearing  the  uniform. 

Intermittent  fever,  with  mahirial  cachexia. 

Kidneys  and  urinary  apparatus — chronic  inflammation,  supi)uration,  or  degeneration  ; 
renal  cahuih  ;  Bright's  disease. 

Knee: — excessive  cambering;  incurable  displacement  of  the  patella;  badly-united  frac- 
ture. 

Larynx — clu'onic  catarrh  ;  polypus ;  constrictions,  with  persistent  hoarseness  ;  phthisis 
laryngea. 

Leg — loss  of  a  leg ;  atrophy,  paralysis,  or  excessive  curvature. 

Limbs — general  or  partial  atropliy  of  an  important  limb  ;  loss  or  permanent  retraction 
of  a  whole  limb  or  of  considerable  part  of  it ;  loss  or  nearly  total  loss  of  power 
of  motion  of  same. 

Lips — extensive  and  incurable  adhesion  of  lips  and  cheeks  to  gums;  extensive  hare- 
lip ;   cancer. 

Lungs — emphysema  ;   tubercles  ;   atrophy. 

Maxillary  bones — total  or  partial  loss  of  substance  or  great  deformity  of  either  jaw ; 
nearly  total  immobility  of  lower  jaw. 

Mental  diseases — idiocy,  imbecility,  incurable  insanity,  melancholy,  &c. 

Mouth — malignant  ulcers  and  growths  ;  salivary  fistula. 

Muscles — atrophy,  loss,  retraction,  or  paralysis  of  muscles. 

Neck — incurable  distortion  or  much-restricted  mobility. 

Neoplasms — benign  tumors  not  removable  by  operation  ;  all  malignant  growths. 

Nerves — periodic  convulsions  ;  chorea ;  epilepsy  ;  tetanus  ;  catalepsy  ;  paralysis.  . 

Nose — oza!na  ;  polypus  ;  loss  of  whole  or  great  part  of  nose. 

Obesity — excessive. 

Qilsophagus — dysphagia  from  incurable  causes. 

Parotid  gland — degeneration  or  hypertrophy. 

Pelvis — malformation  producing  lameness;  tumors;  chronic  inflammation  of  the  liga- 
ments ;  irreducible  luxation  of  the  coccyx. 

Pharynx — malignant  disease  or  considerable  destruction  of  soft  parts. 

Pleura — chronic  pleurisy  ;  fistula  ;  pneumo-thorax  ;  extensive  pleuritic  adhesions. 

Reetum — prolapsus,  when  considei-able  ;  stricture,  paralysis,  fistula,  or  polypus. 

Rheumatism — inveterate  chronic. 

Scorbutus — well-developed  scorbutic  cachexia. 

Scrofula — the  strumous  cachexia. 

Stomach — chronic  disease,  with  continual  dyspepsia ;  organic  disease. 

Structure  of  the  body — a   crippled  or  generally  malformed  condition  of  tlie  body. 

S5fphilis — when  inveterate  and  secondar3^ 

Testicles — varicocele,  when  extensive  and  painful  in  erect  position ;  irreducible 
tumefaction  of  spermatic  cord. 

Toes — malposition  or  deformity,  making  marching  almost  impossible. 

Tongue — loss  of  substance,  paralysis,  or  adhesion  of  tongue  ;  tumors. 

Trachea  and  bronchi — chronic  pulmonary  catarrh,  with  liabitual  dyspnoea  ;  bronch- 
ectasis,  ulcerations,  or  fistula  ;  tuberculosis. 


XXX 


INTRODUCTORY 


Ulcers — Inveterate,  or  which  easily  re-open;  fistulous  ulcers  of  internal  organs. 
Urine — Incontinence;  stricture;  hgematuria;  fistula;  epispadia  and  h3'pospadia; 
disease  of  prostate. 

Veins — Extensive  varicosity,  with  liabihty  to  burst. 
Vertebral  column — Considerable  curvature  and  deformity. 
"Voice — Dumbness  and  deaf-dumbness;  extensive  stammeiing. 

NORTH-GERMAN  EMPIRE. 

The  military  regulations  of  Prussia  have,  since  the  formation  of  the  North-Grer- 
man  Empire,  been  made  applicable  to  all  the  states  forming  part  of  that  powerful 
confederation.  Prior  to  December,  1871,  one  per  cent,  of  the  population  of  Noi-th 
Germany  was,  by  art.  60  of  the  constitution,  to  compose  the  active  aiTuy  in  time  of 
peace;  but,  since  that  period,  the  Emperor,  as  generalissimo,  decides  upon  the  quota  of 
the  annual  contingent  which  shall  be  called  under  the  flag.  Every,  German  (of  the 
North)  owes  personal  military  service.'  Substitution  is  abolished.  Certain  privileges 
are  accorded  to  those  engaged  in  educational  pursuits  or  who  are  commencing  a  pro- 
fessional career.  Exemption  also  obtains  in  some  cases  of  dependent  relationship. 
The  system  of  one-year  volunteers,  (Einjahrig-FremiUige,)  first  instituted  in  1814, 
is  still  continued.  Its  leading  features  were  closely  copied  by  the  French  government, 
and  have  been  described  in  the  account  given  of  the  re-organization  of  the  French 
Army.^  Military  liability  commences  with  the  calendar  year  in  Avhich  the  twentieth 
year  of  age  is  attained.^ 

The  height  required  for  the  different  arms  of  the  service  is  as  follows :'' 


Garde  du  corps 

Infantry 

Chasseurs  {JUgers) 

Cuirassiers  and  hulaus 

Dragoous  and  hussars 

Mounted  artillery 

Field-artillery 

Foot-artillery 

Pioneers  and  railroad-troops 
The  train  (transportation).. 


Height  in  metres. 


Minimum. 
1.70 
1.57 
1.57 
1.67 
1.62 
1.62 

i.ca 

1.67 

i.ea 

1.57 


Maximvm. 


Height  in  English  inches, 


1.75 
1.75 
1.72 
1.75 


1.75 


Minimum. 
66.93 
61.81 
61.81 
65.75 
63.78 
63.78 
63.78 
65.75 
63.78 
61.81 


Maximum. 


68.90 
68. 90 
67.72 
68.90 


68.90 


Tlie  North-German  soldier  remains  seven  years  in  the  active  army,  during  three 
of  which  he  serves  under  the  flag,  and  during  the  remaining  four  in  the  active-araiy 
reserve.  Five  years  are  then  passed  in  the  first  ban  of  the  Landwelir,  after  which  he 
is  relegated  to  the  second  class.  In  time  of  j>eace,  a  certain  number  of  young  men 
of  the  active  army  are  permitted  to  remain  at  their  homes  {disponihcl)  subject  at  all 

'  Deutsche  wihr-ordiiimg.  R  ichsgesetze  vom  9.  Xovcviher  1867  ;  2.  Mai  1874 ;  12.  Februar  nnd  13.  Februar  1875.  12iiqo, 
Berlin,  1875,  p.  7. 

-See  ante,  p.  xi.  =•  Op.  cit.,  p.  168.  '  Beer-ordnung,  12rao.,  Berlin,  1875,  p.  12. 


INTRODUCTORY.  XXXI 

times  to  recall.  The  Landsturm,  levy  en  masse,  oi*  general  call  to  arms,  embraces  all 
male  natives  between  the  ages  of  17  and  42  who  are  not  serving  in  the  active  army 
or  the  Landwelir. 

The  official  regulations  issued  for  the  guidance  of  the  surgeon  in  examining 
recraits  direct  him  to  classify  them  in  the  four  divisions  of— 

Perfect  fitness  for  military  service ;  partial  fitness  for  military  service ;  temporary 
unfitness  for  military  service ;  permanent  imfitness  for  military  service.' 

INSTRUCTIONS    TO    THE    PRUSSIAN    MILITARY    SURGEON. 

Slight  deviations  from  the  normal  build  of  the.body  or  of  its  individual  parts  do 
not  exclude  from  service  in  the  army. 

Such  deviations  and  defects  will  permit — 

1.  Service  in  any  branch  of  the  army. 

2.  Service  in  some  special  branch  of  the  army. 

Or  they  may  be  of  a  kind  that  they  will  necessitate — 

3.  Exclusion  from  military  service  in  time  of  peace,  but  render  the  man  liable  to 
be  called  upon  to  perform  militaiy  duty  in  time  of  actual  war. 

LIST    OF    THOSE    DEFECTS    WHICH    DO    NOT    EXCLUDE    FROM    SERVICE    IN    ANY    BRANCH    OF 

THE    ARMY. 

To  this  class  belong  mainly — 

a.    Superficial,  non-adhering  cicatrices  from  traumatic  injuries. 
h.    Slight  ulcers,  originating  from  external  causes,  mainly  located  on  the  feet;  and 
cicatrices  the  consequence  thereof,  if  unaccompanied  by  varicose  veins. 

c.  Fractures  which  have  been  healed,  leaving  no  weakness  of  parts. 

d.  Small  benign  tumors. 

e.  Scabies  and  other  easily  curable  exanthemata,  as  well  as  all  other  easily  curable 

internal  and  extei'nal  disorders. 

/  Testes  undescended;   not  to  be  felt  or  seen  at  the  inguinal  ring. 

g.  Slight  curvature  or  obliquity  of  the  neck,  with  full  power  of  movement 

h.  "Hollow  back,"  in  which  the  back  is  too  convex  and  the  loins  too  concave. 

i.  Slight,  not  prominent,  elevation  of  one  shoulder  or  hip. 

h.  Slight  stammering,  or  slightly  defective  power  of  pronunciation. 

I.  Defective  incisors,  if  the  other  teeth  remain  and  are  in  good  condition. 

m.  Slight  painless  variocele. 

n.  Single  small  varicose  vein  on  the  lower  extremities. 

0.  Slight  curvature  of  the  thigh  or  leg. 

J).  Thick  knees,  if  congenital,  and  not  due  to  pre^^ous  existing-  disease. 

q.  Knock-knees,  not  of  a  degree  to  interfere  with  marching. 

r.  Broad  feet. 

s.  Slight  flat-footedness,  if  the  walking  is  not  done  on  the  inner  margin  of  the  foot. 

t.  Loss  of  a  toe,  (except  the  great.) 


'  Instruction  fur  mililair-aerzte  zur  untersuchung  unil  beurtheilmig  der  dienathrauchharkeit  oder  unbrauchbarkeit  militair- 
pflicldiger,  rekruten  resp.  sohlaten,  sowie  zur  bcurtheilung  der  invaliditat  im  dieust  htfindlicher  oder  entlassener  versorgungsbercch- 
tigter  aoldaten,  9.  Dec.  1858.     Berlin,  18o9. 


XXXII  INTRODUCTORY. 

LIST  OF  THOSE   DEFECTS  WHICH  DO '  NOT  EXCLUDE  FROM  SERVICE   IN  SOME  SPECIAL  BRANCH 

OF    THE  ARMY. 

To  this  class  belong — 
a.  Myopia,  if  not  excessive. 

h.  Very  defective  or  entirely  absent  incisoi'S  and  canines,  if  the  bicuspids  and  tricuspids 
remain  and  be  in  good  order. 

c.  Loss  of  the  index-finger  of  the  left  hand,  or  of  the  ring-finger  of  either  hand. 

d.  Not  very  prominent  chilblains. 

e.  Slightly  curved  toes,  partially  over-riding  each  other. 

/    A  rather  under-developed,  but  not  flat  or  depressed  chest,  if  tlie  general  health  be  not 
otherwise  impaired,  and  sufficient  muscularity  of  the  arms  exist. 

LIST  OF    THOSE    DEFECTS  AVPICH  EXCLUDE  FROM   MILITARY  SERVICE  IN  TIME  OF  PEACE,  BUT 

NOT    IN    TIME    OF    WAR. 

To  this  class  belong — 
a.  Slight  strabismus,  if  not  interfenng  materially  with  the  power  of  vision. 
h.   Slight  difficulty  of  hearing. 

c.  Deafness  of  one  eai',  without  fetid  discharge  from  it. 

d.  "Slight  degree  of  struma  cellularis,  by  which  is  to  be  understood  a  distension  of  the 

cellular  tissue  on  the  anterior  and  lateral  parts  of  the  neck,  if  the  swelling'  be 
soft,  loose,  and  not  very  large,  and  if  the  lateral  portions  of  the  neck  be  more 
affected  than  the  anterior,  and  where  slight  external  pressure  exercised  by  the 
hand  does  not  materially  interfere  with  respiration. 

e.  Slight  degree  of  true  bronchocele,   (struma  glandularis,)  where  tlie  thyroid  gland 

itself  is  swollen,  if  the  tumefaction  be  sliglit,  not  hard,  the  anterior  portion  of 
the  thyroid  cartilage  free  from  it,  and  only  one  of  the  cornua  affected,  and  where 
slight  external  pressure  exercised  by  the  hand  does  not  materially  interfere  with 
respiration. 

f.  Simple  hare-lip,  if  the  person  affected  refuse  to  submit  to  a  surgical  operation. 

g.  Slight  shortening  of  the  arm,  or  curvature  in  the  elbow-joint,  not  interfering,  how- 

ever, with  free  movement  in  all  directions. 
h.  Curvature  or  stiffness  of  any  fingers,  not  to  such  a  degree  as  to  interfere  with  the 

free  handling  of  a  musket. 
i.    Inguinal  and  femoral  lieniia  which  can  be  retained  by  a  truss ;    also  a  decided 

anatomical  disposition  to  hernia,  particularly  inguinal,  evidenced  by  abnormal 

dilatation  of  the  external  and  internal  inguinal  ring  and  the  inguinal  canal. 
7c.  Knock-knees  to  such  a  degree  tliat  they  somewhat  Interfere  with  locomotion. 
I.    Permanent  weakness  of  the  ankle  and  other  articulations,  the  consequence  of  sprains^ 

dislocations,  or  diseases. 
m.  Maiming  of  tlie  fingers  or  toes  by  the  loss  of  individual  jjhalanges. 

LIST    OF    THOSE    DEFECT.S    WHICH    EXCLUDE    TEMPORARILY    FROM    MILITARY    SERVICE. 

To  this  class  belong — 
1.  Weakness,  the  consequence  of  recent  disease  or  of  incompleted  gro\vth  and  devel- 
()))ment. 


INTRODUCTORY.  XXXIII 

2.  Diseases  whose  cure  can  be  'effected  by  nature  in  due  time,  such  as  the  presence  of 

one  or  both  testicles  in  the  inguinal  canal ;  the  loss  of  hair  on  the  scalp. 

3.  Diseases  and  bodily  defects,  the  cure  of  which  can  be  probably  effected  by  medical 

or  surgical  interference,  such  as — 

a.  Internal  diseases  whose  cure  is  probable,  but  where  considerable  time  is  requi- 
site for  complete  recovery.  , 

h.  Inflammations  of  tl?e  eyes  and  the  eye-lids,  if  not  chronic  and  not  due  to  some 
dyscrasia,  such  as  blenorrhoea  of  the  conjunctiva  and  its  consequences, 
i.  e.,  chronic  reddening,  loosening,  and  granulation  of  the  conjunctiva. 

c.  Subacute  ekzema  capitis. 

d.  Curable  plica  polonica,  where  the  hair  can  be  subsequently  removed. 

e.  Non-malignant  varieties  of  herpes. 

/  Secondary  syphilis,  requiring  protracted  medical  treatment. 
g.  Sebaceous,   lymphatic,   and   other  benign  tumors,   which,   although  of   little 
importance,   are  situated  in  positions  where  they  would  not  allow  the 
wearing  of  the  military  regulation-uniform. 
h.  Hydrocele  of  moderate  size. 

i.  Slight  and  painless  sarcocele,  originating  from  external  causes. 
k.  Superficial  fistula. 
I.  Simple  hare-lip. 

LIST     OF    DISEASES,    DEFECTS,    AND     DEFORMITIES    WHICH    EXCLUDE    PERMANENTLY   FROM 

MILITARY    SERVICE. 

1.  Chronic  incurable  porrigo. 

2.  Chronic  plica  polonica,  which  is  incurable  and  not  removable  on  account  of  a 

general  cachexia. 

3.  Incurable  bald-headedness,  if  extending  over  one-half  of  the  cranium. 

4.  Such  deformity  of  the  cranium,  pai-ticularly  of  the  occipital  portion  thereof,  that 

no  military  head-covering  will  retain  its  position. 

5.  Loss  of  substance  of  the  cranial  bones,  either  in  consequence  of  caries  or  of 

mechanical  injuries ;  also  exostosis  and  fungous  ulcers  of  the  scalp. 

6.  Weakness  of  vision,  caused  by  nervous  disorders,  or  by  spots  on  the  cornea,  or 

other  pathological  changes  of  the  eyes. 

7.  Blindness  or  considei'able  disturbance  of  the  functions  of  sight  in  one  or  both 

eyes,  caused  by  amaurosis  or  cataract,  or  by  other  pathological  changes  and 
degenerations  of  the  internal  or  external  parts  of  the  eye. 

8    Chronic  inflammation  of  one  or  both  eyes  and  eye-lids. 

9.  Ecti'opion  or  entropion. 

10.  Lachiymal  fistula  and  ophthalmia,  caused  by  incurable  diseases  of  the  lachrymal 

organs. 

11.  Well-proved  considerable  myopia,  caused  by  a  perceptible  faulty  condition  of  the 

eye,  to  that  degree  that  the  recruit  cannot  distinguish  one  person  from  another 
at  the  distance  of  ten  paces. 

12.  Permanent  nyctalopia  and  hemeralopia. 


XXXIV  INTRODUCTORY. 

13.  Strabismus  of  both  eyes,  with  considerable  disturbance  of  the  function  of  seeing. 

14.  Deafness,  or  extreme  difficulty  of  hearing,  of  long  standing. 

15.  Fetid  disgusting  discharge  ti'om  one  or  both  ears,   caused  by  caries  or  other 

incurable  disease. 

16.  Ozsena  combined  with  caries. 

17.  Loss  of  the  nose  or  considerable  deformity  of  this  organ  from  destruction  of  the 

bones.  « 

18.  Complete  obliteration  of  the  nasal  cavities,  rendering  respiration  through  the  nose 

impossible. 

19.  Polypi  of  the  nose  or  of  the  oesophagus. 

20.  Absence  of  the  uvula. 

21.  Completely  cleft  osseous  palate  ;  complete  or  partial  loss  and  perforation  thereof, 

with  considerable  impediment  of  the  function  of  speaking. 

22.  Tumors,  scirrhus,  and  malignant  ulcers  of  the   tongue  and  the  buccal  cavity 

generally  ;  also  adhesion  of  the  lips  or  cheeks  to  the  gums,  if  of  considerable 
degree  and  if  causing  partial. occlusion  and  deformity  of  the  mouth. 

23.  Considerable  loss  of  substance  of  the  tongue  or  hypertrophy  thereof,  combined 

with  difficulty  of  speech  and  deglutition. 

24.  Dumbness. 

25.  Excessive  stuttering. 

26.  Old  salivary  fistula. 

27.  Total  loss  of  incisor,  canine,  and  bicuspid  teeth,  even  if  of  one  jaw  only. 

28.  Complicated  hare-lip  and  cancer  of  the  lips. 

29.  Extensive  struma  celhilaris. 

30.  Large  bronchocele,    (struma  glandularis,)   involving  the    thyroid   gland    or   the 

anterior  portion  of  it,  where  slight  external  pressure  with  the  hand  disturbs  the 
respiration. 

31.  Abnoi-mal  enlargement  and  obliquity  of  the  larynx,  combined  with  difficulty  of 

respiration,  tracheal  hernia,  and  fistula. 

32.  Strumous  and  scirrhous  swelhngs  of  the  cervical,  axillarj-,  or  other  glands. 

33.  Laryngeal  and  tracheal  phthisis. 

34.  Stricture  of  the  oaeophagus. 

35.  Wry  neck. 

36.  Prominent  anterior,  posterior,  and  lateral   curvatures  of  the  vertebral   column, 

stiflFness  thereof,  and  malformations  of  the  thorax. 

37.  Chronic  asthma. 

38.  Fetid  breath,  the  consequence  of  an  actual  incm-able  disease  of  the  lungs. 

39.  Periodical  haemoptysis ;  and  hfematuria,  caused  by  chronic  disease  of  the  urinary 

organs. 

40.  Fistulse  of  the  thorax  and  the  abdomen,  if  they  penetrate  into  cavities. 

41.  Completely  malformed  pelvis. 

42.  Lai'ge  abdominal  hernia,  irreducible  and  not  supportable  by  a  truss. 

43.  Large  hydrocele. 

44.  Scin-hous  degeneration  of  a  testicle  and  the  spermatic  cord,  (sarcocele.) 


INTRODUCTORY.  XXXV 

45.  Cirsocele,  if  large  and  painful  and  swelling  considerably  when  the  person  exam- 

ined is  in  the  erect  position. 

46.  Rectal  fistula ;  artificial  anus. 

47.  Chronic  prolapsus  of  the  rectum  and  incapacity  to  retain  the  fseces. 

48.  Considerable  hsemoi'rhoidal  tumors,  particularly  when  combined  with  great  haemor- 

rhage and  ulceration. 

49.  Difficult  micturition  or  incontinence  of  urine. 

50.  Gravel  or  calculus  in  bladder. 

51.  Strictures  and  injuries  of  the  urethra  ;  tumefaction  and  induration  of  the  prostate 

gland ;  incurable  vesical  fistula. 

52.  Hypospadia. 

53.  Loss  of  one  of  the  larger  members  of  the  body. 

54.  Considerable  curvature,  lengthening,  or  shortening  of  the  extremities ;    atrophy 

and  paralysis  thereof 

55.  Stiffness  or  unserviceableness  of  the  larger  articulations  in  consequence  of  cicatrices, 

contractions,  fungoid  growths,  swelling  of  the  heads  of  bones ;    ankylosis ; 
concretions  within  the  joints  ;  white  swelling ;  old  luxations. 

56.  Exostosis  and  such  other  deformities  of  the  bones  as  interfere  with  free  movement, 

whether  originating  idiopathically  or  from  badly-united  fractures. 

57.  Clearly  demonstrable  relaxation  of  the  ligaments  of  any  articulation  so  as  to  per- 

mit dislocations  by  ordinary  motion. 

58.  Ganglia  on  the  articulations,  if  they  be  large,  have  grown  into  the  tendinous 

parts,  adhere  firmly  to  the  bones,  cause  pain,  or  interfere  with  the  mobility 
of  the  articulation. 

59.  Loss,  stiff"ness,  or  curvature  of  the  thumb  of  either  hand. 

60.  Loss  of  the  right  index-finger. 

61.  Loss  of  two  or  more  fingers  of  one  hand. 

62.  Stiff"ness  or  curvature  of  any  finger  whereby  the  free  use  of  the  hand  is  interfered 

with. 

63.  A  supernumerary  finger,  if  located  in  such  manner  as  to  interfere  with  the  free 

use  of  the  hand. 

64.  The  growing  together  of  the  fingers,  or  their  connection  by  ?i  web. 

65.  Flat-footedness,  if  the  deformity  have  reached  such  a  degree  that  in  walking  the 

foot  rests  on  the  inner  margin. 

66.  Old  ulcers,  combined  with  some  cachectic  condition  and  easily  re-opening,  particu- 

larly on  the  feet ;  such  as  are  ordinarily  surrounded  by  varicose  veins,  and 
accompanied  by  induration  and  swelling  of  the  cellular  tissue,  and  oftentimes 
by  exostosis. 

67.  Large  cicatrices  of  ulcers  breaking  open  easily  and  frequently. 

68.  Cicatrices  connected  with  the  subjacent  bones  and  interfering  with  the  free  motion 

of  the  member. 

69.  Large  varicose  tumors,  involving  part  of  the  foot  and  the  lower  part  of  the  leg, 

which  are  painful  and  threaten  to  bui'st  upon  bodily  exertion. 

70.  Loss  of  one  or  both  great  toes  or  loss  of  several  other  toes. 


XXXVI  INTRODUCTORY. 

71.  Abnormal  prominence  of  one  or  both  balls  of  the  foot,  conseqitent  upon  very 

oblique  position  of  the  great  toe  relatively  to  the  metatar.sus. 

72.  Considerable  curvature  of  one  or  several  toes,  or  overlapping-  of  each  other. 

73.  Supernumerary  toes  on  one  or  both  feet. 

74.  Exostosis  and  other  tumors  of  the  toes  to  such  a  degree  that  no  shoes  can  be  worn. 

75.  Profuse  fetid  foot-sweats,  rendering  the  feet  painfully  tender. 

76.  Aneurismal  tumors. 

77.  Caries  or  other  pathological  degenerations  of  the  bones,  due  to  some  general 

cachexia. 

78.  Organic  diseases  of  the  heai-t,  accompanied  by  disturbances  of  respiration  and 

circulation ;  chronic  palpitation  of  the  heart. 

79.  General  strumous  diathesis,  with  swelling  of  the  glands  and  chronic  ulceration  of 

the  individual  parts. 

80.  Fully-developed  disposition  to  phthisis  pulmonalis. 

81.  Pulmonary  tuberculosis. 

82.  Thoracic  empyema. 

83.  Extensive  pulmonary  emphysema. 

84.  Suppm-ation  and  ulceration  of  internal  organs,  recognizable   by  pathognomonic 

signs  and  from  the  effects  of  these  diseases  on  the  general  bodily  condition. 

85.  Consumption. 

86.  Incurable  dropsy ;  chronic  icterus,  with  easily-recognizable  gi*ave  diseases  of  the 

abdominal  viscera. 

87.  Malignant  and  inveterate  skin-diseases. 

88.  Weak  and  narrow  chest,  even  if  unaccompanied  by  conspicuous  emaciation  and 

disposition  to  phthisis  pulmonalis. 

89.  Feeble  constitution  and  weak  bones  and  muscles  after  the  age  of  completed  growth, 

combined  with  a  sickly  appearance. 

90.  General  deformity  of  the  entire  body. 

91.  Excessive  obesity. 

92.  Epilepsy  or  other  periodical  spasms  and  convulsions. 

93.  Habitual  trembling  of  the  whole  body  or  of  individual  parts  tliereof 

94.  Catalepsy. 

96.  Inveterate  vertigo. 

96.  Sonmambulism. 

97.  Clu'onic  gout  and  chronic  rheumatism. 

98.  Habitual  drunkenness. 

99.  A  low  degree  of  mental  capacity,  rendering  military  education  impossible. 

100.  Insanity  and  other  psychical  diseases. 

AUSTRIA. 

The  laws  regulating  liability  to  military  service  in  Austria  are  not  uniforai  in  the 
extensive  ten-itories  of  that  empire.  The  contingent  from  Croatia  only  supplies  soldiers 
'for  the  garrisons  on  the  Turkish  border ;  Hungary  contributes  huzzars  ;  the  Tyrol  and 
Dalmatia,  only  riflemen.     The  general  term  of  service  is  ten  years,  of  which  half  is 


INTRODUCTORY.  XXXVII 

passed  in  the  reserve.     In  Austria  proper  the  age  for  entering  the  army  is  fixed  at 
nineteen  years.     The  Croats  are  enhsted  at  twenty  years. 

The  minimum  of  height  for  the  different  corps  of  the  Austrian  army  is  prescxibed 
in  the  law  on  national  defenses,  approved  December  5,  1868,  and  has  not  been  changed 
since  that  date.'  The  inch  is  Vienna  measure,  and  slightly  exceeds  the  English  inch 
in  length.  The  Austrian  foot  consists  of  12  inches,  and  is  equivalent  to  0.316111 
metre,  or  12.446  inches  English. 
*-         Artillery  :  minimum,  61  inches,  (63.26  inches,  English.) 

Engineers:  minimum,  64  inches,  (66.37  inches,  English.) 

Pioneers :  minimum,  64  inches,  (66.37  inches,  English.) 

Hospital-attendants:  minimum,  59  inches,  (61.18  inches,  English.) 

Inftxntry:  minimum,  59  inches,  (61.18  inches,  English;)  maxinmm,  66  inches, 
(68.44  inches,  Enghsh.) 

Cavalry:  minimum,  61  inches,  (63.26  inches,  English;)  maximum,  68  inches, 
(70.52  inches,  English.) 

Train-attendants:  mininmm,  60  inches,  (62.22  inches,  English;)  maximum,  66 
inches,  (63.44  inches,  English.) 

The  instructions  to  the  Austrian  military  surg-eon  insist  upon  great  delicacy  and 
humanity  being  shown  to  the  recruit  under  examination."  If  he  should  declare  him- 
self to  be  afflicted  with  a  disease  that  cannot  immediately  be  recognized,  he  may  be 
sent  to  a  hospital  for  observation.  If  the  disease  under  which  a  conscript  is  laboring 
appear  susceptible  of  cure,  he  may  be  retained  in  hospital  for  four  months,  with  the 
hope  of  obtaining  that  result,  but  he  cannot  be  compelled  to  submit  to  a  surgical  oj)er- 
ation.  In  the  process  of  examination  of  the  recruit  absolute  nudity  is  not  imperative, 
the  rather  vague  direction  being  given  that  entire  stripping  will  only  be  ordered  when 
a  thorough  examination  cannot  be  made  without  it. 

The  instructions  for  the  medical  examination  in  detail  are  very  comprehensive  and 
minvite,  but,  in  general,  resemble  those  authorized  by  the  French  government.  The 
measurement  of  the  circumference  of  the  chest  is  to  be  performed  while  the  man's  arms 
are  extended  horizontally  from  the  body,  and  at  the  moiuent  of  comjileted  expiration. 
The  tape  is  to  be  passed  over  the  nipples.  The  minimum  of  circumference  admissible 
is  29  inches,  which  is  equivalent  to  0.763918  metre,  or  30.075  inches,  English.  Any 
smaller  girth  causes  positive  rejection,  even  though  it  be  accompanied  with  the  lowest 
legal  stature. 

The  first  table  of  diseases  comprises  those  which  are  not  incompatible  with  military 
service.  The  general  direction  concerning  them  is  that  they  must  be  such  as  will  not 
Interfere  with  mental  or  bodily  activity,  or  with  the  free  use  of  the  organs  of  the  senses 
and  of  locomotion.  The  next  table  includes  such  disabilities  as  are  temporary  in  their 
character  and  will  admit  of  cure. 

The  third  table  exhibits  those  maladies  which  permanently  exempt.  It  will  be 
seen  that  all  forms  of  hernia  exclude,  though  relaxed  inguinal  canal  does  not.  Loss  of 
the  index-finger  or  of  the  thiuiib  exemfjts ;  other  mutilations  of  the  fingers  will  not 
release  from  service,  if  they  do  not  hinder  the  management  of  a  horse,  the  employment 
of  the  man  as  a  sailor,  or  his  usefulness  in  some  military  capacity.     Incurable  sweating 

'  Instruction  ziir  ausfiihniiig  dcy  wehrg(!set:c.  I'Jmo.  Wiou,  aus  dor  kaisorlicb-kiiniglichcu  liof-  uud  staiits-druck- 
erei,  1861).     BcUatjc  IV,  p.  3^3. 

-  ftp.  fit.,  p.  :i.'i;).     licilnije  III,  liiHiriiction  ziir  iirztlidien  niilrysiiclnniri  dir  tfchrpfirhtiyi'ii. 


XXXVill  INTRODUCTORY. 

of  the  feet,  even  though  not  fetid,  is  to  exempt  when  excessive.  Flat-footedness  is 
established  as  a  disability  when  it  is  impossible  to  insert  a  finger  between  the  sole  and 
the  eronnd  from  the  inner  side  of  the  foot. 

The  official  instructions  conclude  with  a  table  of  such  obvious  disqualifications  as 
do  not  require  the  action  of  the  surgeon.  This  is  for  the  guidance  of  the  recruiting 
officer,  and  it  will  be  observed  to  consist  mostly  of  striking  defqnnities  or  losses  of 
limbs. 

INSTRUCTIONS    TO    THE  AUSTRIAN    MILITARY    SURGEON.  — 

At  the  general  examination  the  surgeon  will  direct  the  recruit  to  place  himself  on 
level  ground,  at  the  distance  of  a  few  paces,  with  his  face  turned  to  the  light.  The  feet 
will  be  closed  so  that  the  heads  of  the  first  metatarsal  bones  will  touch,  as  well  as  the  inner 
condyles  and  knees.  The  arms  must  hang  loose,  and  the  body  be  erect.  The  surgeon 
will  examine  the  general  appearance  and  the  proportion  of  the  limbs  to  the  entire  body. 
He  will  also  at  this  examination  observe  if  any  skin-disease  be  present. 

The  points  that  indicate  a  robust  constitution  are  these :  «.  The  head  erect ;  strong 
neck ;  healthy  color  of  the  face  ;  bright  eyes ;  good  teeth  ;  hard  and  red  gums.  h.  A 
broad  and  well-foi-med  thorax ;  strong  muscular  shoulder-blades ;  slow,  deep,  easy 
and  quiet  breathing,  c.  Strong  and  regular  pulse,  d.  Firm,  elastic  skin ;  powerful 
muscles ;  strong  bones ;  firm  step  ;  generally  correct  proportion  of  the  body  ;  and  the 
free  use  of  all  the  senses. 

After  the  general  inspection  of  the  recruit,  the  surgeon  will  proceed  to  a  special 
examination  of  all  the  parts  of  the  body. 

He  will  first  observe  whether  the  head  be  not  uncommonly  large  or  misshapen ; 
on  the  scalp  he  will  search  for  elevations  or  depressions,  eruptions  or  tumors. 

He  will  observe  the  shape  of  the  forehead  and  the  appearance  of  the  whole  face. 
Particular  attention  must  be  paid  to  the  eyelids,  their  mobility  and  capacity  for  suffi- 
cient dilatation  and  complete  closure ;  the  cilia,  their  position  and  direction ;  the  func- 
tions of  the  lachrymal  organs,  in  regard  to  the  secretion  and  evacuation  of  tears.  Each 
eye  must  be  examined  separately  in  regard  to  itself,  as  well  as  in  its  relation  to  its 
fellow,  as  to  position,  size,  elasticity,  and  general  condition,  the  perfect  clearness  of  the 
light-conducting  media,  and  their  free  and  undisturbed  function.  He  will  also  test  the 
power  of  sight,  and  by  trials  and  judicious  questioning  ascertain  whether  myopia  or 
presbyopia  exist. 

To  find  whether  .the  nares.  are  well  dilated,  he  will  cause  the  recruit  to  -  breathe 
strongly  and  repeatedly  through  the  nose,  and  through  eaqh  nostril  separately ;  he  will 
observe  that  the  nose  is  not  disfigured,  and  that  no  tumors  or  polypi  exist  in  the  cavity.. 

He  will  see  that  the  lips  are  healthy;  that  the  maxilla  is  easily  moval)le;  that  the 
teeth,  the  gums,  the  tongue,  the  palate,  the  uvula,  the  tonsils,  and  the  pharynx  are  in 
normal  condition.  He  will  detect  the  presence  of  false  teeth  or  an  artificial  palate,  and 
observe  if  there  be  fissure  of  the  palate  or  diseases  of  the  tonsils  or  fiiuces.  At  this 
part  of  the  examination  he  will  take  note  of  the  existence  of  foetor  of  the  breath,  and 
of  the  pi'esence  of  defects  in  the  organs  of  deglutition  and  speech. 

In  the  examination  of  the  auditory  organs,  the  surgeon  will  olxserve  tlie  external 
ear,  and  carefully  examine  if  the  auditory  canal  be  not  occluded,  or  if  there  be  any 
discliaro-e  or  ulceration.      Ho  will   sntisfv  himself  as  to  the  acuteness  of  hearing,  for 


INTKODUCTUKY.  XXXIX 

which  purpose  he  will  sometimes  address  questions  to  the  recruit  in  a  low  voice.  As 
a  general  rule,  the  surgeon  ought  to  keep  up  a  conversation  with  the  recruit,  and  fre- 
quently dwell  upon  subjects  having  no  connection  with  the  examination. 

Of  the  neck  he  will  observe  the  shape,  mobility,  and  direction ;  also  if  there  be 
any  tumors,  fistulas,  or  cicatrices ;  the  position  of  the  head  must  also  be  considered. 

In  examining  the  chest,  ho  will  scrutinize  the  sha,i)e  of  the  thorax,  its  length,  its 
breadth,  and  its  depth ;  the  condition  of  the  clavicles,  the  sternum,  the  processus  ensi- 
formis,  and  the  ribs.  The  circumference  of  the  chest  is  to  be  measured  in  all  recruits 
having  the  prescribed  height,  independently  of  their  being  otherwise  considered  fit  or 
unfit  for  military  service.  The  mode  of  proceeding  is  as  follows:  The  recruit  will 
extend  the  arms  hoi'izontally ;  the  surgeon,  placing  himself  behind  the  recruit,  will  lay 
the  tape  over  both  nipples,  covering  them,  and,  passing  it  horizontally  around  the  chest, 
will  join  the  ends  on  the  vertebral  column,  and  take  the  measure  at  the  moment  of 
completed  expiration.  If* the  measurement  show  29  inches,  Austrian  measure,  (30  inches, 
English,)  the  recruit  will  be  considered,  all  otlier  conditions  being  favorable,  a  fit 
subject  for  military  service.  A  girth  of  less  than  29  inches,  even  if  combined  with  the 
minimum  height  of  59  inches,  Austrian  measure,  (61  inches,  English,)  will  be  con- 
sidered sufficient  reason  for  rejection.  The  surgeon  will  cause  the  recruit  to  breathe 
deeply  several  times,  to  observe  if  the  act  of  respiration  be  performed  freely  and  easily. 
He  will  take  into  consideration  any  cough  and  its  sound  which  may  present  itself  at 
this  time.  He  will  then  observe  the  heart  and  the  heart-beats.  In  doubtful  or  sus- 
pected cases  of  disease  of  the  organs  of  circulation  and  respiration,  he  will  call  to  aid 
physical  diagnosis,  (auscultation  and  percussion;)  the  position  of  the  scapulas  and  the 
condition  of  the  axillary  glands  are  also  to  be  taken  into  consideration. 

The  size  of  the  abdomen  must  be  observed ;  also  if  tumors  exist  externally  or  in 
the  abdominal  cavity.  The  condition  of  the  umbilicus,  of  the  abdominal  ring,  and  the 
existence  of  dilatation  of  the  latter,  or  of  hernia,  should  be  noted.  To  facilitate  the 
discovery  of  the  latter  two  infirmities,  the  recruit  should  be  made  to  blow  into  his  fist. 

The  formation  of  the  pelvis  is  to  be  observed.  Of  the  organs  of  generation,  the 
penis,  the  spermatic  cords,  the  testes,  the  scrotum,  and  the  perineum  must  be  carefully 
examined,  and  particular  attention  paid  to  the  condition  of  the  urethra.  The  presence 
of  both  testes  and  their  freedom  from  indurations,  and  the  non-existence  of  hernia  or 
other  tumors  in  the  scrotum  should  be  also  carefully  determined. 

The  surgeon  will  now  proceed  to  the  examination  of  the  vertebral  column.  He 
will  observe  if  it  have  the  normal  direction,  or  deviate  from  it ;  if  some  of  the  vertebrae 
be  unduly  prominent,  hypertrophied,  or  atrophied.  For  the  purpose  of  this  examina- 
tion the  body  of  the  recruit  must  be  bent  forward.  At  the  same  time  the  sacrum,  the 
coccyx,  and  the  anus  must  be  examined ;  in  the  latter,  to  discover  haemorrhoids,  fistula, 
or  prolapsus. 

Finally,  the  surgeon  will  proceed  to  the  examination  of  the  extremities.  He  will 
observe  their  formation  in  regard  to  length,  development,  and  mobility,  as  well  as  the 
condition  of  the  skin  and  of  the  superficial  blood-vessels.  The  movability  of  the  indi- 
vidual joints  can  be  judged  of  by  flexion,  extension,  addixction,  abduction,  and 
rotation. 


XL  INTRODUCTORY. 

The  following  order  will  be  observed  for  the  examination  of  the  upper  extremities; 
The  surgeon  will  cause  the  recruit  to  extend  both  arms  in  such  a  manner  that  the 
palms  of  the  hands  will  touch.  This  will  enable  him  to  judge  of  the  equal  length  of 
both  arms.  He  will  next  direct  him  to  cross  the  arms  on  the  breast,  on  the  back  of 
the  neck,  and  then  to  extend  them  straight  over  his  head.  This  will  enable  him  to 
judge  of  the  equality  or  inequality  of  the  shoulders.  Finally,  he  will  desire  him  to 
cross  the  hands  on  the  back.  The  recruit  will  also  be  made  to  move  the  hands  in 
every  direction,  to  close  his  fingers  and  extend  them  again,  during  which  time  the 
number,  position,  and  condition  of  the  fingers  will  be  observed. 

As  to  the  lower  extremities  the  surgeon  will  observe  if  the  knees  are  in  a  straight 
jjosition  or  bent  iuAvard  or  outward ;  if  they  be  not  enlarged  from  disease ;  if  one  leg 
be  not  shorter  than  the  other,  or  if  either  be  crooked  or  atrophied.  He  will  observe 
the  existence  of  club-foot,  horse-foot,  or  flat-foot.  Doubtful  cases  of  shortness  of  one 
of  the  lower  extremities  he  decides  by  placing  the  recruit  in  a  horizontal  position,  both 
in  supine  and  prone  positions.  To  satisfy  himself  of  the  full  mobility  of  the  limbs,  he 
directs  the  recruit  to  kneel  alternately  on  each  knee  and  afterward  on  both  knees, 
and  directs  him  to  walk  up  and  down  while  he  observes  his  gait  and  the  position  of 
the  toes. 

By  a  system  of  gentle  and  encouraging  questions,  the  surgeon  will  endeavor  to 
form  a  judgment  of  the  mental  capacity  of  the  recruit  and  to  detect  infirmities  Avhich 
might  not  be  discoverable  by  external  signs. 

The  surgeon  will  make  a  report  as  to  the  result  of  the  examination  of  the  recruit 
under  the  following  general  heads : 

1.  Fit  for  service  : 

a.  without  infirmity. 

h.  with  infirmity,  (which  is  to  be  described.) 

2.  Temporarily  unfit  on  account  of  (described  disease.) 

3.  Permanently  unfit  on  account  of  (described  disease.) 

As  fit  for  service  will  be  considered  all  those  possessing  a  strong  constitution  and 
who  are  not  afflicted  with  any  infirmity,  or  with  only  such  minor  infirmity  as  does  not 
interfere  with  bodily  or  mental  activity  and  witli  the  free  use  of  the  senses  and  organs 
of  the  body.     Infirmities  of  this  class  will  be  found  described  in  Appendix  A. 

As  temporarily  uiifiifor  service  will  be  considered  all  those  Avho  possess  weakly 
constitutions,  but  in  whom  there  is  reasonable  expectation  for  a  complete  restoration 
to  health  ;  also  those  who  are  afflicted  with  diseases  or  infirmities  which  will  idtimately 
yield  to  the  curative  power  of  nature,  or  to  appropriate  medical  treatment,  or  the 
violence  of  which  can  be  so  diminished,  at  least,  that  tlie  person  affected  may  }^et 
become  fit  for  service. 

As  fermancnihi  unfit  for  service  are  to  be  considered  all  those  who  are  afflicted 
with  such  infirmities  as  will  interfere  with  the  free  movements  of  the  body,  and 
especially  with  the  fi-ee  use  of  the  limbs ;  such  as  interfere  with  important  functions 
of  the  organism  ;  such  as  render  impossible  the  necessary  exertion  of  mental  and 
bodily  vigor ;  in  fact,  all  disorders  which  are  undoubtedly  grave  and  incurable.  In 
Appendix  B  these  infirmities  and  diseases  will  be  envimerated.     Appendix  (,•  contains 


INTRODUCTORY.  XLI 

a  list  of  all  those  palpable  infirmities  which  can  be  easily  recognized,  even  by  non- 
medical men,  and  which  exclude  forever  from  military  service. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  surgeon  to  convince  the  non-medical  members  of  the  com- 
mission, as  far  as  possible,  of  the  existence  of  the  disqualifications  discovered  by  him. 
He  will,  therefore,  in  all  cases  which  are  not  at  once  recognizable,  call  the  attention 
of  these  other  commissioners  to  the  characteristic  points  of  the  infirmities,  giving  at 
the  same  time  all  needed  explanations. 


APPENDIX  A. 


List  of  those  infirmities  wJdch  are  frequently  met  with  but  do  not  imply  unfitness  for  military 
service,  if  the  recruit  possess  otherwise  a  strong  constitution. 

I. — HEAD. 

a. — Cranium.. 

1.  The  head  disproportionately  large. 

2.  Slight  baldheadedness  or  single  bald  patches. 

3.  Movable  or  immovable  cicatrices,  if  located  on  spots  where  the  head-covering  of 

the  soldier  does  not  exercise  any  pressure. 

4.  Slight  permanent  depressions  of  the  cranial  bones,  npt  impairing  the  functions  of 

the  brain. 

I). — Auditory  organs. 

1.  Partial  or  total  absence  of  a  pinna,  if  the  sense  of  hearing  be  normal. 

2.  Malformations  and  benign  neoplasms  of  the  pinna,  not  interfering  with  the  sense  of 

hearing. 

3.  Ekzema  on  the  pinna  and  in  the  auditory  canal ;  also  acute  or  chronic  inflammatioit, 

(with  discharge  from  the  ear,)  which  is  confined  to  the  external  meatus,  and 
where  neither  bone  nor  periosteum  is  afifected ;  also  polypi,  originating  in  the 
auditory  canal  and  therefore  easily  removable. 

4.  Slight  contractions  of  the  auditory  canal,  if  thereby  the  function  of  hearing  be  not 

impaired. 

c. — Face. 
Moles,  na?vi,  or  other  malformations,  which  do  not  perceptibly  disfigui'e. 

d. — Eyes. 

1.  Partial  absence  of  cilia,  if  the  borders  of  the  lids  be  not  in  a  diseased  condition. 

2.  Benign,   non-deforming  tumors  on  the  lid  of  one  or  both  eyes,  if  the  functional 

activity  be  not  interfered  with. 

3.  Peripheral  cicatrices,  or  spots  on  the  cornea  of  one  or  both  eyes,  if  they  do  not 

extend  in  front  of  the  moderately  dilated  pupil. 

4.  Such  disturbance  of  function  or  malformation  of  the  left  eye  as  will  not  cause 

marked  disfigurement,  and  is  not  indicative  of  frequently  recurring  disease, 

VI 


XLIl  INTRODUCTORY. 

nor  likely  to  affect  the  functions  of  the  healthy  right  eye,  viz :  a  thin,  extenu- 
ated pterygium,  if  its  tendinous  point  do  not  impinge  more  than  half  a  line 
upon  the  cornea ;  partial  deformity  of  the  pupil,  if  the  aperture  be  normally 
large,  whether  caused  by  synechia  anterior  or  synechia  posterior ;  moderate 
strabismus. 
5.  Myopia  in  a  less  degree  than  that  mentioned  in  Appendix  B,  article  d,  13. 

e. — Nose. 

Slight,  not  very  unsightly  malformation  of  the  nose,  unattended  with  disease  of  the 
cavity. 

/ — Month. 

1.  Hare-lip,  and  other  malformations  of  the  lips,  unaccompanied  by  prominent  disfigure- 
ment. 
2:  Partial  loss  of  teeth,  if  not  interfering  with  speech  or  tlie  power  of  mastication. 
3.  Slight  stammering,  if  the  pronunciation  be  otherwiiie  distinct. 

II. ^NECK. 

1.  Bronchocele,  or  slight  swelling  of  the  thyroid  gland,  or  the  presence  of  small  cysts 

in  the  latter,  if  respiration  be  not  impeded  even  when  the  uniform  is  buttoned  up. 

2.  Slight  glandular  swellings. 

III. THORAX. 

1.  Slight  irregularities  in  the  shape  of  the  thorax,  if  imperceptible  through  the  clothing, 

and  if  the  chest  be  otherwise  sufficiently  broad  and  arched. 

2.  Such  fractures  of  the  clavicle  as  show  a  moderate  degree  of  formation  of  cnllus,  with 

slight  shortening,  but  which  do  not  interfere  with  the  free  use  of  the  arm. 

♦ 

IV. ABDOMEN. 

1.  Hypertrophied  spleen,  if  not  protruding  more  than  two  fingers'  breadth  below  the 

costal  border,  and  if  not  attended  with  perceptible  ill-health. 

2.  Small  hajmorrholds. 

3.  Relaxed  inguinal  canal,  if  the  intestines  do  not  enter  it. 

V. ORGANS    OF    GENERATION. 

1 .  Loss  of  one  testicle  from  purely  mechanical  cause. 

2.  Retention  of  one  or  both  testicles  in  the  abdominal  cavity,  with  closure  of  the  inguinal 

canal. 

3.  Small  painless  cysts  on  the  spermatic  cord;  also  slightly  varicose  condition  of  the 

veins  of  this  organ ;  sliglit  hypertrophy  and  induration  of  the  seminal  vesicles 
and  ducts,  or  of  the  epididymis ;  moderate,  painless  hypertrophy  of  one  testicle, 
(not  surpassing  twice  the  normal  size,)  or  atrophy  of  same  ;  abnormal  formation 
of  the  scrotum,  not  exercising  any  influence  on  the  testicles,  and  not  interfering 
with  tlie  wearing  of  pantaloons. 

4.  Abnormal  opening  of  the  urethra  in  tlie  viciiiitA^  oi'  the  glans  penis,  (e^jispadia  and 

hypospadia.) 


INTRODUCTOKY.  XLIII 


VI. VERTEBRAL  COLUMN  AND  THE  TRUNK. 


1.  So-called  hollow-back,  or  high  back,  in  a  moderate   degree;   also  sHght  lateral 

curvature  of  the  vertebral  column,  if  the  deformity  be  not  apparent  when  the 
man  is  dressed. 

2.  Slight,  not  prominent,  elevation  of  a  shoulder  or  hip. 


VII. EXTREMITIES. 


1.  Loss  of  a  finger,  (excejiting  the  thumb  or  the  index-finger,)  or  of  phalanges,  if  not 

interfering  with  the  handling  of  the  weapon  or  horse,  with  his  duties  as  a  sailor, 
or  with  the  usefulnegs  of  the  man  in  some  other  military  capacity. 

2.  Single,  though  branching,  varicose  veins,  not  exceeding  the  thickness  of  a  goose- 

quill,  unaccompanied  by  tumpi's,  and  on  the  lower  extremities. 

3.  Broad  feet ;  incomplete  flat-foot — that  is,  if  on  planting  the  foot  on  the  ground  the 

entire  inner  margin  does  not  touch  the  ground,  but  will  still  retain  a  slight  con- 
cavity ;  easily  recognizable  by  the  unindurated  appearance  of  the  hollow  of  the 
foot,  and  particularly  if  only  one  foot  be  affected  by  the  deformity. 

4.  Stiffness  of  the  last  two  toes ;  absence  of  an  entire  toe,  (except  the  great  toe ;) 

absence  of  single  phalanges,  (except  of  the  great  toe ;)  supernumerary  toes  on 
one  or  both  feet,  if  by  this  deformity  the  function  of  stepping  be  not  interfered 
with ;  the  growing  together  of  two  toes,  (excepting  the  great  toe ;)  curvature  of 
the  great  toe ;  and  the  over-lapping  of  one  or  more  toes. 

5.  Bunions  on  the  great  toe,  if  they  do  not  inflame  and  ulcerate  periodically. 

6.  Knock-knees,  bow-legs,  legs  bent  backward,  if  the  deformity  be  not  very  great,  and 

do  not  interfere  with  marching. 

7.  Firm  cicatrices,  particularly  on  the  lower  extremities,  if  the  mobility  of  the  affected 

parts  be  not  interfered  with. 

8.  Fractures  of  the  extremities,  if  united  without  shortening,  although  slight  distortion 

may  have  occurred,  if  free  mobility  of  the  limb  be  presei-ved ;  painless  swellings 
of  the  osseous  tissue. 

9.  Slight  excess  of  circumference  of  one  limb  as  compared  with  the  other,  if  not  due 

to  any  pathological  condition. 


APPENDIX  B. 

List  of  those  infirmities  which  incapacitate  forever  for  the  military  service. 

I. HEAD. 

a. — Cranium. 

1.  Incm-able  loss  of  all  or  of  the  greater  part  of  the  hair. 

2.  Chronic  tinea  capitis,  incurable  after  treatment ;  incurable  exanthemata. 

3.  Large  cicatrices,  when  sensitive  and  situated  on  parts  where  the  head-covering  of 

the  soldier  exercises  pressure. 


XLIV  INTRODUCTORY. 

4.  Considerable  unevenness  and  depression  of  the  cranial  bones. 

5.  Incurable  caries  of"  the  cranial  bones. 

b. — Auditory  organs. 

1.  Loss  of  the  external  ear,  if  the  sense  of  hearing  be  at  the  same  time  impaired. 

2.  Malforaiations  and  tumors,  of  Avhatever  nature,  on  the  external  ear,  if  inteifering  to 

a  considerable  degree  with  the  function  of  hearing. 

3.  Imperforate  auditory  canal  in  one  or  both  ears. 

4.  All  forms  of  purulent  otorrhcea,  with  perforation  of  the  tympanic  membrane,  if  the 

seat  of  the  disease  be  in  the  middle  ear. 

5.  All  chronic  pathological  conditions  of  the  middle  or  internal  ear,  accompanied  by 

deafness  or  considerable  disturbance  of  the  function  of  hearing. 

c. — Face. 

1.  Habitual  convulsive  or  spasmodic  contractions  of  the  facial  muscles  to  such  a  degree 

that  the  faculty  of  speaking  is  interfered  with. 

2.  Considerable  deformity  of  the  face,  through  acquired  or  congenital  malformation  or 

incurable  exanthemata. 

3.  Incurable  salivary  fistula. 

d. — Ei/es. 

1.  Chronic  inflammation  of  the  margin  of  the  eyelid  of  one  or  both  eyes,  with  its  con- 

sequences, viz :  permanent  hypertrophy  and  induration,  or  cicatricial  deformity 
of  the  margins  of  the  eyelids  with  incurable  loss  of  the  greater  part  of  the  cilia. 

2.  Entropion  and  ectropion  of  one  or  both  lids  in  all  grades  or  forms ;  partial  or  total 

adhesion  of  the  lids  to  each  other  or  to  the  eye-ball ;  large,  unsightly  tumors 
on  one  or  both  lids,  interfering  with  theii'  mobility ;  paralysis  of  the  motor 
muscles  of  the  eyelids  of  one  or  both  eyes  ;  if  all  these  infirmities  be  incurable. 

3.  Chronic  lai^hrymal  blennorrhoea,   and  swelling  of   the  lachrymal   sac  ;    lachrymal 

fistula ;  habitual,  incurable  effusion  of  tears  to  a  considerable  extent,  caused 
by  any  organic  disease  whatever. 

4.  Strabismus  of  the  right  eye,  in  any  degree ;  considerable  strabisnuis  of  the  left  eye  ; 

oblique  position  of  one  or  both  eyes;  nystagmus;  exophthalmia of  one  or  both 
eyes. 

5.  Extensive  cicatricial  disfigurement  of  the  conjunctiva ;  extensive  trachoma. 

6.  Cicatrices  or  spots  on    the  cornea,  of    one  or  l>otli  eyes,  if    covering  part  of   a 

moderately-dilated  iris,  whether  dense,  tendinous,  cloudy,  or  diff'used. 

7.  Staphyloma  of  the  cornea  and  iris,  of  any  form  or  extent ;  staphyloma  sclerotica, 

cirsophthahnia,  and  hydrophthalmia. 

8.  Distortion    of  the    right  pupil,  originating  from  any  cause  whatever;    synechia, 

anterior  or  posterior,  if  more  than  one-half  of  the  iris  be  implicated ;  atresia 
of  the  pupil  of  one  or  both  eyes ;  congenital  fissure  of  the  iris ;  cicatrices,  or 
partial  separation  of  the  iris  from  the  ciliary  ligaments. 

9.  Gray  cataract,  in  any  of  its  stages ;  absence  of  one  or  both  lenses,  occasioned  by 

previous  operation  or  by  accidental  injur\'. 


INTRODUCTORY.  XLV 

10.  Black  cataract,  in  all  its  forms  and  grades. 

11.  Atrophy  of  one  or  both  eyes,  in  any  degree. 

12.  Albinismus  of  the  eyes. 

13.  Myopia,  to   such  a  degree  that  the  person  aifected,  being  armed  with  concave 

glasses  of  4  inches  (4.149  inches,  English)  focus,  is  unable  to  read  or  recog- 
nize print  or  other  signs  and  marks  of  the  height  of  one-third  of  a  line,  and 
proportionately  thick,  at  a  convenient  distance  from  the  eye. 

14.  Hyperpresbyopia,  to  such  a  degree  that  the  person  affected,  being  armed  with 

"  convex  glasses  of  6  inches  (6.223  inches,  English)  focus,  cannot  read  or 
recognize  print  or  other  signs  and  marks  of  the  height  of  one  line,  at  a 
distance  of  12  inches  (12.446  inches,  Enghsh)  from  the  eye. 

e. — Nose. 

1.  Malformation  and  diseases  of  the  nose  which  produce  considerable  disfigurement 

and  interfere  greatly  with  speech  and  respiration. 

2.  Fetid  discharge  from  the  nose,  the  consequence  of  malignant  coryza  or  of  caries 

of  the  bones. 

/ — Mouth. 

1.  Hare-lip,  if  greatly  disfiguring. 

2.  Malignant  disease  of  one  or  both  lips. 

3.  Cleft,  perforated,  or  entirely  deficient  palate. 

4.  Loss  of  a  majority  of  the  incisors  and  molars,  combined  with  a  bad  condition  of 

the  remaining  teeth ;  extensive  caries  of  the  teeth. 

5.  Extensive  loss  of  substance  of  the  pharyngeal  parts. 

6.  All  incurable  disorders  of  the  tongue  which  interfere  with  its  functions,  such  as 

paralysis  or  deforihity. 

7.  Stricture  of  the  oesophagus. 

8.  Ankylosis  of  one  or  hoth  of  the  maxillary  articulations. 

9.  Incurable  aphonia;    hoarse  or  nasal  voice  to  such  a  degree  that  pronunciation 

becomes  unintelligible. 

10.  Inveterate  and  excessive  stuttering  and  stammering. 

11.  Muteness. 

II. NECK. 

1.  Bronchocele,  hypertrophy  of  the  thyroid  gland,  or  the  presence  of  cysts  in  the 

latter,  when  respiration  would  probably  be  interfered  with  if  the  uniform 
were  buttoned  up. 

2.  Considerable  swelling  and  induration  of  the  glands,  with  or  without  purulency. 

3.  Large  cicatrices,  interfering  to  a  considerable  degree  with  movement. 

4.  Fistula  of  the  larynx  or  of  the  trachea. 

5.  Wry-neck,  with  much  distortion. 

III. THORAX  AND  ORGANS  IN  THE  THORACIC  CAVITY. 

1.  Irregularities  in  the  shape  of  the  thorax,  if  they  interfere  with  free  respiration,  and 
produce  an  evident  appearance  of  deformity  when  the  man  is  in  uniform,  such 
as  flatness,  depressions,  or  chicken-breast. 


XLVI  INTRODUCTORY. 

2.  Fractures  of  the  clavicle,  which,  though  united,  have  resulted  in  deformity  and 

shortening,  or  which  interfere  considerably  with  the  free  use  of  the  arm. 

3.  Phthisis  pulmonalis. 

4.  Permanent  collection  of  fluid  in  the  thoracic  cavity. 

5.  Emphysema  of  the  lungs. 

6.  Organic  lesions  of  the  heart  and  the  larger  vessels. 

7.  Incurable  caries  of  the  clavicle,  the  sternum,  or  the  ribs. 

IV. ABDOMEN. 

,  1.  Incurable  hypertrophy  of  the  spleen  or  liver,  with  cachectic  appearance  of  the 
individual. 

2.  Hernia,  of  any  size  or  duration. 

3.  Fluids  in  the  abdominal  cavity ;  sensible  induration  of  the  viscera ;  tumors  and 

neoplasms. 

4.  Prolapsus  or  fistula  of  the  rectum,  large  hsemorrhoidal  tumors,  and  fissures  of  the 

anus,  if  incurable. 

5.  Incontinence  of  fseces. 

v.— GENITAL  ORGANS. 

1.  Termination  of  the  urethra  in  the  middle  or  at  the  root  of  the  penis. 

2.  Loss  of  both  testicles. 

3.  Permanent  lodgment  of  either  of  the  testicles  in  the  inguinal  canal  or  external  ring. 

4.  Incurable  hydi'ocele,  or  large  cysts  on  the  spermatic  cord. 

5.  Chronic  incurable  hypertrophy  of  one    or   both  testicles,  when  of  considerable 

magnitude ;  also  varicocele  of  the  spermatic  cord. 

6.  Incontinence  of  ui'ine. 

7.  Vesical  fistula. 

8.  Vesical  calculus. 

VI.— VERTEBRAL  COLUMN  AND  BONY  STRUCTURE. 

1.  Marked  deviation  of  the  vertebral  column  from  its  normal  figure. 

2.  Cleft  vertebral  column. 

3.  Marked  prominence  or  obliquity  of  one  or  more  vertebrse. 

4.  Caries  of  the  vertebras. 

5.  Deformity  from  high  or  oblique  position  of  the  shoulders  or  of  the  pelvis. 

VII. — EXTREMITIES. 

a. — The  extremities  generally. 

1.  Chi'onic  inflammation  or  swelling  of  the  joints ;   relaxation  of  capsular  and  other 

ligaments,  with  power  of  voluntary  dislocation ;  dropsy  of  the  joints  ;  pai'tial 
or  complete  ankylosis ;  contraction  of  the  joints  ;  incurable  tumors  of  the 
periosteum  or  of  the  bones,  if  interfering  with  the  free  movements  of  the  limb. 

2.  Old  and  incm-able  luxations  ;  abnormal  joints. 

3.  Incurable  caries  or  necrosis  of  the  bones. 


INTRODUCTORY.  XLVII 

4.  Extensive  deep  cicatrices,  adhering  to  the  bones  and  impeding  the  free  movenaents 

of  the  member. 

5.  Curvatures,  inequahties,  or  shortenings  of  the  long  bones,  interfering  with  the  free 

use  of  the  members. 

6.  Paralysis  of  a  limb.  , 

b. — The  upper  extremities. 

1.  Loss  of  the  index-finger  or  of  the  thumb ;  loss  of  other  fingers  or  parts  of  fingers, 

if  the  handling  of  a  gun  or  the  guidance  of  a  horse  be  thereby  hindered,  or  the 
employment  of  the  man  as  a  sailor,  or  in  any  military  capacity,  be  made 
impossible. 

2.  All  malformations  and  maimings  of  the  hand  by  which  its  usefulness  is  materially 

diminished. 

c. — The  loiver  extremities. 

1.  Large  anastomosing  varicose  veins,  with  varicose  tumors. 

2.  Chronic  incurable  ulcers  of  the  foot,  or  extensive  cicatrices,  which  open  easily  and 

frequently,  and  are  located  in  such  places  as  to  be  liable  to  compression  by 
the  dress. 

3.  Inveterate  lameness. 

4.  Web-footedness. 

5.  All  malformations  and  maimings  of  the  foot  by  which  its  usefulness  is  materially 

diminished. 

6.  Prominent  and  extensive  deformity,  such  as  excessive  cambering  of  both  knees, 

bow-legs,  or  unnatural  curvature  of  the  leg. 

7.  Incurable  sweating  of  the  feet,  so  severe  that  the  skin  appears  as  if  macerated  and 

raw,  whether  fetid  or  not. 

8.  Completely  flat  feet,  which,  however,  are  to  be  carefully  distinguished  from  broad 

feet. 

Note. — Flat-footedness  is  meant  to  express  that  condition  of  the  foot  in  which  the 
dorsal  surface  is  not  sufficiently  arched,  and  the  sole  is  not  concave  at  its  inner  border. 
In  consequence  of  this  condition,  all  parts  of  the  sole  will  touch  the  ground  when  the 
man  is  standing,  so  that  it  will  be  found  impossible  to  insert  a  finger,  from  the  inner 
side  of  the  foot,  between  it  and  the  ground.  This  deformity  can  also  be  recognized 
by  the  fact  that  the  inner  condyle  is  very  prominent  and  situated  lower  than  usual, 
and  that  below  the  external  condyle  a  concavity,  more  or  less  considerable  in  propor- 
tion to  the  defoi-mity,  can  be  perceived.  The  man  thus  afflicted  will  walk  usually 
with  bent  knees,  as  if  he  were  pushing  a  wheel-barrow ;  and  the  articulation  of  the 
foot,  although  not  entirely  stiffened,  shows  plainly  a  lack  of  free  movement  (mainly 
on  stretching  the  foot)  more  or  less  marked,  according  to  the  extent  of  the  deformity. 

A  broad  foot  is  to  be  distinguished  by  the  following  signs :  the  dorsal  surface  is 
nomially  arched  and  not  broader  than  usual  at  the  articulation,  and  the  plantar  surface 
is  concave ;  the  extension  in  breadth  of  the  foot  begins  in  the  region  of  the  metatarsus, 
and  increases  toward  the  toes,  so  that  in  some  cases  the  toes  terminate  in  a  nearly 


XLVIII  INTRODUCTORY. 

struight  line,  and  the  great  toe  does  not  greatly  protrude  beyond  the  others  The 
broad  foot  is  usually  very  fleshy.  Mobility  in  the  articulation  is  not  interfered  with, 
and  the  individual  does  not  walk  with  bent  knees. 

VIII. GENERAL  DISEASES. 

1.  General  debility,  apparently  not  amenable  to  treatment  for  the  strengthening  of  the 

organism. 

2.  Incurable  skin-diseases. 

3.  A  confirmed  strumous  diathesis,  evidenced  by  chronic  tumors  and  ulcers. 

4.  General  and  inveterate  syphilis. 

5.  All  lipomatous  tumors,  if  they  disfigure  or  interfere  with  movement. 

6.  All  aneurisms  and  so-called  lymphatic  tumors,  (congestive  abscesses.) 

7.  Carcinomatous  formations  of  all  kinds. 
8. ,  Habitual  tremor  and  convulsions. 

9.  Chorea. 

10.  Paralysis. 

11.  Epilepsy. 

12.  All  diseases  of  the  mind. 

APPENDIX  C. 

List  of  all  such  palpable  infirmities  as  exclude  forever  frmn  military  service  and  can  he 

easily  recognized  even  by  the  non-medical  man. 

I. — HEAD. 

1.  Deformity,  obliquity,  or  abnormal  size  of  the  head  to  such  a  degree  that  the 

military  head-covering  cannot  either  be  worn  at  all  or  according  to  regulation. 

2.  Complete  bald-headedness. 

3.  Partial  loss  of  substance  of  the  cranial  bones. 

4.  Nsevi  or  malformations  of  the  face  producing  much  disfigurement. 

5.  Absence  of  one  or  both  eye-lids,  or  of  a  considerable  portion  of  them ;  loss  of 

an  eye. 
C\  Eye-ball  protruding  beyond  the  orbital  cavity  and  the  eye-lids. 
7.  A  very  deformed  nose,  producing  much  disfigurement,  or  the  partial  or  total  loss 

of  it. 

II. NECK. 

1.  Large  disfiguring  bronchocele,  greatly  impeding  respiration. 

2.  Permanent  wry-neck. 

HI. TRUNK. 

1.  Disfiguring  hump  on  the  back  or  breast. 

2.  Prominent  inequality  in  height  of  shoulders. 

3.  Great  protuberance  of  the  abdomen. 

4.  Prominent  displacement  and  obliquity  of  the  hip. 

5.  Hermaphroditism  of  the  genital  organs ;  total  or  nearly  total  absence  of  the  penis. 

IV. — EXTREMITIES. 

1.  Decided  shortening  of  a  limb. 

2.  Loss  of  a  limb  or  of  an  impoi'tant  part  of  it ;  also  loss  of  the  thumb  or  of  the  index- 


INTBODUCTORY. 


XLIX 


finger,  or.  of  two  other  fingers  of  the  same  hand ;  loss  of  the  great  toe  or  of  at 
least  two  toes  on  the  same  foot. 

3.  Prominent  malformations,  curvatures,  and  maimings  of  the  extremities. 

4.  Prominent  atrophy  or  hypertrophy  of  an  extremity. 

5.  Excessive  varicosity  of  the  veins,  invading  the  entire  leg  and  foot,  and  forming  in 

certain  spots  varicose  tumors. 

6.  Prominent  malformation  of  the  foot,  impeding  locomotion,  (club  foot,  horse-foot.) 


V. — GENERAL   ABNORMITIES    OF    THE    ORGANISM. 


1 


Excessive  obesity. 

2.  Extreme  emaciation. 

3.  Prominent  lai'ge  tumors  on  the  body. 


4.  Dwarfishness. 

5.  Deaf-dumbness, 
fi.  Idiocy. 

UNITED  STATES. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  changes  that  have  been  made  in  the  stature  and 
age  required  of  recruits  for  the  Ai-my  of  the  United  States  from  1790  until  the 
present  day : 


Date. 


April  30,  1790 
July  16,  1798 
Mar.  3,  1799 
Mar.  16,1802 
Jan.  11,  1812 
Dee.    10,  1814 

1825 

1838 

1841 

July     8,  1846 

Nov.   19,1846 

1857 

1861 

1864 

Feb.    18,  1867 

May   24,1867 

Dec.     2,  1867 

Aug.  24,  1871 

Oct.    18,  1871 

July   .  5,  1872 

Dec.   23,  1872 

Jan.    24,  1873 

Feb.    15,  1873 

April  23,  1874 


Dec.    14,  1874 


Authority. 


Statutes  at  Large,  vol.  I,  p.  119 

Do.  do.        vol.I,p.004 

Do.  do.        vol.  I,  p.  751 

Do.  do.        vol.  II,  p.  135 

Do.  do.        vol.  II,  p.  672 

Do.  do.        vol.  Ill,  p.  146 

Army  Regulations,  par.  1287 } 

General  Orders,  War  Dep.,  No.  25,  par.  6 

Army  Regulations,  par.  687 

Circular,  War  Dep.,  A.  G.  O 

Do.  do.  

Army  Regulations,  par.  1299 

General  Orders,  War  Dep.,  No.  59 

Circular,  War  Dep.,  A.  G.  O.,  No.  28 , 

Circular,  War  Dep.,  A.  G.  O 

Do.  do.  

Do.  do.  

Do.  do.  

Do.  do.  

Do.  do.  

Do.  do.  

Do.  do.  

Do.  do.  

Do.  do.  

Do.  do.  

1 


Minimum  of  height. 


5  feet  6  inches 

)  War  unth  France.  Height  and  age  as 
)     President  might  direct. 

5  feet  6  inches , 

"Effective  men" , 

"Effective  men" 

5  feet  6  inches,  infantry 

5  8  artillery 

5  feet 

5  feet  5  inches 

5         4 

5         3 

5         U 

5         3 

5  feet 

5  feet  5  inches 

5  2 

5  5 ■. 

5  5,  infantry 

5  5,  cavalry 

5  4 

5  5,  cavalry 

5  6,  civalry 

5  6,  infantry  and  artillery 

5  6,  inf ,  art.,  and  cav.,  with  maxi- 

mum for  cav.  of  5  ft.  10  in. 

5  4,  inf.  and  art.  Limits  of  weight, 

120  and  180  pounds. 

5  5,  cavalry  ;  maximum  5  ft.  10  in. 

Weight,  not  over  155  pounds. 


Limits  of 
age. 


18  to  46 


18  to  35 
18  to  45 
18  to  50 

18  to  35 


16  to  35 


VTI 


L  INTRODtTCTORY. 

It  will  be  observed  that  in  nearly  every  instance  these  laws  or-  orders  state  the 
height  required  for  the  recruit  without  reference  to  the  arm  of  the  service  for  which 
he  might  be  intended ;  the  minimum  being  alike  for  all.  The  Army  Regulations  of 
1825,  however,  fixed  the  stature  of  artillerymen  at  5  feet  8  inches,  or  two  inches  more 
than  the  then  regulation -height  of  the  infantry.  No  maximum  of  stature  was  pre- 
scribed until  December  23,  1872,  when  the  limit  of  5  feet  10  inches  was  announced 
for  cavalry-recruits. 

The  orders  now  in  force  designate  5  feet  4  inches  as  the  lowest  stature  for  in- 
fantry, with  a  minimum  limit  of  5  feet  5  inches  for  cavalry.  The  limits  of  age  are 
sixteen  and  thirty-five  years.  From  1790  the  minimum  of  age  has  been  eighteen 
years,  without  variation;  but  quite  recently  (April  23,  1874)  the  Secretary  of  War 
issued  an  order  by  which  the  enlistment  of  lads  of  sixteen  years  of  age  is  permitted. 
It  is  understood  that  this  was  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  an  act  of  Congress 
which  seemed  obligatory  on  the  subject.  The  hope  may  be  expressed  that  this 
injudicious  change  may  be  speedily  corrected. 

The  first  authoritative  work  issued  in  the  United  States  upon  the  medical  exami- 
nation of  recruits  was  published  in  1840  by  Assistant  Surgeon  Thomas  Henderson,^ 
and  it  continued  to  be  the  official  standard  for  many  years.  In  1856  it  was  repub- 
lished, with  additional  matter,  by  Assistant  Sm-geon  Coolidge."  In  1858  Surgeon 
Charles  S.  Tripler  published  the  first  volume  of  a  work  intended  to  be  a  complete 
manual  for  the  military  surgeon.^  This  volume  comprised  the  subject  of  medical 
examination  of  recruits.  The  death  of  the  distinguished  aiithor  in  1866  prevented 
the  completion  of  the  design.  In  1863  Assistant  Surgeon  Bartholow  compiled  a 
manual  upon  the  same  subject,  more  copi(ms  in  detail,  and  founded  upon  the  official 
list  of  diseases  and  disqualifications  issued  by  the  Provost-Marshal-General's  Bureau.^ 
The  manuals  of  Drs.  Tripler  and  Bartholow  are  the  official  gviides  to  which  the 
medical  officer,  in  examining  recruits,  is  directed  to  refer  for  instruction. 

In  the  general  examination,  the  recruit  is  to  be  stripped  naked,  his  height  and 
weight  I'ecorded,  and  the  circumference  of  his  chest  ascertained,  with  the  measuring- 
tape  passed  over,  that  is  to  say,  upon,  the  nipples.  It  was  formerly  the  custom  to 
obtain  this  measurement  while  the  man's  arms  were  extended  above  his  head ;  but  a 
recent  order^  directs  it  to  be  taken,  both  at  inspiration  and  expiration,  while  the  arms 
of  the  recruit  are  hanging  loosely  at  his  side. 

The  following  list,  conihined  from  the  two  manuals  above  referred  to,  exhibits  all 
the  authorized  grounds  for  rejection  : 

'  Uivta  on  Ike  medical  examination  of  recruits  for  the  Army,  and  disvharge  of  soldiers  from  service  on  surgeon's  certificate. 
8vo.    Pliiladulphia,  1840. 

-  The  same.     A  new  (dition,  rcvisod  Iiy  RicHAUD  H.  Cooi.iDCK.     8vo.    Pbilatlelijbia,  18.56. 

^  Manual  of  the  medical  officer  of  the  Aimy  of  the  United  Slates.  Part  I.  Itecruiting  and  the  inspection  of  recruits. 
8vo.     L'iiiciiiiiatl,  IbfjS. 

*A  manual  of  instructions  for  enlisting  and  discharging  soldiers,  with  special  reference  to  the  medical  cxainination  of 
recruits,  and  the  detection  of  disqualifi/ing  and  feigned  diseases.     12mo.     Pbiladelpliia,  1863. 

^  Virculni-  Order  \o.  1,   HV/r  Dep.,  S.  f!.  O.,  .Inn.  2,  1874. 


INTRODUCTORY. 


DISQUALIFICATIONS  FOE,  MILITARY  SERVICE   IN   THE  UNITED 


STATES. 

MENTAL    AND    MORAL    INFIRMITIES. 

Manifest  imbecility ;  dementia ;  dipsomania. 
Conviction  for  felony. 
Desertion,  as  evidenced  by  branding. 
Obstinate  malingering,  (prevents  re-enlistment.) 

GENERAL   PHYSICAL   DISQUALIFICATIONS. 

Feebleness  of  constitution. 

Scrofulous  diathesis.  ,     .  .       ,  ,,  ^  -u^nUL 

Syphilis  which  has  resisted  treatment  and  has  severely  mjured  the  health. 

Cancer,  or  the  cancerous  diathesis. 
Habitual  drunkenness. 

SPECIAL   DISQUALIFICATIONS. 

FIRST  CLASS. 

ORGANS    OF    SPECIAL    SENSE   AND    ACCESSORY    APPARATUS. 

A.— Affections  of  the  auditory  apparatus. 

Deafness. 

Inveterate  chronic  pm-ulent  otorrhoea.  ,  ,      .    -, 

Tumors,  malignant  disease  or  caries  of  mastoid  cells,  labyrmth,  or  tylr.panum. 

Perforation  of  the  membrana  tympani. 

Obliteration  or  imperforation  of  the  auditory  canal. 

Malformation  or  loss  of  external  ear. 

B.— Affections  of  the  eye  and  its  appendages. 
Total  loss  of  sight;  loss  of  an  eye,  or  loss  of  sight  of  right  eye;  cataract;  loss  of 
crystalline  lens  of  right  eye.  .•  *    •     v 

Ophthalmia,  when  chronfc,  purulent,  gonontoal,  or  likely  t»  be  tet^Cvo  n,  ,t, 

results. 
Encanthis,  if  malignant;  pterygium,  if  extensive. 

Conicitv  of  the  cornea.  ,  ,       •  i  ^  i  •,,+„,. 

Opacity  of  the  cornea;  nebula,  albugo,  and  leucoma,  ii  upon  the  nght  eye  and  n.tei- 

ferino-  with  vision.  ji      •         ^e 

Congenital  defects  of  iris  of  nght  eye;   rheumatic  or  syphditic  mtas;   adhesions  ot 
iris  to  the  capsule  of  the  lens ;  staphyloma  scleroticse ;  glaucoma. 

Myopia. 

Strabismus  of  the  right  eye,  if  decided. 

Ilydrophthalmia ;  exophthalmia. 


LII  INTRODUCTORY. 

Fistula  lachrymalis  ;  epiphora ;  closure  of  duct  or  distention  of  sac. 

Ptosis  of  right  eye-lid ;  incessant  spasmodic  motion  of  lids ;   adhesions  of  eye-lids ; 

trichiasis  of  long  standing ;  large  encysted  tumors. 
Chronic  abscess  of  the  orbit. 

C. — Affections  of  the  olfactory  apparatus. 

Cancer  of  the  integument ;  noli  me  tangere ;  erosive  ulcers  of  the  follicles. 
Deformities  of  the  nose  greatly  disfiguring  the  face,  altering  the  voice,  and  impeding 

respiration ;  loss  of  the  whole  or  part  of  the  nose. 
Affections  of  the  septum,  permanent  or  chronic,  sufficient  to  close  the  nasal  fossae ; 

polypus,  if  large  enough  to  produce   great   deformity  and   embarrassment   of 

respiration. 
Ozsena ;  purulent  and  fetid  discharge  from  old  intractable  ulcei'ations. 

D. — Affections  of  tJie  mouth  and  gustatory  apparatus. 

Hare-lip,  simple,  compound,  or  complicated. 

Loss  of  the  whole  or  pai-t  of  either  lip  ;  unsightly  mutilations  of  the  lips  from  wounds, 

burns,  or  disease. 
Loss  of  the  whole  or  part  of  either  maxilla ;  un-united  fracture  ;  ankylosis. 
Deformities  of  either  jaw,  interfering  with  mastication,  speech,  or  the  tearing  of  the 

cartridge. 
Loss  of  the  incisor  and  canine  teeth  of  both  jaws. 
Cancerous  or  erectile  tumors ;  cicatrices  producing  deformity. 
Mutism. 

Hypertrophy  or  atrophy  of  the  tongue. 
Stammering  or  stuttering,  if  inveterate. 
Mutilation  or  partial  or  total  loss  of  tongue. 

Adhesion  of  tongue  to  parietes  of  mouth,  or  other  adhesions  preventing  free  motion. 
Mahgnant  disease  of  tongue  ;  clu-onic  and  inveterate  ulceration. 
Congenital  fissure  of  bones  of  the  palate,  or  fissure  produced  by  disease. 
Salivary  fistula ;  bucco-nasal  fistula. 

Chronic  engorgement  of  the  tonsils,  sufficient  to  interfere  with  deglutition  or  phonation. 
Great  deformities  of  the  face  and  loss  of  substance  of  the  cheeks. 

SECOND   CLASS. 
A. — Head  and  spinal  column. 

Imperfect  ossification  of  the  bones  of  the  cranium,  evidenced  by  the  persistence  of 
the  fontanelles,  and  sometimes  separation  and  mobility  of  the  sutures. 

Monstrosity  in  size  of  the  head ;  considerable  deformity,  the  consequence  of  fracture. 

Serious  lesions  of  the  skull,  the  consequence  of  complicated  wounds,  considerable 
fractures,  or  the  operation  of  trephining ;  caries  and  exfoliation  involving  the 
whole  tliickness  of  the  bone.    . 

Injuries  of  cranial  nerves  affecting  their  functions. 


INTKODUCTOKY.  LIll 

Fungous  tumors  of  the  dura  mater. 

Caries  of  the  spine ;  spina  bifida ;  curvature  in  the  cervical,  dorsal,  or  lumbar  region  ; 

lumbar  abscess ;  rickets ;  fracture  and  dislocation  of  the  vertebrae. 
Angular  deformity,  including  gibbosity  of  the  anterior  and  posterior  part  of  the  thorax. 

B. — Affections  of  the  cerebrospinal  nervous  system. 

Epilepsy ;  chorea. 

Paralysis  agitans ;  paraplegia ;  hemiplegia ;  paralysis  of  any  part  of  the  body. 

Neuralgia,  if  intractable. 

THIRD  CLASS. 

NECK  AND  CONTAINED  ORGANS. 

Chronic  laryngitis ;    induration  and  scirrhus  of   epiglottis ;  polypus   of  the  larynx ; 

aphonia  due  to  any  of  these  causes. 
Dysphagia  due  to  stricture  of  the  oesophagus. 
Goitre,  if  large  enough  to  impede  respiration. 

Engorgement,  scrofulous  enlargement,  and  ulceration  or  abscess  of  the  lymphatic  glands. 
Cicatrices  producing  deformity,  retraction  of  jaw,  and  rigidity. 
Fistula  of  larynx  or  trachea. 
Wry-neck,  if  permanent  in  character. 
Osseous  degeneration  of  thyroid  gland. 

FOURTH   CLASS. 

CHEST  AND  THORACIC  ORGANS. 

Malfomiation  of  chest  or  badly  united  fracture  of  ribs  or  sternum  suflScient  to  interfere 
with  respiration ;  caries  or  necrosis  of  ribs ;  deficiency  in  extent  of  expansive 
mobility ;  greatly  diminished  ^dtal  capacity ;  evident  predisposition  to  phthisis. 

Phthisis  pulmonalis ;  chronic  pneumonia ;  chronic  pleurisy  and  emphysema ;  chronic 
bronchitis  ;  asthma ;  haemoptysis. 

Organic  disease  of  the  -heart  and  large  arteries  ;  hypertrophy ;  valvular  insufficiency ; 
aneurism ;  serious  and  protracted  functional  derangement ;  dropsy  dependent  on 

disease  of  heai-t 

FIFTH  CLASS. 

ABDOMEN   AND  DIGESTIVE    APPARATUS. 

Chronic  gastritis ;  chronic  gastro-enteritis  ;  chronic  disease  of  liver  or  spleen ;  engorge- 
ment or  tubercular  infiltration  of  mesentery,  (marasmus;)  chronic  diarrhoea; 
chronic  dysentery ;  taenia ;  chronic  peritonitis,  with  or  without  efiusion ;  ascites ; 
obesity. 

Dyspepsia,  if  of  long  standing  and  accompanied  by  general  emaciation,  vomiting,  &c. 

Haemorrhoids,  if  large,  internal,  bleeding,  ulcerated,  and  painful. 

Malfonnation  or  stricture  of  the  rectum ;  prolapsus  ani ;  fistula  in  ano ;  considerable 
fissure  of  the  anus ;  artificial  anus. 

Hernia  in  all  situations. 

Extensive  cicatrices  from  incised  wounds. 


L,lV  INTKODIJCTOKY.  _ 

SIXTH  CLASS. 

GENITO-UKINARV    APPARATUS. 

Loss  of  the  penis ;  permanent  stricture  of  the  urethra. 

Loss  of  both  testicles  fi-om  any  cause ;  permanent  retraction  of  one  or  both  testicles 

within  the  external  ring. 
Malignant  disease  of  testicle ;  .scrofulous  or  syphilitic  sarcocele ;  hytbocele,  if  large ; 

atrophy  of  testicle ;  varicocele  and  cirsocele,  if  large  enough  to  impede  walking, 

or  if  it  have  produced  atrophy  of  the  corresponding  testicle. 
Epispadia  and  hjqoospadia,  when  not  farther  from  the  root  of  the  penis  than  the  middle. 
Incontinence    of    urine ;     urinary   fistula ;    discharge    of    urine    by  the    umbilicus ; 

hasmaturia,  if  evidence  of  oi'ganic  disease. 
Eversion  of  the  bladder ;  loss  of  substance  of  the  hypogastric  region. 
Chi-onic  enlargement  of  the  prostate ;  stone  in  the  bladder ;  chronic  cystitis  of  long 

standing. 
Abscess  of  kidney ;  fatty  degeneration  of  kidney ;  closure  of  ureter  by  a  calculus ; 

renal  dropsy ;  diabetes. 
Hermaphroditism. 
Spermatorrhoea,  if  it  have  impaired  the  geneial  health. 

SEVENTH  CLASS. 

UPPER   AND    LOWER    EXTREMITIES. 

A. — Disqualifications  common  to  both  upiier  and  loiver  extremities. 

Chronic  rheumatism,  with  swelling  of  the  joints,  enlargement  of  the  surrounding 
tissues,  earthy  deposits,  contraction  of  the  tendons,  and  wasting  and  loss  of  motion. 

Chronic  diseases  of  the  joints. 

Old  or  irreducible  dislocations  or  false  joints. 

Severe  sprains,  resulting  in  impaired  mobility. 

Relaxation  of  the  capsules  or  other  ligaments  of  the  joints ;  voluntary  or  involuntary 
dislocation  of  the  bones. 

Complete  or  partial  ankylosis  of  an  important  articulation. 

Sinuses  communicating  with  the  osseous  cavities,  the  articulations,  and  with  the 
thickness  of  spongy  bones. 

Dropsy  of  a  joint. 

Badly  united  fractures. 

Defective  or  excessive  cm-vature  of  long  bones  ;  rickets  ;  caries ;  necrosis ;  exostosis. 

Atrophy  of  a  limb ;  paralysis  of  a  limb. 

Extensive,  deep,  and  adherent  cicatrices. 

Aneurism. 

Contraction  or  permanent  retraction  uf  a  limb  or  of  a  portion  of  a  limb, 

Loss  of  a  limb  or  of  an  essential  pni-t  tlun-eof. 


INTROUUCTOKV. 


B  -Disgualijications  proper  to  upper  extremities. 

of  motion  of  these  parts. 
Loss  of  the  first  phalanx  of  the  thumb  of  the  right  hand. 
Total  loss  of  either  thimib. 

Total  or  partial  loss  of  the  index-finger  of  the  right  hand 
Loss  of  the  first  and  second  phalanges  of  the  fingers  of  the  right  hand. 
Total  loss  of  any  two  fingers  of  same  hand. 
Mutilation  of  the  last  phalanges  of  the  fingers  of  either  hand. 

a— Disqualifications  proper  to  inferior  extremities. 

Varicose  veins,  voluminous  and  multiplied.  no-o-ravated 

Chronic  ulcers,  if  of  long  standing,  not  easily  curable,  and  likely  to  be  aggla^ated 

Extensl  "t«  cical^ces,  if  dark-colored  and  the  result  of  lonner  ulceration. 

Lameness. 

Badly  united  fracture,  producing  much  shortening. 

Knnok -knees  if  the  deformity  be  excessive.  ,    . ,    , 

arfeersplayfeet,  wh  J  no  a,-ch  exists,  the  tuberosity  of  the  .ca,,h„K.  b„„o 

I„g.rt;;'7t,'!:3:;-lg.-eatt„e,it  deepa„d  aceon,pa„iedwith  i„«a— o ■ 

ulceration. 

The  toes  ioined  together,  double,  or  branching.  ,  .  ,    ^i 

Thatdefolm^  toe  crosses  the  other  toes,  and  ^^^^     ^ 

great  prominence  of  the  articulation  of  the  great  toe  and  first  metatarsal  bone. 

Over-riding  and  superposition  of  all  the  toes. 

Loss  of  a  great  toe ;  loss  of  three  toes  of  same  foot. 

Mutilation  of  the  last  phalanges  of  the  toes  of  either  loot. 

The  retraction  or  inflexion  of  all  the  toes  of  the  same  foot  or  ot  two  toes^ 

Th    permanent  retraction  of  the  last  phalanx  of  a  toe  in  which  the  f^^-^^  J^^ 
nail  bears  upon  the  ground,  or  flexion  at  a  right  angle  of  the  second  phalanx  ol 
the  second  toe  upon  the  first,  with  ankylosis  of  the  articulation. 

Fetid  sweat  of  the  feet. 

EIGHTH  CLASS. 

SKIN   AND    APPENDAGES. 

Chronic  ekzema. 

Herpes  circinnatus  ;  herpes  capitis,  when  chronic  U,,..,,.,, 

Chronic  pemphigus;  scabies,  when  of  long  standmg  and  herpetic  m  chaiactci. 

Lepra;  psoriasis;  pityriasis;  icthyosis. 

Lupus  serpiginosus  ;  1.  devorans ;  cheloid  tumors. 


Lvi  INTRODUCTORY. 

Porrigo  ;  sycosis ;  the  sypliilides. 

Alopsecia,  if  total. 

Nievi ;  large,  livid,  liairy,  and  unsightly  spots  on  the  face. 

"When  the  imperious  need  of  obtaining  men  to  fill  up  the  dwindling  regiments  of 
the  national  forces  resulted  in  the  passage  of  the  enrollment-law,  a  concise  code  of 
instructions  to  medical  officers,  for  their  guidance  in  examining  recruits,  formed  a 
part  of  the  official  regulations  issued  by  the  Provost-Marshal- Gleneral  for  the  govern- 
ance of  the  conscription.  Although  the  more  copious  rules  just  given  form  the  present 
official  standard,  the  instructions  to  enrolling  sm-geons  are  well  worthy  of  preservation 
for  their  own  merit  and  for  their  pertinence  to  the  history  of  the  draft.  In  the 
supplementary  part  of  this  volume  will  be  found  the  expressed  opinions  of  a  large 
number  of  the  surgeons  entrusted  Avith  the  onerous  duty  of  examining  men  drafted 
or  offered  for  service,  as  to  the  sufficiency  and  equitable  adaptedness  of  this  code  for 
the  purpose  intended.  It  met,  for  the  most  part,  with  their  emphatic  approval,  the 
alterations  recommended  being  chiefly  technical  or  comparatively  unimportant. 

INSTRUCTIONS  FOR  THE  PHYSICAL  EXAMINATION  OP  DRAFTED  MEN  AND  SUBSTITUTES, 

AND  GENERAL  REGULATIONS  CONCERNING.^ 

The  duty  of  inspecting  men  and  of  determining  whether  they  are  fit  or  unfit  for 
the  military  service  of  the  country  requires  the  utmost  impartiality,  skill,  and  circum- 
spection on  the  part  of  the  examining  surgeon  and  board  of  enrollment ;  for  upon  the 
manner  in  which  this  duty  is  performed  will  depend,  in  a  very  great  degree,  the 
efficiency  of  the  Army. 

In  the  examination,  the  examining  surgeons  will  bear  in  mind  that  the  object  of 
the  Government  is  to  secure  the  services  of  men  who  are  effective,  able-bodied,  sober, 
and  free  from  disqualifying  diseases. 

The  examining  surgeons  will  also  remember  that  the  object  of  the  drafted  men, 
in  claiming  exemption,  may  be  to  escape  from  service  by  pretended,  simulated,  or 
factitious  diseases,  or  by  exaggerating  or  aggravating  those  that  really  exist,  and  that 
the  design  of  substitutes  frequently  is  to  conceal  disqualifying  infirmities. 

The  examination  by  the  examining  surgeon  is  to  be  conducted  in  the  day-time, 
in  the  presence  of  the  board  of  enrollment  only,  and  in  a  room  well  lighted  and 
sufficiently  large  for  the  drafted  man  to  walk  about  and  exercise  his  limbs,  which  he 
must  be  required  to  do  briskly. 

The  man  is  to  be  examined  stripped. 

The  surgeon  will  habitually  conduct  his  examination  of  a  man  in  the  following 
order,  to  ascertain : 

1.  AVhether  his  limljs  are  well  formed  and  sufficiently  muscular ;  whether  they 
are  ulcerated  or  extensively  cicatrized ;  whether  he  has  free  motion  of  all  his  joints ; 
and  whether  there  are  any  varicose  veins,  tumors,  wounds,  fractures,  dislocations,  or 
sprains  that  would  imjiede  his  marching,  or  prevent  continuous  muscular  exertion. 

2.  Whether  the  thumbs  and  fingers  are  complete  in  number,  are  well  formed, 
and  their  motion  unimpaired. 

'  Scvised  regvlaiiona  for  the  sorernment  of  the  Bureau  of  the  Provost-Marahal-Gcneral.    Washington,  April  1,  X8(i4. 


INTRODUCTORY.  LVII 

3.  Whether  the  feet  are  sufficiently  arched  to  prevent  the  tuberosity  of  the 
scaphoid  bone  from  touching  the  ground  ;  whether  the  toes  are  complete  in  number, 
do  not  overlap,  are  not  joined  together;    and  whether  the  great  toes  are  free  from 

bunions. 

4.  Whether  he  has  any  inveterate  and  extensive  disease  of  the  slan. 

5.  Whether  he  is  sufficiently  intelligent ;  is  not  subject  to  convulsions  ;  and  whether 
he  has  received  any  contusion  or  wound  of  the  head  that  may  impair  his  faculties. 

6.  Whether  his  hearing,  vision,  and  speech  are  good,  and  whether  the  eye  and  its 
appendages  are  free  from  disqualifying  diseases. 

7.  Whether  he  has  a  sufficient  number  of  teeth  in  good  condition  to  masticate  his 
food  properly,  and  to  tear  his  cartridge  quickly  and  with  ease.  The  cartridge  is 
torn  with  the  incisor,  canine,  or  bicuspid  teeth. 

8.  Whether  his  chest  is  ample  and  well  formed,  in  due  proportion  to  his  height, 
and  with  power  of  full  expansion. 

9.  Whether  there  is  any  structural  or  serious  functional  disease  of  the  heart. 

10.  Whether  the  abdomen  is  well  formed  and  not  too  protuberant;  whether 
either  the  liver  or  spleen  is  considerably  enlarged ;  and  whether  the  rectum  and  anus 
are  free  from  disqualifying  diseases. 

11.  Whether  the  spermatic  cords  and  testes  are  free  from  diseases  which  would 
impair  his  efficiency ;  whether  the  testes  are  within  the  scrotum ;  and  whether  he  has 

any  rupture. 

12.  Whether  there  is  any  organic  disease  of  the  kidney  or  bladder,  or  permanent 

stricture  of  the  urethra. 

13.  Whether  his  physical  development  is  good,  and  constitution  neither  naturally 
feeble  nor  impaired  by  disease,  habitual  intemperance,  or  solitary  vice  ;  whether 
he  is  free  from  phthisis,  scrofula,  and  constitutional  syphilis  ;  and  whether  he  is  epilep- 
tic, imbecile,  or  insane. 

Many  of  the  physical  defects  above  mentioned  are  insufficient  to  disqualify  for 
mihtary  service.  In  determining  whetter  the  man  is  fit  or  imfit  for  service,  the  board 
must  be  governed  by  the  list  of  diseases  and  infirmities  enumerated  in  paragraph  85. 

Paragraph  85. 

The  following  diseases  and  infirmities  are  those  which  disqualify  for  military 
ser\-ice,  and  for  which  only  drafted  men  are  to  be  "rejected  as  physically  or  mentally 
unfit  for  the  service,"  viz : 

1.  Manifest  mental  imbecility. 

2.  Insanity.      This   includes  well-estabhshed    recent   insanity,   with   liability  to    a 

recui'rence. 

3.  Epilepsy.  For  this  disability  the  statement  of  the  drafted  man  is  insufficient,  and 

the  fact  must  be  established  by  the  duly-attested  affidavit  of  a  physician  in 
good  standing,  who  has  attended  him  in  the  disease  within  the  six  months 
immediately  preceding  his  examination  by  the  board,  and,  in  addition  thereto, 
by  such  other  evidence  as  the  board  may  require. 

VlII 


LVlll  INTKODUCTOKV. 

4.  Paralysis,  general  or  of  one  limb,  or  chorea ;  their  existence  to  be  adequately 

determined.     Decided  ati'ophy  of  a  limb. 

5.  Organic  diseases  of  internal  organs,  which  have  so  seriously  impaired  his  general 

health  as  to  leave  no  doubt  of  his  incapacity  for  military  service,  and  which 
prevents  his  pursuing  any  equally  laborious  occupation  in  civil  life. 

6.  Developed  tuberculosis. 

7.  Cancer  ;  anemism  of  the  large  arteries. 

8.  Inveterate  and  extensive  disease  of  the  skin,  such  as  will  necessarily  impair  his 

efficiency  as  a  soldier. 

9.  Permanent  physical  disability  of  such  degree  as  to  leave  no  doubt  of  the  man's 

unfitness  for  military  service. 

10.  Scrofula,  or  secondary  syphilis,  which  has  so  seriously  impaired  his  general  health 

as  to  leave  no  doubt  of  the  man's  incapacity  for  military  service. 

11.  Chronic  rheumatism,  unless  manifested  by  positive  change  of  structure,  wasting  of 

the  affected  limb,  or  puffiness  or  distortion  of  the  joints,  does  not  exempt. 
Impaired  motion  of  joints  and  contraction  of  the  limbs,  alleged  to  arise  from 
rheumatism,  and  in  which  the  nutrition  of  the  limb  is  not  manifestly  im- 
paired, are  to  be  proved  by  examination  while  in  a  state  of  ansesthesia,  induced 
by  sether  only. 

12.  Total  loss  of  sight  of  right  eye ;  cataract  of  right  eye ;  loss  of  crystalline  lens  of 

right  eye. 

13.  Partial  loss  of  sight  of  both  eyes,  vision  being  so  greatly  impaired  as  to  leave  no 

doubt  of  the  man's  inability  to  perform  military  duty.  Serious  pemianent 
diseases  of  the  eye  or  eye-lids  so  manifestly  affecting  the  use  of  the  eyes  as 
to  leave  no  doubt  of  the  man's  incapacity  for  military  service.  Nearsighted- 
ness does  not  exempt. 

14.  Total  loss  of  nose;  deformity  of  nose  so  great  as  seriously  to  obsti'uct  respiration;. 

oza?na,  dependent  on  caries  in  progress. 

15.  Decided  deafness.     This  disability  must  not  be  admitted  on  the  mere  statement  of 

the  drafted  man,  but  must  be  proved  by  the  existence  of  positive  disease  or 
by  other  satisfactory  evidence,  and  it  must  be  so  decided  as  to  leave  no 
doubt  of  the  man's  unfitness  for  military  service.  Chronic  purulent  otorrhoea. 
IG.  Incurable  diseases  or  deformities  of  either  jaw,  such  as  will  necessarily  greatly 
impede  mastication  or  speech.  Ankylosis  of  the  lower  jaw  ;  caries  of  the 
bones  of  the  faee,  if  in  progress;  cleft  palate,  (bony;)  extensive  loss  of  sub- 
stance of  the  cheeks,  or  salivary  fistula. 

17.  Dumbness;  permanent  loss  of  voice  ;  not  to  be  admitted  without  clear  and  satis- 

factory jjroof 

18.  Total  loss  of  tongue ;  hypertrophy,  atrophy,  mutilation,  or  obstinate  chronic  ulcera- 

tion of  the  tongue,  if  sufficient  in  degree  to  interfere  seriously  with  the  use 
of  the  organ. 

19.  Stammering,  if  excessive  and  confirmed;  to  be  estabhshed  by  satisfactory  evidence 

under  oath. 

20.  Total  loss  of  all  the  front  teeth,  the  eye-teeth,  and  first  molars,  even  if  only  of 

one   j;nv. 


INTRODUCTORY.  LIX 

21.  Tumors,  or  wounds  of  the  neck,  impeding  resj^iration  or  deglutition  ;    fistula  of 

larynx  or  trachea  ;  torticollis,  if  of  long  standing  and  well  marked. 

22.  Excessive  deformity  of  the  chest,  or  excessive  curvature  of  the  sjjine,  sufficient  1o 

prevent  the  carrying  of  arms  and  military  equipments ;  caries  of  the  spine, 
ribs,  or  sternum,  attended  with  ulceration. 

23.  Hernia. 

24.  Artificial  anus ;  stricture  of  the  rectum ;  prolapsus  ani.     Fistula  in  ano,  if  exten- 

sive or  complicated  with  visceral  disease. 
26.  Old  and  ulcerated  internal  haemorrhoids,  if  in  degree  sufiicient  to  leave  no  doubt 
of  the  man's  unfitness  for  military  service.     External  haemorrhoids  are  no 
cause  for  exemption. 

26.  Total  loss  or  nearly  total  loss  of  penis  ;  epispadia  or  hypospadia  at  the  middle  or 

near  the  root  of  the  penis. 

27.  Incurable  pei-manent  organic  stricture  of  the  urethra,  in  which  the  urine  is  passed 

drop  by  drop,  or  which  is  complicated  by  disease  of  the  bladder ;  urinary 
fistula.     Recent  or  spasmodic  stricture  of  the  urethra  does  not  exempt. 

28.  Incontinence  of  urine  is  not,  of  itself,  a  cause  for  exemption.     Stone  in  the  bladder, 

ascertained  by  the  introduction  of  the  metallic  catheter,  is  a  positive  disquali- 
fication. 

29.  Confirmed  or  malignant  sarcocele;  hydrocele,  if  complicated  with  organic  disease 

of  the  testicle.     Varicocele  is  not,  in  itself,  disqualifying. 

30.  Loss  of  a  hand  or  foot. 

31.  Wounds  which  would  manifestly  incapacitate  the  man  for  military  service  ;  mus- 

cular or  cutaneous  contractions  from  wounds,  burns,  or  tumors,  which 
would  prevent  marching,  or  otherwise  manifestly  incapacitate  the  man  for 
military  service. 

32.  Fractures,  irreducible  dislocations  or     ankylosis  of  the  large  joints,  or  chronic 

diseases  of  the  joints  or  bones,  that  would  prevent  marching,  or  otherwise 
unfit  the  man  for  military  service. 

33.  Total  loss  of  right  thumb  ;  loss  of  ungual  phalanx  of  right  tluimb  ;  total  loss  of 

any  two  fingers  of  same  hand  ;  loss  of  the  first  and  second  phalanges  of  the 
fingers  of  right  hand.  Permanent  extension  or  permanent  contraction  of 
two  fingers  of  right  hand ;  all  the  fingers  adherent  or  united. 

34.  Club-feet ;   total  loss  of  a  great  toe.     Other  permanent  defects  or  deformities  of 

the  feet,  such  as  will  necessarily  prevent  marching. 

35.  Varicose  veins  of  inferior  extremities,  if  large  and  numerous,  and  accompanied 

with  chronic  swellings  or  ulcerations. 

36.  Chronic  ulcers ;  extensive,  deep,  and  adherent  cicatrices  of  lower  extremities. 

No  limits  of  stature  are  established  for  drafted  men,  beyond  which  they  shall  bo 
exempted  trom  military  service.  The  matter  of  stiiture  should  be  considered  by  the 
board  only  in  the  general  examination  as  to  the  physical  fitness  of  the  man  for  military 
service. 

The  regulations  issued  by  the  principal  governments  of  Europe,  and  those  in  force 
in  our  own  country,  touching  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  recruit,  are  much  alike 


LX 


INTKODUCTOKY., 


in  general  plan,  though  the  minor  details,  as  might  be  expected,  exhibit  some  diversity.' 
It  will  be  seen  that  where  the  national  forces  are  maintained  by  voluntary  enlisting 
and  the  inducements  of  a  bounty,  a  higher  standard  obtains,  and  more  rigid  exclusion 
is  made  of  those  laboring  under  a  moderate  degree  of  disability.  In  the  continental 
states  of  Europe,  where  a  system  of  conscription  prevails  which  is  very  thoroughly 
enforced,  the  military  debt  due  from  every  subject  is  exacted  in  a  more  comprehensive 
manner.  If  a  man  be  unable  to  do  full  service  as  an  able-bodied  soldier,  he  may  be 
competent  for  partial  duty  in  time  of  war,  and  be  placed  in  a  reserve-class  for  that 
purpose,  as  in  Prussia ;  or  he  may  be,  as  in  Switzerland,  assigned  to  such  duties  as 
were  performed  by  our  Veteran  Reserve  Corps  in  the  late  war.  In  all  cases,  the  state 
retains  its  hold  upon  men  who  may  be  able  at  some  future  period  to  render  those  services 
for  which  they  are  unfitted  at  the  time  of  examination.  This  economic  management 
of  material,  and  the  determination  to  obtain  in  some  manner  or  at  some  time  the  service 
due  the  state,  gives  rise  to  the  extreme  minuteness  with  which  degrees  of  disqualifica- 
tion are  laid  down  in  the  instructions  to  the  surgeon.  Of  this,  the  French  medical  code 
is  a  striking  example. 

Under  foreign  governments,  the  subjects  of  age,  stature,  and  girth  of  chest  come 
generally  under  the  supervision  of  the  recruiting  officer  and  not  of  the  surgeon.  In 
the  United  States,  the  medical  officer  is  required  to  report  upon  these  points,  their  rela- 
tion to  the  general  estimate  of  the  recruit's  physical  capacity  being  obvious  and 
inseparable.  The  enrollment-acts  enacted  during  the  late  war  established  no  limits  of 
height  or  of  circumference  of  chest,  neither  were  any  prescribed  in  the  instructions 
issued  by  the  Provost-Marshal-General  to  the  examining  surgeons  of  boards  of  enroll- 
ment, the  matter  being  left  to  their  judgment  in  estimating  the  man's  physical  capacity.® 

Tlie  following  table  presents  a  comparative  view  of  the  limits  of  stature,  circum- 
ference of  chest,  and  age  required  of  the  foot-soldier  at  the  present  day  in  the  United 
States  and  in  some  of  the  principal  states  of  Europe. 


Natiou. 

Height. 

Smallest 

girth     of 

Age. 

Mininiam. 

Maximum. 

chest. 

Minimum. 

Maximum. 

TTnitpfl  Statoa 

Inches. 

64.-000 
65. 000 
60. 631 
61. 191 
61.  81 
61.025 
61.418 
61.418 
60. 631 

Centimetres. 

162.56 
165. 10 
154. 00 
155. 42 
157. 00 
155. 00 
156. 00  • 
156.  00 
154. 00 

Inches. 

Centimetres. 

Inches. 

Centimetres. 

real's. 

16 
18 
20 
19 
20 
19 
20 
20 
20 

Tears. 
35 

33. 000 
30.  867 
30. 075 

83. 82 
78.40 
76.39 

25 

68.  442 

173. 84 

24 

Italy 

The  employment  of  anaesthetics  as  an  adjuvant  in  discovering  the  exact  condition 
of  the  recruit  in  suspected  cases  is  expressly  permitted  only  in  the  United  States,  and 

'  The  applications  for  the  official  instructions  issued  by  the  Russian  and  Italian  governments  weronusnecessful. 
^  Heviacd  regnlaiions  for  the  government  of  the  Bureau  of  the  Provost-Mar^hal-General  of  the  United  Stales,  8vo,  Wash- 
ington, April  I,  1864,  sections  86  and  95. 


INTRODUCTORY.  LXI 

here  the  practice  is  limited  to  the  use  of  aether.  The  military  surgeon  is,  however, 
everywhere  pennitted  to  resort  to  these  agents  when  an  infirmity  is  supposed  to  be 
feigned  by  a  soldier  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  his  discharge  from  the  service. 

Abdominal  hernia,  large  or  small,  is  a  cause  for  immediate  and  permanent  rejec- 
tion from  military  service  in  Great  Britain,  France,  Avistria,  Belgium,  and  the  United 
States.  In  Prussia  and  Switzerland,  it  exempts  only  when  voluminous  ;  if  the  tumor 
be  easily  confined  by  a  truss,  the  subject  is  classified  among  the  "partially  disabled" 
in  Switzerland,  and  in  Prussia  he  is  relegated  to  the  class  which  is  called  upon  for  duty 
only  during  the  exigencies  of  war. 


LXII  INTRODUCTOKY 


An  outline  of  the  History  of  Antliropometry,  or  the  attemjjts  to  ascertain  the  proportions  of 

the  human  body. 

It  is  in  tlie  attempt  to  establish  a  standard  of  measure  that  is  to  be  found  the  first 
efibrt  at  regular  measurement  of  parts  of  the  human  body.  From  the  most  remote 
periods  of  Avhich  any  record  remains,  the  cubit,  the  foot,  the  hand,  &c.,  have  been  the 
convenient  standards,  which,  possessed  by  every  man,  enabled  him  to  adjust  his  deal- 
ings with  his  fellows,  and  served  to  guide  him  in  the  construction  of  his  dwellings  and 
his  temples.  These  primitive  measures,  though  necessai'ily  so  variable,  were  found 
sufficient  during  many  ages,  and,  indeed,  are  to  this  day  in  use  even  by  those  nations 
which  have  possessed  themselves  of  a  precise  standard — the  product  of  very  complex 
and  delicate  calculations.  Toward  the  close  of  the  last  century,  certain  French  math- 
ematicians carried  to  completion,  with  admirable  skill  and  perseverance,  the  bold  con- 
ception of  measui-ing  an  arc  of  a  meridian  on  the  earth's  surface,  from  the  equator  to 
the  pole.  A  ten-millionth  part  of  this  invariable  line  forms  the  standard  from  which  are 
derived  all  the  weights  and  measures  of  the  metric  sj^stem,  which  seems  destined  with 
the  progress  of  knowledge  to  become  the  common  property  of  all  civilized  nations. 
The  en'or  which,  it  is  admitted,  mars  the  perfection  of  this  splendid  achievement  does 
not  practically  lessen  its  utility,  since  it  only  requires  correction  for  extremely  long 
measurements.  Notwithstanding  the  possession  of  these  perfect  measures,  the  old-fash- 
ioned police,  or  inch,  derived  from  the  breadth  of  the  thumb,  is  still  persistently  made 
use  of  in  many  parts  of  France. 

Measurements  of  the  foot,  fore-arm,  &c.,  for  the  purposes  of  trade,  necessarily 
brought  about  attempts  to  ascertain  the  average  foot  and  the  average  cubit ;  from  these 
admitted  standards,  artists  and  sculptors  in  the  earliest  days  of  art  endeavored  to  deduce 
the  perfect  human  form  so  far  as  proportion  could  produce  it.  The  earliest  traces  of 
this,  as  of  most  other  branches  of  knowledge,  are  to  be  found  in  the  remote  civiliza- 
tion of  India.  In  a  Sanscrit  manuscript,  entitled  "Silp)i  Sastri,"  or  Treatise  on  the  Fine 
Arts,  the  human  figure  is  divided  into  four  hundred  and  eighty  parts,  the  head  being 
not  far  from  a  seventh  part  of  the  whole,  thus  nearly  conforming  to  the  best  standard. 
The  table  is  of  sufficient  interest  to  be  quoted  entire  : 

Proportions  of  the  human  hody,  from  the  "  SUpi  Sastri.  " 

Tarts. 

The  hair 15 

The  face _ : 55 

The  neck 25 

The  chest 55 

From  the  chest  to  the  umbilicus 55 

Thence  to  the  pubes > 53 

Thence  to  the  knee -  -  90 

The  knee  itself  .  . 30 

The  lesr  and  foot 102 


Entire  height . 480 


INTRODUCTORY. 


LXIII 


An  examination  of  the  figures  on  Egyptian  monuments,  especially  of  those  copied 
by  Lepsius^  and  Hosellini",  shows  that  the  designers  had  rigorously  adhered  to  a 
definite  scale  of  proportions.  Lepsius  deduces  three  canons  of  measure  as  having  been 
in  use  by  Egyptian  sculptors  at  different  periods.  The  mixture,  however,  of  profile 
and  front  view  in  all  Egyptian  figures,  and  the  apparent  unwillingness  of  their  artists 
to  represent,  for  the  most  part,  any  position  but  that  of  standing  upright,  or  of  sitting, 
deti-acts  greatly  from  tlie  utility  for  comparison  of  the  canons  obtained. 

Some  ethnologists  have  believed  that  they  discovered  in  the  bas-reliefs  of  Egyptian 
monuments  certain  differences  of  figure,  as  well  as  of  face  and  head,  characteristic  of 
particular  races.  As  these  instances  are  found  mostly  among  the  captives  in  scenes  of 
military  triuniph,  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  a  constrained  position  and  crouching 
figure  is  uniform  among  them,  and  seems  to  have  been  purposely  assigned  to  them 
b}'  the  artist  in  order  to  heighten  the  contrast  with  the  nobler  form  and  more  com- 
manding attitude  of  the  conqueror.  The  canon  of  measurement  for  the  body,  however, 
seems  to  have  been  the  same  in  all.  While  in  many  of  the  drawings  in  the  works  of 
Lepsius,  of  Rosellini,  and  of  Champollion  le  jeune^,  the  head  and  face  of  the  negro, 
both  male  and  female,  child  and  adult,  are  surprisingly  characteristic,  showing  that  for 
four  thousaiKl  years  at  least,  according  to  received  computation,  the  type  of  that  peo- 
ple has  not  varied,  yet  the  greater  length  of  arm  appertaining  to  the  black  race  either 
did  not  then  characterize  them,  winch  is  improbable,  or  it  escaped  the  observation  of 
the  Egyptian  sculptors.'' 

'  DcnhniUcr  ans  JEgiijitrn  viid  xElHojncn,  iff.,  12  vuls.,  folio,  Berlin,  1849-59. 

-  Monnmenii  thlC Erjitio  e dtUa  Nubia,  9  vols.,  Svo;  plates,  3  vols.,  folio,  Paria,  1832-'44. 

^  llonnmens  tie  VKiiypte  et  de  la  Niibie,  cfc.,  4  vols.,  fi)lio,  Paris,  1835-'45. 

••  Investigations  iiiailo  dining  the  late  war  as  to  the  relative  length  of  the  fore-arm  iu  the  white  and  negro  races  show 
rcsnlts  greatly  diti'ering  from  .some  previons  data.  Broca,  assuming  the  upjier  arm  to  he  100,  states  the  proportion  of 
the  fore  arm  iu  the  European  at  73.93  and  iu  the  uegro  at  79.40.  His  figures  include  both  men  and  women,  which  slightly 
reduces  both  means  ;  the  sexual  difference  iu  length  of  fore-arm  is  small.  Burmeister  shows  au  excess  of  length  of  the 
European  fore-arm  and  Pruner-Bey  of  the  black.  Aeby  found  no  appreciable  difference.  The  value  of  Ihe  comparisons 
of  these  European  authorities  is  uot  great,  the  number  of  the  black  men  examined  by  them  having  been  very  small. 
Mr.  Gould  states  the  mean  length  of  the  fore-arm  to  be  15.548  iuches  iu  10,876  white  and  10.103  inches  iu  2,020  full 
black  soldiers.  These  dimensions  include  the  hand,  of  the  mean  length  of  which,  unfortunately,  no  separate  determi- 
nation was  made.  The  distance  from  the  tip  of  the  middle  finger  to  the  edge  of  the  patella,  when  the  man  was  placed 
erect,  "  in  the  position  of  a  soldier,"  was  found  to  be  5.036  iuches  in  the  whites  and  2.884  inches  iu  the  full  blacks.  As 
the  relation  of  hand  to  knee  has  some  special  ethnological  interest,  it  is  proper  to  add  that  the  mean  height  in  these 
cases  was  67.149  inches  for  whites  aud  66.210  for  blacks,  aud  the  mean  height  to  perineum  in  whites  was  31.065  inches, 
iu  blacks  32.100.    The  following  table  exhibits  the  different  results  obtained  : 


Authority. 

Relation  of  length 
of    fore-arm      to 
upper  arm. 

Black  in  relation 
to  white. 

Relation  of  length 
of    forearm    and 
hand  to  upper  arm. 

in  relation 
0  white. 

White. 

Black. 

White. 

Black. 

'3   "*^ 

s 

Per  cent. 

« 

84. 12 
75.48 
73. 93 
61.38 

Per  cent. 

81.37 
78.40 
79.40 

68.15 

Per  cent. 

96.73 
103.  87 
107.40 
111.05 

Per  cent. 

140.  21 
131. 25 
126. 83 
114.28 

Per  cent. 

144. 73 
137. 66 
132.  30 
121.05 

Per  cent. 
10!.  22 

Pruni'r-Bev 

104.  80 

Broca 

104.31 

Gould 

10.5. 92 

It  was  nccessnry  'o  deduct  the  length  of  the  hand  from  Mr.  Gould'.s  figures  to  obtain  (he  dimensions  in  the  first 


LXIV  INTRODUCTORY 

No  writings  of  Greek  authors  treating  specially  of  the  proportions  of  the  human 
bodv  have  come  down  to  us.  It  is  known,  from  a  passage  in  the  works  of  Diodorus 
Siculus,  that,  at  a  very  early  period  of  Grecian  art,,  a  system  of  proportion,  rigorously 
minute  in  its  details,  had  been  introduced  from  Egypt.  Two  sculptors,  he  informs  us,' 
havino-  together  agreed  upon  the  size  of  a  proposed  statue  of  the  Pythian  Apollo, 
executed  each  his  half  of  the  work  at  a  different  city,  the  one  being  at  Samos  and  the 
other  at  Ephesus.  So  precise  were  the  rules  by  which  they  were  guided  that,  upon 
adjusting  the  separate  portions,  the  completed  statue  proved  to  be  a  marvel  of  symmetry 
and  perfection. 

The  celebrated  sculptor  Polykleitus,  who  flourished  about  B.  C.  400,  is  known  to 
have  written  a  treatise  on  human  proportion,  which  he  entitled  "TAe  Canon"  being  the 
same  name  as  that  applied  to  his  famous  statue.  Unfortunately,  the  work  has  not  sur- 
vived, but  numerous  allusions  in  Greek  and  Roman  writings  testify  to  the  high  admi- 
ration felt  for  the  theory  of  proportion  laid  down  and  displayed  in  the  beautiful  statue 
which  embodied  it.  This  statue,  besides  its  name  of  supreme  distinction  of  The 
Canon,  was,  from  its  subject,  called  Doryphoros,  or  the  Spear-bearer.  The  figure  was 
youthful,  but  the  proportions  those  of  a  full-grown  man.  Polykleitus  and  his  pupils 
and  admirers  believed  it  to  be  absolutely  perfect  in  form.^  Neither  statue  nor  copy  of 
it  has  survived ;  but  the  Roman  wi-iter  on  architecture,  Vitruvius,  has  incidentally 
given  a  partial  and  not  altogether  intelligible  account  of  its  proportions.  This  descrip- 
tion has  been  so  often  referred  to  by  writers  on  human  proportion,  and  its  statements 
were  so  long  considered  authoritative,  that  it  is  of  sufficient  interest  to  be  quoted  entire. 
He  says : 

"  The  human  body,  as  nature  composed  it,  has  this  proportion,  that  the  face,  which 
includes  the  space  from  the  chin  to  the  top  of  the  forehead,  where  the  roots  of  the  hair 
begin,  is  a  tenth  part  of  the  whole  height ;  it  is  the  same  length  from  the  wrist  to  the 
tip  of  the  middle  finger.  The  head,  from  the  chin  to  the  top  of  the  skull,  is  one-eighth 
part ;  the  same  to  the  pit  of  the  neck.^  From  the  top  of  the  chest  to  the  roots  of  the 
hair  is  one-sixth  part,^  and  to  the  top  of  the  head  one-fourth.^     The  third  part  of  the 

coluuin  of  tbo  foregoing  table.    This  was  douo  b.v  estimating  it  at  52.9  per  cent,  of  tbo  length  of  the  npper  arm, 
according  to  the  rule  laid  down  by  Carl  Vogt,  {TorUamigen  iiher  den  mensclini,  <fc.,  8vo,  Giessen,  1863.) 

The  earliest  record  of  the  comparison  of  the  length  of  the  fore-arm  in  the  two  races  is  to  be  found,  it  is  believed, 
in  an  essay  read  before  the  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  of  Manchester,  England,  in  1795,  by  Mr.  Charles  White, 
and  afterward  published,  (4to,  London,  179!),)  entitled  "An  account  of  the  regular  gradation  in  man  and  in  different 
animals."    His  opportunities  for  examination  were  few,  but  he  points  out  the  peculiarity  in  question. 

It  may  be  added  in  this  connection  that  the  mean  length  of  foot  of  the  full  black,  as  ascertained  during  the  late 
war,  compared  with  that  of  the  white  soldier,  is  as  105.39  to  100. 
,  1  Bibl.  hist.,  lib.  i,  sect.  98. 

'' G M.Et!,  De  temperameniis,  i,  9;  De  Sippoc.  et  Platan.,  iv,  3;  De  opt.  nostri  corp.  const.,  i,  2.  Plato,  Protagor,  p.  311. 
Xenopiion,  Mcmorab.,  i,  4.  Dion.  Halicau.,  De  Isocrat.,  p.  95.  Luclan,  Dc  saltalionc,  75;  PkUopseudas,  18  ;  De  morte 
Peretir.,8.  CiCKiio,  Brutus,  18;  Dc  oratore,\n,7  ;  Academ.,  ii,  47  ;  De  Jinibus,  u,  M ;  Tuscal.,i,2;  Paradoxa,  v,2.  QuiN- 
riLlAN,  Inst,  oral.,  v,  12 ;  xii,  10.    Pliny,  Bist.  nat.,  xxxiv,  19.     Aelian,  Var.  hist.,  xiv,  8,  IG. 

^Thero  is  preserved,  in  the  library  of  the  aclideniy  at  Venice,  a  drawing  by  Leonardo  da  Vinci  accompanying  a 
tran.slation  into  Italian  by  that  artist  of  the  passage  front  Vitruvius.  Mr.  Bonomi  suggests  that  Leonardo  had  access  to 
some  copy  of  Vitruvius  which  has  not  come  down  to  us,  as  there  are  some  changes  in  his  translation  which  dispel  certain 
obscurities  in  the  ordinary  version.  (The proportions  of  the  human fii/ure  according  to  the  ancient  Greek  canon  of  Vitruvius, 
&c.,  by  JosEi'ii  150M0MI,  8vo,  Loudon,  1857.)  The  latter  part  of  the  sentence  to  which  this  note  refers,  viz,  "  thesamo 
to  the  pit  of  the  neck,"  is  omitted  in  the  Italian  translation,  and  with  advantage  to  accuracy. 

■•Leonardo  has  it  one-seventh. 

"■  Leonardo  has  it,  "from  the  nipples  to  the  top  of  the  head  is  one-fourth."    This  would  be  correct. 


INTRODUCTORY.  LXV 

face  is  from  the  bottom  of  the  cliin  to  the  lowest  part  of  the  nostrils ;  one-third  from 
there  to  between  the  eye-brows ;  one-third  from  this  latter  to  the  roots  of  tlie  hair, 
where  it  begins  on  the  forehead.  The  foot  is  one-sixth  part  of  the  whole  height/  the 
cubit  one-fourth,  the  chest  (across  the  shoulders  f)  the  same. 

"  The  other  members  have  each  their  measures  and  proportions  b}^  which  the 
greatest  of  the  ancient  painters  and  sculptors  who  have  won  signal  honors  have 
guided  themselves.  In  the  same  way  the  parts  and  the  body  of  a  temple  have  definite 
laws  of  proportion. 

"  So,  too,  the  navel  is  naturally  the  center  of  the  body;  for,  if  a  man  be  laid  upon 
his  back,  with  hands  and  feet  extended,  and  his  navel  be  taken  for  the  center,  the  cir- 
cumference   of  a  circle  so  drawn  would  touch  the  extremities  of  his  finsrers  and  toes. 

"  Not  only  is  the  scheme  of  a  circle  found  in  the  body,  but  also  the  scheme  of  the 
square ;  for,  if  the  distance  from  the  soles  of  the  feet  be  taken  to  the  summit  of  the 
head,  and  be  applied  to  the  hands  outstretched,  it  will  be  found  that  the  length  and 
breadth  are  equal  as  a  perfect  square."" 

Some  of  these  measm-ements  are  evidently  incorrect,  and  one  in  particular,  the 
distance  from  the  top  of  the  chest  to  the  summit  of  the  cranium,  in  place  of  one-fourth, 
can  only  be  one-sixth.  Still,  notwithstanding  its  partial  inaccuracy,  the  canon  has 
bad  enough  of  truth  in  it  to  make  it  the  ground-work  of  many  subsequent  schemes  of 
proportion. 

Wliile  regret  may  be  entertained  at  the  loss  of  the  Greek  treatises  on  propoilion, 
it  is,  after  all,  to  the  matchless  works  of  their  artists  that  we  turn  for  examples  of  per- 
fect symmetry.  The  question  has  often  been  discussed  whether  the  perfection  of  Greek 
statuary  was  not  greatly  due  to  the  superiority  of  form  of  the  living  models  from 
wdiich  they  were  designed  ;  the  statistics  of  man-measurement  in  our  day  have  fm-nished 
a  reply  more  decisive  than  sesthetic  criticism  could  arrive  at.  M.  Quetelet,  after  com- 
paring the  dimensions  of  many  of  the  master-pieces  of  antiquity  with  the  ruean  results 
of  modern  researches  on  large  numbers  of  the  living,  says,  "  It  is,  then,  wrong  to  sup- 
pose that  man  in  our  clime  differs  essentially  from  the  structure  observed  in  the  Greek 
statues.  The  delicacy  and  beauty  of  feature,  the  expressiveness  of  countenance,  the 
elegance  of  form,  may  be  inferior  without  the  proportions  of  figure  being  different  on 
tJiat  account.  Everything  tends  to  establish,  on  the  contrary,  that  the  human  tjpe  in  our 
clime  is  identical  with  that  deduced  from  observation  of  the  most  symmetrical  ancient  statiies."^ 

The  great  artists  of 'the  renaissance  propovinded  various  theories  of  proportion, 
in  most  of  which  the  canon  of  Polykleitus  will  be  found  to  have  borne  more  or  less 
part.  The  inherent  defect  of  all  these  systems  was  their  artificial  nature  ;  a  part  of 
the  body  was  selected  as  a  unit  or  basis  of  calculation,  and  every  other  part  had  a 
forced  relation  to  this  unit.  The  foot  was  often  chosen  as  the  required  modulus,  though 
its  proportion  is  not  one  admitting  of  convenient  division  ;  the  cubit,  the  hand,  the  face,  the 
nose,  were  each  in  turn  employed.  To  deduce  the  mean  foiin  from  extensive  observa- 
tions of  the  living  subject,  and  to  confirm  the  accuracy  of  the  result  by  a  recondite 

'  One-seventb  according  to  Leonardo  da  Vinci.     "  Ilpib  sia  la  scUima  parte  del  tiomo." 
=  ViTRUVius,  De  architectura,  lib.  iii,  cap.  1. 
^  AntJiropometrie,  p.  83. 

IS 


I,XV1  INTRODUCTORY 

mathematical  law,  was  a  philosophical  solution  of  the  problem  reserved  for  the  present 
generation. 

The  limits  of  this  sketch  do  not  admit  of  more  than  allusion  to  the  artists,  anato- 
mists, mathematicians,  or  others,  who,  since  the  era  of  the  renaissance,  have  made  the 
proportions  of  the  human  figure  the  subject  of  treatise  or  theory.  Prominent  among 
them  may  be  named,  in  Italy,  Cimabue,  Giotto,  Ghiberti,  Alberti,  Leonardo  da  Vinci, 
Raphael,  Michael  Angelo,  the  two  Carracci,  Cardan,  Paggi ;  in  Germany,  Albert  Durer, 
Holbein,  Vesalius,  Raphael  Mengs,  Winckelmann ;  in  France,  Jean  Cousin,  Poussin, 
the  two  Audrans,  joubert,  Buffon,  Gerdy,  Horace  Vernet;  in  Belgium  and  Holland,  the 
Van.Eycks,  Rubens,  Vandyke,  Rembrandt,  Camper  ;  and  in  England,  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds, Flaxman,  &c.  For  a  more  complete  list  of  these  authors  and  their  works,  reference 
may  be  made  to  the  bibliography  of  the  subject,  which  will  be  found  appended. 

A  short  notice  of  the  more  valuable  of  these  theories  of  proportion  is  necessary, 
in  passing,  to  illustrate  the  progress  of  the  investigation  to  the  present  day.  In  the 
fifteenth  century,  the  Florentine  sculptor  and  mathematician  Alberti  devised  his  per- 
fect human  figure,  being  in  its  proportions  the  mean  result  of  some  measurements  of 
the  best  living  models  and  classic  sculpture.  One-sixth  of  the  entire  height  he  assumed 
for  his  modulus,  calling  it  a  foot;  tliis  foot  he  divided  into  ten  degrees,  and  each  degree  - 
into  ten  minutes.^  He  appears  to  have  followed  the  canon  of  Vitruvius  in  taking  the 
foot  to  be  one-sixth  of  the  entire  height,  and  therein  is  the  chief  defect  of  liis  scheme. 
M.  Quetelet  has  made  a  careful  comparison  of  the  proportions  laid  down  by  Alberti 
with  the  table  of  mean  dimensions,  the  result  of  his  own  observations  of  the  living 
subject,  and  is  struck  with  the  remarkable  nearness  to  accuracy  of  the  former.- 
Two  particulars  of  the  Florentine's  process  are  noteworthy :  the  use  of  the  average  or 
mean,  and  of  a  decimal  system  of  division. 

The  work  of  the  celebrated  Albert  Durer  demands  a  short  notice,  as  it  became  a 
high  authority  in  art.  His  treatise  on  proportion^  is  divided  into  four  books,  in  the  first 
of  which  he  takes  for  his  unit  the  entire  height,  which  was  an  advance  toward  greater 
accuracy ;  this  unit  he  divides  into  common  fractional  parts  of  thirds,  fourths,  fifths, 
&c.,  marking  the  origins  of  the  limbs.  The  measurements  are  so  given  as  to  present 
his  model  under  tlu-ee  points  of  view — profile,  front,  and  back.  The  second  book  is 
mainly  a  repetition  of  the  first,  but  with  the  foot  for  bis  unit,  and,  still  following 
Vitruvius,  he  makes  it  one-sixth  of  the  entire  height.  It  is  divided  into  one  hundred 
parts.  The  third  and  fourth  books  contain  directions  for  applying  his  preceding  cal- 
culations to  every  possible  ciu"ve  and  position  of  the  human  figure.  Schadow  is  of 
opinion  that  Dm'cr's  model  figure  was  the  result  of  calculation,  and  not  of  actual 
measurement  of  living  subjects.^ 

Of  Gerard  Audran's  work''  it  has  been  admitted  that  his  measurements  of  ancient 
statues  are  the  most  accurate  and  valuable  of  all  that  had  been  previously  given  to  the 

'  VdJa  architeotura  di  L.  B.  Albekii,  libri  x  ;  delta  pittura,  libri  iii ;  c  della  statiia,  Hbro  i ;  tradolii  in  lingua  italiaiia 
da  CosiMO  liAUTOLi,  3  vols.,  folio,  Loadra,  1726. 
^  Aulliropomctrir,  p.  07. 

' llitrin  sind  hci/riffcn  vicr  hiichcr  ron  menschlicher  proportion,  &c.,  folio,  Nuremberg,  1528. 
*  Poti/ctct,  oil  Ihiuric  des  mcsurcs  de  I'homme,  p.  14. 
'' Lii) proportions  du  corps  humain  mcsurdes  eur  les  tieltes  fujurcs  de  Vantiipntd,  folio,  Paris,  1683 


INTRODUCTORY.  LXVII 

world ;  and,  although  he  cannot  jjroperly  be  said  to  have  established  a  system,  it  is 
possible  to  construct  one  on  the  proportions  he  lays  down/ 

Sir  Joshua  Reynolds's  writings  are  full  of  admirable  criticisms  on  proportion,  but 
he  furnishes  no  tables  of  dimensions  from  actual  measurement."  Flaxman's  measures, 
published  in  the  early  part  of  this  century,^  are  only  modifications  of  the  canon  of 
Vitruvius. 

But  it  is  in  this  century,  and  more  especially  in  the  present  generation,  that  authors 
have  arisen  who  have  approached  the  subject  of  proportion  of  the  human  figure  in  a 
philosophical  manner.  Of  these,  the  earliest,  and  one  of  the  most  distinguished,  was 
Godefroy  Schadow,  the  accomplished  sculptor  and  director  of  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Berlin.  One  only  of  his  works  needs  to  be  noticed  here,  viz,  his  Polyclet}  The  great 
merit  of  this  work  is  its  freedom  from  theoretical  speculation  ;  Schadow's  measure- 
ments being  taken  from  living  models,  although  the  number  of  his  observations  was 
in  some  instances  too  limited  to  be  considered  as  furnishing  a  satisfactory  mean.  He 
was  the  first  to  lay  down  the  different  dimensions  observable  in  the  head  and  face  of 
the  two  sexes  ;  the  dimensions  of  the  profile  at  maturity  and  in  old  age  ;  of  the  new-born 
child;  the  rate  of  expansion  of  the  cranium  with  growth,  and  its  relation  to  the 
increase  in  size  of  the  features.  The  Fob/clet  consists  of  a  quarto  volume  of  text,  in  par- 
allel pages  of  French  and  German,  and  a  folio  volume  of  illustrations.  Schadow's 
drawings,  like  those  of  Albert  Durer,  represent  profile,  face,  and  back. 

In  1854,  Carus,  the  distinguished  German  physiologist,  published  a  work  on  human 
proportion,  in  which  he  assumed  the  hand's  length  for  his  unit,  dividing  it  into  twenty- 
four  parts.^  He  believed  the  vertebral  column,  consisting  of  twenty-four  free  vertebrae, 
to  be  the  key  of  human  proportion,  or,  as  he  termed  it,  "the  true  organic  ell  divided 
into  24  inches."  In  confirmation  of  this  view,  he  observes  that  in  the  egg  of  the  mam- 
mals the  first  indication  of  the  form' of  the  futui-e  being  is  the  rayed  line  which  after- 
ward becomes  the  spinal  column.  He  observes,  too,  that  at  birth,  in  a  normal  infant, 
the  length  of  the  column  of  twenty-four  free  vertebrae  is  exactly  one-third  the  length 
of  a  line  drawn  perpendicularly  from  the  spinous  process  of  the  atlas  to  the  spinous 
process  of  the  last  lumbar  vertebra  in  the  full-grown  individual.  His  unit,  divided  by 
this  authoritative  measure  of  twenty-four,  furnishes  in  its  terms  all  the  dimensions 
required  to  educe  the  complete  form.  Carus  devised  a  figui-e  from  his  scale,  which  was 
neither  man  nor  woman,  but  capable  by  the  application  of  certain  rules  of  being  mod- 
ified to  represent  either.  "These  rules,  he  stated,  could  assume  the  precision  of  an  alge- 
braic formula,  and  by  its  aid  it  would  be  easy  to  convert  the  figure  to  that  of  a  dwarf 
or  giant ;  or  to  change  the  head  to  that  of  a  poet,  a  philosopher,  or  an  athlete. 

While  the  Dresden  professor  w^as  elaborating  a  theory  in  which  proportions  were 
to  be  determined  by  their  supposed  numerical  relations  to  an  arbitrary  unit,  two 
English  artists  produced  works  containing  theories  based  upon  similar  principles,  and 
characterized  by  much  ingenuity.     Mr.  D.  R.  Hay  establishes  a  central  vertical  line, 

1  Polyclet,  11.  11. 

-Discourses  on  painting,  4to,  London,  1842. 

^Lectures  on  sculpture,  8vo,  Loudon,  1829. 

*  Polyclet  Oder  von  den  maassen  des  mcnsclien,  nach  dem  geachhohte  und  alter,  &c.,  4to  ;  plates,  folio,  Berlin,  1835. 

^Die  proportions-lehre  dor  menschlichen  gestalt,  folio,  Leipzig,  1854. 


LXVIII  INTRODUCTORY. 

and,  by  a  very  complicated  series  of  angulations,  obtains  his  model  outline.^  Mr.  John 
Gibson,  the  English  sculptor,  divides  the  entire  height  of  the  intended  figure  into 
nineteen  parts,  two  of  which  he  takes  for  the  radius  of  a  circle  ;  this  circle  he  circum- 
scribes within  a  square,  and  cuts  the  latter  into  four  equal  parts  by  the  diagonals. 
One-half  of  the  figure  so  formed,  that  half,  namely,  in  which  a  diagonal  forms  the 
hypothenuse  of  a  right-angled  triangle,  is  the  diagram  of  Mr.  Gibson's  invention,  from 
which  he  obtains  all  the  dimensions  necessarj^  to  complete  the  outline  of  the  figure.^ 

Elster  divides  the  entire  height  into  eight  heads,  or  ten  faces.  He  finds  in  every 
figure  three  equal  measures.  The  first  is  from  the  beginning  of  the  sternum  to  the 
bottom  of  the  abdomen  ;  the  second,  from  the  navel  to  the  upper  margin  of  the  patella ; 
and  the  third  from  the  beginning  of  the  patella  to  the  sole  of  the  foot.^  Experience 
has  not  proved  these  relations  to  be  invariable. 

Zeising,  in  a  profound  and  very  elaborate  work  published  in  1854,^  obtains  all  the 
proportions  of  the  human  body  by  repeated  division  of  the  total  height  under  the 
geometric  rule  of  extreme  and  mean  ratio.  In  a  more  recent  work  upon  the  changes 
in  proportion  produced  by  growth,'  he  maintains  the  truth  of  his  system  and  suj^plies 
additional  illustrations.  He  gives  the  dimensions  of  the  male  figure  only,  omitting  the 
female. 

Carl  Schmidt,  the  historical  painter,  published  in  1 849  an  atlas  of  human  propor- 
tion," founded  upon  the  dimensions  of  the  skeleton,  and  corroborated  by  many  actual 
measurements  taken  by  himself  or  copied  from  the  work  of  M.  Quetelet. 

The  interesting  and  valuable  work  of  Dr.  Franz  Liharzik,  of  Vienna,^  is  chiefly 
devoted  to  the  discussion  of  the  laws  of  growth  of  the  human  body,  and  its  correla- 
tion with  the  development  of  plants  and  animals.  He  lays  down  seven  constant  dimen- 
sions, from  which  the  other  proportions  of  the  body  are  to  be  derived.  In  a  later 
work^  lie  asserts  that  all  the  proportions  of  the  human  figure  are  .to  be  obtained  from 
the  square  of  the  mimber  seven. 

Silbermann,  assuming  the  stature  to  be  1.60  metre,  (63  inches,  Enghsh,)  furnishes 
a  table  of  thirty  dimensions  deduced  therefrom  on  theoretic  rules  of  proportion." 

A  work  by  F.  G.  Rober  appeared  at  Leipzig  in  1861'"  upon  the  construction  of 
man,  but  it  has  nothing  original  in  the  shape  of  tables  of  proportion,  its  details  being 
all  mathematical. 

In  1866,  there  was  published  in  London  a  work  by  an  American  writer  and  artist, 
Mr.  W.  W.  Story,  proposing  a  new  canon  of  proportion,  which,  in  ingenuity  of  detail 

'  The geomelric  heaiiti/ of  Ibchuman  figure  defined,  towldch  is  prefixed  a  Kijstem  of  ceslheiic proporlion  applieahJe to  architec- 
ture arid  Ihcolher  formatire  arts,  4to,  Ldndon,  1851.  The  natural priiieipUn  of  heauiij,  as  developed  in  the  human  figure,  8vo 
Loudon,  18.VJ. 

=  Mr.  (iilison's  design  will  be  found  (horoughly  explained,  and  illustrated  by  diagrams  and  two  largo  lithograpUed- 
pl.ites,  in  tlio  following  treatise  :  The  properties  of  the  human  figure,  according  to  the  ancient  Greek  canon  of  Vitruvius,  (second 
edition,)  also  a  canon  of  the  2>roi>oi'l'"its  of  the  human  figure,  founded  upon  a  diagram  inrented  by  John  Gibson,  Esq.,  R.  A., 
by  .Joseph  Bo.nomi,  sculptor,  8vo,  London,  1857. 

'Die  hiihei-e  zcichenkunsl  theoretisch,  praktisch,  historisch,  und  aesthetiseh,  &.C.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1853. 

*ycue  Wire  rou  den  proportionen  des  menschlichcu  korpcrs,  &c.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1854. 

<> Die  metamorphosen  in  den  verhallnissender  menschlichen  gestalt,  &c.,  Bonn,  1859. 

^I'roportioiisschliissel:  neites  system der  vcrhaltnisse  des  meiiachlichen  kSriiers,  &c.,  8vo  ;  and  atlas,  folio,  Vienna,  1862. 

^  Das  gesetzdcs  uachsthumes  und  der  baudcs  menschen,  &c.,  folio,  Vienna,  1862. 

»Das  quadrat  die  grundlage  alter proportionalitat  i»  der  natur,  &c.,  8vo.,  Vienna,  1865. 

'^ Proportions  physiiines  ou  naturelles  du  e.oipa  hiimain,  &c.     Coniptes-rendus,  xlii,  pp.  454-456,  495-497;  xliii,  p.  1156. 

^^ Elementar-heilrage  ziir  bestimmnng  der  naturgcsetze  der  geslallung,  &c.,  4to,  J^eipzig,  1861. 


INTRODUCTORY.  I,XIX 

and  beauty  of  result,  is  not  excelled  by  any  of  the  geometric  schemes  of  his  prede- 
cessors.* Pie  preludes  his  theory  with  some  fanciful  allusions  to  the  Cabala,  and  a 
disquisition  upon  the  typical  and  mystic  qualities  of  the  triangle,  the  square,  and  the 
circle,  which,  if  seriously  meant,  seem  strangely  inappropriate  to  a  work  of  scientific 
character.  To  obtain  his  canon,  Mr.  Story  directs  that  one-fourth  of  the  entire  height 
of  the  intended  figure  be  laid  down  as  the  side  of  an  equilateral  triangle.  The  triangle 
being  completed,  from  its  apex  a  line  is  to  be  di-opped,  bisecting  the  base,  and  extend- 
ing below  it  a  distance  equal  to  one-third  of  its  length  above  it ;  this  line  forms  the 
diameter  of  a  circle,  in  which  circle  is  inscribed  a  square.  The  diagram  thus  consists 
of  a  triangle  and  a  square  inclosed  in  a  circle  ;  and  when  the  lines  of  these  figures  are 
divided  into  thirds,  fourths,  &c.,  a  vast  number  of  dimensions  are  obtained,  and  in 
them  all  the  measurements  of  the  intended  figure  are  to  be  found.  The  author  of  this 
ingenious  scheme  gives  minute  instructions  for  tlie  application  of  it,  and  exliibits  a 
male  and  female  figure  constructed  by  its  rules,  in  illustration.  The  selection  of  the 
different  lines  of  the  diagram  to  rejiresent  the  various  dimensions  of  tlie  body  is,  of 
course,  theoretic,  or  arbitrary. 

It  is  both  curious  and  instructive  to  observe  what  labor  and  ingenuity  have  been 
bestowed  upon  these  various  attempts  to  redixce  human  proportions  to  an  exact  scheme. 
From  the  "  Silpi  Sastri"  down  to  the  "improved  canon"  of  Mr.  Story,  the  same follacy 
pervades  them  all,  a  belief,  namely,  that  the  key  to  the  theory  is  to  be  found  in  the 
occult  relation  of  numbers  or  in  the  parts  of  a  geometrical  diagram.  It  remains  now 
to  give  an  account  of  the  work  of  those  investigators  who,  discarding  theories  or 
ignorant  of  their  existence,  have  resorted  to  actual  measurements  of  living  men  in  such 
numbers  as  to  afford  more  or  less  valuable  mean  results. 

In  1817,  there  appeared,  in  the  Edinburgh  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,^  an  article 
setting  forth  the  height  and  girth  of  chest  of  5,731  members  of  the  Scottish  local 
militia.  From  the  large  number  of  men  examined,  and  the  character  of  the  journal 
which  printed  the  communication,  and  to  some  extent  vouched  for  their  credibiht}-,  the 
tables  became  authoritative  and  of  importance.  M.  Quetelet  based  some  interesting 
calculations  upon  them  f  and  they  have  been  made  use  of  by  Sir  John  Herschel, 
Dr.  Gu}^,  Bertillon,  and  other  writers,  so  that  some  examination  as  to  their  trust- 
worthiness seems  desirable,  especially  as  one  dimension  presents  a  remarkably  high 
mean  residt. 

The  article  in  question  was  anonymous,  but  it  was  stated  by  the  editor  of  the 
journal  to  have  been  contributed  by  an  "army-contractor."  The  mean  girth  of  chest 
obtained  from  all  these  observations  was  39.86  inches  and  the  mean  height  67.90 
inches ;  the  maximum  and  minimum  measures  of  the  whole  series  are  not  given,  but 
of  the  groups  by  regiments  the  largest  mean  girth  of  chest  was  41.01  inches,  the 
smallest  38.71  inches  ;  the  greatest  mean  heiglit  was  68.60  inches,  and  the  least  67.20 
inches.  No  mention  is  made  Avhether  the  girth  was  taken  at  inspiration  or  expiration, 
nor  Avhether  the  men  were  stripped  for  the  ))urpose  of  measurement,  nor  whether  the 
height  was  obtained  from  the  men  in  naked  feet  or  while  shod.     If  the  unusual  trouble 

'  Tlic proporiioiis  of  the  human  figure,  according  to  a  neiv  canon,  for  practical  use,  &c.,  8vo,  London,  1«;G6. 

-  Vol.  xiii,  ]).  203. 

^  Sur  la  theorie  des  probahilUes  appliqtiSKS  aux  sciences  moralen  et  poUtiriues,  8vo,  Bruxellcs,  184r>,  p.  400. 


LXX  INTRODUCTORY. 

liad  been  taken  to  procure  naked  measurements,  it  is  scarcely  to  be  doubted  that  the 
fact  would  have  been  mentioned  in  his  communication  ;  but  the  contractor's  business, 
apparently,  was  to  furnish  uniforms  and  caps  for  the  militia,*  and  it  is  reasonable  to 
suppose  that  his  measures  of  girth  were  taken  as  tailors  execute  that  part  of  their  work, 
namely,  on  the  expanded  chest,  and  over  the  vest  and  underclothing.  It  is  to  be 
observed,  also,  that  the  local  militia  was  composed  generally  of  the  better  class  of  yeomen, 
men  given  to  athletic  pursuits.  Their  age,  also,  is  to  be  considered,  for,  although  recruits 
were  admitted  into  the  British  army  when  eighteen  years  old,  no  one  under  legal  age 
was  qualified  for  militia  service ;  so  that  in  comparing  them  with  the  ordinary  Scottish 
soldier  of  the  British  or  American  armies,  it  should  be  remembered  that  the  contractor's 
men  wei'e  all  fully  grown.  When  to  this  it  is  added  that  at  least  half  of  the  regiments 
concerned  were  from  counties  on  the  Highland  border,  notably  peopled  by  a  robust 
and  hardy  race,  it  is  fair  to  conclude  that  the  subjects  of  these  measurements  were 
superior  specimens  of  manhood,  and  not  an  average  type  of  the  Scottish  people. 

No  other  measurements  of  Scotchmen  exhibit  so  large  a  mean  bulk  as  40  inches. 
Dr.  Forbes's  statistics  were  obtained  by  measuring  students  of  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  some  of  whom  were  boys  of  fourteen,  so  that  his  tables  are  unsuited  for 
the  comparison.  Dr.  Beddoe's  intesting  work"  contains  the  height  of  2,678  Scotchmen, 
being  citizens,  soldiers,  lunatics,  and  criminals,  between  the  ages  of  twenty-three  and 
fifty,  and  he  is  of  opinion  that  the  mean  height  of  man  in  Scotland  may  be  set  at  5 
feet  7J  inches ;  his  tables  show  actually  a  mean  result  of  5  feet  7'|  inches.  Unfor- 
tunately, girth  of  chest  was  not  included  in  his  inquiries.  Mr.  B.  A.  Gould,  in  the 
volume  published  by  the  United  States  Sanitary  Commission,''  gives  the  girth  of  chest 
at  inspiration  and  expiration  of  80  Scotchmen,  showing  a  mean  bulk  of  37.45  and 
34.67  inches.  He  states  the  mean  height  of  7,313  Scotchmen  at  67.258  inches.''  The 
statistics  of  tliis  office  afford  the  following  results  : 

Total  number  of  Scotchmen  examined,  3,435  : 

Inches. 

Maximum  height 78.  00 

Minimum  height 54.  00 

Mean  height 66.  80 

Maximum  girth  of  chest  at  expiration 41.  00 

Minimum  girth  of  chest  at  expiration 26.  00 

Mean  girth  of  chest  at  expiration 33.  44 

Of  the  total  number  examined,  only  2,301  were  found  fit  for  military  service, 
and  these  yielded  the  following  measurements : 

Number  of  Scotchmen  accepted  for  service,  2,301 : 

luches. 

Maximum  height 78.  00 

Minimum  height 60.  00 

Mean  height 66.  78 

'  He  adds  a  fablo  of  thocouiparative  size  of  mea's  beads,  obtaiued  iu  the  retail  hat-shops  of  London  and  Edinburgh. 
'  On  the  stature  and  hulk  of  man  in  the  British  Isles,  Mem.  Anthrop.  Soc.  of  London,  vol.  iii,  p.  545,  1869;  also  pub- 
lished separately,  8vo,  London,  1870. 
'  Inrcsligationa,  &c.,  p.  263. 
*  Ibid.,  p.  105. 


INTRODUCTORY. 


LXXl 


lucbes. 

41.00 


33.53 


Maximum  drtli  of  chest  at  expiratiou - 

Minimum  girth  of  chest  at  expiration - „„  ll" 

]!llean  girth  of  chest  at  expiration - 

Of  the  remainder  the  following  were  the  dimensions  : 

Number  of  Scotchmen  rejected  as  unfit  for  military  service,  1,134  : 


lucbes, 

74.00 


Maximum  height - - 

Minimum  height . 

Mean  height  '^. ^^'^^ 

Maximum  girth  of  chest  at  expiration 40.  00 

Minimum  girth  of  chest  at  expiration -  -  - -  -   ^^-  ^^ 

Mean  girth  of  chest  at  expiration - 

The  authorities  collated  furnish  tliis  result : 

Mean  height  of  Scotchmen,  according  to  different  authorities. 


33.26 


Authority. 


"Array-coutractor,"  of  tbe  Edin.Med.and  Surg.  Jour. 

Dr.  Beddoo 

Mr.  Gould..... 

Tbis  office 


Number 
examined. 


5,731 
2,678 
7,813 
3,435 


Mean  beigbt, 
iu  iucbes. 


67.90 
67.72 
67.25 
66.80 


Mean  beigbt, 
in  centimetres. 


172. 47 
172. 01 
170. 82 
169. 67 


Mean  girth  of  chest  of  /Scotchmen,  according  to  different  authorities. 

Authority. 

Number 
examined. 

Mean  girtb  of 
cbest,  in  incbes. 

Mean  girtb  of  cbest, 
in  centimetres. 

"Army-contractor, 

'  r\f  f liA  "P/Iin  Afpfl   and  Surer  .Tour 

.'),731 

80 

3,435 

39.86 
34.67 
33.44 

101.24 

88.06 

84.94 

It  seems  reasonable  to  conclude,  then,  that  while  the  data  in  question  exhibit  an 
excess  in  mean  height  not  improbably  correct,  the  girth  of  chest,  after  making  due 
allowance  for  the  superior  quality  of  the  men,  is  so  far  above  the  mean  of  other 
observations  as,  m  connection  with  the  circumstances,  to  warrant  the  behef  that  it  was 
obtained  in  the  perfunctory  manner  suggested. 

In  1836,  Br.  James  D.  Forbes,  of  Edinburgh,  drew  attention  to  the  importance  of 
such  statistics  in  a  paper  read  before  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh.^  He  gave  the 
results  of  measuring  829  students  of  the  university  as  to  height,  weight, iind  strength; 
the  last  having  been  ascertained  by  Eegnier's  dynamometer.  The  value  of  these 
tables  for  comparison  is  lessened  by  the  fact  that  students  from  the  immature  age  of 
fourteen  years  were  included,  and  that  all  alike  were  weighed  in  their  clothes  and 
measured  in  their  shoes. ^__ 

1  0,1  the  results  of  cxpeiimcnts  made  on  the  weight,  height,  mid  Mrevgtk  of  nlove  800  ii,dividuals.  British  Association, 
Reports,  part  ii,  p.  38,  1836. 


LXXII  INTKODUCTORY. 

The  most  extensive  series  of  observations  made  in  Great  Britain  was  obtained  by 
the  energy  and  zeal  of  Dr.  John  Beddoe,  president  of  the  Anthropological  Society  of 
London.  That  g-entleman  had  assisted  Dr.  Barnard  Davis  in  ubtaining  some  dimen- 
sions of  living  subjects,  to  be  made  use  of  in  the  great  work  of  the  latter  on  Crania 
Britannica,  and,  struck  with  their  interest  and  value,  determined  to  continue  his  efforts 
on  a  larger  scale.  He  pre^^ared  printed  forms,  with  instructions  for  making  the  desired 
measurements,  and  sent  them  to  members  of  the  medical  profession,  and  to  other  per- 
sons likely  to  interest  themselves  in  the  matter,  in  all  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom.' 
He  thus  obtained  returns  of  the  examination  of  over  17,000  men.  About  half  of  the 
number  were  from  civil  life ;  4,144  were  recruits  for  the  army,  of  the  age  of  twenty- 
three  and  upward.  Dr.  Beddoe  coinciding  in  opinion  with  Liharzik,  Aitken,  and  others, 
that  the  full  growth  is  not  attained  until  the  twenty-third  year  ;  2,479  were  criminals 
in  the  various  prisons;  and  1,857  were  lunatics  in  the  public  asylums.  These  tables, 
which  are  quite  copious  in  detail,  covering  nearly  200  octavo  pages,  set  forth  the  dis- 
tricts or  counties,  the  towns,  and  villages  where  the  men  were  found,  with  their  occu- 
pations, and  remarks  upon  their  sanitary  surroundings  ;  their  height  and  weight,  and,  in 
some  instances,  the  color  of  hair  and  eyes  is  also  recorded.  The  latter  subject  has 
been  treated  of  more  specifically  by  the  same  writer  in  another  essay .^ 

Dr.  Beddoe's  work  treats  exclusively  of  natives  of  Great  Britain ;  but  as  the 
tables  keep  the  particulars  as  to  the  Englishman,  Scotchman,  and  Irishman  separate, 
the  results  as  to  mean  height  and  weight  admit  of  comparison  with  the  measure- 
ments of  such  nativities  in  this  work.  Dr.  Beddoe's  instructions  to  his  correspondents 
required  that  no  selection  should  be  attempted,  but  that  men  should  be  taken  as  they 
were  met  with,  tall  or  short,  robust  or  slender  ;  the  limits  of  age,  however,  being  from 
twenty-three  to  fifty  years.  In  this  manner,  the  adult  man  was,  he  thinks,  fairly 
represented  iu  the  returns.  In  his  opinion,  the  mean  height  of  Englishmen  may  be 
stated  at  5  feet  Q.6  inches,  (1.692  metres ;)  of  Scotchmen,  at  5  feet  7^  inches,  (1.715 
metres;)  of  the  soldier-class,  including  rejected  recruits,  5  feet  7  inches,  (1.702  metres;) 
of  lunatics  and  criminals,  5  feet  5J  inches,  (1.664  metres.)  His  measurements  of 
Irislimen  were  almost  entirely  from  recruits. 

A  grave  defect  in  these  valuable  and  interesting  tables  is  the  want  of  clearness 
and  precision  in  exhibiting  the  total  number  of  men  examined.  The  repetition  by 
counties  and  districts  of  prior  separate  entries  is  inserted  in  the  body  of  the  tables, 
without  dividing  lines,  or  any  indication  of  Avhat  the  consolidated  number  is  composed 
of;  and  as  there  are  no  additions,  separate  totals,  or  mean  results  furnished,  the  difficulty 
of  obtaining  the  conclusions  warrranted  by  the  tables  is  excessive  and  provoking. 
The  possessor  of  a  great  mass  of  statistics  confers  but  imperfect  favor  on  the  scien- 
tific world  if  he  print  the  crude  material  only,  and  evade  the  labor  of  setting  forth  the 
important  results,  with  their  relations  of  ratio  and  mean. 

In  Germany,  Dr.  Meyer,  a  distinguished  statistician  of  Munich,  published,  in  1863, 
the  results  of  the  examination  of  12,740  men  drafted  for  the  Bavarian  arniy.^     The 

'  On  the  stature  and  bulk  of  r.ian  in  the  Briiisk  Isles,  vol.  iii  of  Memoirs  read  before  /Ac  Anthropological  SocieUj  of  Lov- 
don,  18C7-'69;  pulilisbud  separately,  Hvo,  I.ondou,  1870. 

'  On  tlw  siij}j)os(d  inercasinri imniUiHT.  of  dark  hair  in  England.     Anthrop.  liiv.,  vol.  i,  p.  310,  Loudou,  1863. 
•Aei-ztlichcs  intclligenz-hlatt  rut:  liaija-n.  18G;i. 


INTRODUCTORY.  LXXIII 

mean  height  of  these  men  he  states  at  5  feet  7  niches  and  7  hnes,  Bavarian  measnre, 
equivalent  to  1.63S  metres,  or  5  feet  4 J  inches,  Enghsh.  The  mean  weight  he  deter 
mines  at  117:^  pounds,  Bavarian,  equivalent  to  65.G5  kilogrammes,  or  144|  pounds 
avoirdupois.  An  interesting  fact  recorded  by  Dr.  Meyer  may  be  mentioned  for  its 
ethnological  bearing.^  He  found  the  minimum  of  height  to  be  among  the  natives  of 
the  town  of  Furtli,  which  is  chiefly  populated  by  Jews  ;  this  is  confirmatory  of  a 
statement  of  Schutz,  of  St.  Petersburg,  as  to  the  low  mean  stature  of  Russian  and 
Polish  Jews  when  compared  with  that  of  the  people  surrounding  them,  a  peculiarity 
dependent  in  their  case  upon  the  shortness  of  their  lower  limbs  relatively  to  the  size  of 
the  trunk.- 

Anthropometry,  as  a  means  of  diagnosis  of  difference  of  race,  formed  a  prominent 
and  important  part  of  the  labors  of  the  scientific  corjis  attached  to  the  Austrian  frigate 
Novara  in  its  exploring  expedition  round  the  globe  in  1857,  1858,  and  1859.  Drs. 
Scherzer  and  Schwarz  devised  a  scheme  of  measurements  more  copious  and  minute  than 
any  previously  attempted,  except  in  the  studio.  Uinvard  of  seventy  special  dimensions 
were  taken  in  every  instance  where  it  was  found  possible,  in  addition  to  eight  general 
observations.  Of  these,  the  measurements  of  the  head  numbered  31 ;  of  the  trunk, 
18,  and  of  the  extremities,  2!.^ 

Dr.  Schwarz  somewhat  modified  this  plan  after  his  return,  and  in  a  work  published 
in  1862  gives  directions  for  taking  measurements  to  the  number  of  80  ;  of  these,  40 
are  of  the  head  alone,  and  present  a  very  complete  system  of  craniometry.^  By 
means  of  »the  prosopometer,  an  instrument  perfected  by  Dr.  Schwarz,  he  claims  that 
the  cubic  capacity  of  the  skull  can  be  approximatively  calculated  from  external  meas- 
urements. The  time  required  to  obtain  all  these  valuable  dimensions  will,  it  is  to  be 
feai'ed,  render  them  difficult  of  application  on  a  large  scale. 

M.  Boudin,  the  distinguished  French  army-surgeon,  has  composed  extremely 
valuable  tables  and  charts,  the  results  of  his  extensive  observations  of  recruits.^  The 
mean  height  was  made  especially  the  subject  of  his  investigations,  and  his  tables  have 
been  applied  in  connection  with  the  researches  of  Broca  in  a  very  thorough  and 
conclusive  manner  to  determine  the  mean  height  of  the  inhabitants  of  different  districts 
of  France.''  M.  Boudin  is  of  opinion  that  although  soil,  local  surroundings,  and  cli- 
mate are  largely  accountable  for  the  infirmities  which  disable  from  the  military  serv- 
ice, yet  that  they  exercise  little  influence  on  height,  which  is  always  an  affair  of  race 
or  hereditary  descent.^     A  remarkable  increase  in  the  mean  height  of  French  recruits 

'  CanstaU'e  Jahresbtricht  der  medeciv,  1803,  hand  vii,  p.  57. 

=  M.  Boudin  asserts  with  great  positiveuess  that  tbo  physical  condition  of  the  Jewish  race  is  not  moditied  by  local 
causes  in  the  same  manner  as  that  of  those  among  whom  they  live  :  "  La  race  jiiive  ohiiit  a  den  lots  statisliqiics  de  iiais- 
sance,  de  maladies  el  de  mortalitv  compU:ement  differentes  de  cellos  aKxqiielles  soiit  soiimiscs  Ics  aiitres  populations  aii  milieu  des- 
quelks  elle  vil."    Du  noii-cosmopolitisme  dcs  races  hiimaines,  Mem.  de  la  Soc.  d'Anthroj).  de  Paris,  IbUO,  t.  i,  p.  93. 

' Reise dcr  Oslerreichi«elien  frcgatte  Novara  um  die  crde  in  den  jahren,  1857,  1858,  1859,  anlhropologiselicr  Ihvil,  'J/c 
ahtheilung,  4to,  Wieu,  18G7. 

*Anthropologii,  {Novara  expedition,)  a  system  of  anthropomelrieal  inocstif/ations  as  a  means  for  the  differential  diagnosis 
of  human  races,  4to,  Vienna,  1862. 

'Htudcs  ethnologiqnes  sur  la  taillect  Ic poids  de  Vhomme  chez  divers  peuples.  Kecueil  dcSIem.  dcs  med.,  dochirurg.,  &e., 
3mo  s(Srie,  t.  ix,  j).  1G9 ;  t.  x,  p.  1,  Paris,  1863. 

'•  Hecherehes  snr  Vellinologie  de  la  France,  par  Paul  Buoca,  Bull,  de  la  Soc.  d'Anthrop.,  1859,  t.  i,  p.  C. 

'  liestillals  ethnologiqnes  du  recrutcment  dans  I'armc'c  frangaisc,  par  J.  C.  M.  BOUDIN.  Bull,  de  la  Soc.  d'Authrop.,  t.  ii, 
p.  6(;4,  18G4. 

X 


LXXIV  INTRODUCTORY. 

is  noted  by  M.  Boudin.  lu  the  class  of  1831,  928  out  of  10,000  youug  men  were  rejected 
from  defect  of  statm-e,  while  in  the  class  of  1860  only  591  out  of  10,000  were  found 
deficient  in  that  qualification.  The  long-  and  exhausting  wars  of  the  first  Napoleon  in 
the  beginning  of  the  century,  by  taking  away  from  civil  life  the  able-bodied  men  of 
the  country,  doubtless  produced  the  deficiency  in  the  first  case. 

Under  the  somewhat  pretentious  title  of  "An  attempt  to  determine  the  mean 
height  of  man  in  France,"  M.  'Lilnt  has  given  the  results  of  his  measurement  of  2,000 
prisoners  under  his  professional  care.'  At  the  age  of  twenty  to  twenty-five  years,  he 
finds  their  mean  height  to  be  1.647  metres,  (64.84  inches,  English,)  a  result  which, 
compared  with  the  mean  height  ascribed  to  the  whole  population  by  Broca,  namely, 
1.65  metres,  (64.96  inches,  English,)  does  not  correspond  with  Dr.  Beddoe's  conclu- 
sion that  the  criminal  classes  exhibit  a  diminution  of  mean  stature  of  one  inch." 

The  scientific  contributions  of  d'Hargenvilliers,  Villenn^,  Sue,  Silbermann, 
Pruner-Bey,  Broca,  Aeby,  von  Baer,  Welcker,  Virchow,  tlie  Schlagintweits,  Lucae, 
Knox,  Danson,  A.  S.  Thomson,  Hannover,  and-  others,  contain  much  that  is  of  value 
on  the  subject  of  anthropometry,  but  to  which  a  more  specific  reference  is  not  here 
necessary.     The  bibliography  appended  will  be  found  to  indicate  the  works  referred  to. 

In  the  United  States,  no  particular  or  extensive  effort  appears  to  have  been  made 
in  this  direction  until  after  the  breaking-out  of  the  war  of  the  rebellion  in  1861. 
Mention  must  be  made,  however,  of  some  statistics  of  the  recruiting  service,  prepared 
by  the  late  Richard  H.  Coolidge,  surgeon  of  the  United  States  Army,  and  published 
in  1856  under  direction  of  the  Surgeon-General.''  These  tables  exhibit  the  nativity, 
age,  and  occupation  of  the  men  accepted  for  service  in  the  Arni}^  in  the  years  1S50, 
1851,  and  1852,  with  the  causes  of  rejection  of  those  refused.  They  also  exhibit  the 
relation  of  mean  weight  to  height  in  the  native-born  soldier,  in  those  of  English  birth, 
and  in  those  of  other  foreign  origins.  A  table  follows  of  mean  height  in  relation  to 
States,  together  with  the  mean  prevalence  of  certain  colors  of  hair,  eyes,  and  of  com- 
plexion in  1,800  accepted  recruits.  These  observations,  though  not  extensive,  are  quite 
valuable;  tlie  well-known  conscientious  care  of  the  regretted  officer  who  compiled  them 
stamping  them  with  authenticity.  A  noteworthy  contrast  is  exhibited  by  them  in  the 
character  of  the  material  offering  for  the  service  in  time  of  peace  and  in  time  of  war. 
Of  5,000  recruits  enhsted  in  the  Army  in  the  years  1850  and  1851,  only  1,484  were 
native  Americans  ;  the  large  proportion  of  70  per  cent,  being  of  foreign  birth.  In  the 
year  1847,  however,  the  period  of  the  Mexican  war,  of  5,000  recruits  obtained  at 
the  general  recruiting  depot,  3,639  were  native-born,  thus  quite  reversing  the  propor- 
tion. It  is  instructive,  also,  to  observe  how  the  proportion  of  men  rejected  differs  from' 
the  result  of  tlie  recruiting  in  the  late  war.  In  1852,  out  of  16,064  men  presenting 
themselves  for  enlistment,  only  2,726  were  accepted;  the  surprising  number  of  13,338, 
or  83  per  cent,  of  the  wliole,  having  been  rejected  for  pliysical  disqualification.  Of 
806,610  men  examined  under  the  operation  of  the  first  three  drafts  during  the  war  of 
the  rebellion,  the  rate  of  rejection  for  physical  causes  was  26.24  per  cent.     It  would 

'  i'dxrti  d'liiic  fUltrmhialion  ethnologiqnc  de  la  taille  moyenne  de  Vliomme  en  France,  par  M.  L]£lut,  Anu.  d'byg.,  t.  xsxi, 
p.  'i'J',  Paris,  1844. 

-  Op.  cit.,  p.  545. 

^  Statistical  report  on  the  sickncis  mid  luoriaHlij  of  the  Arm ij  of  the  United  States,  compiled  frow  the  records  of  the  Sui 
geon- General's  Office,  embracing  a  period  of  sixteen  years,  f  om  January ,  1639,10  JunHory,lth5,  4to,  Wasbington,  185C,p.6-ii. 


INTKODUCTOEY.  LXXV 

be  incorrect,  however,  to  draw  any  general  conclusion  as  to  the  prevalence  of  particular 
disability  from  this  result ;  the  explanation  is  to  be  found  in  the  insufficient  induce- 
ments then  oftered  by  Army  pay  and  prospects  to  able-bodied  and  energetic  men  in 
comparison  with  the  unlimited  field  for  industry  in  civil  life.  The  consequence  was 
that  the  di'egs  of  the  populations  of  the  cities,  and  the  most  idle  and  dissipated  of 
foreign  immigrants  formed  the  bulk  of  those  offering  to  enlist. 

The  number  of  men  credited  on  the  several  calls  made  by  the  President  of  the  United 
States  from  the  beginning  to  the  end  of  the  war  of  the  rebellion,  and  put  into  actual 
service  in  the  Army,  Navy,  and  Marine  Corps,  was  2,690,401.  This  number  does  not 
include  the  "emergency  men,"  or  men  enlisted  for  short  periods;  their  number 
amounted  to  72,000,  making  a  total  of  2,7G2,401  men.  When  to  this  total  of  fighting 
men  is  added  that  of  the  men  rejected  as  unqualified  for  military  service,  some  idea 
may  be  formed  of  the  opportunity  afforded  by  these  enlistments  for  the  measurement 
and  examination  of  the  Immau  body.  Unfortunately,  however,  complete  records  of 
only  a  portion  of  these  examinations  were  preserved,  though  the  cause  of  the  deficiency 
is  easily  explained. 

In  response  to  the  first  calls  for  volunteers,  the  flower  of  the  young  men  of  the 
country  presented  themselves,  and  were  accepted  without  very  rigid  scrutiny ;  such 
physical  examination  as  they  were  subjected  to  was  hasty,  incomplete,  and  without 
systematic  record.  Mr.  Gould,  the  statistician  of  the  United  States  Sanitary  Commis- 
sion, is  of  opinion  that  the  mean  height  of  the  true  volunteers,  those,  namely,  who 
came  forward  at  the  beginning  of  the  war,  exceeded  that  of  the  recruits  obtained  later 
under  the  drafting  system,  and  he  expresses  his  regret  that  so  many  of  the  measure- 
ments in  his  work  should  have  been  obtained  from  the  latter  source.'  It  has  been 
already  stated  that  nearly  all  the  measurements  which  form  the  basis  of  the  tables  and 
calculations  of  the  present  volume  are  of  drafted  men  ;  but,  so  far  from  being  a  matter 
of  regreti  it  is  to  be  observed  that  so  admirable  an  opportunity  of  obtaining  an  actual 
mean  of  certain  physical  characteristics  of  a  large  part  of  the  adult  male  population, 
selected  by  chance,  was  never  before  offered.  The  draft  inexorably  recorded  all  male 
citizens  between  the  ages  of  twenty  and  forty-five  as  liable  to  military  duty,  and 
exemptible  only  for  cause  shown.  The  description  of  those  rejected,  as  well  as  of  those 
found  fit  for  military  service,  was  necessary  to  furnish  a  true  mean  of  the  population, 
while  from  the  first  volunteers  the  rnean  dimensions  of  a  superior  class  only  could  liave 
been  deduced. 

It  was  not  until  the  exigencies  of  the  war  called  into  operation  the  machinery  of 
■  the  draft  that  any  systematic  examination  was  made  imperative,  and  that  the  records 
were  directed  in  all  instances  to  be  sent  to  a  central  office  for  preservation.  The  pres- 
ent work,  in  connection  with  the  copious  tables  already  published  in  the  Provost- 
Marshal- General's  report  of  1866,-  completes  the  presentation  of  the  statistics  thereby 
obtained.     Their  scope  and  probable  value  have  been  already  commented  upon. 

Quite  early  in  the  war,  the  United  States  Sanitary  Commission  directed  their 
agents  to  collect  certain   statistics  as  to  the  physique  of  soldiers  and  sailors  then  in 

'  Iiircstigations,  &c.,  p.  91. 

'  Final  report  made  to  the  Sccrc'ori/  of  War  by  the.  Provosl-Marshal-Gciicral,  8vo,  Washiugton,  18G8.  Report  of  Medical 
Branch,  pp.  2S8-700. 


LXXVI  INTRODUCTORY. 

service.  The  result  of  these  inqmries  appeared  in  1869  in  a  volume  pubhshed  by 
that  association.^ 

The  records  given  therein  of  the  age,  nativity,  and  height  of  enlisted  men  attain 
the  large  total  of  1,232,256  ;  the  observations  of  complexion  and  color  of  hair  and 
eyes  amount  to  668,000.  These  data,  however,  were  not  obtained  by  actual  inspec- 
tion or  measurement  on  the  part  of  the  officers  of  the  commission,  but  were  copied 
from  the  muster-rolls  in  possession  of  the  adjutants-general  of  the  diiferent  States,  so 
that  the  only  guarantee  which  the  Sanitary  Commission  can  furnish  with  regard  to 
them  is  as  to  the  accuracy  with  which  the  copying  and  summing  up  have  been  per- 
formed. In  estimating  the  value  of  these  State  records,  it  should  be  remembered  that  all 
muster-rolls  of  volunteers  prepared  early  in  the  war  are  liable  to  grave  suspicion  on 
the  ground  of  trustworthiness.  Inquiries  made  of  regimental  surgeons  and  of  officers 
engaged  in  organizing  and  recruiting  have  led  to  the  unavoidable  conclusion  that,  in 
the  great  majority  of  cases,  the  height  was  hastily  guessed  at,  or  set  down  from  the 
man's  own  statement;  and  that  the  age  and  nativity  were  often  misstated  The  color 
of  hair  and  eyes,  even,  sti-ange  as  it  may  seem,  was  often  the  subject  of  gross  inaccu- 
racy. It  may  be  observed  in  this  connection  that  the  work  in  question  preserves  the 
mistake  of  tabulating  gray  hair  separately.  Gray  is  the  faded  tint  common  to  all 
colors  of  hair,  and  has  by  itself  no  anthropological  significance.  The  instances  of 
gray  hair  should  have  been  assigned  to  the  columns  of  the  original  colors  when  possi- 
ble, or  otherwise  omitted  from  the  table.  As  pertaining  to  vital  statistics,  tables  of 
gray  hair,  or  of  baldness,  in  relation  to  age,  occupation,  or  disease,  would  have  had  a 
sejoarate  and  special  value. 

The  measurements  actually  made  by  the  agents  of  the  Sanitary  Commission,  and 
which  consequently  form  the  most  valuable  part  of  the  work,  consist  of  23,624  records 
of  Aveight,  19,748  tests  by  the  dynamometer,  18,781  measurements  of  tlie  girth  of 
chest,  and  other  dimensions,  as  of  the  head,  waist,  length  of  limbs,  &c.  ;  with  some 
valuable  statistics  of  pulsation,  respiration,  pulmonary  capacity,  and  vision  in  about 
10,000  cases.  These  very  valuable  data  appear  to  have  been  collected  in  a  pains- 
taking and  conscientious  manner,  and  they  constitute  an  important  store-house  of  facts 
for  reference  and  comi^arison.^ 

Mr.  E.  B.  Elliott,  the  first  actuary  of  the  Sanitary  Commission,  and  well  known  as 
an  exjierienced  statistician,  contributed  a  valuable  paper  at  the  fifth  session  of  the 
International  Statistical  Congress  at  Berlin,  in  1863,  exhibiting  some  of  the  early 
results  ot  the  statistics  gathered  for  the  commission.^  It  comprises  the  general  rates 
of  mortality  in  the  volunteer  army,  with  comparison  as  to  locality  and  with  other 

^Investigations  in  the  miUtarij  and  anthropolopical  statistics  of  American  «o?die)-«,  by  B.  A.  Gould,  published  for  the 
United  States  Sanitary  Commission,  8vo,  New  York,  1869. 

-Mr.  Gould  lias  been  led  iuto  an  erroneous  statement  when  speaking  of  the  statistics  of  chest-measurement 
which  were  contained  in  the  first  part  of  this  work,  published  in  the  Provost-Marshal-Gonorars  Report  of  18(i6.  Ho 
says,  (op.  cit.,  p.  a()4 :)  "  In  these  examinations  by  the  medical  otlieers  of  the  Provost-Marshal-General's  Bureau,  it  is  not 
st.ated  at  what  |)art  of  the  chest  the  nusasurement  was  m.ade."  In  the  introduction  to  the  medical  part  of  that  report, 
a  full  and  precise  description  was  given  of  the  manner  in  wliicb  the  examination  of  the  men  was  conducted  by  tho 
enrolling  surgeon.  It  is  there  stated  that  the  recruit,  dircitni  of  all  clothing,  was  "  placed  under  a  stationary  measuriug- 
rod,  directed  to  stand  erect,  while  his  heiglit  w!.s  accurately  noted,  and  a  graduated  tape  was  passed  around  the  chest 
orer  the  inferior  (ingles  of  the  scapulas  and  directly  over  the  nipples,  and  tho  measurement  taken  both  at  inspiration  and 
expiration."— (Fi«ni  Heportof  the  Prorost-Marshal-General,  1866,  p.  243.) 

=  On  the  military  statistics  of  the  United  Stales  of  America,  by  E.  B.  Elliott,  -Ito,  Berlin,  1S63. 


INTRODUCTORY.  LXXVII 

periods ;  and,  nextly,  the  rates  of  absence,  from  sickness,  of  men  and  officers.  The 
physiological  part  treats  of  age  and  the  law  of  distribution  of  age,  of  stature,  circumference 
of  chest,  weight,  and  some  minor  physical  characteristics.  Each  of  these  subjects  is 
illustrated  by  tables,  in  which  the  calculated  result  by  the  theory  of  probabilities  is 
placed  in  parallel  columns  with  the  actual  observation.  The  number  of  men  on  whosf> 
examination  these  tables  were  founded  was  25,878.  Fi;rther  reference  will  be  made 
to  this  able  production  in  connection  with  the  application  of  the  binomial  theorem  to 
man  -measurement. 

The  most  successful  and  distinguished  laborer  in  this  field  of  statistics  is  M.  Lam- 
bert Adolphe  Jacques  Quetelet,  of  Brussels.  He  was  born  in  1796,  and  devoted  himself 
in  early  life  to  the  study  of  art,  to  which  he  gradually  added  a  profound  knowledge  of 
mathematics  and  the  physical  sciences.  Appointed  astronomer-royal,  and,  later,  director 
of  the  Royal  Observatory  of  Brussels,  and  perpetual  secretary  of  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Belgium,  he  became  engaged  in  an  extensive  correspondence  with  men  of  science 
in  all  parts  of  the  world,  and,  making  diligent  use  of  these  opportunities,  he  Avas 
enabled  to  collect  a  vast  body  of  statistics  upon  the  subject  of  his  especial  study, 
namely,  anthropometry,  or  measurement  of  all  the  faculties  of  man.*  At  the  meeting 
of  the  British  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  at  Cambridge,  in  1832,  M. 
Quetelet  with  others  founded  the  statistical  section  of  that  society.  Later  he  originated 
the  International  Statistical  Congress. 

In  1 846,  M.  Quetelet  published  a  work  on  the  application  of  the  theory  of  proba- 
bilities to  moral  and  political  science.'"'  In  this  volume  he  exhibited  the  applicability 
of  the  binomial  theorem  of  Newton  and  Pascal  in  a  manner  so  striking-  for  its  oriffi- 
nality  and  its  results  as  to  elicit  warm  commendations  from  many  distinguished  men, 
and,  among  others,  from  Sir  John  F.  W.  Herschel,  who  contributed  on  the  subject  a 
long  and  able  article  to  the  Edinburgh  Review,^  in  which  he  expressed  his  full  coinci- 
dence in  the  views  of  the  Belgian  philosopher.  This  introduction  led  the  way  to 
examination  of  the  subject  in  Great  Britain,  and,  later,  in  the  United  States.  A  quarter 
of  a  century  has  elapsed  since  the  publication  of  this  book,  and  during  that  period 
Quetelet  has  seen  his  theory  tested  by  the  observations  and  experiments  of  scientific 
men  in  all  the  civilized  countries  of  the  world. 

In  1871,  he  published  the  book  he  entitles  "  Anthropometry,  or  the  measurement 
of  the  ditferent  faculties  of  man."*  This  elaborate  work  is  the  crowning  trophy  of  M. 
Quetelet's  long  scientific  labors,  and  demonstrates  the  power  of  the  calculus  of  proba- 
bilities, upon  certain  data,  to  exhibit  the  mean  of  man's  physical  and  intellectual  facul- 
ties. It  is  divided  into  five  books,  of  which  the  first  treats  generally  of  the  proportions 
of  the  body,  and  the  second  contains  a  history  of  the  efforts  made  from  the  earliest 
time  to  the  present  to  educe  a  satisfactory  theory  or  canon  of  human  proportion.  The 
third  book  treats  of  the  mean  results  of  measurements,  and  their  relation  to  the  laws 
of  growth ;  the  fourth,  of  these  general  mean  results  applied  to  races ;  and  the  fifth,  of 
their  application  to  intellectual  qualities,  to  marriage,  .crime,  &c. 

'"St  je  hasarde  ici  le  nom  (J'AntiiropomiSirie,  c'est  uuiquemcnt  pour  hotter  des  longueurs  el  laripitltion  trop  frdqueiite 
de  la  circonhcution  Tlieorie  dcs  proportiovx  dn  corps  humain." — AutUropom^tric,  p.  78. 

'  Siir  la  thduric  des  probabiUtes,  appUquee  mix  sciences  morales  et  poUtiques,  8vo,  BruxoUes,  1846. 

*  Ediiibitryli  Herieir,  No.  clxxxv,  July,  1850,  vol.  xcii,  p.  1. 

■*  Anthropomefric,  ou  mesurc  des  differentes  faculUs  de  Vliomme,  8vo,  Bnixclles,  1871. 


LXXVIII  INTRODUCTORY. 

M.  Quetelet's  examination  of  the  labors  of  those  who  had  written  on  the  subject 
made  it  evident  to  him  that  the  true  mode  of  ascertaining  the  typical  man,  if  such 
existed,  was  yet  to  be  discovered.  Artists  had  selected  only  such  statues  or  living- 
models  as  fulfilled  their  conceptions  of  beauty,  strength,  or  grace ;  naturalists  studied 
only  individual  specimens  of  race,  and  neither  seemed  to  discern  that  there  was  sym- 
metry in  divergence  and  law  for  disagreement  from  the  type.  Allusion  has  already 
been  made  to  the  artificial  nature  of  the  systems  by  which  some  one  portion  of  the 
body  was  selected  as  a  modulus,  and  its  remaining  proportions  laid  down  by  their 
supposed  relations  to  this  unit.  The  measurements  taken  or  procured  by  M.  Quetelet, 
and  the  copious  statistics  obtained  in  the  late  war  in  the  United  States  have  almost 
invariably  confuted  these  supposed  proportions.  For  example,  it  had  been  authorita- 
tively asserted  that  the  distance  between  the  nipples  formed  exactly  one-fourth  part  of 
the  circumference  of  the  chest  on  that  plane.'  Mr.  Gould  finds  the  ratio  of  that  portion 
to  the  entire  circumference  in  2,068  white  soldiers  to  be  0.2265  instead  of  0.2500."  M. 
Quetelet's  tables  indicate  0.2210,  (at  the  age  of  twenty -five.)^  Again,  the  distance  between 
the  nipple?  was  declared  to  correspond  to  the  antero-posterior  diameter  of  the  chest. 
Quetelet's  mean  result  for  the  latter  (at  the  age  of  twenty-five)  is  0.180  metre,  and 
for  the  former  0.195  metre.''  The  breadth  of  the  shoulders  through  the  acromial 
apophyses,  according  to  the  same  authority,  should  be  equal  to  half  the  circumference 
of  the  chest.  Quetelet's  tables  show  the  mean  dimension  of  the  first  to  be  0.39.3,  but 
of  the  latter  0.882,  being  in  the  ratio  of  0.4455  in  place  of  0.5.^  In  like  manner,  Mr 
Gould's  records  of  7,904  men,  all  white  soldiers,  yield  a  ratio  of  0.4627." 

Discarding  all  theories  founded  on  arbitrary  units  of  measurement,  M.  Quetelet 
reasoned  that  if  a  typical  figure  or  model  of  the  human  race  existed,  all  variations 
from  it  in  excess  or  defect  would  be  due  to  accidental  causes  ;  that  these  divergences 
would  be  found  in  corresponding  groups ;  and  that  by  applying  the  theory  of  proba- 
bilities to  the  problem,  the  number  in  each  vaiying  group  could  be  approximatively 
predicted.  If  men  diff'ered,  not  from  accidental  causes  but  by  reason  of  there  being 
no  common  type  among  them,  measurements  would  have  no  determinate  character  or 
numerical  relation.  Another  consequence  of  this  theory  was  that  the  more  numerous 
tlie  observations  the  more  efFectually  would  the  accidental  causes  counteract  each  other, 
and  leave  the  general  type  in  more  predominant  relief  The  group  nearest  to  the 
mean  would  be  the  most  numerorfs,  and  the  receding  groups  on  either  side  would 
diminish  in  number  with  the  distance.  These  groups  follow  numerically  a  law  which 
can  be  laid  down  in  advance,  the  law  familiar  to  mathematicians  as  the  law  of  the 
co-efficients  of  the  binomial.  In  the  case  of  man,  this  law  applies  not  only  to  his  height, 
but  to  the  proportions  of  his  limbs,  his  weight,  strength,  and,  indeed,  to  all  the  facul- 
ties or  qualities  of  his  body  that  can  be  reduced  to  figures.  The  typical  man  so 
obtained  is  termed  by  M.  Quetelet  ^'I'homme  inoi/en"  the  mean  (not  average)  man.'' 

'  BuKNT  (W.  IJ.)     On  the  stature  and  relative  proportloua  of  man  at  different  epochs  and  in  different  coitntrkn.     Head 
before  the  British  Association,  Sept.,  1844.    See,  also,  HUTCHINSON,  article  "  Thorax,"  Cijelopadia  of  anatomy  and phijsioJogij ; 
and  Hammonu's  Ui/giene,  \>.  38. 
-  Op.  cit.,j>.'26o.  '  J»iWiro^;o»i(f/r!C,  pp.  425,  4'2G.  ^  Ibid.,  iibi  supra.  ^/M(?.,  pp.  4i4,  427.  ^  Op.  cit.,  yi.  2W. 

'Mean  anp  Average. — Tbo  distinction  between  a  mean  and  an  average  is  often  overlooked,  or  not  clearly 
comprehended.  Sir  John  Herscbol  bo  clearly  exhibits  it  that  the  passage  is  worth  quoting  entire.  Speaking  of  M. 
Quetelet's  liomme  moijen,  he  says,  "  Now,  this  result,  bo  it  observed,  is  a  mean  as  distinguished  from  an  average.  Tho 
dist  nction  is  one  of  much  importance,  and  is  very  properly  insisted  on  by  M.  Quetelet,  who  proposes  to  use  tho  word 


INTRODUCTORY.  LXXIX 

A  curious  result  of  this  theory  is  found  in  the  calcuUition  as  to  dwarfs  and  giants. 
In  the  o-eneral  estimation,  dwarfs  and  giants  are  regarded  as  monstrosities,  anomahes 
of  the  human  species,  but  they  fall  into  their  places  naturally  and  symmetrically,  and 
are  necessary  to  complete  the  grand  scale  of  human  stature.  Indeed,  so  little  is  there 
of  accidental  in  their  exceptional  stature  that,  in  measuring  the  population  of  a  country, 
if  the  dwarfs  and  giants  were  purposely  concealed  from  view,  it  would  be  possib  e  Irom 
the  measurements  obtained  not  only  to  declare  the  number  of  each  that  should  exist, 
but  also  to  assign  to  them  their  actual  stature.'  _ 

M  Quetelet  exhibits  in  tabulated  form  the  results  of  observations  made  m  1^  ranee, 
Belo-ium  Italy,  and  the  United  States.  In  these,  the  figures  obtained  by  calculation 
approach  with  remarkable  closeness  to  the  actual  measurements.  For  example,  the 
result  of  twenty  years  of  observation  on  his  part  in  Belgium  gives  the  mean  stature 
of  his  countrymen  at  1.68  metres,  (6G.  14  inches,)  and  the  number' per  thousand  of 
that  heioht,  by  actual  measurement,  is  138  ;  by  the  calculus,  it  is  136.^  Mr.  Elliott,  in 
25  878  examinations,  found  the  mean  height  to  be  1.73  metres,  (68.20  inches,)  and  the 
number  of  men  per  thousand  of  that  height  was  157  ;  by  the  calculation,  the  number 

ari-ived  at  was  153.^  •   •     i 

The  following  tables,  somewhat  abridged  and  re-arranged  from  the  originals, 
conveniently  exhibit  the  symmetrical  result  of  the  actual  and  of  the  calculated 
observations  in  some  extensive  records  of  stature  and  girth  of  chest. 

,;;^^;;^lv  for  tUo  former,  and  to  speak  of  the  latter  (averasO  as  the  '  aritbmotical  mea..'  We  prefer  the  ten.  average 
not  on  y  beeauso  both  are  truly  arithmetical  means,  bnt  hecanse  the  latter  term  carries  alreaay  w,th  rt  that  v.fated 
Zl  vuLr  association  .'hich  ;enaers  it  less  fit  for  exact  and  philosophical  nse.  An  ayerage  njay  ex.st  of  tire  most 
different  obiects  as  of  the  hei-^hts  of  honses  in  a  town  or  the  sizes  of  books  in  a  library.  It  may  be  convement  to  con- 
t?rge.S  n  lion^f  Hi  'hings  averaged,  bnt  inyolves  no  conception  of  a  na.nral  and  r.ccn.nizable  <^^^^^^ 
lid  ferencesfrom  which  ought  to  be  regarded  as  deyiations  from  a  standard.  The  notion  of  a  mean,  on  the  other 
hand  does  imply  such  a  conception,  standing  disliuguished  from  an  average  by  th>s  very  feature,  v.z,  the  regular 
ma°ch  of  the  groups,  increasing  to  a  maximum  and  then  again  diminishing.  An  average  g,ves  ns  no  assurance  that  the 
"ut  rro  .m  be  like  the  past.  A  mean  may  be  reckoned  on  with  the  most  implicit  conhdence.  All  the  phdosoph.cal 
ireof  statistical  results  depends  on  a  due  appreciation  of  th.s  distinction,  and  acceptance  of  rts  consequences."- 
(iJdiH.  KetJieit!,  No.  clxxxv,  vol.  xcii.) 

1  Jnthropomaric,  p.  56.  '  ^'''f'  P'  287- 

3  On  the  military  statistics  of  the  United  States  of  Ammca,  4to,  Berlin,  ISbJ,  p.  J4. 


LXXX 


tNTEODUCTOEY. 


Comparison  of  actual  and  calculated  circumference  of  chest,  5,738  men.— {Sir.  J.  F.  W.  Herscliel  and 

M.  Quetelet.) 


Circumference  of  chest. 

1 
Number   of 
men  at  each 
ciroumfor- 
ence. 

Sir  J.  F.  W. 

Herschel. 

M.  Quetelet, 

English  inches. 

Centimetres. 

Calculated. 

Difference. 

Calculated. 

Difference. 

33 

83.82 

3 

C 

-     3 

4 

-     1 

34 

86.36 

18 

21 

-     3 

17 

+    1 

35 

88.90 

81 

72 

+    9 

63 

+  18 

36 

91.  44 

185"~> 

200 

-   15 

186 

-     1 

37 

93.98 

420 

433 

-  13 

420 

0 

38 

96.52 

749 

746 

+    3 

765 

-  16 

39 

99.06 

1,  073 

1,024 

+  49 

1,056 

+  17 

40 

101.60 

1,079 

1,103 

-  24 

1,139 

-  60 

41 

104. 14 

934 

943 

-     9 

961 

-  27 

42 

106. 68 

058 

639 

+  19 

C28 

+  30 

43 

109. 22 

370 

341 

+  29 

321 

+  49 

44 

111.76 

92 

145 

-  53 

12G 

-  34 

45 

114.30 

50 

50 

0 

40 

+  10 

4G 

116.84 

21 

12 

+    9 

9 

+  12 

47 

119.38 

4 

2 

+    2 

2 

+    2 

48 

121.  92 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

Total 

5,738 

5,738 

c          -120        > 
}         +120        ] 

5,738 

<           -139 
\           +139 

Comparison  of  actual  and  calculated  height. — [E.  B.  Elliott.) 


Height. 

'Number  of  men  at 
each  height. 

Proportion 

per  thousand  at  each  height. 

English  inches. 

Centimetres. 

Actual  measure. 

Calculated. 

Difference. 

55 

140 

4 

•. 

and  under. 

and  under. 

56 

142 

1 

57 

145 

3 

1-                  1 

3 

-  1 

58 

147 

7 

59 

150 

6 

60 

152 

10 

61 

155 

15 

1 

3 

-  2 

62 

158 

50 

2 

9 

-  7    ■ 

63 

100 

526 

20 

21 

-  1 

64 

163 

1,237 

48 

42 

+  c 

65 

165 

1,947 

75 

72 

+  3 

GO 

168 

3,019 

117 

107 

+10 

67 

170 

3,475 

134 

137 

-  3 

OS 

173 

4,054 

1.57 

153 

+  4 

69 

175 

3, 631 

140 

146 

-  6 

70 

178 

3,133 

Vil 

121 

0 

71 

180 

2,075 

80 

86 

_  6 

72 

183 

1,485 

57 

53 

+  4 

73 

185 

680 

26 

28 

-  2 

74 

188 

34S 

13 

13 

0 

75 

191 

118 

5 

5 

0 

76 

193 

42 

2 

2 

0 

77 

196 

9 

1         . 

78 

198 

6 

0 

+  1 

79 

201 

2 

J 

Total 

25,878 

1  000 

1  000 

—28 

. 

+26 

I.NTKODUl  lOKV.  LXXXI 

Comparison  of  hekilit  by  actual  mednurcmcnt  and  bit  calculation. — (From  (^uetelet.) 


United  Statks. 

FlMNCE.                                                  BELGIU 

M. 

^^•^'1^"  •                    1               (B.  A.  Gould.) 

(D'Hargen\ 

illiers.)                           (Quetelet.) 

Kiifjlisli  iiicbes. 

Ci-iiliiiirtris. 
133 

Aotual  measuif. 

Calculated. 

Actual  measure. 

Calculated.  'Actual  iiieasnre. 

1 

Calctilate<l. 

52.  36 

1 

0.1 

53. 54 

13G 

1 

0.  5 

1 

0.3 

54.72 

139 

> 

l.G 

1 

55.90 

142  ' 

4.5 

3 

57.09 

145 

*>                !28G 

11 

>                14T 

7 

58.27 

148 

J 

1 

24 

14 

59.45 

151 

1 

4 

44 

28 

60.63 

154 

8 

11 

73 

.53 

61.81 

157 

14 

24 

105 

110 

107 

62. 99 

160 

49 

45 

116 

132                             lOG 

i3i; 

63. 78 

162 

109 

75 

140 

145 

1G2 

150 

G4. 90 

165 

93 

109 

144 

140 

129 

150 

GO.  14 

168 

137 

137 

114 

118 

138 

136 

66.93 

170 

148 

150 

88 

87                               102 

107 

68.11 

173 

138 

142 

55 

55 

48 

53 

69.29 

176 

112 

117 

32 

32 

34 

28 

70.47 

179 

99 

84 

■^ 

16 

14 

14 

71.26 

181 

45 

52 

1       . 
1 

7 

7 

* 

72.44 

184 

25 

28 

25 

3 

2 

3 

73.  (!2 

187 

14 

13 

J 

1 

0.6 

1 

74.80 

190 

7 

5 

0.3 

0.3 

0.3 

75. 59 

192 

1 

2 

0.1 

0.1 

76.38 

194 

1 

77.56 

197 

78.74 

200 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

Note.— The  flgnros  in<lii-.itfi  the  immher  per  thousand  .at  each  beigbt. 


Comparison  of  actual  and  calculated  height,  100,000  men. — (Bodio.) 


Height. 

Number  of  men  at 
each  height. 

Proportion  per  thou.saud  at  each  height. 

Knglish  inches. 

Ceuti  metres. 

Actual  measure. 

Calculated. 

Difference. 

Below    GO 
GO    to    Gl 
61     to     04 
64     to     G7 
07     til     Oil 
69     to     71 
Above    71 

Below      152 
152    to    155 
155    to     163 
163    to     170 
170     to     175 
175    to     180 
Above      180 

11,670 

6,080 

32, 010 

37,  OGO 

9,  960 

2, 740 

480 

117 

61 

320 

370 

100 

27 

5 

117 

69 

313 

383 

91 

23 

4 

0 
-  fi 
+  7 
-13 
+  9 
+  4 
+   1 

100,  000 

1,000 

1,000 

(                -21 
<                 +21 

XI 


LXXXII  l.VTUOUUCTOKV. 

An  important  part,  of  M.  Quetelet's  latest  work  consists  of  his  demonstration  of 
the  law  of  growth,  his  observations  commencing  at  birth  and  extending  to  the  age  of 
forty.  The  tables,  which  are  the  result  of  this  inquiry,  exhibit  the  mean  dimensions 
of  all  parts  of  the  body,  (the  measurements  numbering  eighty  in  each  instance,)  both 
of  man  and  woman,  year  by  year,  from  birth  to  the  age  of  twenty,  and  every  live ' 
years  fi-om  that  age  to  the  age  of  forty.  These  are  followed  by  separate  tables  of 
female  proportions,  by  actual  measurement,  from  the  age  of  eighteen  to  fort}-.  It  is 
worthy  of  remark  that  the  typical  figure,  or  mean  result,  deducible  from  the  measuring 
of  these  women  taken  at  random  from  the  population,  differs  but  slightly  in  its  details 
from  that  of  the  next  table,  which  gives  the  dimensions  of  ten  young  Avomen,  selected 
for  their  perfection  of  form  from  the  class  of  artist's  models,  and  to  the  mean  outline 
obtained  from  whom  he  applies  the  term  "fonne  elegante.'' 

The  applicability  of  the  calculus  of  probabilities  to  the  extent  r.nd  rate  of  devel- 
opment of  man's  intellectual  and  moral  qualities  is  but  summarily  touched  upon  in  the 
work  under  consideration.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  M.  Quetelet  may  live  to  apply  his 
philosophical  mind  and  large  experience  to  the  elucidation  of  this  important  branch  of 
.sociology.' 

Professor  Bodio,  of  Venice,  an  experienced  statistician,  has  devoted  much  study 
to  tlie  question  of  the  mean  stature  of  his  Italian  countrymen,  and  his  table  of  the 
lieight  of  100,000  men  is  a  valuable  contribution  to  the  sulyect."  An  abstract  of  its 
results  has  been  included  in  the  foregoing  tables.  The  number  of  Italians  avIio  enlisted 
in  the  United  States  Army  during  the  late  war  was  not  large,  amounting  only  to  339. 
Their  mean  stature  was  found  to  be  5  feet  6  inches,  or  1.68  metres.  Professor  Bodio' 
gives  1.62  meti'es  as  the  mean  resulting  from  his  tables. 

Modern  anatomists  have  not  generally  made  use  of  the  continual  opportunities 
afforded  them  for  systematic  measuring  of  the  cadaver.  Gerdy's  treatise  on  the  anat- 
omy of  external  torm  deserves  to  be  mentioned.^  In  the  introduction  to  the  great 
work  of  Boui'gery,  Bernard,  and  Jacob,  are  to  be  found  tables  of  the  height  and 
l)readth  of  the  human  figure  in  some  detail.  The  total  stature  being  assumed  at  100, 
the  various  dimensions  are  laid  down  in  relation  to  that  standard.  The  results  are 
appro.ximatively  correct,  though  there  is  some  vagueness  in  indicating  the  exact  points 
to  which  the  measuring-tape  is  to  be  carried."* 

The  measurement  of  the  ph}'sical  and  intellectual  qualities  of  man,  to  which  study 
tlie  title  of  anthropometry  has  been  formally  affixed,  has  now  a  settled  recognition  in 
statistical  science.  The  growing  interest  felt  in  the  subject  of  late  years  and  the 
extensive  observations  now  being  carried  on  in  various  parts  of  the  world  waiTant  the 
belief  that  the  present  work  will  be  found  an  acceptable  addition  to  the  stock  of 
Icnowledge  the  progress  of  which  has  been  jjriefly  outlined  in  this  sketch. 

Tlie  conclusi()ns  arrived  at  up  to  the  present  time  In"  the  most  eminent  investi- 
gators in  this  particular  branch  of  science  may  be  suunnarily  stated  as  follows  : 

'  Sioce  the  foregoing  passage  of  the  text  was  writteu,  iutelUgenoe  has  arrived  of  the  death  of  this  distinguished 
ni  in  at  thi-  a^e  of  s.ivcnty-eiglit  year.';. 

-  Jiiill.  dc  I' Acad   roy.  dc  Jjclyiqiic,  inie  s<;ri<-.  lonio  xxvii,  No.  3,  1869. 

' .Inaiomie  diH  furiuea  exld-icitren  dii  rorpx  hiimuiit  a  Vmaiic  den  jicintres,  ncul/ttriirs  ct  desainateurs,  Svo;  and  plates, 
lo.in.  Kiris.  l*«l. 

'  Jraile  101  phtdi  riiimiomif  de  Vhi>mme.  Ac,  f*  vols.,  (oli'i,  I'liiis,  180j-'(i7. 


lIvTRODUCTORY.  LXXXIII 


1.  There  is  a  perfect  form  or  type  of  man,  and  the  tendency  of  the  r 


•ace  is  to 


uttain  this  type.' 

2    The  order  of  growth  is  reouLir  toward  this  type. 

V  The  variations  from  this  type  foUow  a  definite  hiw,  the  hiw  of  accidental  causes. 

4  The  Hne  formed  by  these  variations,  when  arranged  in  groups,  recedmg  on 
either  si<h^  of  their  mean,  is  the  curve  well  known  to  mathematicians  as  the  bmomial : 
it  was  first  applied  by  Newton  and  Pascal  to  questions  of  astronomy  and  physics,  but 
it  is  apphcable  to  all  the  qualities  of  man  which  can  be  represented  by  numbers. 

5  The  more  numerous  the  data  obtained  by  actual  measurement,  supposmg  them 
to  be  made  with  reasonable  care  and  without  bias,nhe  more  nearly  accurate  is  the 
mean  result,  and  the  more  closely  does  it  correspmj^mthjhat  obtained  by  calculation. 

rTTu^.^rk  treats  only  of  man,  the  applicability  of  Qnetelefs  theory  to  other  subjects  bas  not  been  alluded 

,.,  but  extensive  invostigations'iu  both  the  animal  and  vegetable  kingdon.s  seen,  to  corroborate  rts  correctness  and 

"^'V^rjexceedinglv  large  nnn.ber  of  measures,  weights,  orother  nun.erieal  determinations  of  any  constant  mag- 
niUulebe  ■ren-suppo:ingnobias,or  any  cause  of  error  acting  preferably  in  any  one  dnecfon  to  ex,st-„ot  only 
Si  K  number  of  mall  ^rors  vastly  exceed  that  of  large  ones,  but  the  results  will  be  found  to  group  themselv 
rbout  the  mean  of  the  whole  always  according  to  one  invariable  law  of  uuxuber,  and  that  the  n,on,  precsely,  the  g.eater 
the  otal  number  of  determinations.  «  '  Rude  and  unskillful  „,easureu,ents  of  any  knul,  accumulated  ,n  very 
greaTnt^betare  cou.petent  to  atiord  precise  n,ea.n  results.  The  only  conditions  are  the  con.jnual  anunus  'nensuj^ 
tS'seuceof  bias,  the  correctness  of  the  scale  with  which  the  measures  are  comi«red^  and  the  assurance  that  we 
have  the  entire  range  of  error,  at  least  in  one  direction,  within  the  record."-Sir  J.  F.  W.  Hersciiei,. 


LXXXIV  INTKODUCTOKY. 


Note. Tlie  following  works  may  be  i^onsulttHl  ns  lelalin;!  to  tlie  history  ot  Hiitbropomeiry : 

Aelian.     Vaiia' histori;r.     lAb.x'w.    H.l('>. 

Aitkeu  (William).     Ou  llie  {jiowtb  of  tlif  leeniit  .-ind  tbi'  yoiiuj;  soldier.     Viiiio.     London,  Ibfr-i. 

Aiberii  (L.  B.)     Delia  arcliitettnra  ili  L.  Alberti,  lib.  x,  ilella  pittiira  libri  iii,  e  della  statiia  libro  i,  tradotti  iu  lingua 

italiana  da  C'osinio  Bartidi.     3  v.     Folio,     f.oiidra,  I7i(i. 
Allen  (N.VTHAN).     Physical  culture  iu  Ainberst  College.     8ro.    Lowell,  lS6i).    [Ait.iii  uppemUx,  on  "  Vital  atatistics."] 
Aueelnic     Xote  sur  la  coiibalomt^Irie.     .Vim.  (le  hi  Soc.  d'Jiitlirop.,  t.  \,pp.  :Vi~-M~.     Paris,  1860-63. 
Arfe  y  Viliafauc  (Juan).     Varia  coiiimeiisuracibu  para  la  escultura  y  anbitectura.     Folio.    iSerille,  1589. 
Arilioililli  (J.-B.)     Veri  precetti  della  pittura,  lilii-i  iii.     ito.     rrnisr,  1678. 
Arplie.    -SVc  Arfe. 
Amirail  (Geram>).     Le.s  proportions  du  corp  buMiaiu  mesnrees  siir  les  belli  s  figures  de  rantiipiit<^.     Folio.     Piiri.^, 

168:). 
Barca  (P.-A.)     Avertimenti   e   regole   sopra  I'architettura  civile  e  inilitare,  la  pittnra,  scoltnra  e  perspettiva.     Folio. 

.Milan,  KVZO. 
Bardoii  (M.  F.  I)am>1!e).     Traite  de  peinturb.     U  v.     I'imo.     Pan's,  1765. 
Bed«loe  (Joii.N).     Ou  the  stature  and  bulk  of  man  in  the  British  isles.     Mem.  Anlhiop.Soc,  lol.  iii,  p.  o4t>.     London, 

1869. 

On  the  physical  characteristics  of  the  Jews.      Trans.  Flhnol.  Soe..  vol.  i,  new  series,  p.  '222.     London,  1861. 

On  the  supposed  increasing  prevalence  of  dark  hair  in  England.     Anthrop.  Ileiiew,  rol.  i,  p.  310.     London,  1863. 

Ou  the  bead-forms  of  the  west  of  England.     .Uem.  Anthrop.  Soc,  rol.  ii.     London,  1865. 

Bergllliiller  (J.  G.)     Geometrischer  maasstab  der  saulenordnnng  nud   anthroponietria,  oder  natur  des  nienschen. 

Folio.     Auysl/nrg,17'i3.  . 

Bertilloil  (A.)     De  la  methodc  dans  I'authropologie.     BulL  de  la  Soe.  d' Anthrop.,  t.  iv, p.  \ii'.i.     Paris,  1863. 
Bischofl'Cr.  L.  W.)    Ueber  die  veroft'eutlichten  resultat.e  des  recrntirungs-gescbaftes.    8ro.     2Iiinchen,  1867 
Boiiouii  (Joseph).    The  proportions  of  the  human  figure,  according  to  the  ancient  Grepk  canon  of  Vitruvins  ;  also  a 

cauon  of  the  proportions  of  the  human   figure,  founded  upon  a  diagram  invented  by  Jobu  Gibsou,  esq.,  R.  A. 

8to.     London,  1857. 
Bosio(ANT. )     Koma  sotterranea.     Augment^e  iiar  Bottari.     3  vols.     L^olio.     7?o»ic,  1737. 

Boiieliardoil.     Auatooiie  ndcessaire  i  I'art  du  dessin.     (Publiee par  Hui/net.)     Folio.     Paris,  1741.     liepnblislied  1802. 
Boudill  (J.  C.  XI  )     Resume  des  dispositions  legales  et  rf^gleraentaires  rjni  president  aux  operations  medicales  du  t6- 

crutement,  de  la  refornie  et  de  la  retraite  dans  I'armee  de  terre      Sro.     Paris,  le54. 

Traite  de  geograpbie  et  de  .statlstiquB  medicales  et  des  maladies  eudduiiques.     '2  vols.     8i'u.     I'aris,  1857. 

fitudes  ethnologiques  sur  la  taille  et  le  poids  de  IMioinme  chez  divers  peuples.     liccueil  de  memoires  de  med.,de  ehi- 

rur^.,  etc.,  rol.  ix,}).  169;  vol.  x,  j).  1.     Third  sei-ies.     Paris,  18t)3. 
Bour^ery  (J.  M.),  Bernard  (C),  et  Jaeob  (N.  H.)    Traite  complet  de  ranatomie  de  rhonime.     8  vols.    Folio. 

Paris,  1866-67. 
Boyd  (Kohert).     Tables  of  the  weight  of  the  buuian  body  and  internal  organs  iu  the  sane  and  insane  of  both  sexes  at 

various  ages,  arranged  from  2614  post-mortem  examinations.     Phil.  Trans.,  1861,  jj^j.  241-262. 
Brent  (W.  B.)     Ou  the  stature  and  relative  proportions  of  man  atditi'erent  epochs  and  in  difiiient  countries.     Bead 

hej'ore  Brit.  .Issoe.,  !<rpt.,  1844. 

Tables  illu.strative  of  the  height,  weight,  and  strength  of  man.     Pead  bifore  Brit.  Assoc. ,Jnne,  1845. 

(l(iiiipiirativ<' heights  of  the   soldiers  in   tbi^  British  and  French  armies.  In   proportions  of  1000.     The  Stat iglical 

Idnijianion,  hi)  JIanJield  and  Weld.     16°.     ionrfon,  1848. 
Bri^liam  (W.  T.)     Mi  asnremeuts  of  300  Chinese.     Proe.  Boston  .SV.  Nat.  Hist.,  rol.  xi,  p.  98, 1866. 
Broea  (Pail).     Hecherches  sur  Tethnologie  de  la  France.     Mem.  Soe.  ff Anthrop.,  vol.  i,  pp.  1-56.     Paris,  1860. 

Sur  I'irfluenoe  durable  de  certains  croisements  do  races.     Bull.  Soc.  d^ Anthrop.,  vol.  i,  p.  19.     Paris,  1859. 

—  -. —  Sur  les  proportions  relatives  du  bras,  de  I'avant-bras  et  de  la  clavlcule  chez  les  nfegres  et  les  Europ^ens.     Ibid., 

rol.  iii,  p.  162.     Pavis,  1862. 

Sur  les  projections  de  la  tete,  et  sur  un  nouveau  proe^d6  de  cephalometrie.     Sro.     Paris,  1862. 

Nouveaux  instruments  craniographiques.     Ibid.,  2  ser.,  vol.  iv,  jj.  101.     Paris,  18(i3. 

Sur  lecraniograpbe,  etc.     Ibid.,  1  ser.,  rol.  il,  p.  673.      Paris,  1861. 

Sur  les  proportions  relatives  des  membres  sup^rieurs  et  des  membres  inferieurs  chez  les  nigres  et  les  Europdens. 

Ibid.,  2  ser.,  vol.  ii, p.  641.     Paris,  IStw. 

Nonveau  gonionifetn'.     Ibid.,  1  s>!r.,  rol.  v,j(.  943.     Paris,  ltf64. 

Itn ffon  {('omle  de).    CEuvres  completes.     29  lo/.i.      Sro.     P«ii«,  1825)-32.     {Histoirc  de  I'homtne,  vols,  xi-xiii.) 

Busk  (George).    Observations  ou  a  syst^-'iuatic  mode  of  craniometry.     Trans.  Ethnol.  Soc,  vol.  i,'«eic  series,  p.  341. 

London,  imi. 


IXTKODUCTORY.  I.XXXV 

OsiiniXT  (P.)     (Eiiviis  (If  r.  C'iiiiiper  (jui  out  pour  olijet  I'liistoiri'  iiatun  Ili'.la  jihysiologie  ft  raiiatomit'.      3  fols.,  >^vo; 

(IikI  (ittiiH,  folio.     rariK,  IHOIS. 
Csil'<lail  (J.)     Opus  noviiiii  de  proixirtiiinilius  iiiiineiuiiiiii,  iiiotiumi,  pmukriiui,  itc.     Folio.     Buh,  l.'iTO. 

La  ni^toposcopie  de  Cardan  (trad,  dii  latin)  comprise  en  Ki  livres,  avcc  f^OO  figures  do  la  face  biiinaiue,  enseiulile  le 

Traits  des  signes  ou  marques  naturellcs  dn  corps,  trad,  du  grec  de  Melanipus,  par  CI.  M.  de  Lanrendicre.    Folio. 
I'tiris,  l()5t^. 
Cams   (C.  G.)     Die  )>roportiouslobre  der  uieuschlichen  gestalt,  zuni  ersten  male   morphologisch  und  pliysiologisch 
begriindet.     Folio.     Ltipziij,  1H54. 

S.vnibolik  der  nienscblicben  gestalt.     >^vo.     Leipzig,  1858. 

Cliauibcrlainc  (J.)     Imitafious  of  original  drawings  by  Lconanl  da  Vinci,  consisting  of  various  drawings  of 
single  figures,  and,  in  particular,  of  very  accurate  delineations  of  a  variety  of  anatomical  subjects..   Folio.    Lon- 
,1,1,1,  17117-1811. 
Cliainpollioil  lie  Jeune  (J.  F.)     Monnmens  de  l'£gyi)te  et  de  la  Nnbie.     i  vols.     Folio,     fai'is,  1 83.5-45. 
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Die  metamorphosen  in  den  verhiUtnissen  der  nienscblielieu  gestalt,  etc.     Folio.      Bonn.  18.59. 


PART  I. 


REVIEW  OF  THE  TABLES  AND  THEIR  RESULTS 


1-2 


REVIEW  OF  THE  TABLES  AND  THEIR  RESULTS. 


"If  we  are  to  devote  our  attention,  before  all  things,  to  what  can  be  measured  and  weighed, 
the  living  man  is  the  first  object  which  demands  our  investigation.  The  'average  man'  of  Europe 
liavingbcen  determined  by  Qnctelet,  his  system  is  now  applied  to  races." — Carl  Vogt. 

Ill  consulting'  the  tables  of  Vol.  II,  it  will  be  found  of  importance  to  bear  in  mind 
the  exact  nieaniiifr  to  be  attached  to  certain  terms  Avliich  appear  in  them.  Some  of 
these  terms  are  used  in  a  more  restricted  sense  than  their  ordinary  employment  would 
seem  to  authorize,  but  the  exj)lanation  is  to  be  found  in  their  original  use  by  the  Pro- 
vost-Marshal-General's  Bureau  in  tlie  forms  and  re])orts  required  during  the  war. 

When  the  law'  was  enacted  requiring  an  enrollment  to  be  made  of  the  entire  male 
population,  witliin  certain  limits  of  age,  with  a  view  to  compulsory  military  service,  it 
becanKi  quite  common  for  men  who  had  been  enrolled,  but  v.ho  believed  that  tliey 
were  disqualified  by  physical  infirmity,  to  present  themselves  voluntai'ily  to  the  medi- 
cal otficer  for  examination.  If  their  claim  for  exemption  proved  to  be  well  founded, 
their  names  Avere  erased  from  the  rolls ;  but  if  otherwise,  they  continued,  like  othei's, 
to  be  liable  to  the  draft.  The  effort  to  relieve  the  rolls  of  all  unavailable  material  was 
purposely  encourag-ed  by  the  authorities  of  eticli  district,  inasmuch  as  the  quota  of 
men  to  be  provided  under  any  call  l)ore  relation  to  the  total  numlier  enrolled.  By 
this  |)rudent  expurgation,  the  quota  was  diminished,  and  the  supplv  of  men  from  which 
it  was  to  be  filled  became  correspondingly  more  availaljle.  The  details  of  tlie  exami- 
nations, made  from  the  motives  described,  form  part  of  the  tables,  and  the  men,  Avhether 
found  qualified  for  a  soldier's  life  or  not,  are  described  as  '^Enrolled  Men.'" 

After  tlie  enrollment  was  completed,  the  quota  of" men  due  from  each  district  under 
each  successive  call  was  equitably  supplieil  1)A'  lot,  and  the  conscripts,  whether  retained 
in  the  service  or  discharged,  after  examination  by  the  surgeon,  are  spoken  of  as 
''Drafted  Men!' 

The  law  provided  that  ain*  citizen  enrolled  as  liable  to  military  duty  might  pre- 
sent a  suljstitute  provisionally;  and  during  the  peiiod  of  time  for  v/hich  the  substitute 
(if  found  qualified)  was  accepted,  his  principal  Avas  exempt  from  draft.  In  like  manner, 
a  man  ivho  had  been,  drafted  was  able  to  obtain  exemption  from  service  if  he  succeeded 
in  furnishing  a  satisfactory  substitute  before  reporting  at  the  "camp  of  rendezA'OUS  " 
In  either  case,  if  the  substitute  became  liable  to  draft  at  any  time  thereafter,  the  liabil- 
ity of  the  principal  immediately  recurred,  and  his  name  Avas  again  placed  upon  the 
rolls.  3Ien  offered  in  the  manner  described,  Avliether  accepted  or  rejected  by  the  exam- 
ining surgeon,  form  the  ''Sithstitides"  of  the  tables. 

During  the  operation  of  the  enrollment-laAv,  volunteering  by  no  means  ceased, 

'Jet  for  riiroViiig  and  caUinij  out  the.  nnlUmal  forces,  a])proved  March  3, 1863. 


4  DKriNITION    or    TERMS NOMENCLATURE    OF    DISEASES. 

Patriotic  feelings  continiied  to  influence  many  to  enlist,  while  others  preferred  the 
credit  of  volunteering-  to  the  possibility  of  compulsory  service  under  the  draft.  The 
most  efl:ective  inducements,  however,  were  the  large  bounties  ottered  by  the  State 
and  General  Governments,  which  amounted  to  fully  six  hundred  millions  of  dollars 
during  the  war.  In  the  tables,  volunteers,  whether  rejected  or  accepted,  are  designated 
as  "  JRecniifs:' 

Drafted  men,  if  found  unlit  for  military  service,  were  spoken  of  in  the  reports  and 
tables  as  "  cxcnqjted,"  and  if  otherwise  as  ^'not  exempted."  The  same  terms  are  also 
applied  to  enrolled  men.  Recruits  and  substitutes  whose  enlistment  was  voluntary 
are  described  ns  '^aceejited"  ov  ^'■rejected."  The  phrase  ^^ found  fit  for  service"  applies 
to  either  or  to  all  of  the  four  classes. 

The  desimiation  "  Co/orecZ  iliew,"  intended  to  describe  exclusivelv  the  ncOTO  and 
his  hybrids,  should  not,  perhaps,  be  admitted  in  scientific  terminology  on  account  of 
its  obvious  lack  of  precision,  and  its  equal  applicability  to  the  aboriginal  inhabitants, 
as  well  as  to  more  than  one  foreign  race  found  amono-  us.  Usag-e,  however,  in  the 
United  States  has  so  confined  the  term  to  the  single  meaning,  and  the  reports  upon 
which  these  tables  are  based  so  constantly  employ  it,  that  it  has  been  thought  best  to 
retain  it.     Foreigners  consulting  these  tables  may  need,  this  explanation. 

Nomenclature  of  Diseases. — The  nomenclature  of  diseases  adopted  in  this  Avork 
is,  with  some  necessary  modifications,  that  which  "^^  as  published  by  authority  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  of  London,  in  1869J'  and  which  was  to  a  considerable 
extent  based  upon  the  classification  of  Dr.  Farr.  The  system  of  the  latter  had  many 
excellent  characteristics,  and,  indeed,  was  adopted  almost  in  its  entirety  as  the  form  for 
reports  from  hospitals  during  the  war;  but  the  more  recent  work  of  the  English  college 
is  in  many  respects  its  superior.  It  admits  of  the  arrangement  of  disease  in  more 
clearly-defined  subdivisions,  and  in  its  classification  of  general  diseases  is  more  in 
accordance  with  advanced  pathology.  It  is  quite  possible  to  point  out  some  faults  in 
this  nosology,  but  taken  as  a  whole  it  is  the  best  and  most  practical  yet  devised.  When, 
too,  it  is  considered  that  the  English  terms  are  employed,  by  direction  of  the  registrar- 
general  of  England,  in  the  very  thorough  system  of  registration  which  has  been  in 
force  in  that  kingdom  for  over  thirty-five  years,  and  that  it  is  also  the  ofiicial  standard 
for  use  in  the  British  army  and  nav}-,  it  becomes  obvious  that  the  opportunity  of  con- 
venient comparison  renders  its  employment  highly  desirable  in  our  army-reports  and 
the  medical  statistics  of  civH  life." 

In  ex))lanation  of  some  peculiarities  in  the  classification  of  disease  in  the  patho- 
logical tables  of  this  work,  it  is  to  be  said  that  the  early  retui-ns  from  examining  surgeons 
were  not  characterized  by  the  uififormity  and  precision  winch  afterward  prevailed.  In 
many  instances,  the  causes  of  exemption  were  described  in  such  indefinite  terms  as  to 
render  the  classification  a  matter  of  no  slight  difficulty,  and  yet  the  omission  of  such 
returns  from  the  tables  would  necessaril}'  have  vitiated  the  result.  The  inaccuracies 
referred  to  are  most  observable  in  the  description  of  diseases  of  the  viscera.     Such 

'  The  iiomeiidalurc  of  diseafts,  drauut  iip  by  a  jolit  eonmiltce  appoUited  hij  the  Royal  Coli.egr  of  Physicians  of 
LOXDOX,  {miljerl  to  dmuiiial  rcriswii.)  8vo,  Lomlou,  18G9. 

-A  recent  Older  has  directed  that  this  iioineiichitHre  sh.ill  by  exclusively  employed  in  the  reports  of  the  United 
States  Mia ri Ml'  hospitals. 


NOMKNCLATUKK    OF    DISEA.sr,.S.  0 

expressious  as  "disease  of  the  heart,"  "disease  of  the  hings,"  "disease  of  the  liver," 
are  specimens  of  the  mode  of  reporting  canses  of  exemption  in  man}-  instances.  A 
careful  examination  of  this  class  of  returns,  and  some  necessary  correspondence  relat- 
ing- to  them,  made  it  evident  tliat  they  were  capable  of  being  assigned  to  the  two 
groups  of  acute  and  chronic  diseases  of  the  organ.  There  still  remained,  however,  a 
small  number  of  cases  in  which,  although  organic  disease  was  in  some  manner  indi- 
cated, the  ])articular  organ  affected  had  not  been  specified.  Under  the  heading 
"  Unclassified  "  these  form  a  group  described  as  "  Organic  disease  of  internal  organs." 
Their  number  is  only  183;  but  a  French  critic,  unaware  of  the  explanation  just  given, 
has  especially  connnented  upon  this  portion  of  our  nomenclature  in  an  article  marked 
by  much  ability  but  containing  some  errors  and  misapprehensions.' 

'  I.c  rccriitemciit  (Imis  Varmie  fvclcraJe  cics  Jitnis-  Viiis,  ^iciidnnt  la  guerrv  lie  secession,  par  M.  Ely,  midedv-mppr  dc  Iro 
rhissc.  Ri'cneil  de  M(?iq.  do  iij^tlicino,  (lu  obirurgie  et  de  i)l)aiiii:uie  iiiilitaires,  3iiie  scrie,  tome  xxii,  p.  1,  Paris,  lHti9. 
This  article  consibts  of  a  review  cf  the  "Final  Eejiort  of  the  Provost-Mart^hal-Geiieral,"  printed  in  ISfifi,  and  which,  it 
will  be  remembered,  contained  the  first  part  of  the  statistical  tables  of  which  the  present  work  forms  the  completion. 
JI.  Ely  conmieuts  with  emphasis  n|)on  the  harshness  and  severity  that  mnst  have  resulted  from  the  enforcement  of 
tile  rules  as  to  exiniplion  for  physical  disability,  '•  under  which,"  he  says,  "  the  American  surgeons  were  compelled  to 
leave  none  outside  the  ranks  of  the  Army  but  men  afflicted  with  incurable  disease.  Those  whose  maladies  were  suscep- 
tible of  cure  might  seek  that  cure  in  the  tield.  Men  blind  in  the  left  eje,  or  in  the  first  stage  of  phthisis;  those  snifer- 
ing  from  osseous  caries  which  happened  to  be  stationary  ;  with  unconipliealed  anal  fistula,  or  external  hasmorrhoids, 
and  the  like,  were  considered  to  be  fit  for  service,  as  well  as  all  those  who  were  sutfering  from  diabetes,  albuminuria, 
&c.,  whose  diseases  had  not  as  yet  made  them  absolute  invalids.  The  iujuuclions  are  formal,  and  the  selected  phrases  are 
underlined  aud  reiterated,  such  as  manifest,  r/rare,  evident,  or  estahlished  iucapacity."  The  writer  also  expresses  his  sur- 
prise that  myopia  should  not  exempt,  aud  that  liability  to  hernia  from  relaxatioi  of  the  inguinal  ring  should  not  be 
regarded  as  disqualifying.  He  proceeds  to  point  out  the  different  spirit  of  the  French  and  English  regulations,  ucder 
which  it  is  the  object  of  the  surgeon  to  exclude  from  the  army  men  even  threatened  with  disease.  Divested  of  their 
rhetorical  exaggeration,  there  is  still  some  justice  in  these  criticisms.  The  chief  medical  officer  of  the  Bureau  strongly 
advised  the  making  of  certain  alterations  in  the  list  of  disqualifications,  and  among  them  the  very  obvious  ones  alluded 
to  by  M.  Ely.  The  pressure  of  ])ublic  liusinoss,  and  other  reasons  not  now  needful  to  be  detailed,  retarded  the  design 
until  the  collapse  of  the  rebellion  made  it  no  longer  necessary.  Some  of  M.  Ely's  objections  proceed  from  incorrect 
translation,  as  where  he  supposes  '-well-established  recent  insanity,  with  a  liability  to  recurrence,"  to  mean  a  case 
where  the  service  has  recourse  upon  the  man  in  the  future.  The  emphatic  terms,  also,  whose  frequent  use  he  criticises, 
by  no  means  apply  always  to  the  disease  but  more  often  to  the  proof  of  its  existence  :  thus,  in  the  case  just  alluded  to,  the 
expression  "  well-estahlislied"  refers  to  the  evidence  that  insanity  did  recently  exist,  aud  not,  as  M.  Ely  supposes,  to  the 
degree  of  development  of  the  disorder. 

M.  Ely  more  than  once  expresses  his  astonishment  that  the  use  of  anieslhetics  should  be  allowed  in  cases  of  snj)- 
posed  simulation  of  disease.  Yet  the  French  code  expressly  permits  their  employment  upon  the  soldier  in  hospital 
who  may  be  suspected  of  feigning  disability  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  a  discharge.[']  The  drafted  man  was,  with  us, 
held  to  be  actually  in  the  service  from  the  moment  the  lot  fell  to  his  name  ;  if  a  disqualification  were  found  to  exist,  it. 
entitled  him  to  his  discharge,  aud  there  seems  to  be  no  reason  why  ,a  soldier,  owing  his  whole  period  of  service  to  the 
Government,  should  not  he  subjected  to  the  same  scrutiny  as  he  from  whom  a  leniaiuder  only  is  due.  M.  Ely  errs  in 
stating  that  anaesthesia  was  eounuonly  resorted  to  in  the  examinations;  its  aid  was  allowed  only  in  cases  of  professefl 
rheumatic  contraction  of  joints  when  unattended  with  perceptible  alteration  of  form  or  structure.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
however,  the  length  of  time  required  in  the  process,  especially  for  the  applicatiim  of  iether,  rendered  the  permission 
nugatory  when  from  forty  to  sixty  men  had  to  be  examined  each  day. 

M.  Ely  asserts  that  the  exigence  with  which  men  even  partially  diseased  were  compelled  to  take  their  places  in 
the  ranks  deprives  the  statistics  of  all  value  as  regards  the  number  of  those  exempted  in  relation  to  the  population. 
The  inference  which  he  wi.shes  to  make  is,  doubtless,  that  the  figures  representing  the  military  aptitude  of  the  nation, 
if  drawn  therefrom,  would  be  unreliable.  To  this  it  may  be  replied,  generally,  that  the  facts  do  not  warrant  his  con- 
clusions. It  is  true  that  the  rulings  of  the  medical  instructions  were  curtly  worded,  but  the  examining  surgeons  were 
men,  selected  for  their  experience  and  ability,  who  knew  well  that  the  object  of  the  Government  was  to  obtain  men 
able  to  endure  the  hardships  of  a  jirolonged  campaign,  and  that  the  degree  of  incapacity  atteudaut  upon  any  disorder 
was  left  to  their  judgiuenf.  They  also  knew  that  each  recruit  would  ho  rigorously  re-examined  at  the  camp  of  rendez- 
vous by  the  surgeon  in  charge,  and  that  if  considered  uutit  for  service  he  would  be  returned  to  his  district  with  a  repri- 
mand, implied  or  expressed,  to  the  medical  officer  who  had  approved  him.  That  certain  defects  were  not  to  be  looked 
upon  as  canses  tor  exenijition  was,  as  already  stated,  a  matter  of  regret ;  but  it  is  also  true  that  these  were  mostly 
defects  of  function,  congenital  or  acquired,  and  not  disabilities  arising  from  disease. 

V ; 

[']  Instruction  pour  scrvir  dc  fjuide  aux  orders  de  sante,  &.C.,  p.  24,  folio,  I'uris,  1862. 


6  NOMENCLATlIRi:    Of    DISEASES. 

The  following  is  the  classification  finally  adopted  as  most  suitable  for  the  enumer- 
ation of  the  disqualifications  for  military  service : 

gp:>teral  diseases. 

A. — Erysipelas. 

Fever. 
B. — Cancer. 

Chronic  rheumatism. 

General  dropsy. 

Scurvy. 

Syphilis. 

Non-malignant  tumors. 

Scrofula. 

Phthisis  pulmonalis. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  NERVOUS  SYSTEM. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    BRAIN    AND    ITS    MEMBRANES 

Acute  disease  of  brain. 
Chronic  disease  of  brain. 
Sun-stroke. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    NERVES. 

Paralysis. 

FUNCTIONAL    DISEASES    OF    THE    NERVOUS    SYSTEM. 

Chorea. 
Epilepsy. 
Neuralgia. 
Stammering. 

DISORDERS    OF    THE    INTELLECT 

Chronic  alcoholism. 
Imbecility. 
Insanity. 
Solitary  vice. 

DISEASES  AND  INJURIES  OF  TPIE  EYE  AND  EYELIDS. 

DISEASES   AND    INJURIES    OF    THE    EYE. 

Cataract  of  right  eye. 

Loss  of  crystalline  lens  of  right  eye. 


NOMENCt.ATURK    OF    DISEASES. 

Loss  of  sight  of  right  eye. 
Loss  of  siglit  of  left  eye. 
Partial  loss  of  sight  of  both  eyes. 
Diseases  of  the  eyes. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    EYELIDS. 

Diseases  of  the  eyelids. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  EAR. 

Chronic  ])iiriilent  otorrhoea. 

Deaf-dumbness. 

Deafness. 

DISEASES  AND  INJURIES  OF  THE  NOSE. 

Deformity  of  nose. 
Loss  of  nose. 
Ozsena. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  CIRCULATORY  SYSTEM. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    HEART    AND    ITS    MEMBRANES. 

Acute  disease  of  heart. 
Chronic  disease  of  heart. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    BLOOD-VESSELS. 

Diseases  of  the  Arteries. 
Aneurism. 

Diseases  of  the  Veins. 
Varicose  veins. 

DISEASES  OF  DUCTLESS  GLANDS. 

DISEASES    OF   THE    THYROID    GLAND. 

Goitre. 
DISEASES  OF  THE  RESPIRATORY  SYSTEM. 

DISEASES    OP   THE    LARYNX. 

Fistula  of  larynx. 

FUNCTIONAL    AFFECTIONS   OF   THE   LARYNX. 

Loss  of  voice. 


NOMENCLATUKK    OF    DlSEASKt^. 
DISEASES    OF    THE    TKACIIEA    AND    DRONCIII. 

Bronchitis. 
Fistula  of  trachea. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    LUNG. 

Acute  disease  of  hing-. 
Clu-onic  disease  of  hing. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    PLEUJU. 

Chronic  pleurisy. 
DISEASES  OF  THE  DIGESTIVE  SYSTEM. 

DISEASES    AND    INJURIES    OF    THE    JAW. 

Ankylosis  of  jaw. 

Disease  or  defonnity  of  jaw. 

DISEASES,    MALFORMATIONS,    AND    INJURIES    OF    THE    TEETH,    GUMS,    AND    ALVEOLI. 

Loss  of  teeth. 

DISEASES    AND    INJURIES    OF    THE    TONGUE. 

Loss  of  tongue. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    FAUCES    AND    PALATE. 

Cleft  palate. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    SALIVARY    GLANDS. 

Salivary  fistula. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    STOMACH. 

Acute  disease  of  stomach. 
Chronic  disease  of  stomach. 

DISEASES    OF   THE    INTESTINES. 

Chronic  diarrhoea. 

Hernia. 

Hernia,  umbilical. 

Hernia,  ventral. 

Hernia,  right  inguinal. 

Hernia,  left  inguinal. 


NOMENCLATURK    OF    DISEASES. 

Hernia,  double  inguinal. 
Hernia,  riglit  femoral. 
Hernia,  left  femoral. 
Hernia,  double  femoral 

DISEASES    OF    THE    RECTUM    AND    ANl'S 

Fistifia  in  ano. 
Haemorrhoids. 
Prolapsus  ani. 
Stricture  of  rectum. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    LIVER. 

Acute  disease  of  liver. 
Chronic  disease  of  liver. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    SPLEEN. 

Acute  disease  of  spleen 
Chronic  disease  of  spleen. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  URINARY  SYSTEM. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    KIDNEY. 

Acute  disease  of  kidne}'. 
Chronic  disease  of  kidney. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    BLADDER. 

Acute  disease  of  bladder. 
Chroni'c  disease  of  bladder. 
Calculus. 
Incontinence  of  urine. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    URETHRA. 

Stricture  of  urethra. 
Urinary  fistula. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  GENERATIVE  SYSTEM 

DISEASES    AND    IN.IUKIES    OF    ORGANS    OF    GENERATION. 

Di^ca-sca  of  I'tnin. 


E})isi:adia. 
Hypospadia 
Gonorrho'a. 
Loss  of  penis. 


10  NOMENCLATURE    OF   DISEASES. 

Diseases  of  Tunica  Vaginalis 

Hydrocele. 

Sarcocele. 

Varicocele. 

Diseases  of  Testicle. 

Acute  disease  of  testicle. 
Chronic  disease  of  testicle. 
Retention  of  testicle. 

DISEASES  OF  ORGANS  OF  LOCOMOTION. 

DISEASES    OF  .BONES. 

Chronic  disease  of  bones. 

DISEASES    AND    INJURIES    OF    THE    JOINTS. 

Ankylosis  of  joints.  •• 
Chronic  diseases  of  joints. 
Dislocation  of  joints. 

DISEASES   OF   THE    SPINE. 

Curvature  of  spine. 

DISEASES    OF   THE   MUSCULAR   SYSTEM. 

Diseases  of  Muscle. 

Atrophy  of  limb. 

Diseases  of  Tendon. 

Muscvdar  contractions. 

Club-foot. 

Wry-neck. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  CELLULAR  TISSUE. 

Abscess. 
Obesity. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  CUTANEOUS  SYSTEM. 

Cutaneous  contractions. 
Disease  of  skin. 
Ulcers. 


NOMENCLATURE    OI'    DISEASES.  Jl 

CONDITIONS    NOT   NECE8SARIJ.Y  ASSOCIATED  Wrril  GENERAL  OR 

LOCAL  DISEASE. 

Deficient  size  of  chest. 
Deforniitv  of  chest, 
Peniiauent  physical  debiUty. 
Rehixecl  inguinal  rings. 
Over  age. 
Under  age. 
Under  size. 

LOCAL  INJURIES. 

LOCALITY    OF    INJURY    NOT    SPECIFIED. 

Fractures. 
Loss  of  limb. 
Wounds. 

INJURIES    AND    MALFORMATIONS    OF    UPPER    liXTREMITIES. 

Defects  or  deformities  of  hand. 
Loss  of  thumlj. 

INJURIES    AND    MALFORMATIONS    OF    LOWER    EXTREMITIES. 

Defects  or  deformities  of  foot. 
Loss  of  great  toe. 

UNCLASSIFIED. 

Organic  disease  of  internal  organs. 

There  are  some  minor  peculiarities  of  this  classification,  a  recollection  of  which 
will  be  found  of  assistance  in  obtaining  a  clear  understanding  of  the  tables. 

Thus,  men  who  claimed  to  be  suffering  from  rlieumatisni  were  not  exempted  unless 
the  affected  limb  exhibited  evidence  of  change  of  structure,  such  as  wasting  of  the 
limb,  or  pufKness  of  the  joint. 

By  syphilis  is  to  be  understood  the  secondary  form  of  that  disease,  with  impaired 
constitution  ;  primary  syphilitic  ulcers  did  not  exempt. 

The  term  chrcmic  alcolioUsm  applies  to  gross  habitual  intem])erance ;  delirium 
tremens  did  not  exempt.  In  fact,  drunkenness  is  not  mentioned  as  a  disqualification  in 
the  official  instructions ;  but  an  impaired  constitution,  the  result  of  the  constant  abuse 
of  stimulants,  or  of  indulgence  in  the  habit  of  masturbation,  was  an  authorized  ground 
for  exemption. 

By  loss  of  teeth,  is  to  be  understood  the  total  loss  of  the  incisors,  canines,  and  first 
molars  at  least  of  one  jaw. 


12  NOMENCLATUKE    OP"    DISEASES NAIIVITJES. 

The  heading-  clnr»i/c  diarrlui'n  includes  some  cases  of  chronic  dysentery  ;  the  two 
diseases  having-  been  g-eneralh"  combined  in  the  returns 

It  will  be  observed  that  a  certain  number  of  cases  of  hernia  are  recorded  without 
specification  of  the  variety.  These  form  a  part  of  the  early  returns  before  alluded  to, 
and  are  necessarily  included,  although  in  an  unsatisfactory  form  of  description,  in 
order  that  the  ratio  of  the  total  number  of  cases  of  hernia  to  the  whole  number  of 
men  examine<l  might  remain  unaflPected. 

External  haemorrhoids  were  not  admitted  to  be  a  cause  for  exemption,  but  internal 
piles,  if  ulcerated  and  of  long  standing,  disqualified.  By  the  term  hfemorrlioids,  there- 
fore, the  latter  are  to  be  understood. 

Under  the  first  draft,  the  medical  iiistructions  admitted  varicocele  and  iu continence, 
of  urine  as  disqualifications  for  service ;  under  succeeding  drafts,  these  disorders  were 
not  allowed  to  exempt.  Their  relation,  thei-efore,  to  the  whole  number  of  men  exam- 
ined must  be  considered  as  below  the  coiTect  ratio. 

Bj  stricture  of  the  urethra  must  be  understood  severe  or  inveterate  cases  Recent 
or  spasmodic  stricture  did  not  exempt. 

The  cases  of  epispadia  or  hjipospudia  are  altogether  those  in  which  the  opening  of 
the  urethra  Avas  at  the  middle  of  the  penis,  or  still  nearer  its  root. 

No  definite  measurements  were  established  under  the  instructions  of  the  Bureau 
as  the  minima  of  gii-th  of  chest  or  of  stature,  but  these  points  were  left  to  the  judgment 
of  the  medical  officer.  It  may  be  stated  that  as  a  general  rule  men  of  less  circumfer- 
ence of  chest  than  thirty  inches,  or  of  less  height  than  sixty-two  inches,  were  I'ejected. 
The  cases  tabulated  as  under  size  comprise  those  of  deficient  stature. 

The  age  of  drafted  men,  wliich  delined  tlieir  liability  to  service,  was  always 
inc[uired  into  at  the  time  of  their  enrollment.  '^I'he  columns  headed  ot)er  age  and  under 
age  are  made  uj)  entirely  from  the  cases  of  recruits  {volunteers')  and  substitutes.  These 
men,  desirous  of  procuring  admission  into  the  service,  in  order  to  obtain  bounty  or 
substitute-mone}',  constantly  endeavored  to  conceal  the  fact  of  their  being  either  below 
or  beyond  the  limits  of  competent  age. 

B}'  loss  of  tlmmh,  in  the  division  of  "  Injuries  and  malformations  of  the  upper 
extremities,"  is  to  be  understood  the  loss  of  one  phalanx,  or  of  the  entire  thumb  of  the 
riglit  hnnd.  The  loss  of  any  two  fingers  of  either  hand,  or  of  the  first  and  second 
phalanges  of  the  fingers  of  the  right  hand,  the  permanent  extension  or  permanent  con- 
traction of  two  fingers  of  the  right  hand,  or  adhesion  of  all  the  fingers  of  same,  are 
those  only  which  are  included  in  the  group  of  defects  or  deformities  of  hand. 

In  the  next  division,  comprising  "  Injuries  and  malformations  of  lower  extremi- 
ties," the  loss  of  great  toe  applies  to  that  of  either  foot.  By  defects  or  deformities  of  foot 
is  meant  chib-fodt  or  such  other  permanent  defects  or  deformities  of  the  feet  as  would 
necessarily  prevent  marching. 

Some  of  the  headings  in  the  tables  of  disease  may  seem  needlessly  comprehensive 
when  compared  with  the  cases  following  them,  but  it  was  thought  best  to  adhere  to 
the  wording  of  the  classification  selected  as  a  standard. 

NATivrriES. — 'V\h'  nntiv  ities  rc-presented  in  this  woi-k  ai'e  twentv-four  in  luunbcr ; 
three  of  these,  however,  are  the  distinct  races  existing   in  the   United   States,  namelv. 


NATIVITIES    REPRESENTED CONGRESSIONAL    DISTRICTS. 


the  white  iiatixcs,  tlic  aboriginal  Indians,  and  the  negroes.  The  Indians  were  not  sub- 
ject to  the  draft,  so  that  the  members  of  that  race  appearing  in  the-  tables  will  be 
understood  to  have  been  recruits  (^volunteers)  or  substitutes.  Many  other  foreigners 
were  found  on  the  returns,  but  not  in  sufficient  numbers,  in  any  case,  to  deserve  a 
place  in  the  tables.  As  a  matter  of  curiosit)-,  a  list  of  tliem  may  not  be  uninteresting. 
The  place  of  nativity  is  copied  literally  from  the  records;  in  some  instances,  it  will  be 
seen  that  it  is  somewhat  vaguely  ascribed  to  an  entire  quarter  of  the  globe: 


Born  at  sea .  . . 100 

Central  America  -  - 2 

Asia - 2 

East  Indies 17 

China 8 

Japan  .    . 1 

Manilla 4 

Ceylon 1 

Calcutta  -  .  - 1 

Bombay 1 

Turkey 3 

Greece  -  .  . .  4 

Corsica .  1 

Malta . 2 


Africa 2 

Morocco ] 

Cape  Town 1 

Saint  Helena 5 

Cape  de  Verde  Islands . .  2 

Azores 10 

Santa  Cruz . 1 

Saint  Michael's .  3 

Australia 32 

New  Zealand 2 

Sydney  — .  1 

Sandwich  Islands .  15 

Mercator's  Island  . 1 


The  Congressional  Districts. — The  act  for  enrolling  the  national  forces 
directed  the  division  of  the  countiy  into  enrollment-districts  in  the  following  terms  :' 

''And  he  it  further  enacted,  That  for  greater  convenience  in  enrolKng,  calling  out, 
and  organizing  the  national  forces,  and  for  the  arrest  of  deserters  and  spies  of  the 
enemy,  the  United  States  shall  be  divided  into  districts,  of  which  the  District  of 
Columbia  shall  constitute  one,  each  Territory  of  the  United  States  shall  constitute  one 
or  more,  as  the  President  shall  direct,  and  each  congressional  district  of  the  respective 
States,  as  fixed  by  a  law  of  the  State  next  preceding  the  enrollmeixt,  shall  constitute 
one :  Provided,  That,  in  States  which  have  not  by  their  laws  been  divided  into  two  or 
more  congressional  districts,  the  President  of  the  United  States  shall  divide  the  same 
into  so  many  enrollment-districts  as  he  may  deem  fit  and  convenient." 

Although  the  language  of  this  act  provided  for  its  operation  throughout  the  entire 
country,  the  enrollment  was  actually  confined  to  the  following  States  and  Territories, 
being  those  which  liad  not  seceded  from  the  Union,  namely: 


Maine. 

New  Hampshire 

Vermont. 

Massachusetts. 

Rhode  Island. 

Connecticut. 

New  York. 


Minnesota. 

California. 

Kansas. 

Oregon. 

Nevada. 


New  Jersey.  Missouri. 

Pennsylvania.  Ohio. 

Delaware.  Indiana. 

Maryland.  Illlinois. 

District  of  Columbia.  Iowa. 
West  Virginia.  Michigan. 

Kentucky.  Wisconsin. 

A  complete  description  of  the  composition  of  these  districts  will  be  found  in  the 
third  part  of  this  volume,  at  page  507. 

'  Act  M.^rph  3,  1S63,  section  4. 


14  STATURE AUTHENTICITY  OF  DATA. 

Stature. — In  the  first  fifteen  table.s  of  this  work,  forming  the  anthropometrical 
series,  statni'e  holds  the  most  important  position  among  the  quahties  treated  of  Out 
of  the  mass  of  mateiials  accnnnilated,  the  largest  number  of  measurements  of  height 
which  were  found  to  be  sutficiently  accurate  in  their  relation  to  other  particulars  to 
admit  of  their  employment  was  501,068.  This  is  an  extensive  collection  of  observa- 
tions, and,  if  its  acciu-acy  be  proportionate,  its  actual  value  is  very  great.  Careful 
inquiry  and  consideration  have  led  to  the  conclusion  that  these  are,  in  the  first  place, 
actual  measurements,  and  not  guesses.  The  instructions  given  to  the  examining  surgeons 
of  the  Bureau  as  to  the  mode  of  ascertaining  the  stature  of  the  recruit  were  deal*  and 
stringent;'  and  the  reports  sent  in  by  them  give  evidence  that  the  height  was  measured 
with  a  properlj"  graduated  rod  with  movable  index.  It  may  be  stated  here,  once  for 
all,  that  a  similar  reliability  characterizes  the  measurements  of  girth  of  chest,  and  of 
weight.  It  has  l^een  observed,  in  the  general  introduction,  that  the  statistics  of  height 
put  forth  by  the  Sanitary  Commission  in  their  anthropological  work  were  mainly 
obtained  from  the  adjutants-general  of  the  different  States,  and  that  it  was  feared  that 
the  dependence  to  be  placed  upon  their  exactness  was  but  small.  The  reason  for  this 
distrust  is  easily  explained.  In  organizing  a  volunteer  regiment,  a  jiressing  need  was 
felt  by  all  concerned  to  obtain,  as  speedily  as  possible,  the  minimum  number  of  men, 
(two-tlrirds,  namely,  of  the  full  number,)  so  as  to  insure  the  mustering-in  of  the  regi- 
ment, and  the  consequent  issuance  of  commissions  to  the  officers.  The  captains  engaged 
in  recruiting  companies  were  desirous  of  completing  their  work  for  an  additional 
reason — the  wish  to  relieve  themselves  of  the  burden  of  the  temporary  support  of  their 
men.  Frequently,  the  regiment  did  not  go  into  camp  until  its  acceptance  was  achieved; 
the  companies  being  often  recruited  in  different  counties.  After  going  into  camp,  the 
surgeon,  always  from  civil  life,  and  generally  quite  unskilled  in  the  details  of  the 
examination  of  recruits,  upon  joining  his  command,  rarely  made  any  exception  on  the 
ground  of  stature.  He  might  discharge  a  man  for  disease,  but  he  seldom  otherwise 
interfered  with  those  he  found  enlisted.  It  is  certain  that,  in  the  majority  of  cases,  so 
great  was  the  haste,  and  so  unsystematic  the  recruiting,  the  man's  own  statement  as  to 
his  height  was  held  sufficient,  or  it  was  guessed  by  the  officer ;  or,  at  best,  that  it  was 
roughly  measm-ed  against  a  wall  or  door-post,  the  shoes  being  seldom  if  ever  removed 
from  the  feet.  Regimental  rolls,  filled  with  descriptions  tluis  obtained,  were  deposited 
in  the  archives  of  the  different  States,  and  access  to  them  was  readily  granted  to  the 
agents  of  the  Commission.  From  these  sources  they  jjrocured  over  a  million  of  state- 
ments of  height,  to  which  were  added  a  large  numl>er  fiu-nished  from  the  records  of 
the  rrovost-Marshal-General's  Bureau,  tlu-ough  the  Adjutant-General  of  the  Army, 
These  last,  however,  were  all  measurements  of  men  in  hare  feet,  and,  by  their  admission, 
only  added  another  element  of  discrepancy.  It  nuist  be  well  understood  that  these 
remarks  apply  only  to  the  statistics  obtained  b}-  the  Sanitary  Commission  from  the 
public  records.  Tlie  dimensions  taken  actually  by  their  own  agents  are,  no  doubt, 
entirely  to  be  trusted,  and  have  furnished  some  very  valuable  mean  results. 

The  arrangements  for  examining  men  under  the  provisions  of  the  enrollment-law 
were  deliberately  and  systematically  prepared.     Before  the  call  was  carried  into  effect, 

'  Spp  IntioflnrtiiMi,  ji.  iv. 


meajN  staturk  of  full-grown  man.  15 

the  place  of  business  of  the  officer  intrusted  with  its  operation  was  selected,  and  the 
necessary  aj^paratus  for  measui-ing-  was  provided.  It  is  obvious  that  a  surgeon  sworn 
to  his  duty,  and  without  object  or  interest  in  evading  it,  furnished  also  with  the  need- 
ful aid  and  ajDpliances,  was  vastly  more  likely  to  make  accm-ate  I'ecord  than  the  re- 
cniiting-officer  of  a  regiment' 

An  additional  reason  for  precision  was  to  be  found  in  the  strong  desire  felt  and 
expressed  by  the  examining-surgeons  to  aid  in  checking  desertion  and  the  iniquity  of 
what  was  tersely  named  hoimty-jumping."  If  the  soldier's  descriptive  list  were,  accurate, 
he  could  be  more  easily  identified  in  cg,se  of  desertion  and  second  enlistment.  It  is 
unquestionable  that  the  measurements  made  use  of  in  this  work  were  actually  taken, 
and  that,  too,  tvith  a  reasonable  exercise  of  care.  No  doubt,  some  surgeons  were  more 
painstaking  than  others;  bvit  all  being  possessed  of  the  animus  mensurandi,  as  Hersehel 
terms  it,  and  being  without  intentional  bias,  the  mean  results  are,  by  a  well-known  law, 
as  trustworthy  as  if  the  same  care  had  been  employed  in  nil  instances. 

There  is  probably  no  question  connected  with  anthropology  which  has  been  more 
debated,  and  which  has,  notwithstanding,  been  left  in  a  more  unsatisfactory  condition 
than  that  of  the  mean  stature  of  the  full-grown  man.  The  principal  reason  of  this 
failure  is  to  be  found  in  the  confused  manner  in  which  measurements  have  been  pre- 
pared for  the  purpose.  Heights  of  young  and  old — of  men  of  widely-differing  nativ- 
ities— of  picked  men,  such  as  soldiers  or  militia — of  men  and  women — of  students  under 
the  age  of  full  growth — of  convicts,  a  class  generally  below  the  mean  height  of  their 
countrymen — of  men  measured  in  shoes  and  men  measured  without  shoes — have  been 
compared  together  in  tables  pretending  to  exhibit  scientific  conclusions! 

To  approximate  in  any  moderate  degree  to  a  calculation  of  the  mean  stature  of 
MAN,  using  the  term  in  its  broadest  ethnological  sense,  a  vast  series  of  measurements 
would  be  required.  The  comparative  failure  of  the  Novara  expedition  to  jirocure  a 
sufficient  number  of  observations  from  which  to  obtain  a  reliable  mean  statement  of 
stature  for  each  country  visited  by  the  frigate,  notwithstanding  its  excellent  provision 
of  observers  and  apparatus,  proves  the  diffic.ulty,  perhaps  the  impossibility  in  this  day, 
of  obtaining  the  necessary  statistics.^  But  when  the  inquiry  is  narrowed  to  the  mean 
height  of  a  civilized  nation,  then  a  correct  result  is  at  least  attainable.     Here  again, 

'  This  view  of  tlie  case  sceuis  to  hiive  struck  M.  Ely.  a  distiiiguislied  French  armj- -surgeon.  In  an  elaborate  review 
of  the  reports  and  tables  introductory  to  this  work,  published  in  IHGO,  lie  .speaks  of  them  as  "  Ics  resuUats  jn'oihiit:)  par 
une  enquele  aussi  approfond'ie  el  faile  exdusivvmcvt  par  ctis  Itontmes  de  Purl."  Le  recrutement  dans  TarinCie  fdddrale  des 
fitats-Unis  pendant  la  guerre  de  sdcession. — Herinil  de  m^moires  de  medecinc,  etc.,  'ime  sMe,  t.  xxii,  p.  8.  .  Paris,  1869. 

-A  ioitnty-jiimpir  was  a  man  who,  having  received  the  largo  bounty  ofleied  for  recruits  by  the  State  or  General 
Government,  deserted  at  the  first  opportunity,  and  re-enlisted  at  sonic!  distant  place,  thus  pocketing  a  second  bounty. 
It  was  not  UDCommon  for  this  villainous  trick  to  be  repeated  again  and  ajjain  by  tli(!  same  man,  so  that  the  Government 
was  defrauded  both  of  money  and  men. 

'Au  additional  and  fjuite  recent  example  of  the  disconragemenls  attending  the  attempt  to  gather  such  statistics 
is  to  be  found  in  the  destruction  of  Doctor  ScnwEiNFiinii's  nniqne  and  valuabh^  collection  of  records  and  observa- 
tions made  in  the  hitherto  unexplored  regions  of  Central  Africa.  He  nives  this  account  of  the  extent  of  the  calamity : 
"All  my  preparations  fur  the  projected  expedition  to  the  Niani-Niam  ;  all  the  produce  of  my  recent  journey ;  all  the 
entomological  collection  that  I  had  made  with  such  constant  interest;  all  tlie  examples  of  native  industry  which  I  had 
l)rocured  by  so  much  care ;  all  my  registers  of  meteorological  events,  which  had  been  kept  day  by  day,  and  without 
interruption,  ever  since  my  first  departure  from  Suakin,  and  in  which  I  had  inscribed  some  7,000  barometrical  observa- 
tions ;  all  my  journals,  with  their  detailed  narrative  of  the  transactions  of  S25  days  ;  all  my  elaborate  measurements  of  the 
bodiea  of  the  natives,  which  I  had  been  at  so  much  pains  and  expense  to  induce  them  to  j)ermit;  all  my  vocabularies,  which  it 
had  been  so  tedious  a  business  to  compile;  every*;hing,  in  the  course  of  a  single  hour  ;  everything  was  gone,  the  plunder 
of  the  flames."— jTAc  Ueart  of  .Africa,  2  v.  Is.,  8vo,  London,  187:i ;  vol.  ii,  p.  3G1.  ' 


16  STATURE IIKIGHT    OF    FOREIGNERS. 

however,  a  degree  of  confusion  is  to  be  found  in  the  works  of  statisticians.  The  result 
of  the  measurement  of  a  very  few  men,  jjerhaps  of  a  special  class,  has  been  too  often  pub- 
lished as  determining-  the  mean  national  stature.  Thus,  a  French  surgeon  in  charge 
of  a  prison  having  measured  two  thousand  convicts  of  difterent  ages,  announced  there- 
from the  mean  height  of  the  people  of  France.  A  prolific  source  of  error  is  to  be 
found  in  the  use  made  of  statistics  of  recruiting.  These  data  have  a  specious  appearance 
of  availaljility  from  the  large  numbers  involved  and  their  ostensible  precision,  that  is 
well  calculated  t(j  mislead.  The  existence  of  a  miiiinnmi  limit  of  stature  vitiates  the 
result  for  comparison  even  with  the  soldiers  of  another  nation,  unless,  indeed,  the  latter 
should  employ  the  identical  limit ;  much  more  so  when  a  general  result  is  sought '  It 
is  evident  that, 'to  ascertain  the  mean  stature  or  other  dimensions  of  the  inhabitants  of 
a  country,  it  is,  in  the  first  place,  necessary  to  discover  at  what  age  full  growth  is 
attained  by  them.  Now,  this  differs  greatly,  and  hence  arises  another  source  of  error, 
'when  recruiting  statistics  are  made  use  of  without  discrimination  upon  this  point 
Such  records,  however,  are  of  the  highest  value  in  determining  the  age  of  completed 
gi'owth. 

Another  fallacy  arises  from  the  employment  of  records  in  which  the  dimensions  of 
rejected  men  are  not  included,  so  that  the  results  proffered  as  showing  the  mean  stature 
of  the  male  population  in  reality  display  only  the  mean  stature  of  a  certain  class  of 
picked  men,  fi-om  whose  number  have  been  carefully  excluded  all  below  a  certain 
height,  and  all  who  were  subjects  of  certain  diseases,  or  were  marked  by  any  departure 
from  the  highest  bodily  perfection.- 

A  striking  peculiarity  will  be  noticed  in  the  height  of  foreigners  in  the  following 
tables.  In  every  instance,  this  height  will  be  found  greater  than  the  mean  stature 
ascribed  to  the  nation  represented.  In  like  manner,  emigrants  from  the  Eastern  to 
the  Western  States  exhibit  a  stature  superior  to  that  of  the  residents  of  their  native 
States.  Mr.  Gould  observes  that  men  born  in  New  England,  but  enlisting  from  the 
West,  were  found  to  have  a  mean  height  varying  from  O.bSO  inch  to  0.340  inch,  accord- 
ing to  age,  in  excess  of  the  mean  height  of  the  volunteers  from  New  England  itself.^ 

The  cause  of  this  superior  height  in  those  who  have  left  their  native  country  has 
been  much  debated.  Mr.  Gould  suggests,  in  the  case  of  men  removing  at  an  early  age 
from  the  East  to  the  West,  that  the  greater  abundance  of  food  might  have  produced 
this  excess.  It  is  true  thnt  the  fertile  lands  of  the  West  produce  more  abundant  harvests, 
but  it  is  not  lilcely  that  the  supply  of  sufficient  food  to  the  young  varies  in  any  im- 
portant degree  in  the  United  States.  Besides,  the  same  peculiar  difference  is  observed 
to  exist  in  the  cases  of  men  who  have  migrated  from  one  Avestern  State  to  another,  so 


'Au  illustration  of  this  erroneous  proceeding  is  to  be  found  iu  tbo  work  of  Inspkctok-Gexkual  Maisshali.  of  the 
Britisli  army,  ( l/iVifan/ J7isct'//aH^,Svo,  Loudon,  184(5.)  Ho  gives  sonio  tables  illustrating  the  comparative  mean  heightof 
English  and  French  soldiers,  iu  which  the  sniieriority  is  greatly  with  th(^  I'ormcr.  The  minininni  limit  of  height  in  the 
British  army  appi'ars  to  liave  been,  at  that  time,  Ti  feet  C  inclies,  or  1.07(i  metres,  only  four  men  being  recorded  as  below 
that  height ;  but  in  the  Fri'iich  army  the  limit  was  below  .5  feet  2  inches,  or  1.575  metres,  as  the  large  nundjor  of  S"' ,020  out 
of  100,000  men  were  I>elo\v  Unit  height.  Tlic  absurdity  aud  mischicvonsness  of  such  comparisons,  when  iiretcnding  to 
show  mean  results,  well  nigh  justify  Bischoti"'s  severe  condenmation  of  military  statistics.  {Utiier  die  nriiffcutHclildi 
rcsullate  dcs  recrutiniiigs-gcHchaftes,  8vo,  Miincben,  18G7.) 

"  In  France,  this  defect,  in  the  Compten  Ucndiis  dv  Vnrmci;  has  been  long  since  adujitted.     Baron  Ilippolytc  Larrey 
and  Moricl:cau-Bcanpr<S  Ijavc  recently  made  formal  request  to  the  government  for  the  preservation  of  tie  records  of 
condition  of  rejected  conscripts.     (Itfi'iiwirc  mir  !e  choir  dm  liommrs  jirniircs  an  acrcici'  dc  Varmcc  dc  tcirc.) 
■  fnrrsli'taliniifi,  .?■''..  p.  1'3(>. 


STATURE HEIGHT    OF    EOKEIGNKRS.  17 

that  the  reason  assigned  is  clearly  unsatisfactory.  It  lias  also  been  argued  that  the 
prevalence  of"  Ci-etaceous  formation  in  the  geolog}-  of  the  West,  by  furnishing  a  more 
Hberal  supply  of  lime  for  the  bones  of  the  growing  youth,  accounts  for  the  phenomenon 
of  his  greater  stature.  Although  a  deficiency  of  this  material  may  prevent  hardening, 
and  result  in  curvature  of  the  long  bones,  there  is  no  proof  that  a  superabundant 
supply  Avould  increase  their  normal  length.  The  natives  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire, 
and  Vermont,  contiguous  States,  not  ^■arying  greatly  in  geological  character,  display 
marked  differences  in  mean  stature.  The  suggestion  has  also  been  made  that  men 
who  leave  their  native  soil  to  seek  fortune  in  other  lands  are  corporeally  superior 
specimens  of  their  race;  but  it  is  vet  to  be  shown  that  enterprise  and  ambition  depend 
upon  stature,  and  not  on  qualities  of  mind.  It  would,  however,  be  of  great  service  to 
this  branch  of  statistics  if  a  record  were  to  be  accurately  kept  of  the  height,  weight,  and 
age  of  all  male  immigrants  landing  in  New  York. 

After  all,  the  true  explanation  of  this  cnrious  fact  is  jjrobably  to  be  found  in 
the  difference  of  age  of  the  men  examined.  The  height  of  soldiers  in  all  European 
countries,  excepting  in  Great  Britain,  is  recorded  at  the  period  of  their  conscription,  and 
this  occurs  from  their  eighteenth  to  their  twentieth  year.  It  is  indisputabl}'  established 
that  height  continues  to  increase  very  p.erceptibly  u})  t()  the  twenty -fifth  year;  full 
growth,  indeed,  not  being  completed  until  later.  Now,  the  loiv est  wienn  age  to  be  found 
in  Tables  Nos.  4  to  9,  inclusive,  is  ■25.248  years,  and  the  mean  age  of  the  six  nativities 
represented  in  them  is  27.319  years.  The  comparisons,  then,  have  all  the  time  been 
made  of  grown  men,  twenty-five  years  ohl  and  upward,  with  lads  of  nineteen. 
According  to  Quetelet's  tables  of  growth,  the  mean  height  at  nineteen  years  is  1.655 
metres,  and  at  twenty-five  years  it  is  1.(182  metres — a  diftereiice  of  2.7  centimetres,  or 
l.OGS  inch.'  Our  tables  show  the  mean  height  at  nineteen  years  to  be  67.07  inches,  and 
at  twenty-five  years  to  be  68.05  inches.  Danson's  tables  for  the  same  ages  give  re- 
spectively 64.94  inches  and  66.30  inches,-  and  Liliarzik's  64.96  inches  and  68.90  inches.' 
M.  Dunant,  measuring  Genevese  soldiers,  found  their  me^n  height  at  twenty  years  to 
be  1.674  metres,  and  at  twenty-six  to  thirty-five  }ears,  1.688  metres — a  difierence  of 
14  millimetres,  or  0  552  inch.^  If  tlie  height  of  Englishmen  and  Scotchmen,  as  fur- 
nished by  these  tables,  be  compared  with  the  conclusions  arrived  at  by  I)i-.  Beddoe^ 
an  additional  proof  is  obtained  of  the  correctness  of  the  explanation  offered.  In  the 
work  of  Dr.  Beddoe,  the  observations  were  altogether  of  men  "  tw-enty -three  years 
old  and  upwards;"  the  mean  age  being  certainly  over  twenty-five  years.  The  mean 
age  of  the  Englishmen  of  our  tables  is  nearly  twenty-eight  years,  (27.910,)  and  of 
Scotclmien  a  little  more,  so  that,  as  regards  age,  the  comparison  with  Th\  Beddoe's 
statements  may  be  fairh-  made.     'I'he  following  is  the  striking  result  as  to  mean  height : 

Englishmen,  according  to  Dr.  Beddoe .  . 5  feet  i]M  inches. 

Englishmen,  according  to  our  tiibles.  -  5  feet  6.6  inches. 

Scotchmen,  according  to  Dr.  Beddoe  5  feet  7.5  inches. 

Scotchmen,  according  to  our  tables. . 5  feet  7.0  inches. 

'  Anlhropometiic,  p.  177. 

"  Growlh  of  the  hitman  hodi/J'rom  eiyhtciii  1o  ihiiij/  i/cars  of  agi\  ^-c.     Jour.  Stati.st.  Sot'.,  M:ii'cli.  1SG2. 

^  Das  (ji-sct:  des  ivcrlistliiimcs  luid  dir  haii  dta  iiuiiscluii,  p.  7,  Vieuna,  ISd-l. 

'  Itf  hi  liiillr  mntiait)!'  lir^  hnhUinitit  dii  rtnilon  df  Gfnrrf.  S\<>.  GfMi^vr,  lHii7. 


18  STATURE PITRTOD    OF    FULL    GROWTH. 

Period  of  full  growth. — The  age  at  which  man  attains  his  full  stature  is  a 
matter  of  great  interest  in  itself  and  of  special  importance  in  its  relation  to  the  question 
of  mean  national  stature,  inasmuch  as  the  first  must  be  determined  before  the  latter  can 
be  ascertained  with  any  approach  to  accuracy. 

Those  who  follow  Villermci  in  his  views  are  prone  to  assert  that  wliile  povert^•, 
with  its  squalid  suiTOundings  of  dirt,  cold,  impure  air,  and  insufficient  food,  retard 
growth ;  "on  the  other  hand,  comfort  and  abundant  nourishment  hasten  development  and 
increase  the  stature.  They  will  observe  with  surprise  the  facts  set  forth  in  Table  No.  4. 
No  one  will  suppose  that  the  population  of  the  United  States  suft'ers  from  want  or 
misery  to  any  general  extent ;  it  is  probable  that,  with  occasional  exceptions  in  the 
large  cities,  lack  of  food  is  unknown.  Nevertheless,  the  white  native  of  the  Northern 
States  does  not  attain  his  full  growth  until  he  is  between  thirty  and  thirty-five  years  of 
age.  Mr.  Gould's  tables  indicate  the  thirty-first  to  the  thirty-fom*th  year  as  the  result 
he  arrives  at. 

The  age  announced  by  other  authorities  as  that  of  completed  growth  varies 
considerably.  In  France,  Bernard  gives  it  as  the  thirty-second  year;^  Champouillon, 
from  the  twenty-third  to  the  twenty-eighth;"  Baron  Larrey,  the  twenty-eighth;^  and 
Allaire,  from  the  thirty-first  to  the  thirty-fifth  year.**  In  Belgium,  Quetelet  decides  for 
the  tliirtieth,^  and,  in  Switzerland,  M.  Dunant  for  the  twenty-sixth  year.^  Liharzik,  in 
Vienna,''  and,  in  England,  Aitken,"  Danson,"  and  Boyd,'"  regard  the  twenty-fifth  as  the 
year  of  matured  growth.  Dr.  Beddoe  selects  the  twenty-third  year,  though  he  admits 
a  slight  increase  after  that  age." 

Table  No.  4,  like  the  other  tables  relating  to  age,  displays  the  results  in  groups 
of  five  years,  which  is  in  accordance  with  the  plan  first  laid  down,  by  authority,  for 
the  preparation  of  these  statistics.  The  following  table  shows  the  result,  also,  year  by 
year,  and  is  believed  to  be  very  nearly  if  not  absolutely  accurate. 

'■  £tudes  siir  la  taille  ei  le  poids  dii  soldat  fratifais.  Eecneil  de  m6m.  de  m6d.,  chlr.  et  pharm.  mil.,  3  s6r.,  t.  xx.  p. 
371,  1868. 

-  iStude  sur  le  diveloppement  de  la  taille  et  de  la  constitution  dans  la  popnUition  civile  et  dans  Varmfy  en  France.  Eecueil 
de  m6m.  de  m^d.,  etc.,  3  sir.,  t.  xxii,  pp.  239-264,  1869. 

^  Bull,  de  la  Sac.  d'anthropologie,  2  s6r.,  t.  iv,  p.  585,  1869. 

■•  Etudes  sur  la  taille  et  le  poids  de  I'homme  dans  le  regiment  des  chausseurs  a  chrral  di'  la  garde.  Recueil  de  m^ui.,  do 
chir.,  etc.,  3  s6r.,  t.  x,  p.  161, 1863. 

^ Loc.  cit.    ^Loc.cit.     '' Loc.  vit.     'On  the  groiolli  of  ttic  recruit  and  young  soldter,  l6&-i.     ^  Loc.  cit. 

'"  Tables  of  the  weight  of  the  human  bodg.     Pbilos.  Traus.,  1861,  pp.  241-26t!.     "  Loc.  cit. 


STATURE LAW    Ol'    GROWTH. 


ly 


Table  shotcing  the  me(tn  height,  by  years,  and  by  groups  of  five  years, from  the  age  (f  17  to  45,  of  190,021 
Ameriean-born  white  tnen  found  Jit  for  military  serviee. 


Age. 


Under  17 

17  years 

18  years 

19  years 

'20  years  

'21  years 

2"2  years 

'Xi  years 

24  years 

W.')  years 

26  years 

27  years 

28  years 

29  years 

:10  years 

31  years 

32  years 

3:!  years 

34  years 

3r>  years 

SH  years 

37  years : . 

38  years 

39  years 

40  to  45  years 

Total  . . 


By  years. 


Number 
measured. 


4()8 

937 

3(1, 456 

14,994 

11,526 

14,146 

10, 479 

8, 907 

7, 335 

7,940 

6, 986 

6,351 

6,033 

4,447 

6, 256 

5,562 

4,635 

3,939 

2,782 

4,966 

4,138 

4,172 

4,014 

3,402 

15, 750 


Mean  lieight. 


Inches. 
64.  11 
65. 65 
66.  39 
67.07 
67. 51 
67.78 
67. 92 
68.01 
68.  Oi 
68.  05 
68.09 
68.11 
68. 13 
68.17 
68.18 
68. 20 
68.20 
68. 29 
68.35 
68.47 
68.28 
68. 26 
68.24 
68. 23 
68. 23 


190,621  I     67.69 


Metres. 
1.6284 
1. 6675 
1.6863 
1. 7036 
1.7148 
1.7216 
1.72.52 
1. 7275 
1.7277 
1.7285 
1.7295 
1. 7300 
1.7305 
1.7315 
1.7318 
1.  7323 


1.7323 
1.7346 
1.7361 
1.7391 
1. 7343 
1.7.338 
1. 7333 
1 . 7330 
1.7330 


1.7193 


Age. 


Under  20  vi-.irs  . . . 


20  and  under  25 


25  and  under  30.. 


30  and  under  35  . 


35  aud  under  40 
40  and  over  

Total 


By  iiuincjuennial  gionji; 


Number 
measured. 


Mean  height. 


46,! 


■.2,  393 


31,757 


23, 174 


20,69-^ 
15,750 


■| 


190, 621 


Inches. 


m. 


67.  82 


68.  10 


68. 22 


68.  30 
()8. 23 


()7. 69 


Metres. 


1. 61)1 1;  I 


1.722i; 


1.7297 


1.7328 


1.7.348 
1.7330 


1.7193 


It  will  be  observed,  in  the  foi-egoiiig  table,  that  a  small  number  of  men  appear  as 
under  eighteen  years  of  age ;  these  were  recruits,  (vohwk'erti,)  and  their  acceptance  was 
generally  accounted  for  by  a  note  on  the  surgeon's  part  that  the  physical  develo]jment 
was  too  good  in  such  cases  to  permit  of  their  rejection. 

Quetelet's  researches  led  him  to  determine  the  age  of  full  height  at  the  thirtieth  year; 
the  increase  after  the  twenty-fifth  year  being  very  slight,  though  regular.  His  tables, 
showing  the  law  of  groAvth,  were  the  result  of  long-continued  and  extensi>'e  observa- 
tions; and,  as  the  rate  of  increase  for  the  period  concerned  is  strikingly  corroborated  by 
the  table  just  given,  Quetelet's  table  is  presented  here  for  (Comparison.' 

Table  of  yearly  groicth,  (from  Quetelet.) 


Age. 


At  birth 

1  year 

2  ycar.s 

3  years 

4  years 

5  years 

6  years 

7  years 

8  years 

9  years 

10  years 

11  years 

12  years 

13  years 

14  years 


Yearly  height,    i  Yearly  increase. 


Age. 


1 


Melrcs. 
0. 500 
0. 698 
0.  791 
0. 864 
0.927 

0.  987 
1.046 
1.104 
1.162 
1.218 
1.273 

1.  325 
1.  375 
1.423 
1.469 


Inches. 
19. 685 
27. 480 
31.141 
34.  015 
36. 495 
38. 858 
41. 181 
43.  464 
45. 747 
47. 952 
50. 118 
52. 165 
54. 134 
56. 024 
57.835 


Metres. 

Inches. 

0. 198 

7.795 

0.  093 

3.661 

0.  073 

2.  874 

0.  063 

2.  480 

0.  060 

2.  362 

0.  0.59 

2.  323 

0.058 

2. 282 

0.  057 

2. 244 

0.056 

2. 205 

0.054 

2. 126 

0. 052 

2.  047 

0.050 

1.  969 

0.048 

1.889 

0.046 

1.811 

15  years 

16  years 

17  years 

18  years 

19  years 

20  years 
25  years 
30  years 
40  years 
50  years 
60  years 
70  years 
80  years 
90  years 


Yearly  height. 


Metres. 
1.513 
1.  .554 
1.594 
1. 630 
1.655 
1.670 
1.682 
1.686 
1.  686 
1.686 
1.676 
1.(560 
1.636 
1.610 


Inches. 
59.  568 
61.182 
62. 75() 
64. 174 
(35. 158 
(i5.  749 
(>6.221 
()().  379 
66.  379 
66. 379 
65. 985 
65.  355 
64.410 
63.  387 


Yearly  increase. 


Metres. 
0.  044 
0.  042 
0.  040 
0.  036 
0.  025 
0.  015 
0.012 
0. 004 


Inches. 
1.732 
1.653 
1.575 
1.417 
0.  983 
0.  690 
0.  472 
0.157 


—0.010 
—0.016 
— 0. 024 
— 0.  026 


—0.  394 
—0.  630 
—0. 944 
—I.  023 


'  Anihrnpom^trie,  p.  177,  Brnxelles,  1871. 


20 


STATURE NATIVF:.S    Ol'    UNITED    STATES. 


If  comfort  and  plenty  do  not  hasten  growth,  but,  on  the  contrary,  co-exist  with 
an  unusually  tardy  and  prolonged  development  of  it,  as  is  shown  to  be  the  case  in 
the  United  States,  it  is  tairly  to  be  inferred  that  they  exert  little  if  any  influence  in 
increasing  the  stature.  From  the  restless  and  migratory  disposition  of  our  countrymen, 
it  is  more  difficult  to  trace  the  influence  of  race  than  in  the  staid  and  long-settled 
communities  of  Europe ;  but  the  tables  of  this  work,  in  most  instances,  confirm,  and 
in  no  sense  contravene,  Boudin's  well-known  law  that  height  is  always  an  affair  of 

race.' 

The  demonstration  by  Quetelet  of  the  law  of  growth  has  been  fuU}^  dwelt  u])on 
in  a  previous  portion  of  this  work.  An  important  condition  in  the  calculation  is  homo- 
geneity of  race ;  and  when  the  varied  oi-igin  of  the  population  of  the  United  States  is 
considered,  it  seemed  hardly  reasonable  to  expect  satisfactory  proof  of  the  applicability 
of  the  law  in  their  case.  The  most  successful  result  of  our  experiments  in  applying 
the  binomial  theorem  to  statistics  of  height  was  when  the  table  exliibiting  the  dimen- 
sions of  315,620  white  natives  was  subjected  to  the  process.  The  resulting  curve, 
though  not  as  symmetrical  as  in  the  case  of  purer  races,  is  yet  of  great  value  as  evi- 
dencing obedience  to  the  law. 


'  "La  taille  ii'ost  iiullcnieut,  conime  ou  I'a  i<?i)<5tiS,  IVxpressiou  du  bien-etie  ou  de  la  luisere,  inais  avant  tout, 
celle  de  la  race;  eu  d'autres  terraes  la  taille  est  affaire  d'li^rdditt^."  BidJ.  de  \a  Soc.  d'unthioiiologic,  t.  iv,  p.  250,  Paris 
1863.  D'OuBiGNY,  speaking  of  tbo  Patagonians,  {L'lwmme  americaiii,  t.  1,  p.  100,  Paris,  1839,)  describes  tbem  as  accus- 
tomed to  seuii-starvatiou  from  earliest  eliildliood  in  tbeir  bleak  aud  sterile  land ;  yet,  as  is  well  known,  their  statnre, 
though  much  below  that  ascribed  to  them  by  early  circumnavigators,  is  the  highest  mean  stature  recorded  of  any  race. 
Darwin  decided  upon  5  feet  11  inches  (180.34  centimetres)  as  probably  a  fair  statement  of  their  mean  height.  (  rmjages 
nf  the  Adventure  and  Beagle,  vol.  iil,  p.  102,  Loudon,  1839.) 

Perhaps  the  most  convincing  illustration  of  the  dependence  of  .stature  upon  race  is  to  bo  seen  in  the  charts  and 
tables  produced  by  Lagneau  in  his  discourse  upon  the  geographical  distribution  of  certain  disqualifications  exempting 
from  military  service  in  France.  The  chart,  which  exhibits  exemptions  arising  from  deficient  height,  presents  three 
well-marked  grand  divisions.  In  the  northeast  of  France,  originally  peopled  by  a  race  of  Germanic  origin,  the  I5elgi, 
the  mean  height  is  uniformly  and  markedly  highest.  The  southern  departments,  in  which  are  found  the  descendants 
of  the  Aqiiitani  and  Ligures,  present  a  medium  condition  as  to  stature.  In  the  central  region,  the  descendants  of  the 
Gallo-Celts,  the  least  changed  and  the  purest  of  French  races,  show  the  greatest  number  of  exemptions.  Mimitirts  de 
VAcad.  inqi.  de  m4d.,  t.  xxxix,  pp.  293-317,  18ti9-'70.)  Beoca  had  already  pointed  out  the  remarkable  conformity  in  the 
physical  characteristics  of  the  present  races  witli  the  descriptions  given  by  Tacitus,  Pliny,  aud  others  of  the  tribes  then 
inhabiting  the  same  region  of  country.  {Ueeherches  surl'ethnologie  de  la  France.)  Champouiixon  fiuds  a  corresponding 
difference  in  the  mean  age  at  which  growth  is  completed  in  these  ethnic  divisions.  The  pure  Celtic  race  attains  full 
stature  at  the  aye  of  twenty-eight  years,  while'  the  Roiunmi-Celts  and  Kymri  are  full-grown  at  from  the  twenty-third 
to  the  twenty-tifth  year.     (0/».  <>!..  pp.  249,  2fi2.) 


t^TATlin; NECiROES. 


The  .succeeding-  curve  is  luruished  by  the  25,828  colored  lueii  of  Table  ISo.  2.  In 
each  instance,  both  acce^Dted  and  rejected  men  are  included  in  the  numbers  forming 
the  ordinates,  so  that  the  curves  represent  the  average  population,  and  not  a  selected 
class. 


A  comparison  of  national  stature,  in  which  the  data  should  be  obtained  by 
measuring  only  men  who  had  reached  the  age  of  completed  growth,  is  much  to  be 
desired.  If,  in  addition,  these  men  were  taken  promiscuously  from  the  general  popu- 
lation, the  result  would  be  most  satisfactory.  A  partial  contribution  of  this  kind  is 
possible  from  the  materials  of  this  work.  Men  belonging  to  the  six  principal  nativities 
represented  have  been  carefully  separated,  and  their  mefin  height  determined  when  at 
an  age  not  under  thirty  nor  over  thirty-five  years,  or  at  the  period  of  their  fully- 
completed  ■  growth.  A  comparison  of  the  result  with  the  mean  stature  of  the  race  at 
all  ages  from  eighteen  to  forty -five,  as  set  fortli  in  the  preceding  table,  is  now  given. 

Comparison  of  the  mean  stature  at  the  period  of  completed  growth  with  the  mean  stature  at  all  ages 

from  IS  to  45  years. 


Nativity. 

Mean  height  at 
age  of  30  to  35. 

Meau  heiglii  at 
all  ages  IVom 

18  to  45. 

Nativity. 

Mean  height  at 
age  of  30  to  35. 

Mean  height  at 
all  ages  from 
18  to  45. 

Inches. 
68.22 
67.65 
67.22 

Metres. 
1.7.328 
1.7183 
1.7074 

Inches. 
67.69 
67.14 
66.66 

Metres. 
1.7193 
1.  70.54 
1. 6932 

Ent'laiid 

Inches. 
66. 92 
66.91 
66. 67 

Metres. 
1.  6998 
1.6995 
1.  6934 

Inches. 
66.59 
66. 75 
6().  53 

Metres. 
1. 6913 

Ireland 

1. 6954 

Geruianv 

1.6899 

The  period  of  the  attainment  of  full  growth  has  an  important  bearing  on  the  claim 
of  the  state  for  military  service  from  its  citizens.  In  ISfiS,  M.  Champouillon,  in  the 
department  of  the  Seine,  during  his  examination  of  men  for  the  yanle  natinnah  mohile, 
had  occasion  to  re-examine  those  who  had  been  exempted  in  1864,  1865,  and  1866. 
He  found  that,  of  one  hundred  men  who  had  been  rejected  in  1864  as  below  the  stand- 
ard, seventy-one  had  attained  the  requisite  height  in  1868.  Of  the  class  of  1865,  he  found 
fifty-five  men,  and  f)f  tliP  class  of  1866,  fnrtji-five  men,  wlio  liad  likewise  become  of 


22  STATURE AGK    OF    Fl'LL    GROWTH. 

competent  height  in  1868.     These  men,  when  exempted  as  below  the  minimum  hmit 
of  height,  were  twenty  years  of  age.' 

Some  observations  made  by  M.  Robert,  a  French  mihtary  surgeon,  are  interesting 
as  furnishing  additional  proof  on  this  point.'^  He  measured  287  soldiers,  grenadiers 
and  voltigeurs  chiefly,  and  found  a  mean  difference  of  0.023  metre  (0.905  inch) 
between  their  actual  height  and  that  recorded  in  their  livrets,  or  descriptive  lists,  made 
up  at  the  time  of  their  entry  into  the  service.  As  this  occurred  ninety-eight  times  in 
the  hundred,  it  was  evidently  from  continued  growth  that  the  discrepancy  jn'oceeded. 
The  mean  age  of  the  men  at  the  period  of  his  experiments  was  nearly  twenty-six 
years. 

It  is  obvious  from  these  considerations  how  inaccurate  must  be  the  conclusions 
drawn  by  some  writers  fi'om  the  Comptes  Rendus  of  the  army,  purporting  to  show 
the  mean  height  of  the  French  people,  when  it  is  remembered  that  the  measurements 
taken  are  those  of  men  newly  conscripted  at  twenty  years  of  age.  All  that  these 
figures  really  demonstrate  is  the  mean  height  of  a  certain  number  of  healthy  young- 
Frenchmen  of  the  age  of  twenty  years,  not  yet  fully  grown,  and  from  whose  number 
all  below  the  height  of  1.56  metres  have  been  carefully  excluded.' 

Mr.  Gould,  in  the  statistical  work  of  the  Sanitar}^  Commission,  states  that  "  the 
successive  counts  for  different  States  indicate  a  decided  tendency  to  diminution  of  the 
average  stature  as  the  war  went  on;"  and  he  proceeds  to  express  his  regret  that  all  his 
measurements  were  not  obtained  from  the  early  volunteers,  on  account  of  the  superior 
height  which  he  believed  them  to  possess.  There  is  no  doubt  that  successive  drafts 
are  likely  to  residt  in  a  lower  mean  stature  in  the  men  obtained.  As  war  continues, 
and  "many  a  good  tall  fellow  is  destroyed,"  recruiting-officers  become  less  exacting  as 
to  inches.  After  Napoleon's  return  fi-om  the  fatal  invasion  of  Russia,  all  limitations 
oi  the  height  of  conscripts  were  j^ractically  abolished,  so  sore  was  the  need  of  men. 
Hut  as  regards  the  comparison  of  volunteers  with  drafted  men,  there  can  be  no  question 
that  the  result  does  and  should  show  a  less  stature  in  the  latter.  The  reason  for  this 
expectation  is  easily  given.  The  minimum  limit  of  height  authorized  by  the  War 
Department  nt  the  outbreak  of  the  rebellion  was  5  feet  3  inches,  and  it  continued  to 
be  the  regulation-height  until  1864.  The  fact  that  there  teas  a  limit  undoubtedly  kept 
up  the  standard  of  stature,  no  matter  how  carelessly  the  measurements  were  actually 
made.  On  the  other  hand,  the  enrollment-law  expressly  declared  that  no  exemption 
shoidd  be  made  on  account  of  height;  and,  as  the  draft  fell  upon  men  of  all  conditions, 
the  mean  stature  was  inevitably  lower. 

In  connection  with  this  part  of  the  subject,  it  is  desirable  to  point  out  the  different 
results  obtained  according  as  the  man  is  iu  the  erect  or  horizontal  position  when  his 
height  is  determined.  M.  Robert,  the  author  recently  referred  to,  took  pains  to  measure 
the  287  soldiers  in  question  while  lying  upon  a  graduated  bench,  fitted  with  foot-board 

'  jSfurfc  sur  le  ri^nloiqiemtvl  de  la  laille  et  de  la  comliliition  (luiw  hi popiiJation  civile  el  da)7s  Varviee  en  France.  Reciieil 
do  ni6in.  lie  med.,  cbir.  et  pbanii.  niilitaires,  t.  xxii,  pi).  ^4',)  ct  26:i,  Paris,  1869. 

■Notice  eur  la  Inillc  el  le  jwieh  tin  faiilaxiiiii  fraiifais.  Rcciieil  tie  mem.  (le  nied.,  cbir.  ef.  pliarm.  militaires,  t.  x,  p. 
171,  Paris,  186:5. 

'The  height  named  was  the  limit  of  stature  from  Mareli  11,  18:12,  until  February,  1868  ;  at  the  latter  date  it  was 
reduced  to  I'lf)  metres,  and  in  .Inlv,  1873,  to  l.r>4  metres. 


STATUKE MEX    OF    DIFFERENT    NATIVITIES. 


28 


and  movable  liead-board.     He  also  measured  them  in  the  erect  position.     The  com- 
parison resulted  as  follows : 

Mean  height,  vertically 1.G58  metres,  (05.2s  inches.; 

Mean  height,  horizontally.  .....    l.(!71  metres,  (00.79  inches.) 

The  mean  difference  he  estimated  to  be  from  one  to  two  centimetres.  Inspector 
Marshall,  of  the  British  army,  instituted  similar  experiments  with  a  resulting  difference 
of  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch.  It  is  urged  in  fovor  of  the  horizontal  method  of  meas- 
urement that  it  prevents  drafted  men  from  resorting  to  various  little  urtitices  foi-  dimin- 
ishing their  actual  height,  Avhich  are  practicable  in  the  upright  position,  and  by  which 
they  hope  to  fall  below  the  minimum  limit  of  stature.' 

Omalius  d'Halloy  lays  it  down  as  an  ethnological  axiom  that  blonde  races  are 
characterized  by  superior  stature.'^  The  ensuing  table,  which  displays  the  order  of 
superiority  in  mean  stature  of  twenty-four  nativities,  will  be  found  confirmatory  of 
this  assertion.  It  is  true  that  the  list  is  headed  by  the  aboriginal  Indians,  whose  small, 
number  might  lead  to  the  conclusion  that  they  were  picked  men,  and  that  their  pre- 
eminence was  to  be  thus  accounted  for.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  their  case  is 
really  an  exception;  for  Mr.  Gould's  tables  contain  517  Indians  whose  mean  height 
was  08.225  inches,  yielding  superiority  in  this  respect  only  to  the  natives  of  Kentucky 
and  Tennessee.  If  compared  with  the  natives  of  the  United  States  only,  the  Indians 
would  rank  as  ninth  in  the  list  of  States.  Switzerland  is  lower  than  might  have  been 
anticipated,  and  Hungary  as  much  higher,  while  the  American  negro  holds  a  fairly 
intermediate  position,  below  which  dark-haired  races  follow  in  regular  gradation,  with 
the  single  exception  noted. 

Table  showiiif/  the  order  of  superiority  in  stature  of  501,068  n).en,  of  different  nativities. 


O  ~ 

Nativity. 

Number  of 
meu  ex- 
amined. 

Meau  height. 

fe.2 

it  £ 
o 

Nativity. 

Number  of 
men   ex- 
amined. 

Mean  height. 

1 

Uuitetl  States,  Imliaus. 
Uuited  States,  wUite.. . 

Norway 

Scotland  

British  America 

121 

315, 620 

2,290 

3,476 

21,645 

1,190 

50, 537 

383 

989 

89 

16, 196 

54,944 

25, 828 

Inches. 
67.  934 
67. 072 
67.  467 
67.  066 
67.  014 
66. 896 
66.741 
68. 648 
66. 037 
66.  .584 
66.  .577 
66.  536 
66. 531 

Metres. 
1  7255 
1.7189 
1.7137 
1. 7035 
1.  7022 
1.  6992 
1.  69.52 
1.6929 
1.6926 
1.6912 
1.6911 
1.  6900 
1. 6899 

'  14 

1  l-"^ 
16 
17 
i  18 
i  19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 

Wales   .-       ..... 

1,104 

122 

1,  802 

580 

3, 243 

171 

91 

339 

79 

148 

81 

Inches. 
06.  418 
66.  393 
66.  3IS1 
66.  307 
66. 277 
66. 21 1 
66.110 
66.  Olio 
(i5.  899 
e5. 635 
65.  432 

Metres. 
1  6870 

•> 

Russia           .    .... 

1  6864 

3 
4 

Switzerlaud  ..   

West  Indies  . 

1.  6861 
1.  6842 

5 

1. 6834 

6 

Poland 

1. 6818 

7 

1.6792 

8 

Italy  

1.  6764 

t) 

Hollaurt 

South  America 

1.  (>738 

in 

1.6671 

11 

Portugal  

Total,  and  mean  of  total  - 

1.6620 

12 
13 

Germany 

Uuited  States,  colored. 

501,068 

67. 300 

1.7094 

'  Barou  Larrey  asserts   that  this  deception   is  ofteu  successfully  practiced  by  the  French  conscript. 
I'Acad.  de  M6d.  t.  xxxii,  p.  672, 1867.) 

'  Bull,  de  la  Soc.  d'anthropoh)gie,  t.  iv,  p.  254,  Paris,  1863. 


(Bull  de 


•24 


STATfRT. Hr.I-ATIOX    TO    COMPLEXION, 


The  jiropurtioii  of  light  to  dark  complexioned  men  in  the  same  race  has  been 
made  the  subject  of  careful  analysis  in  five  principal  examples,  with  the  following- 
result  : 


Nativity. 


United  States 
British  Anieric- 

Englautl 

Ireland 

Germany 


Ligbtcom- 
plexioned. 


Daik-coui- 
plexioned. 


Total  i  Mean  height  of 
number  light-coniplex- 
ofmen.        ioned. 


126,445 

9,K0(i  I 
6,  H04 
20,  :j78 
20, 559 


fi4, 17ti 
4,859 
2,845 
8, 617 
9,041 


190,621 

14,  :W5 

9,649 

28, 995 

29,  (UIO 


Indies. 
67.  652 
67. 169 
66. 582 
66. 755 
6(i.  .531 


Metres. 
1.7184 
1.7061 
1.6912 
1.6956 
1. 6899 


Mean  he'ght  of 
dark-coniplex- 
ioneil. 


Inches. 
()7. 775 
67.  073 
66.621 
06.  755 
66.  .526 


Metres. 
1.721.''- 
1 . 7037 
1.692'; 
I .  ()956 
1.6898 


It  is  thus  manifest  that  while,  in  the  catalogue  of  nativities,  a  loftier  stature  char- 
acterizes the  l)londe  races,  the  same  condition  by  no  means  obtains  in  detail  amtMig 
themselves.  Two-thirds  of  the  whole  number  of  native-born  white  Americans  were 
fair-complexioned;  but  their  mean  stature  was  one-tenth  of  an  inch  below  that  of  their 
darker  brethren.  The  difference  is  very  little  in  any  instance;  the  Irish  presenting  the 
curious  phenomenon  of  a  precisely  similar  mean  stature  for  both  complexions.  While 
it  may  be  con-ect  to  assert  that  nations  of  superior  stature  exhibit  a  majority  of  blondes, 
it  is  still  more  strikingly  evident,  from  these  figures,  that  stature  depends  upon  race,  and 
not  upon  complexion. 

The  gradation  in  mean  stature  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  different  States  of  the 
Union  is  the  subject  of  the  next  table ;  the  investigation  is  carried  still  further  in  the 
succeeding  one,  and  the  result  exhibited  in  the  congressional  districts  also. 

Table  showimi  the  order  of  superiority  in  stature,  hy  States,  of  31;},620  American-born  tvhite  men. 


State. 


Kentucky  .  . . . 

Kansas 

Minnesota 

Missouri 

California 

Nevada  

Indiana 

West  Virginia 
Wiseousin  .  .. . 

Maint! 

Iowa 

Illinois    

Michigan 


o  S 

a  <o » 

3  2.5 


3, 
6, 
1, 

38, 

5, 
10, 
12, 

7, 
36, 
12, 


252 
729 
682 
031 
308 
21 
354 
187 
922 
363 
823 
465 
5«i 


Mean  height. 


Inches. 
68.  677 
68.  .551 
68.  371 
68.  337 
68.  306 
68. 286 
68.  080 
68. 005 
67.911 
67.  895 
67. 895 
67. 835 
67. 826 


Metres. 
1.7444 
1.7412 
1.7368 
1.7358 
1.7350 
1.7345 
1. 7292 
1.7273 
1.  7249 
1.7245 
1.  7245 
1.7230 
1.7228 


S  a. 
O 


14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 


State. 


Maryland 

Ohio 

Vermont 

Delaware 

Pennsylvania   

District  of  Columbia. . 

Rhode  Island 

New  York    

New  .Jersey 

New  Hampshire  - 

Massachusetts 

Connecticut  -    

Total,  and  mean  of  total 


o  c 

CS 

•2  a-a 

a  »  « 

.=  2.9 


6,918 

39,311 

3, 374 

1,215 

47, 124 

2, 883 

3,013 

43,798 

17,  084 

2,  801 

6, 280 

2,  099 


315, 620 


Mean  height. 


Inches. 
67.  814 
67. 782 
07.  583 
67.  490 
67.  470 
67.  353 
67. 290 
67.  274 
67. 023 
66.  929 
66.  891 
66.  587 


67. 672 


Metres. 
1.7225 
1.7217 
1.7166 
1.7142 
1.7137 
1.7108 
1.7092 
1.7088 
1.7024 
1.7000 
1.  6990 
1.  691,{ 


1.7189 


.STATIMU: lAIiLKS. 


2f) 


'Jahli'  slioiriii;;  tlir  order  of  si'perioritu  in  utahire,  and  the  mean  (jirth  of  chest,  bij  Stales  aiui  con- 
gressional dintvicts,  of  ;5lu,02l)  Americauborn  ichiie  wen. 


i 

is- 

-X.) 

Total  for  State. 

u 

'^ 

^ 

^ 

a 

s  n 

QJ 

^ 

'S 

1     ^ 
1^        '      ^ 

Stato  or  Tt'iiitoiy. 

o 

•i.s 

CO   r« 

to 

.3   53 

a 

3 

Id 

■a 

s 

.a 

s-a 

li 

a 

Q 

13 

a 

B  2 

a 

3  " 

'P 

o 

<u 

s  a 

a> 

aj- 

o 

6 

iS 

S 

g 

!z; 

g 

s 

InchcK. 

IiicIu-1. 

Inchi'S.     Iiidiex. 

Kentnckv 

1 

1st... 

490 

69.  473 

34  7921 

. 

• 

2 

8th  .. 

773 

69.  426 

34.  812 

1 

3 

7th  .. 

186 

69. 151 

34. 290 

4 

2d  ... 

508 

69.  028 

34. 933 

5 

3d  --. 

403 

68.  814 

33. 504  ! 

4,2.52 

68.  (!77 

33. 978 

6 

4th  .. 

364 

68. 165 

32.  885 

7 

6th  .. 

734 

68.  035 

33. 030 

8 

9th  .. 

396 

67.914 

33. 197 

9 

5th  .. 

398 

67.  844 

34.  000 

KaDBus 

1 
2 

2d  ... 

1st... 

208 
521 

69.  183 

68.  299 

33. 183  ) 
34.  315  ( 

729 

68.  .551 

*kt*i..j.».' ------ ...... ,...._ ■.........._. .•.__...  ... 

33. 992 

Miunesota 

1 
2 

Ist .  . . 
2d  ... 

1,8.55 
1,827 

68.  516 
68.  223 

34.001  , 
34. 039  I 

3, 082 

68.  371 

34.  020 

Missouri 

1 

4th  .. 

103 

70. 039 

33. 864  1 

2 

9th  .. 

400 

69. 340 

34.  4r:5 

3 

8th  .. 

763 

69. 104 

33.  300 

4 

3d  ... 

525 

68. 655 

33. 768 

5 

.   5th  .. 

272 

68. 485 

34. 493  V 

6, 031      68. 337 

33. 903 

6 

2d  ... 

1,206 

68. 338 

33. 735 

7 

7th  .. 

1,572 

68.  080 

34. 543 

8 

6th  .. 

1 

68. 000 

36.  000 

9 

l8t  . .'. 

1,189 

67. 526 

33.  354  J 

Califoniiii 

1 

2d  ... 

271 

68.  369 

31.838  ) 

2 

1st . . . 

402 

68.  363 

35.209  > 

1,308 

68.306 

34. 106 

3 

3d  ... 

635 

68. 243 

34.375  ) 

Nevada 

1 
1 

1st... 
2d  ... 

21 
2,112 

68. 286 
68.  916 

34.  381 
33.797- 

21 

68. 286 

34. 381 

Indiana    

2 

3d  ... 

1,709 

68.  407 

35.  475 

3 

Ist... 

3, 224 

68.  315 

33.  500 

4 

11th  .. 

3,  404 

68. 303 

34. 925 

5 

9th  .^ 

4,781 

68.  302 

33. 986 

6 

7th  .. 

4,810 

68. 289 

33.030   . 

38, 354 

68.080 

33,698 

7 

4th  .. 

2,307 

63.  080 

33. 295 

8 

5th  .. 

3,028 

67. 912 

33.  004 

9 

lOtb  .. 

3,171 

67. 808 

33.  984 

. 

- 

10 

6th  .. 

5, 097 

67.  660 

33. 313 

11 

8th  .. 

4,711 

67.  .570 

33.  515 

West  Virginia 

1 

3d  ... 

730 

68.  822 

34. 192  ) 

2 

2d  ... 

1,632 

68.  023 

33.7.59   ► 

5, 187 

68.005 

33.  005 

3 

1st . . . 

2,825 

67. 783 

32. 373  S 

Wisconsin . ... 

1 

6th 

2,937 
1,523 

68.  426 

34.295 

2 

3d  .'.'. 

68!  146 

33!  7.58 

3 
4 

5th  .. 
4th  .. 

1,045 
1,379 

67.  908 
67.793 

33. 795 
31.566 

10. 922 

67.911 

33. 505 

5 

2d  ... 

2, 647 

67. 726 

33.  688 

" 

6 

1st . . . 

1,  391 

67.041 

32.  919 

Maine 

1 

4th  .. 

4,374 

68. 256 

33.  528 1 

2 

5th  .. 

2, 813 

68.  000 

•33.796 

3 

2d  ... 

1,644 

67.  860 

33.993 

12, 3()3 

67.  895 

33.  808 

4 

3d  ... 

1,108 

67. 652 

34. 695 

- 

5 

Ist .. . 

2, 424 

67. 256 

33. 796 

1 

5th 

1  159 

68. 238 

31. 8/71 
33. 9.16  i 

2 

6th  '.'. 

'  955 

68!  027 

3 
4 

1st... 
4th  .. 

998 
1,068 

67. 926 

67.  897 

33. 818  1^^ 
33.  496  { 

7,  8-23 

07. 895 

33.868 

5 

2d  .  . 

2,  368 

67. 804 

33.  829  1 

6 

3d  ... 

1,275 

67.  6.'7 

33.  310  J 

Illinois 

1 

10th 

3  475 

69.  036 

34.043 

2 

12th  .. 

2^031 

C8! 667 

34! 051 

3 

2d  . . . 

1,767 

68.  .525 

32. 709 

4 

11th  .. 

3,418 

68. 134 

33.741 

5 

7th  .. 

1 ,  726 

07. 729 

32. 954 

6 

5th   .. 

3,717 

67. 700 

33.  003 

7 

3d  ... 

3, 830 

67. 697 

33. 545 

36, 465 

67. 835 

33.654 

8 

4th   .. 

5,738 

67.  635 

33.851 

9 

13th  . 

756 

67.611 

34.  810 

10 

6th  .. 

2,706 

67.  601 

33.  073 

11 

9th  .. 

2,  429 

07. 313 

34.  007 

1 

12 

1st .  .. 

2.271 

i  67. 128 

33. 924 

[                 ' 

13 

8th  .. 

2, 601 

67.  017 

33.671, 

1 

26 


RTATUKK— TABLES. 


Table  showw;/  the  order  of  superiority  in  stature,  &c. — Continued. 


-.a 

2 

g 

w 

Si 
o 

Total  for  State. 

St.nte  or  Teriitorj. 

1 

Q    03 

11 

•a 

s 

o 

o 

0; 

o 
^  i7 

o 

1 

ji 

.a 
a 

'So 

^ 

ut 

a 

s 

ca 

c: 

s 

H 

5  " 

c 

« 

® 

3 

a> 

o 

O 

» 

g 

s 

•m 

g 

S 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Michigan 

1 

4th 

1,874 

68  Ol.'i 

34.781^ 
33. 935  1 

2 

1st... 

2,078 

68.  013 

3 

4 

3d  ... 
2d  ... 

2,539 
3, 260 

67.  917 

67. 839 

33. 667  y 
32. 948  f 

12, 583 

67. 826 

33.  498 

5 

6th  .. 

1,171 

67.776 

32.377 
33. 114  J 

6 

5th  .. 

1,661 

67. 162 

Maryland 

1 

5th  .. 

1,477 

68. 737 

32.703^ 

2 

1st  -  . . 

1,159 

68. 154 

33. 655 

3 

2d  ... 

1,098 

67. 938 

34.614 

6, 918 

67. 814 

33.  498 

4 

4th  .. 

1,836 

67. 288 

34.  345 

5 

3d  ... 

1,348 

67.125 

34. 228 

Qhio 

1 

16th 

2, 353 

68. 533 

34.438^ 
33.274 

2 

14th  .. 

1,173 

68!  404 

3 

7th  .. 

3,433 

68. 382 

34.  574 

4 

6th  .. 

2,668 

68. 364 

34. 828 

- 

5 

8th  .. 

2,034 

68. 112 

34.723 

6 

15th  .. 

2,297 

68.002 

33.710 

7 

9th  .. 

1,398 

67. 931 

33.798 

8 

11th  .. 

2,257 

67. 902 

34. 178 

9 

4th  .. 

2,059 

67. 812 

34. 683 

JO 

12th  .. 

2, 662 

67.712 

33. 518 

39,311 

67.782 

33.661 

11 

2d  ... 

1,779 

67. 654 

32. 215 

12 

13th  .. 

1,433 

67. 599 

34. 089 

13 

5th  .. 

2,608 

67. 583 

32. 832 

14 

19th  .. 

2,410 

67. 561 

32. 128 

15 

18th  .. 

2, 655 

67. 247 

34. 141 

16 

17th  .. 

1,667 

67. 146 

31. 994 

17 

10th  .. 

2, 196 

67.  098 

32. 824 

18 

3d  ... 

1,.507 

66.  864 

32. 641 

19 

Ist... 

722 

66. 787 

33. 266 

Vermont . , 

1 
2 

3d  ... 
Ist... 

897 

728 

68.  033 
67. 440 

32. 914  ) 
33. 593  ) 

3,374 

67. 583 

33. 375 

■i 

2d  ... 

1,749 

67. 411 

33.  520  S 

Delaware 

1 

Ist ... 

1,215 

67.  490 

34. 245 

1,215 

67. 490 

34.245 

Pennsylvania 

1 

17th  .. 

2,741 

68. 363 

34.538^ 

2 

23d  ... 

1,116 

68.296 

33.724 

3 

16th  .. 

4,758 

68. 232 

33.590 

j 

4 

24th  .. 

1,104 

68. 027 

33. 600 

5 

14th  .. 

1,265 

68. 002 

33  696 

6 

19th  .. 

2, 702 

67. 997 

34. 118 

7 

20th  .. 

5,201 

67. 939 

33.-191 

8 

7th   .. 

1,308 

67. 797 

32.  329 

9 

21st-.. 

2,191 

67.  660 

33. 709 

10 

12th  .. 

1,139 

67. 637 

34.  042 

11 

15th  .. 

973 

07. 5.''i8 

33. 986 

12 
13 

13th  .. 
18th  .. 

3,426 
1,630 

67.522 

67. 483 

33. 456 
34. 326  <■ 

47, 124 

67.470 

33. 491 

14 

11th  .. 

1,336 

66.  954 

33. 988 

15 

22d.  .. 

450 

66. 831 

33.  058 

16 

6th  .. 

2,807 

66. 817 

32.  398 

17 

8th  .. 

2,016 

66. 802 

33.  .595 

18 

9th  .. 

3,174 

66.  800 

34.  326 

19 

4th  .. 

2,471 

66. 661 

32.  606 

20 

2d  . . . 

1,206 

66. 587 

33.  564 

21 

5th  .. 

1,390 

66.  570 

32. 289 

22 

10th  .. 

1,070 

66.  462 

34.  000 

23 

1st . . . 

954 

66.  415 

32. 189 

34 

3d  ... 

696 

66.  .328 

31. 747 

District  of  Colnmbia .' 

1 
1 
2 

Ist... 
1st... 
2d  ... 

2,883 

2, 088 

925 

67. 353 
67. 499 
66. 817 

33. 659 
32  155  ? 

2,883 

67.353 
67.290 

33. 659 

Rhode  Island 

1 538^1     ^'*^^=* 

32.273 

STATURK — ■I'.VBIES. 
Table  shoicimj  the  order  of  snperiority  in  stature.,  &c. — Continued. 


27 


>. 

£ 

y* 

OJ 

^0 

Total  for  State. 

o 

"^ 

a 

^ 
0 

state  or  Territory. 

c 

o 

.2  " 

r 

it 

-4J 

0 
J3 

t: 

5) 

0 

-  0 

-4^ 

5 

.a  . 
a 

0 

MS 

1 

a 

s 

3 

C5 
0/ 

§2 

a  'J 

o 

o 

K 

s 

^ 

^ 

s 

S 

Inchrs. 

Inches. 

Indies. 

Inches. 

New  York 

1 

31st . 

3, 875 

68.  400 

33.032^ 
33.  274 

2 

27th  .. 

1,237 

68. 152 

3 

25th  .. 

350 

68. 074 

32. 703 

4 

8th   .. 

477 

67. 933 

33.  023 

•   5 

12th  .. 

1,807 

67.  85G 

33.701  1 

6 

14th  .. 

3, 842 

67.  57G     33.  645  | 

7 

19th  .. 

2, 532 

67. 573 

32. 813 

8 

6th  .. 

716 

67. 430 

32. 947 

9 

20th  .. 

933 

67.411 

34.135 

10 

16th  .. 

1,307 

67.  399 

32. 626 

11 

29th  .. 

1,704 

67.  383 

33.  994 

12 

22(1  ... 

571 

67.  363 

33.  ()15 

* 

13 

23(1  ... 

1,720 

67.  309 

33. 792 

14 

13th  .. 

3,001 

67. 272 

32. 681 

15 

1st... 

704 

67.  244 

33. 170 

16 

24th  .. 

3,  389 

67. 145 

32.  ICO 

43, 798 

67. 274 

32. 909 

17 

11th  .. 

1 ,  335 

67. 131 

32.  935 

18 

17th  .. 

1,834 

()7. 084  1  33.  836  | 

li) 

30th  .. 

1,819 

f)7.  041 

32. 257 

20 

28th  .. 

1,309 

67.  040 

32. 970 

21 

7th  .. 

232 

66.  879 

33.  3(:e 

22 

26th  .. 

426 

66.  761 

32. 700 

23 

18th  .. 

3, 096 

66. 709 

31.913 

24 

4.h  .. 

341 

66.  5.'-)7 

32. 768 

2.5 

2(1  . . . 

652 

66.  426 

32.  ()87 

26 

-.'.(}  ... 

1,137 

66.  347 

31.666 

27 

10th  .. 

1,705 

66.  317 

32.  465 

28 

9th  .. 

347 

65.  994 

30.  870 

29 

21st... 

464 

65. 978 

31.444 

30 

15th  .. 

474 

65. 886 

32.  852 

31 

5th  .. 

462 

65. 732 

32.  424 

New  Jersey  -- 

1 
2 

3d  ... 

1st... 

4,274 

4,749 

67.  428 
67. 181 

33.102^ 
31.840 

3 

4th  .. 

2, 083 

66.  880 

32.  224  ) 

17, 084 

67. 023 

32.  326 

4 

5th  .. 

3,959 

66. 777 

32.  090  1 

5 

2(1  ... 

2, 019 

66.  422 

32.  399  J 

New  Hampshire ... 

1 

2 

2d  ... 
1st... 

1,159 
496 

67.  424 
66.  601 

3.i.  242  ) 
32.  5(i9  ) 

2,801 

"66.929 

33.  597 

3 

3d  ... 

1,146 

66.571 

34.  401  S 

Massachusetts . . . ; 

1 

7th  .. 

139 

67.  468 

32.019^ 

2 

4th  .. 

1,040 

67.  281 

31.560 

3 

10th  .. 

263 

67. 142 

32.  403 

4 

3d  ... 

1,626 

66. 986 

31.  854 

5 

5th  .. 

1,000 

66.  790 

32. 132  I, 

6,280 

66. 891 

31. 988 

6 

8th  .. 

489 

66. 695 

31.. 562 

7 

1st . . . 

398 

66.  683 

32.  337 

8 

2il  ... 

454 

66. 652 

31.996 

9 

6th  .. 

525 

66. 598 

32.4:8 

10 

9th  .. 

341 

66.  399 

32.  428 

Connecticut 

1 

3d  ... 

166 

67.361 

32.663  1 

32. 827 

2 

4th  .. 

728 

66.  687 

2,  099 

66. 587 

32  574 

3 

2d  ... 

655 

66. 473 

32.  140 
32.  727 

4 

1st... 

5.50 

(>6. 356 

ITnitfrl   RtntpM 

315, 620 

67.672 

33.418 

unit  l.llOLdLt'M.  ..---.  ...........      .........       ....... 

There  are  not  many  records  of  the  stature  of  the  natives  of  the  United  States 
with  which  to  compare  the  foregoing  tables.  In  the  abstract  of  the  statistics  of 
recruiting  in  the  Army  from  1859  to  1855,  prepared  by  the  late  Surgeon  Coolidgo, 
Americans  are  divided  according  to  the  States  of  their  nativity.  The  tables  just  given 
show  in  almost  everv  instance  a,  slight  increase  in  the  mean  stature,  l)y  States,  wlien 


28  SrATURK COMPAUISUX    OF    RESULT!^. 

compared  with  Dr.  Coolidge's  results,  and  this  is  the  more  remarkable  as,  during  the 
period  of  sixteen  years  which  his  researches  cover,  all  men  below  5  feet  5  inches  in 
height  were  rejected,  while  no  limitation  whatever  existed  under  the  draft.' 

Mr.  Gould's  tables  afford  an  excellent  source  of  comparison  from  the  large  nvim- 
bers  they  comprise,  as  well  as  from  the  fact  that  the  examinations  were  made  during 
nearly  the  same  period  of  time  as  our  own.  His  statistics  were  chiefly  derived  from 
the  volunteer  regiments,  and  therefore  represent  another  large  section  of  the  popula- 
tion, though  the  reservation  already  pointed  out  as  to  their  reliability  must  be  borne 
in  mind.  Unfortunately,  it  is  not  possible  to  compare  our  results  completely  in  detail 
with  Mr.  Gould's,  on  account  of  his  having,  in  some  instances,  grouped  together  separate 
States. 

The  first  of  the  following  tables  is  of  great  interest.  It  brings  together  the  results  of 
three  series  of  observations,  differing  in  character,  but  each  having  its  peculiar  value  and 
pertinence.  The  first  column  represents  the  mean  stature,  without  selection,  of  the 
male  population  between  the  ages  of  eighteen  and  forty-five  years  ^  the  second  repre- 
sents a  selected  class,  from  which  had  been  rejected  all  below  an  average  height  of  5 
feet  3  inches ;  and  the  third  column  contains  the  results  of  careful  measurements  made 
between  twenty  and  thirt)'  years  ago  of  a  smaller  number  of  men  of  a  lesser  mean  age. 
Altogether,  there  are  embodied  in  this  table  the  conclusions  drawn  from  the  examina- 
tion of  nearly  a  million  and  a  half  of  American-born  Avhite  men,  and  it  is  surprising 
how  corroborative  the  results  of  these  separate  observations  are  of  one  another.  Tf 
these  calculations  be  all  thrown  together,  the  resulting  mean  stature  from  the  whole  is 
67.646  inches,  or  1.7182  metres. 

In  another  part  of  his  work,  Mr.  Gould  has  given  a  table  of  stature,  in  which  the 
State  named  represents  actual  natives  only,  and  not,  as  in  the  succeeding  table,  men 
enlisted  in  the  State.  These  details,  however,  are  given  in  g-roups,  which  are  not 
best  fitted  for  comparison ;  but  if  the  separate  data  of  our  tables  be  correspondingly 
aiTanged,  another  strikingly  similar  result  is  obtained.  This  is  displayed  in  the  second 
of  the  following  tables. 

'Statistics  of  the  sickness  and  mortaJitji  in  the  Army  of  the  United  States  from  January,  1839,  to  January,  IHS.'i,  4to, 
Wiisbiiigton,  1850,  p.663. 


STATURE COMPARISON    OK    RESULTS. 

Comjyaratice  table  of  stature,  by  States,  of  Amerivat'.-born  white  men. 


29 


Mean  stature  according  to — 

State. 

Tables 

if   this 
.li. 

United     States 
Sanitary  Cdin- 
mission,  li.  A. 
Gould. 

United     States 
At  my  statis- 
tics,  1839  to 
1855,    Dr. 
Coolidgo. 

Indies. 
68. 677 
68.  .551 
68.371 
68. 337 
08.  306 
08. 286 
68.  080 
68.  005 
67.911 
67.  895 
67. 895 
67. 835 
67.  826 
67.814 
67. 782 
67.  583 
67.  490 
67.  470 
67. 3.53 
67. 290 
67. 274 
iil.  023 
66. 929 
66. 891 
CO.  587 

Aletn's. 
1.7444 
1.7412 
1.7.i66 
1.  73,58 
1.7350 
1. 7345 
1 . 7292 
1.  7273 
1.7249 
1.7245 
1.7245 
1. 7230 
1  7228 
1.7225 
1.7217 
1.7166 
1.7142 
1. 7137 
1.7108 
1.7092 
1. 7088 
1.'024 
1.7000 
1.0990 
1.  0913 

Incba. 
•08. 160 

ilelres. 
•1.7313 

Inches. 
07. 729 

Metres. 
1.  7203 

Kausas 

07. 025 
68.  033 

1.7177 
1.7280 

07. 102 

1.7059 

C'aljfoiniii 

68.  0()2 
68. 425 
67. 052 
08. 122 
OS.  131 
67. 970 
67.615 
67. 312 
67. 838 
67.  613 

1.7288 
1.7380 
1.7184 
1.7303 
1.7.i05 
1.7264 
1.7174 
1. 7097 
1.7231 
1.7174 

67. 004 

1.7171 

West  Virginia 

Maine 

Iowa 

67.  314 

1. 7098 

67. 696 

i.7i95 

Mii-bi'MD                        

67.  i:16 

07.. 537 

1.7051 

Obio                                    

1.71.54 

too.  951  if  1.7006 

67. 136 

1.  7053 

66.756  1  i.0956 

67. 088 
67.  085 
63. 575 
67.  402 
67. 0.-.O 
67.  088 
66. 831 

1.7040 
1.7040 
1.6910 
1.7120 
1.7031 
1.7040 
1.0975 

66. 505 
too  509 

1.6892 

t  r  r^i^'r.i 

^60.821  i$1.0973 

'0K779' 
(;7.814 
08. 272 
07. 729 

1.7211) 

1.7225 

1   7341 

1  T-io:! 

07.047      1.71-2 

07.488      1.7142 

67.  672 

1. 7189 

67.  639 

1.7180 

07.  357 

1.7109 

Note. — If  the  six  last-named  States  be  discarded  from  the  calculation,  thi  resulting  mean  stature  of  Dr. 
Coolidge's  table  wonld  be  07.142  inches,  (1.7054  metres.) 

*  Inchides  Tennessee.         t  Inchuh's  New  Hauipsbire.         t  Inclndes  Delaware.         ^N  Iiielndes  Connecticut. 


Gionjis  of  States. 


Maine 

Vermont 

New  Hampshire 

Massachusetts 

IJliode  Island 

'Jonuecticut 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania  

Ohio 

Indiana 

Michigan 

Wisconsin    

lUinoi.s 

Total  and  meau 


Provost-Marshal-General's 
bureau. 


Number 
of  men. 


Meau  height. 


}  29,930 

>  108, 006 
77,  665 
59, 970 


275,571 


Inches. 


Metres. 


67.40')  '   1.7121 


07.320      1.7099 
67.929  I   1.7254 


07. 847 


1.  7233 


67.616      1.7174 


B.  A.  Gonlil. 


Number 
of  men. 


152, 370 

273,  026 

220, 796 

71,196 


717,368 


Mean  height. 


Inches.     Metres. 


67.  834 

67. 529 

68. 109 
67. 877 

67. 825 


1.7230 

1.71.52 
1.7315 
1 . 724 1 

1.7228 


30  CIRCUMFERENCE    OF    CHEST. 

Circumference  of  Chest. — The  reader  sliould  bear  in  mind  that  all  the  meas- 
urements of  girth  of  chest  which  appear  in  the  tables  of  this  work  were  taken  with  the 
tape  pressed  evenly  upon  the  nipples  in  front,  and  meeting  over  the  angles  of  the 
scapula?  posteriorly.  This  caution  is  necessary,  as  the  expression  "over  the  nipj^les" 
has  been  misunderstood  to  mean  above,  instead  of  itjJOii.  In  every  case  the  man  was 
naked,  and  the  girth  was  carefully  ascertained,  both  when  the  lungs  were  fully  inflated 
and  when  expiration  was  completed.  It  is  obvious  that  the  direction  given  to  "take  a 
full  breath  "  led  to  a  more  complete  inflation  than  usual,  so  that  the  expansion  recorded 
is  slightly  in  excess  of  what  is  termed  pulmonary  play,  and  which  consists  of  the  rate  of 
mobility  of  the  chest  in  quiet,  ordinary  breathing.  The  diflerence  in  the  circumfer- 
ence of  the  thorax  when  thus  fully  inflated,  and  when  measured  again  after  a  forced 
expiration,  constitutes  the  "expansion  of  cliesV  of  the  tables.  The  tenn  "vital  capacity,^'' 
which  was  originated  by  Mr.  Hutchinson,  indicates  the  numbei-  of  cubic  inches  of  air 
exjjelled  from  the  lungs  under  these  conditions.  When  the  expression  "mean  yirth  of 
chest"  is  made  use  of  in  the  comparative  tables  of  this  introduction,  it  is  to  be  under- 
stood as  meaning  always  at  completed  expiration. 

Whether  the  development  of  the  thorax  increases  in  regular  relation  to  increasing 
height  is  a  question  Avliich  has  been  much  debated  without  any  definite  conclusion 
having  been  attained.  Hutchinson,  in  his  valuable  and  elaborate  treatise  on  the  respi- 
ratory functions,'  says  :  "I  have  been  fi-equently  asked  if  the  depth  of  the  chest  did 
not  increase  with  the  height  of  the  individual — I  find  this  not  to  be  the  case."'  Else- 
where  he  asserts  that  there  is  no  relation  between  stature  and  the  cubic  dimensions  of 
the  thorax;^  and  an  examination  of  his  tables  will  show  that  height,  even  when  modi- 
fied by  age,  has  no  regulaiity  in  its  relation  to  girth  of  chest.''  Baron  Larrey,  while 
insisting  upon  a  well-formed  chest  as  an  indispensable  qualification  in  the  soldier, 
states  that,  in  his  experience,  very  tall  men  were  not  as  well-proportioned  in  that  par- 
ticular as  men  of  less  stature.'*  De  Jouvencel,  commenting  on  the  physical  charac- 
teristics of  the  men  of  Germanic  origin  who  people  a  great  part  of  Alsace  and  some 
other  portions  of  the  -northeast  of  France,  together  with  the  adjacent  German  terri- 
tories, describes  them  as  of  remarkably  high  stature,  but  as  quite  deficient  in  develop- 
ment of  chest."  M.  A.  Godron  confirms  this  account.  It  would  be  easy  to  accumu- 
late similar  experiences  from  the  writings  of  ethnographers;  but  it  will  be  more  satis- 
factory- to  ascertain  the  results  of  actual  measuremeut;j  upon  a  large  scale. 

Mr.  Gould's  researches  on  behalf  of  the  Sanitary  Commission  are  first  to  be  exam- 
ined. He  does  not  furnish  the  relation  of  girth  of  chest  to  increasing  height  in  the 
same  race  or  class;  but  his  tables  permit  of  the  selection  of  the  necessary  mean  dimen- 
sion by  nativities.  The  result,  as  set  forth  in  the  following  table,  would  seem  to  defy 
all  attempts  to  establish  a  regular  relation  between  stature  and  circumference  of  chest. 

'  On  the  capacity  of  the  luiign  and  on  the  rcujjiralorij  functions,  Med.-Chirurg.  Tmusactioiis,  vol.  xxix,  pp.  i:<7-252, 
1,'pimIoii,  181(1. 

■  Ibid..  1).  17!».     . 

'  Ibid.,  p.  -Hd. 

*  Ibid.,  p.  170. 

■■■  Bull,  dehi  Soc.  d'uuthivp.,  2c  sdr..  t.  i\,  p.  580,  Paris,  1869 

"Bull,  de  lu  Snr.  d'a.ilhroj)..  f.  ii,  ]>.  105,  Palis,  1861. 


CIRCUMFERENCK    OF    CHEST. 


31 


Table  showing  the  order  of  superiority  of  mean  height,  and  the  relation  of  mean  girth  of  cheat  to  same,  in 
various  races  and  classes  of  men  examined  in  the  United  ISiatcs,  (arranged  from  B.  A.  GonUl.y 


Nativity  or  chiss. 


Kentucliy  aud  Teiiiicsste 

Indiaus - 

Free  States  west  of  Mississippi  Eiver  . 

Scamliiiavia 

Ohio  ami  ludiana 

Students 


Coast  slave  States 

Mieliiijat],  WiseoDsin,  and  Illinois 

New  Kiiirlaiul  States 

New  Ydik,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania. 

Scotland  

Miscellanioiis 

British  America 

Wales  aud  Isle  of  Man 

Ireland 

Slave  States  west  of  Mississippi  Elver 

England  

Mulattoes 

Negroes , 

Oerniauy 

Sailors 


France  

Spain,  Portugal,  and  Spfinish  America 


.a 
S 


2G7 
517 
10 
34 
66'J 
167 
367 

ok; 

211 

765 

81 

32 

558 

20 

827 

51 

306 

863 

020 

562 

061 

100 


Total,  and  mean  of  total 15,504 


a  ^ 
':3  M 


Rac«. 

26.  00 
30.  73 
22. 28 
29. 17 
24.70 
21.84 
26. 88 
24. 38 
25. 76 
•.;6. 18 
28.91 

27.  48 
25.  53 
31.14 
29.24 
24.56 
27.08 
26. 24 
25.67 
29. 76 
26.13 
27.74 
31.63 


Mean   lieiglit. 


26.24 


Iiiehes. 
68. 53 
68. 23 
()7. 89 
67  76 
67. 74 
67. 73 
67.56 
()7. 26 

67. 20 
07.14 
66. 94 
66. 93 
66.91 
66.87 
66.  59 
(;o.  32 
06. 25 
66. 25 

66. 21 
66. 17 
66.02 
65.  6() 
65. 29 


66.  94 


MelrcH. 
1.7407 
1. 7330 
1.7244 
1.7211 
1.7206  1 
1.7203  I 
1.7160 
1.7084 
1. 7069 
1. 7054 
1.7003 
1. 7000 
1. 6995 
1. 6985 
1.  6914 
1. 6845 
1.6828 
1.  C828 
1.  6817 
1.  6807 
1. 6769 
1.6678 
1. 6584 


1. 7003 


Jleaii  girth  of  chest 
at  expiration. 


Ivchcs. 

Metres. 

35. 30 

.  896(i 

37.08 

.9418 

34.84 

.  8849 

35. 37 

.  8984 

34. 95 

.8877 

33. 76 

.  8575 

34.23 

.  8694 

34.04 

.  8646 

34.11 

.  8664 

34.  38 

.  8733 

34.  67 

.8806 

33. 99 

.  8633 

34.38 

.8733 

34. 19 

.8684 

35. 15 

.  8928 

33.31 

.8461 

34. 30 

.8712 

34.18 

.8682 

34.28 

.8707 

34. 72 

.8819 

34.09 

.  8659 

34.30 

.8712 

33. 11 

.8410 

34.  .50 


21 
14 
19 
17 

9 

8 
20 
10 
15 

4 
22 
11 
16 
13 

7 
18 
12 
23 


.  8763 


It  would,  at  first,  seem  probable  that  the  diflereuce  of  age  might  partly  account 
for  the  discrepancies  of  the  foregoing  table,  as  it  is  known  that  the  thorax  continues  to 
increase  by  growth  up  to  the  thirtieth  year.  But  it  is  equally  well  established  that  a 
man  continues  to  grow  in  height  up  to  the  same  or  even  to  a  later  age,  so  that  the 
disproportion  observed  might  be  expected  to  advance  pari  passu. 

During  the  classification  of  the  statistics  of  this  office,  the  belief  was  strongly 
entertained  that  something  like  a  regular  increase  in  the  girth  of  the  chest  would  be 
found  to  co-exist  with  advancing  stature.  The  two  ensuing  tables,  which  exhibit  the 
relation  in  question,  first  by  nativities  and  next  by  States  of  the  Union,  make  it  mani- 
fest that  the  anticipation  was,  so  far,  not  realized.  It  will  be  observed  that  in  these,  as 
in  the  preceding  table,  the  height  is  recorded  in  its  order  of  superiority. 

I  The  sources  from  which  we  have  constructed  this  table  will  be  found  at  jip.  276-281.  291.  292,  303,  304,  306,307,  311. 


32  CIECUMrERENCi:    OF    CHEST- 

Table  nhoicing  the  relation  of  mean  [lirtli  of  client  to  mean  heujht  in  ticcuty  four  natirifien. 


Nntivity. 

Niitnber 
of  meu. 

Meau  beigbt. 

Meau  g 

rtli  of  cbest. 

121 

315, 620 

2, 290 

3,476 

21,645 

1,190 

50, 537 

383 

989 

89 

16, 196 

54, 944 

25, 828 

1,104 

122 

1,802 

580 

3, 243 

171 

91 

339 

.      79 

148 

81 

Inches. 
67. 934 
67. 672 
67.  467 
67.  0(i6 
67.  014 
66.  896 
66.741 
66.6^8 
66. 637 
66.  584 
66.  577 
66.  536 
66.  531 
66.  418 
66.  393 
66.  381 
66.  307 
66. 277 
66.211 
66.110 
6t!.  000 
65.  899 
65. 635 
65.  432 

Metres. 
1.7255 
1.7189 
1.7137 
1.7035 
1.7022 
1.6993 
1.6952 
1.  ()it29 
1.  6926 
1.6912 
1.6911 
1.  6900 
1.6899 
I.  6i:.70 
1. 6864 
1.6861 
1.6842 
1.68.!4 
1.6^il8 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

Inches. 
34.  066 

33.  418 

34.  321 
33. 838 

33.  380 
31. 310 
33. 769 
34.292 
33. 666 

34.  022 
33.  369 
33.  880 
33. 691 

33.  924 

34.  066 
33.719 
32.917 
33. 778 
33.  544 
32. 989 
33.  404 
33.  367 
33.  608 
34.222 

33. 530 

Metres. 

.8653 
.8188 
,8718 
.8595 
.8479 
.8716 
.  8,577 
.8710 
.  8,551 
.8642 
.8476 
.8606 
.8558 
.8617 
.8653 
.8565 
.  8361 
.  8580 
.  8520 
.  8379 
.8485 
.8475 
.  8536 
.  8692 

.8517 

6 

18 

1 

Scotland        

10 

Rritisli  Amcricji                    .                 .        ...      

«0 

8\vetUMi 

2 
19. 

3 

Holland                                              

15 

Hnnj^ary 

Kiiolnnd                          -    .           ...         .-    ..._,. ............. 

7 
21 

(_f»*rmanv                      --- - 

9 

United  Stiitt'S,  colored                       

14 

Wales              .     

8 

5 

Switzerland ......       

13 

West  Indies            

24 

France  

PoUvnd   

11 
17 

Mexico   

1.6792  i  20 
1.6764  1  21 
1 . 6738  j  22 
1.6671  -  23 

23 

Italy       

19 

99. 

tSpaiu      .   ... 

16 

Portugal  

1. 6620 

24 

4 

501, 068 

67.  300 

1. 7094 

Table  fihowiiig  the  relation  of  mean  f/irth  of  chest  to  mean  height  in  twenty-Jive   Staten  of  the  Union. 


State. 


KeutucUy  

Kansas 

Minne.sota 

Missouri 

California 

Nevada 

Indiana 

West  Virgiuia 

Wisconsin 

Ma  inc 

Iowa 

Illinois 

Xliebigan 

Maryland 

Ohio 

Vermont 

Delaware 

Pennsylvani.T. 

District  of  Columbia 

IMiode  Island 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

New  Hampsbire 

Massacbusetts 

Connecticnt 

Total,  and  mean  of  total 


Number 
of  meu. 

Meau  beigbt 

Meau  •_ 

irtb  of  chest. 

Inches. 

Metres. 

Inches. 

Metres. 

4,252 

08.  677 

1.7444 

1 

33. 978 

.  8630 

6 

729 

68.551 

1. 7412 

2 

33. 992 

.  8634 

5 

3, 682 

6S.371 

1.  7366 

3 

34.  020 

.8641 

4 

6, 031 

68.  337 

1. 7358 

4 

33. 903 

.8611 

7 

1,308 

68.  306 

1. 7.350 

5 

34. 106 

.8663 

3 

21 

68. 28() 

1.7345 

6 

34.381 

.  8733 

1 

38, 354 

68.  080 

1. 7292 

7 

33. 698 

.  8559 

11 

5,187 

68.  005 

1.7273 

8 

33.  065 

.8399 

20 

10,922 

67.911 

1.7249 

9 

3 '.  505 

.8510 

IG 

12,  363 

67. 895 

1.7245 

10 

33. 808 

.  8587 

10 

7,  823 

67.  895 

1.7245 

11 

33. 868 

.  8602 

9 

36, 465 

()7. 835 

1.7230 

12 

33. 654 

.8548 

14 

12,583 

67. 826 

1.7228 

13 

33.  498 

.8508 

17 

6, 918 

67. 814 

1.7225 

14 

33.  899 

.8610 

8 

39,311 

67. 782 

1.7217 

15 

33.661 

.  8550 

12 

3,374 

67.  583 

1.7166 

16 

33.  375 

.8477 

19 

1,215 

67. 490 

1.7142 

17 

34. 245 

.8698 

2 

47, 124 

67.  470 

1.7137 

18 

33.491 

.8507 

18 

2,883 

07.  353 

1.7108 

19 

33.  (i59 

.  8549 

13 

3,  013 

67. 290 

1.7092 

20 

32.  273 

.  8197 

24 

43,798 

67. 274 

1.7088 

21 

32. 909 

.  8359 

21 

17,  084 

67. 023 

1.7024 

22 

32.  326 

.8211 

23 

2,801 

66. 929 

1.7000 

23 

33.  .597 

.  8.534 

15 

6,280 

66.891 

1.6990 

24 

31.  988 

.  8125 

25 

2,099 

66.  587 

1.  6913 

25 

32.  574 

.  8274 

22 

315, 620 

67. 672 

1.7189 

33.  418 

.8488 

It  is  perfectly  clear  that,  neither  from  these  tables,  nor  from  that  compiled  from 
Mr.  (jtould's  work,  is  it  possible  to  discover  any  consecutive  relation  existing  between 
the  two  qualities  under  consideration. 


CIRCUMFERENCE    OF   CHEST. 


33 


If  girth  of  chest  bear  a  regular  relation  to  height,  and  height  be  always  deter- 
mined by  race,  then  it  could  hardly  be  anticipated  that  in  this  country  the  artificia] 
divisions  of  States,  with  their  restless,  mobile  population,  would  be  likely  to  present 
any  evidence  of  a  law  in  the  matter.  But  if  the  arrangement  by  States  be  discarded, 
and  the  whole  of  the  series  of  the  white  natives  of  the  United  States  be  examined,  a 
very  different  result  is  obtained.  Then  it  will  be  seen  that  the  girth  of  the  chest 
increases  as  the  height  extends  with  a  regularity  that  would  almost  admit  of  a  calcu- 
lation by  arithmetical  progression  being  substituted  for  the  observed  results.  The 
nativities  presenting  the  largest  number  of  observations  have  again  been  selected  in 
order  to  illustrate  this  condition. 

Tables  showing  the  relation  of  girth  of  chest  to  increasing  height  in  men  o/lS  to  45  years  of  age. 

(a.)  WHITE  NATrVES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  315,620  MEN. 


Height. 

Number 
of  men. 

Mean  girth  of  chest. 

Increase. 

Under  61  iuclies -    

1,674 
9,871 
36, 989 
76, 1.57 
94, 450 
64,  .591 
25, 500 
6,388 

Inches. 
30.  841 
31. 127 
31.975 
32.917 
33.  651 
34. 225 
34.717 
35. 162 

Metres. 
.7834 
.  7906 
.8122 
.8361 
.8547 
.  8693 
.8818 
.  8931 

In  ches. 

■Metres. 

.286 
.848 
.942 

.  7:m 

.  .574 
.  492 
.445 

.0073 

.0216 

.  0239 

.  0186 

.0146 

.  0125 

.0113 

Total  and  mean  of  total          . .... 

315, 620 

33. 418 

.8488 

(b.)  COLORED  NATIVES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

25,828  MEN. 

Height. 

Number 
of  men. 

Mean  girth  of  chest. 

Increase. 

473 

2,037 
5, 122 
7, 129 
6,274 
3,439 
1,097 
257 

Inches. 
31.247 
31.683 
32. 836 
33. 653 
34. 343 
34. 772 
35. 147 
35. 556 

Metres. 
.  7937 
.8047 
.  8340 
.8548 
.  8723 
.8832 
.8927 
.  9031 

Inches. 

Metres. 

.436 
1. 1.53 
.817 
.690 
.429 
.375 
.409 

.0110 

.  0293 

.0208 

.0175 

.0109 

.0095 

73  inches  and  over -... . .  .... .- 

.0104 

Total,  and  mean  of  total 

25,  828 

33. 691 

.8558 

(c.)  BRITISH  AMERICANS,  21,645  MEN. 


Height. 

Number 
of  meu. 

Mean  girth  of  chest. 

Increase. 

Under 61  incljcs              ........       ..       ..     .              ... 

160 
1,094 
3,456 
6,117 
6,081 
3,415 
1,103 

219 

Inches. 
31. 188 
31.616 

32.  360 

33.  074 
33.  806 
34.292 
34. 800 
35. 279 

Metres. 
.  7922 
.8030 
.8219 
.8401 
.  8587 
.8710 
.8839 
.  8961 

Inches. 

Metres. 

61  and  under  63  inches .     ...                         .       «.         ............. 

.428 
.744 
.714 
.  732 

.  38() 
.  508 
.479 

.0108 

63  and  under  65  inches  .   .......      ....     ....   ..    . 

.0189 

65  and  under  67  inches         ...   .   ... .    ........    . 

.  0182 

67  and  under  69  inclies        .....     ..........                       ........ 

.0186 

.  009rt 

71  and  under  73  inches                .......           .               .           ... 

.0129 

73  inches  and  over 

.0122 

Total,  and  mean  of  total 

21,645 

33.  380 

.8479 

34 


CIRCUMFERENCE    OF   CHEST. 

((J.)  ENGLISHMEN,  16,190  MEN. 


Height. 


Under  61  inclies 

CI  and  under  63  inches 

63  and  under  65  inches 

65  and  under  67  inches 

67  and  under  69  inches 

69  and  under  71  inches 

71  and  under  73  inches 

73  inches  and  over 

Total,  and  mean  of  total 


Number 
of  men. 


176 

925 

3,111 

5,078 

4,358 

1,928 

529 

91 


16, 196 


Mean  girth  of  chest. 


Indies. 
31.545 
31. 929 
32. 666 
33. 233 
33. 829 
34.  330 
34. 382 
34. 923 


33.  369 


Metres. 
.8012 
.8110 
.  8297 
.8441 
.8593 
.8720 
.  8733 
.8870 


.8476 


Increase. 


Inches. 


.384 
.737 
.567 
.  596 
.501 
.052 
.541 


Metres. 


.0098 
.0187 
.0144 
.0152 
.0127 
.0013 
.0137 


(e.)  lEISHMEN,  50,537  MEN. 


Height. 


Number 
of  men. 


Mean  girth  of  chest. 


Increase. 


Under  61  inches 

61  and  under  63  inches 

63  and  under  65  inches 

65  and  under  67  inches 

67  and  under  69  inches 

69  and  under  71  inches 

71  and  under  73  inches 

73  inches  and  over 

Total,  and  mean  of  total 


15, 

14, 

6, 

1, 


355 
,475 

,872 
,916 
422 
549 
698 
250 


Inches. 
31.  983 
32. 306 
32. 987 
33. 594 
34.  137 
34.683 
35. 047 
33. 744 


50, 537 


33.769 


Metres. 
.  8124 
.8206 
.8379 
.  8333 
.8671 
.  6f09 
.8902 
.9079 


Inches. 


.323 
.681 
.607 
.543 
.546 
.364 
.697 


.8577 


Metres. 


.0082 
.0173 
.0154 
.0138 
.0138 
.C093 
.0177 


(/.)  GEEMANS,  54,944  MEN. 


Height. 

Number 
of  men. 

Mean  girth  of  chest. 

Increase. 

Tliidpr  01  inoliea                                   .           ..       ...   .......... 

723 

3,523 

10, 469 

16, 807 

14,710 

6,707 

1,724 

281 

Inches. 
31.  837 
32. 459 
33. 205 
33. 808 
34. 329 
34. 727 
35.  075 
35. 431 

Metres. 

.8087 
.  8245 
.8434 
.8587 
.8720 
.8821 
.8909 
.8999 

Inclies. 

Metres. 

.632 
.746 
■     .603 
.521 
.398 
.348 
.336 

.0158 

.0189 

.0153 

67  and  under  09  inclips                                                 ...   .. 

.0133 

.0101 

.0088 

.0090 

54, 944 

33. 880 

.8606 

It  would  seem  that,  if  height  and  bulk  of  chest  increased  proportionately  in  sepa- 
rate races,  then  the  mean  dimensions  from  the  same  when  compared  should  develop 
similar  regularity  of  relation.  For  example,  in  the  preceding  tables  the  white  natives 
of  the  United  States  exhibit  this  gradation  in  marked  degree ;  so,  also,  do  the  colored 
men  ;  yet  the  mean  result  shows  the  liighest  stature  associated  with  the  smallest  girth 
of  chest,  and  the  largest  cii'cumference  of  chest  with  the  lowest  stature  in  these  two 
cases : 

Mean  height.  Mean  girth  of  chest. 

White  natives  of  the  United  States G7.672  33.418 

Colored  natives  of  the  United  States 66.531  33.691 

It  is  to  be  remembered  that  the  same  number  of  men  were  subjected  to  measure- 
ment for  girth  of  chest  as  for  stature. 


CIRCUMFERENCE    OF   CHEST. 


35 


Dr.  Balfour's  taeasiirements  of  recruits  for  the  English  army  show  a  regular 
increase  of  girth  of  chest  with  increasing  height ;  not  so  striking  in  its  progression  as 
in  the  tables  just  submitted,  but  quite  in  accordance  with  them. 

Although,  as  has  been  already  stated,  age  can  scarcely  be  looked  upon  as  a  factor 
in  the  calculation,  inasmuch  as  it  applies  to  both  the  qvialities  in  question,  yet  it  is  of 
obvious  importance  to  decide  whether  the  regular  relation  pointed  out  is  found  to  exist 
when  tlie  cases  are  observed  of  men  of  matured  growth  only.  With  this  oljject,  the 
following  tables  have  been  prepared,  exhibiting,  in  six  principal  nativities,  the  condition 
as  regards  men  in  whom  the  growth  of  the  thorax  may  be  supposed  to  be  entu-ely 
completed. 

Tables  showing  the  relation  of  girth  of  chest  to  increasing  height  in  men  o/30  and  rmder  35  years  of  ago. 

(a.)  WHITE  NATIVES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  23,174  MEN. 


Height. 

Number 
of  men. 

Mean  girth  of  chest. 

Increase. 

Under  61  inches 

39 
320 
1,749 
4,990 
7,470 
5,631 
2,370 
605 

Inches. 
32. 872 
32. 825 
33. 208 
33.  805 
34.241 
34. 652 
35. 151 
35.  587 

Metres. 
.8349 

.8338 
.8435 
.8586 
.8697 
.  8802 
.  8928 
.9039 

Inches. 

Metres. 

61  and  under  63  inches , 

-.047 
.383 
.  597 
.  436 
.411 
.  499 
.430 

0011 

63  and  under  65  inches ,..-- ... 

0097 

65  and  under  67  inches 

0151 

67  and  under  69  inches 

0111 

69  and  under  7 1  inches 

0105 

71  and  under  73  inches. 

.0126 
.0111 

73  inches  and  over..... 

Total,  and  mean  of  total 

23, 174 

34. 275 

.8706 

(6.)  COLOKED  NATIVES  OF  THE  UN^TED  STATES, 

1,784  MEN. 

Height. 

Number 
of  men. 

Mean  girth  of  chest. 

Increase. 

Under  61  inches 

9 

93 

264 

483 
487 
295 
123 
25 

Inches. 
32. 667 
33.  527 
33. 955 
34. 261 
34. 862 
35. 207 
35. 672 
35. 840 

Metres. 
.8297 
.8516 
.8625 
.8702 
.8855 
.8943 
.  9001 
.  9103 

Inches. 

Metres. 

61  and  under  63  inches 

.860 
.428 
.  306 
.601 
.345 
.465 
.168 

.0219 
.0103 
.0077 
.0153 
.0088 
.0118 
.  0042 

63  and  under  65  inches 

65  and  under  67  inches 

67  and  under  69  inches 

69  and  under  71  inches 

71  and  under  73  inches 

73  inches  and  over 

Total,  and  mean  of  total 

1,784 

34. 613 

.8792 

(c.)  BRITISH  AMERICANS,  1,152  MEN. 


Height. 

Number 
of  men. 

Mean  girth  of  chest. 

Increase. 

Under  61  inches 

1 

36 
122 

289 

386 

208 

93 

17 

Inches. 
32. 000 
33. 333 
33. 361 

34.  035 
34. 456 
34. 721 
35. 161 

35.  882 

■  Metres. 

.  8128 
.8467 
.8474 
.  8645 
.  8752 
.8819 
.  8931 
.9114 

Inches. 

Metres. 

61  and  under  63  inches 

1.333 

.028 
.674 
.421 
.  265 
.440 
.721 

.0339 

.0007 
.0171 
.0107 
.0067 
.0112 
.0183 

63  and  under  65  inches 

65  and  under  67  inches 

67  and  under  69  inches 

69  and  under  71  inches 

71  and  under  73  inches 

73  inches  and  over 

Total,  and  moan  of  total 

1,152 

34. 323 

.8718 

36 


CIRCUMFERENCE    OF   CHEST. 

(d.)  ENGLISHMEN,  1,218  MEN. 


Height. 

Number 
of  men. 

Meau  girth  of  chest. 

Increase. 

6 
53 

207 
381 

327 

183 
48 
13 

Indies. 
32. 667 

32.  830 

33.  420 
33.543 
34. 269 
34. 820 
34. 667 
84.769 

Metres. 

.  8297 
.  8.339 
.8489 
.8520 
.8704 
.8844 
.8805 
.8831 

Inches. 

Metres. 

.163 

.590 
.123 
.726 
.551 
—  .153 
.102 

.0042 

.0150 

fi'i  nnfl  iinfler  07  inches       ... .- . ...... ......  .._...  . -.  ....  .... 

.0031 

.0184 

(IQ  'infl   nndpr  71  iuoliea          ......  ......  ......  ......  ... 

.0140 

71  •iiul   iiiuler  7.3  inches       _..    . .._...  ............  .. .... 

— .  0039 

.0026 

1,218 

33. 931 

.8618 

(e.)  IRISHMEN,  3,152  MEN. 


Height. 


Number 
of  men. 


Mean  girth  of  chest. 


Increase. 


Under  61  inches 

61  and  nndcr  63  iuches 

63  aud  uuder  65  iuches 

65  aud  uudpr  67  iuchcB 

67  aud  uuder  6'J  iuches 

69  aud  uuder  71  iuches 

71  aLd  under  73  iuches 

73  iuches  and  over 

Total,  and  mean  of  total 


21 
110 
491 
1,017 
959 
424 
119 

11 


3, 152 


Indies. 
33. 238 
33. 455 
34. 143 
34. 352 
34.776 
34. 939 
35. 462 
36. 182 


34. 537 


Metres. 
.  8442 

,  .8498 
.  8672 
.8725 
.  8833 
.8875 
.9007 
.9190 


.8772 


Inches. 


.217 
.688 
.209 
.424 
.163 
.523 
.720 


Metres. 


.0056 
.0174 
.0053 
.0108 
.0042 
.  0132 
.0183 


(/.)  GERMANS,  5,126  MEN. 


Height. 


Under  fil  iuches" 

61  aud  uuder  63  inches 

63  aud  uuder  65  inches 

65  and  under  67  iuches 

67  aud  uuder  69  iuches 

69  and  under  71  inches 

71  and  under  73  inches 

73  iuches  and  over 

Total,  and  mean  of  total 


Number 
of  men. 


43 

265 

898 

1,662 

1,4:38 

644 

149 

27 


5, 126 


Meau  girth  of  chest. 


Inches. 
33. 070 

33.  072 
33. 728 
34. 158 
34. 020 

34.  966 

35.  489 
35. 481 


34.295 


3Mres. 

.8400 
.  8400 
.8567 
.  8676 
.8793 
.8881 
.9014 
.  9012 


.8711 


Increase. 


Inches. 


.002 
.656 
.430 
.462 
.346 
.  523 
-.008 


Metres. 


.0000 
.0167 
.0109 
.0117 
.  O0S8 
.0133 
.0002 


It  is  not  ail  easy  task  to  determine  at  what  age  the  growth  of  the  chest  may  be 
considered  as  completed.  Certain  pursnits  and  occnpations,  by  cultivating  the  muscles 
of  the  breast  and  back,  and  the  deposition  of  fat  at  the  approach  of  middle  age,  all  tend 
to  produce  some  uncertainty  as  to  the  actual  size  of  the  thorax.  Quetelet  has  fixed 
upon  the  thirtietli  year  as  the  period  of  its  matured  growth.*  M.  Allaire  observed  a 
marked  increase  from  the  eighteenth  to  the  twenty-fifth  year;"  after  the  thirty-fifth  year, 

'  Anthropom4trie,  x>.  458. 

^ Secneil  de  nidm.  dc  med.,  de  chiriirr/.  et  depharm.  miUlaires,  3e  e^rie,  t.  x,  p.  161,  Paris,  1863. 


CIRCUMFERENCE    OF    CHEST. 


87 


the  size  of  the  chest  slightly  diminished,  although  a  fictitious  bulk  might  remain  from 

corpulence.* 

The  following  table  illustrates  the  difference  that  age  produces  in  the  circumference 

of  the  chest;  the  mean  dimension  at  all  ages  from  18  to  45  years  being  contrasted  with 

that  of  completed  growth : 

Table  comparing  the  mean  girth  of  chest  at  all  ages  from  18  to  45  years,  icith  its  mean  dimension  at  the 

age  of  completed  growth. 


Nativity. 

All  ages  from  18  to  45  years. 

No.  of  men. 

Mean  height. 

Mean  age. 

Mean  girth  of  chest. 

190, 621 
19,  379 
14,365 
9,649 
28, 995 
29,600 

Inches. 
67.  69 
66.66 
67.14 
66.59 
66.75 
66.53 

Metres. 
1. 7193 
1. 6932 
1.  7054 
1. 6914 
1.6955 
1.6899 

rears. 
26. 969 
26. 395 
25. 248 
27.910 
27. 237 
31.071 

Inches. 
33.59 
33.88 
33. 59 
33.48 
33.85 
-   34.01 

Metres. 

.8r):;2 

.861)6 

.ST.:  12 

Eiii-l.iud                     

.  8:>(i4 

Irfchiud,               -. 

.  8;,9» 

.  ^■6.!9 

•   ' 

Total   and  mcati  of  total ... .... 

292,609 

67.35 

1.7107 

27. 319 

33.68 

.8555 

Nativity. 

* 

Age  of  completed  growth. 

No.  of  men. 

Mean  height. 

Mean  girth  of  chest. 

TTnitfd  States  white        .   ..       ......    .... . ..,. 

23, 174 
1,784 
1,152 
1,218 
3,152 
5, 126 

Inches. 
68. 22 
67.22 
67.65 
66.92 
66.91 
66.07 

Metres. 
1.7328 
1.7074 
1.7183 
1.6998 
1.6995 
1. 6934 

Inches. 
34. 28 
34.  61 
34.  32 
33.93 
34. 54 
34.29 

Metres. 

.8707 

United  States  colored           .       .............. -... 

.8791 

Rritisli  America                   . -. 

.8717 

England                                      ...    ..................... 

.  8618 

Ireland                        .. ...,. 

.  8773 

Gerniaiiv               .     ..... -- 

.8710 

Tot al   £111(1  lueRn  of  totEl  ...... ... 

35,606 

67.77 

1.7214 

34.31 

.8715 

It  is  worthy  of  notice  that  the  Germans,  who  exhibit  the  largest  girth  of  chest  in 
the  column  of  "All  ages,"  also  prove  to  be  of  the  highest  mean  age;  an  age  indeed 
closely  approaching  to  that  of  completed  growth. 

The  result  of  an  inquiry  as  to  any  possible  relation  between  girth  of  chest  and 

complexion  is  exhibited  in  the  following  table  : 

Table  showing  the  proportion  of  light-  to  dark-complexioned  men  in  each  of  Jive  races,  with  the  respective 

relation  of  each  complexion  to  girth  of  chest. 


Nativity. 


United  States... 
British  America. 

England 

Ireland 

Germany 


Total, and  mean  of  total. 


Light-com- 
plexioned. 


126, 445 

9, 506 

6,804 

20,  378 

20, 559 


183, 692 


Dark-com- 
plexioned. 


64, 176 
4,859 
2,845 
8,617 
9,041 


89, 538 


Total. 


190,621 

14, 365 

9,649 

28, 995 

20, 600 


273, 230 


Mean  girth  of  chest. 


Light-complexioned.       Dark-complexioned, 


Inches. 
33. 506 
33. 509 
33.  415 
33.778 
33. 957 


33.  583 


Metres. 
.8511 
.  8511 
.8487 
.8580 
.8625 


.8530 


Inches. 
33. 769 
33. 731 
33. 622 
34.  016 
34. 118 


33. 821 


Metres. 
.8577 
.  8568 
.8540 
.8640 
.8666 


.8591 


'  In  some  European  states,  a  minimum  limit  of  girth  of  chest  is  prescribed,  at  least  for  certain  corps.  As  the  chest 
continues  to  increase  in  size  long  after  the  age  of  liabilitj'  to  conscription,  it  is  evident  that  the  claim  of  the  state  would 
bo  often  defeated  if  a  re-examinatiou  were  not  made  at  one  or  more  subsequent  periods.  This  has  been  already  pointed 
out  as  applying  to  stature. 


415380 


38 


MOBILITY    OF   CHEST. 


It  will  be  seen,  in  each  of  the  above  nativities,  that  the  dark-complexioned  men 
surpass  the  blonde  portion  as  to  girth  of  chest,  although  the  latter  average  more  than 
double  the  number  of  the  former.  In  the  case  of  the  natives  of  the  United  States,  a 
Hke  comparison  of  complexion  with  stature  developed  a  precisely  similar  result,  namely, 
that  the  dark  men  surpassed  the  light  in  height.  This  might  at  first  seem  in  itself  suffi- 
ciently explanatory,  as  increase  of  girth  of  chest  is,  to  a  certain  extent,  proportioned  to 
increased  height  in  the  same  race;  but,  if  the  comparison  be  carried  further,  it  will  be 
found  that  this  relation  is  not  sustained. 


Table  slwicing  the  relation  of  stature  to  girth  of  chest  in  five  nativities,  where  each  nativity  has  been 

classified  according  to  complexion. 


stature. 

Girth  of  chest. 

Nativity. 

Mean      excess     in 
height  of     dark 
over  light. 

Mean     excess      iu 
height    of    light 
over  dark. 

Mean     excess     in 
girth  of  chest  of 
dark  over  light. 

Me.an      excess     in 
girth  of  chest  of 
light  over  dark. 

TTiiitpcl  St.ntps                                     

Inches. 
0.123 

Metres. 
.  00312 

Inches. 

Metres. 

Inches. 
.263 
.222 
.207 
.238 
.161 

Metres. 

.  00608 
.  00564 
. 00526 
.  00605 
.  00409 

Inches. 

Metres. 

.096 

.  00244 

.039 

.  00099 

- 

.005 

.  00013 

'  The  mean  stature  of  Irishmen  i>roved  to  he  identical  for  dark  and  light  complexions. 

From  the  foregoing  tables  it  does  not  appear  that  any  recognizable  relation  exists 
between  circumference  of  chest  and  stature  when  complexion  is  made  the  basis  of  classi- 
fication of  the  subjects  of  the  inquiry.  Ireland,  for  example,  which  ranks  nearly  first 
in  the  scale  in  excess  of  girtli  of  chest  of  its  dark  men,  exhibits  no  difference  whatever 
in  mean  stnture  as  dependent  upon  complexion. 

Mobility  of  the  chest. — The  mobility  of  the  chest  is  so  intimately  connected 
with  the  vital  capacity  that  it  is  a  matter  of  regret  that  the  spirometer  could  not  be  made 
use  of  during  the  draft.  In  default  of  this,  however,  it  will  be  observed  that  the 
records  of  the  expansibility  of  the  chest  are  extremely  copious.  Hutchinson  was  very 
positive  in  his  opinion  that,  although  the  vital  capacity  increased  in  very  regular  rela- 
tion to  the  stature — not  the  length  of  the  body,  but  the  entire  height — yet  that  it  was 
•principally  governed  by  the  mohUlty  of  the  chest.  In  the  treatise  already  referred  to,  he 
states  that  vital  capacity  has  no  relation,  either  to  the  depth  or  the  circumference  of  the 
chest;  and  further  experiments  seem  to  ha,ve  strengthened  these  views,  for  in  a  later 
work  they  are  re-asserted  in  the  following  words : 

"Although  the  vital  capacity  increases  with  the  stature,  yet  the  absolute  admeas- 
urement of  the  chest  does  not  augment  in  any  of  its  dimensions  with  the  general 
lieight;  because  the  volume  of  breath  is  relative  to  the  mobility  of  the  thoracic  bound- 
aries, just  as  the  volume  of  blast  from  the  common  domestic  bellows  is  chiefly  relative 
to  the  movement  of  the  walls  of  that  machine,  and  not  to  its  absolute  size.  For 
instance,  two  bellows,  of  exactly  the  same  dimensions,  tlie  one  made  of  fine  kid  leather, 
and  the  other  of  some  thick  hide,  would  displace  dissimilar  volumes  of  air,  because 
thcii-  mubility  would  be  dissimilar.     For  the  same  reason,  a  different  mobility  in  two 


MOBILITY    OF   CHEST. 


39 


chests  of  correspondino-  dimensions  will  give  different  volumes  of  air;  therefore,  the 
absolute  dimensions  of  the  chest  under  certain  conditions  is  not  a  guide  to  estimate 
the  volume  of  the  vital  capacity.  We  cannot,  however,  at  present,  assign  aii}'  reason 
why  the  vital  capacity  should  increase  with  the  stature."^ 

Notwithstanding  the  influence  of  mobility  in  modifying  the  vital  capacity,  yet 
stature,  according  to  the  same  authority,  always  determines  it ;  so  tliat,  the  height  beino- 
given,  it  is  possible  to  predict  the  quantity  of  air  that  a  healthy  man  shall  be  able  to 
expire  ;  and  the  rule  is  deduced  that  "  for  every  inch  of  height,  (from  5  feet  to  G  feet,) 
eight  additional  cubic  inches  of  air,  at  60°  Fahr.,  are  given  out  by  a  forced  respiration."^ 

The  conclusions  announced  by  Hutchinson,  with  reference  to  the  respiratory 
functions,  have  been  deservedly  regarded  as  of  high  authority,  though  more  extended 
statistical  researches  have  not,  in  every  instance,  confirmed  them.  It  was  liis  opinion 
that  mobility  of  chest  increased  in  arithmetical  progression  with  increasing  stature.^ 
The  tables  next  to  be  exhibited  confirm  the  general  accuracy  of  the  statement,  though 
many  irregularities  are  observable  in  the  order  of  increase.  Another  very  positive 
assertion  was,  that  the  circumference  of  the  chest  has  "an  exact  relation  to  the  weio-ht. 
increasing  one  inch  for  every  ten  pounds."^  The  following  tables  show  the  result  of 
the  investigation  into  the  tenability  of  these  two  statements,  the  inquiry  being  confined 
to  the  six  principal  nativities  on  the  records.  The  figures  relate  exclusively  to  accepted 
men. 

Tables  showing  the  relation  of  height,  girth  of  chest,  and  crpansion  of  chest  to  increasing  weight  in  men 

of  all  ages  from  18  /o  45  years. 

(a.)  WHITE  NATIVES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  G,359  ACCEPTED  MEN. 


Weight. 

Number 
of  men. 

Mean  height. 

Mean  girth  of  chest 
at  expiration. 

Mean  expansion 
of  chest. 

14 

991 

2,968 

1,894 

427 

65 

Inches. 
64.  000 
65. 191 
66.  856 
68. 424 
69.920 
70. 215 

Metres. 
1.  6256 
1. 6559 
1.  6981 
1. 7380 
1.7760 
1. 7835 

Inches. . 
29.714 
30. 468 
31. 997 
33. 642 
34. 988 
36.  554 

Metres. 
.7547 
.7739 
.  8127 
.8545 
.8887 
.9285 

Inches. 
3.071 
3.146 
3.  238 
3.289 
3.289 
3.269 

Metres. 
.0780 
.0799 
.0822 
.0835 
.0835 
.  0830 

100  and  under  120 

120  and  under  140 

140  and  tinder  160 

160  and  under  180 

180  and  over 

6, 359 

67. 297 

1. 7093 

32. 491 

.8253 

3.242 

.0823 

'  The  spirometer,  the  stethosco}>c,  and  the  scale-balance :  their  use  in  discriminating  diseases  of  the  chest,  8vo,  liondou,  1852, 

-  Op.  cit.,  p.  154.  Heubst  of  Giittiugen,  (  Zfeber  die  capacitiit  der  lungen  filr  liift  im  ycsundcn  und  iraiilKen  zuslandc. 
Archiv. fiir  auat. undpliysiolog.,  1828,  pp.  83-107 ;)  Arxoi.d,  (  Ueher  die  athmungs  grosse  des  mensehen,  Heidelberg,  1855 ;)  and 
BotiNET,  (Application  dit  comptcur  a  f/aa  a  la  mesure  de  la  respiration,  Comptes  rendus  do  I'Acad.  des.  sci.,  t.  xlii,  p.  825, 
ct  t.  xliii,  p.  519,)  each  obtained  resnlts  from  the  spirometer  mainly  agreeing  with  those  of  Hutchinson.  Herbst  has  a 
qualifying  remark  upon  the  relation  of  iinlmouary  capacity  to  stature.  He  says:  "Persons  of  great  height  eau  intro- 
duce a  larger  quantity  of  air  into  their  lungs ;  but  the  result  is  not  solely  dependent  upon  the  greater  Iicight,  l)ut  is  iu 
close  relationsliip  with  general  strength  and  muscular  force."  Gould's  researches  corroborate  Hutchinson's  views  as 
to  the  relation  of  vital  cajiacity  to  stature  being  more  regular  than  it  is  to  length  of  body  ;  but  its  relation  to  circum- 
ference of  chest  he  found  to  be  much  more  obvious  than  Hutchinson's  esporienco  led  him  to  anticipate,  (/«ec«Jti7o2ton», 
etc.,  pp.  482, 489.) 

'  Op.  cit.,  p.  197. 

*  Op.  cit.,  p.  248. 


40 


CIRCUMFERENCE    OF    CHEST — WEIGHT. 


Table  shoicing  the  relation  of  height,  girth  of  chest,  &c. — Continued. 

(&.)  COLORED  NATIVES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  377  ACCEPTED  MEN. 


Weight. 


Under  100  pounds 

100  and  under  120 

120  and  under  140 

140  and  under  160 

160  and  under  180 

180  and  over 

Total,  and  mean  of  total 


Nnniber 
of  men. 


0 

29 

162 

131 

47 

8 


377 


Mean  height. 


Indies. 


63. 793 
65.  321 
67.  069 
69. 191 
69. 750 


OC.  387 


Metres. 


1. 6203 
1. 6592 
1.7036 
1.7575 
1.7717 


1. 6862 


Mean  girth  of  chest 
at  expiration. 


Indies. 


30. 138 
32. 049 
33.  4C6 
3.5. 106 
35. 250 


32.  844 


Metres. 


.76.55 
.8140 
.8500 
.8917 
.  8954 


.  8342 


Mean  expansion 
of  chest. 


Indies. 


3.328 
3.210 
3.218 
3. 266 
3.375 


3.232 


Metres. 


.0845 
.0815 
.0817 
.0830 
.0857 


.0821 


(c.)  EEITISH  AMERICANS,  589  MEN. 


Weight. 


Uuder  100  pounds 

100  and  under  120 

120  and  under  140 

140  and  under  KiO 

160  and  under  180 

180  and  over 

Total,  and  mean  of  total 


Number 
of  men 


2 

38 

304 

198 

41 

6 


589 


Mean  height. 


Indies. 
64.  000 
64. 211 
66. 546 
67.  848 
69. 512 
69. 333 


67. 059 


Metres. 
1.  6256 
1.  6310 
1.6903 
1.7233 
1.7656 
1.7611 


1. 7033 


Mean  girth  of  chest 
at  expiration. 


Inches. 
30.  000 
30. 737 
32. 020 
33. 606 
34. 439 
35. 333 


32.666 


Metres. 

.  7620 
.7807 
.8133 
.8536 

.8748 
.8975 


.8297 


Mean  expansion 
of  chest. 


Inches. 
3.500 
3.184 
3.247 
3.298 
3.402 
3.333 


3.272 


Metres. 
.0889 
.0809 
.0825 
.0838 
.0864 
.0847 


.0831 


(d.)  ENGLISHMEN,  454  MEN. 


Weight. 

Number 
of  men. 

Mean  height. 

Mean  girth  of  chest 
at  expiration. 

Mean  expansion 
of  cheat. 

0 

56 

243 

128 

25 

2 

Inches. 

Metres. 

Inches. 

Metres. 

Inches. 

Metres. 

100  and  under  120 

64. 607 
65.835 
67.625 
68. 480 
69. 000 

l'!6410 
1. 6722 
1.7177 
1.7394 
1. 7526 

30. 893 
32. 453 
33. 609 
34.960 

38. 000 

.7847 
.8243 
.8537 
.8880 
.9652 

3.107 
3.154 
3. 242 
3.380 
3.500 

.0789 

120  and  under  140 - 

.0801 

140  and  under  160  

.0823 

160  and  under  180 

.0859 

.0889 

454 

66. 348 

1. 6852 

32.749 

.8318 

3.187 

.0809 

(e.)  IRISHMEN,  1,417  MEN. 


Weight. 


Under  100  pounds 

100  and  under  120 

120  and  under  140 

140  and  under  160 

100  and  under  180 

180  and  over 

Total,  and  mean  of  total 


Number 
of  men 


3 

158 

724 

450 

74 


1,417 


Mean  height. 


Indies. 
62.667 
64. 532 
66. 119 
67.  609 
69. 270 
69.  000 


06. 589 


Metres. 
1.5917 
1.6391 
1.6794 
1.7173 
1.7595 
1.7526 


1.6914 


Mean  girth  of  chest 
at  expiration . 


Inches. 
30.667 
31. 519 
32.715 
33. 916 
35. 351 
36.750 


33. 119 


Metres. 
.  7789 
.8006 
.8310 
.8615 
.8979 
.9335 


.8412 


Mean  expansiou 
of  chest. 


Inches. 
2.167 
3. 215 
3. 181 
3.233 
3.338 
3.250 


3.208 


Mctren. 

.0550 

.0817 

.0808 

.0821 

.0848 

.0826 


.0815 


CIRCUMFERENCE    OF    CHEST — WEIGHT. 


41 


Table  shotcing  the  relation  of  height,  girth  of  chest,  &c. — Contiuued. 

(/.)  GERMANS,  1,343  MEN. 


Weight. 


Under  100  pounds 

lOOauduuder  120 

laO  and  under  140 

140  .-ind  under  160 

160  and  under  180 

180  and  over 

Total,  aud  mean  of  total 


Number 
of  men. 


3 

168 
67,'S 
389 
104 
4 


1,343 


Mean  height. 


Inches. 
63. 333 
64. 167 
65.  532 
66. 905 
68. 346 
69.  000 


65. 982 


Metres. 
1.6087 
1. 6298 
1.6645 
1.6994 
1.7360 
1. 7526 


1. 6759 


Mean  girth  of  chest 
at  expiration. 


Inches. 
30. 000 
31.  357 
32. 601 
33.  969 
35. 192 
36.  000 


33.  047 


Metres. 
.7620 
.7965 

.8281 
.  8628 
.8939 
.9144 


.8394 


Mean  expansion 
of  chest. 


Incites. 
2.833 
3.  262 
3. 226 
3. 231 
3.221 
3.500 


3.231 


Metres. 
.0720 
.  0629 
.  0819 
.  0«21 
.0818 
^  0889 


.  0821 


From  the  foregoing-  tables  it  is  evident  that,  if  the  entire  scale  of  increasing  stature 
be  regarded,  the  expansibility  of  the  chest  is  found  to  increase  with  it.  The  steps  of 
the  process  are,  however,  irregular.  It  should  be  observed,  also,  that  the  mobility 
bears  an  equally  regular  relation  to  the  circumference  of  the  chest,  an  occurrence 
which  Hutchinson  was  inclined  to  deny. 

A  remarkable  answer  is  afforded  to  the  inquiry  as  to  the  rate  of  increase  of  weight 
with  increasing  circumference  of  chest.  It  has  been  already  stated  that,  by  Hutchin- 
son's rule,  there  should  be  an  increase  of  ten  pounds  in  weight  with  each  additional 
inch  of  girth  of  chest.     These  tables  show  that — 

For  each  additional  inch  in  circumference  of  chest,  the  increase  in  weight  is — 

Pounds.      Kilogrammes. 

In  Englishmen 9.  852  4. 46 

In  white  natives  of  the  United  States 11.  695  5.  30 

In  Irishmen 13.158  5.97 

In  Germans 13.333  6.05 

In  colored  natives  of  the  United  States 13.  698  6.  21 

In  British  Americans ■ 14.992  6.80 

Mean  of  all 12.563         5.70 

Hutchinson's  data  svere  obtained  from-the  examination  of  Englishmen;  aud  it  must 
be  admitted  that  in  their  particular  case  the  above  figures  closely  sustain  his  conclu- 
sions. But  that  there  should  be  such  a  marvelous  increase  in  the  rate  for  cognate  races, 
seems  entirely  inexplicable,  if  any  relation  exist  between  the  two  qualities  in  question. 
Mr.  Gould's  investigations  led  to  an  equally  conflicting  result,  though  in  the  other  direc- 
tion ;  as,  in  no  instance,  does  the  increase  of  weight  attain  the  alleged  standard  rate 
of  ten  pounds.  It  seems  probable  that  weight  depends  so  much  upon  the  operation  of 
fortuitous  causes — as  diet,  exercise,  sobriety,  hereditary  tendencies,  etc. — that  its  rela- 
tion to  circumference  of  chest  cannot  be  indicated  by  any  formula.  Some  consider- 
ation is  also  due  to  the  fact  that  the  foregoing  tables  exhibit  the  dimensions  of  accepted 
men,  averaging  from  5  feet  6  inches  to  5  feet  7  inches  in  height.  The  relation  of  weight 
to  stature  increases  rapidly  in  ratio  when  the  height  exceeds  5  feet  2  inches;  so  that, 
while  at  5  feet  the  cori-ect  proportion  is  about  1.85  pounds  to  the  inch,  at  6  feet  it  should 
6 


42  CIRCUMFERENCE    OF    CHEST — HEIGHT. 

bo  2.50  pounds.  If  the  range  of  the  tables  given  had  extended  furtlier  in  the  direc- 
tion of  lower  statures,  the  result  of  the  comparison  would  not  have  been  so  discrepant 
from  Mr.  Hutchinson's  conclusions. 

It  has  l:)een  stated,  in  the  historical  sketch  of  anthropometry,  in  the  introduction 
to  this  Avork,  that  the  cardinal  fallacy  in  all  theoretical  canons  of  human  proportions 
was  the  attempt  to  force  a  relation,  founded  upon  figures  or  diagrams,  between  the  parts 
of  the  body.-  The  same  attractive  error  has,  to  some  extent,  influenced  those  whose 
better-directed  judgment  has  led  them  to  measure  the  living  subject.  In  1844,  Mr.  W. 
B.  Brent  read  a  paper  before  the  British  Association,  in  which  he  authoritatively 
announced  several  rules  of  the  kind  alluded  to.  Hutchinson,  who  thought,  and  stated, 
that  Brent  knew  more  of  the  proportions  of  the  living  man  than  any  other  person  exist- 
ing, seems  to  have  accepted  the  statements  of  the  latter  without  verification.  Subse- 
quentl)^,  he  re-announced  them  as  formulas,  in  his  article  upon  the  Thorax,  in  Todd's 
Cyclopedia  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology.  From  this  source,  they  have  been  repeatedly 
copied  by  writers  on  statistics,  and  especially  by  writers  on  recruiting,  without  any 
suspicion  as  to  their  reliability.  It  is  probable  that  they  were  derived  from  a  small 
number  of  measurements,  as  the  extensive  observations  of  Quetelet,  Gould,  and  the 
copious  records  of  this  office  have  shown  the  untrustworthiness  of  all  the  rules  in  ques- 
tion. This  has  been  demonstrated,  in  nearly  every  instance,  in  the  introduction.-  But 
one  statement  of  great  practical  importance,  and  which  has  been  often  quoted  as 
authoi'itative,  will  more  properly  be  examined  in  this  place.  Brent  has  given  formulas 
of  a  somewhat  arbitrary  character,  by  which  to  ascertain  from  the  stature  the  circum- 
ference of  the  chest.     He  gives  these  directions : 

"Relation  of  the  external  chest  to  the  height,  measured  over  the  nipples. 

"Minimum  chest:  ^  of  the  stature  — -gV  of  the  stature  =  circumference  of  chest. 

"Medium  chest:  J  of  the  stature  -\-  xV  of  the  stature  =  circumference  of  chest. 

"Maximum  chest:  |  of  the  stature  zz:  circumference  of  chest. 

"To  apply  these  rules  to  practice,  take  an  instance  of  a  man  five  feet  one  inch  in 
height  : 

"Minimum  chest:  height  61  inches,  i  zz:  30.5  inches  —  ^V  =  29.5  inches  circum- 
ference of  chest. 

"Medium  chest:  height  61  inches,  ^  zz:'30.5  inches  +  tV  (=  4  07  inches)  rz  34.57 
inches  circumference  of  chest. 

"Maximum  chest:  lieight  61  inches,  §  iz:  40.7  inches  circumference  of  chest." 

In  conformity  with  these  rules,  he  constructed  a  table,  showing  the  minimum, 

'  Of  this  theoretic  human  figure,  it  may  be  well  said :  "  Its  data  are  figmeuts^subje'ctive  coustructions  iu  which 
formal  elements  are  traiisniuted  into  material  elements,  relations  are  transformed  into  objects,  abstractions  are  personi- 
fied and  endowed  with  reality."    Uixtoi-i/  of  philosophy,  G.  H.  Lewes,  3d  edit.,  vol.  i,  p.  Iv,  1867. 

-  See  p.  Ixxviii.  Brent's  rule,  that  the  distauee  between  the  nipples  was  exactly  one-l'ourth  part  of  the  circumference 
of  the  chest  on  that  plane,  has  been  made  use  of  by  a  French  surgeon  in  some  valuable  and  extensive  observations  on 
the  inlluence  of  disease  upon  the  thoracic  walls.  In  order  to  avoid  disturbing  the  patients,  he,  in  every  case,  "  measured 
the  distance  between  the  nipples,  that  being  an  exact  fourth  of  the  circumference."  These  measurements  were  made  daily, 
and  changes  in  the  size  of  the  thorax  recorded  therefrom.  The  paper,  containing  the  result  of  these  observations,  was 
read  before  the  Paris  Academy  of  Medicine,  and  the  rapporteur,  M.  Barth,  expressed  no  disapproval  nor  doubt  as  to  the 
manner  in  which  they  had  been  conducted.  (liechcrches  sur  Ics  dimensions  de  la  poitrine  dans  h'ur  rapports  avcc  la  lubercu- 
lisatiiin  pulmoiiairc,  par  M.  Hknui  Ginthac  (de  Bordeaux),  Bull,  de  I'Acad.  de  mdd.,  v.  xxxv,  j).  835,  1870.)  It  has  been 
established  by  numerous  observations  th.at  tlio  mean  iuter-.areolar  distance  is  to  the  circumference  of  the  chest  as  '^i  to 
100,  instead  of  iJ.'>,  as  stated,  leading  to  an  erroneous  result  of  ISJ  per  cent,  below  the  real  girth. 


CIRCUMFERENCE    OP   CHEST HEIGHT. 


43 


medium,  and  maximum  chests,  (as  he  termed  them.)  which  should  co-exist  with  each 
increase  of  stature,  from  five  feet  upward.  This  table  was  approved  by  Dr.  Hammond, 
and  announced  as  a  safe  guide  to  the  medical  officer  in  examining-  recruits.' 

If,  with  a  certain  stature,  the  corresponding  girth  of  medium  chest  was  not  found 
to  exist,  the  man  was  unsuitable  for  military  service.  The  following  table  exhibits  a 
column  of  degrees  of  stature,  with  the  three  corresponding  sizes  of  chest,  from  Brent's 
table;  the  other  columns  show  the  results  of  Quetelet's  observations,  of  Gould's,  and  of 
our  own.  The  figuires  in  the  two  latter  of  these  are  based  on  the  examination  of  largo 
numbers  of  both  volunteers  and  di-afted  men;  and  from  these  data  have  been  discarded 
all  those  rejected  for  physical  causes,  so  that  the  picked  men  of  the  nation  only  are  rep- 
resented. It  will  be  seen  that  the  figures  do  not  rise  much  above  the  minimum  size  of 
chest,  nor  do  they,  in  any  instance,  attain  the  medium  size.  Either  these  many  thou- 
sands of  able-bodied  men,  in  the  prime  of  early  manhood,  varying  from  five  feet  to  six 
feet  in  stature,  were  so  puny  in  build  of  chest  that  their  mean  girth  did  not  exceed,  to  any 
important  degree,  the  very  lowest  figures  of  the  standard,  or  else  Mr.  Brent's  tables  are 
empirical.  It  will  be  seen  that  Quetelet's  dimensions  are  somewhat  in  excess  of  the 
others;  but  even  they,  although  they  represent  his  estimate  of  the  mean  normal  man, 
the  typical  man,  as  he  termed  him,  are  far  below  Brent's  medium  size. 


Heiglit. 

Brent. 

Quetclot. 

Goultl. 

This  office. 

Miuimum 

cbest. 

Medium 
chest. 

Maximum 
cbest. 

Indies. 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 
65 
66 
67 
68 
69 
70 

71    • 
72 

Inches. 
29.75 
30.25 
30.75 
31.25 
31.73 
32.25 
32.75 
33.25 
33.75 
34.25 
34.63 
35. 25 
35. 63 

Inches. 
34.  00 
34.75 
35.25 
35.88 
30. 7.'^, 
37.  00 
37.50 
38. 13 
38.63 
39. 25 
39.63 
40.25 
40.75 

Indies. 
37.13 
37.75 
38.38 
39.00 
39.63 
40.25 
40.  88. 
41.50 
42.13 
42.75 
43.25 
44.00 
44.83 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Indies. 
30.84 

31.13 

32. 12 

33.09 
34.91 

31.98 
32.18 
32.92 
33.08 
33.65 

32.96 
34.17 
34.56 
36.00 
36.10 
37.00 

34.72 

35.  90 

If  vital  capacity  depend  so  largely  upon  mere  length  of  limb,  irrespective  of  cir- 
cumference of  chest,  the  question  naturally  arises,  what  value  has  it  as  a  test  of  fitness 
for  military  service  1  Its  usefulness  is  perhaps  rather  negative  than  otherwise.  If,  with 
a  certain  stature,  or  with  a  certain  weight,  the  cubic  inches  marked  by  the  spirometer 
do  not  attain  a  proportionate  number,  some  defect  may  be  known  to  exist.  It  is  in  this 
manner  that  the  instrument  is  of  importance  in  detecting  incipient  phthisis.  The  taller 
the  recruit  the  more  important  it  becomes  that  he  should  be  tested  by  the  spirometer, 
as  the  records  of  army-hospitals  prove  that  from  that  class  the  cases  of  phthisical  disease 
are  most  largely  supplied.  If  Chart  No.  4  be  inspected,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  most 
protended  line  represents  men  from  G  feet  1  inch  to  6  feet  3  inches. 

'A  treatise  on  hygiene,  with  special  reference  to  the  miUtary  service,  8vo,  Pliiladcliihia,  1803,  p.  36.  See,  also,  Manual, 
for  cnlistinij  ami  discharging  soldiers,  by  R.  Baktiioi.ow,  I6mc),  Pliiladelphia,  1863,  p   193. 


44  MOBILITY    OF   CHEST VARIATIONS. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  if  the  mobihty  of  the  chest  be  very  hmited,  such  a  condi- 
tion should  be  regarded  as  a  disqualification  for  military  service.  Hutchinson  consid- 
ered three  inches  to  be  the  healthy  mean  expansion,  and  he  records  one  case  in  which 
it  reached  64  inches  with  a  vital  capacity  of  300  cubic  inches.^  Gould  speaks  of  six 
white  soldiers  in  whom  the  expansion  was  over  7  inches."  Our  records  exhibit  many 
instances  of  expansion  of  chest  reaching  to  7  inches;  in  one  case,  in  which  it  attained 
to  6|  inches,  the  circumference  of  chest  was  33  inches  and  39|  inches,  respectively. 
The  subject  was  a  native  of  New  Brunswick;  his  height  was  h  feet  10  inches,  and  his 
weight  162  pounds ;  he  was  exempted  for  inguinal  hernia.  It  may  be  observed  as 
something  moi'e  than  a  mere  coincidence  that  in  a  number  of  cases  of  rejection  for  her- 
nia an  unusual  degree  of  mobility  of  chest  was  found  to  co-exist.  A  remarkable  instance 
of  great  expansive  power  of  chest  in  a  man  below  the  medium  height  was  observed  in 
a  native  of  New  Jersey.  He  was  18  years  of  age,  weighed  114  poimds,  and  was  64 
inches  in  height ;  his  chest  at  expiration  measured  29  inches  in  girth  and  had  an  expan- 
sion of  seven  inches.  He  was  accepted  for  service.  Five  men  are  recorded  from  one  dis- 
trict as  displaying  a  mobility  of  6^  inches  ;  their  mean  age  was  32  years,  height  64.83 
inches,  girth  of  chest  at  expiration  30.42  inches,  and  weight  127  pounds.  Four  of  the 
number  were  rejected  for  hernia. 

Of  eight  men,  with  a  mobility  of  6  inches,  the  following  are  the  mean  particulars : 
height  66.38  inches,  age  24.37  years,  weight  143.63  pounds,  and  girth  of  chest  at  expi- 
ration 32.62  inches.     These  men  were  all  accepted  for  service. 

Among  the  cases  of  very  limited  mobility  was  that  of  a  man  who  was  65J  inches 
in  height  and  125  pounds  in  weight ;  his  chest  measured  32  inches  at  expiration,  with 
an  expansion  of  hardly  half  an  inch.  He  was  not  rejected  for  any  organic  disqualifica- 
tion, but  for  "shortening  of  right  leg."  There  are,  as  might  be  supposed,  many  cases 
recorded  of  thoracic  disease,  in  which  the  power  of  expansion  did  not  exceed  three- 
quarters  or  even  half  of  an  inch.  It  seems  that  one  inch  was  not  considered  to  be  so 
small  an  expansion  as  to  war-rant  exemption,  for  in  one  district  seven  men  were  accepted 
possessing  only  that  mobility.  Their  mean  age  was  35.14  years,  height  68.47  inches, 
weight  126.42  pounds,  and  girth  of  chest  at  expiration  33.35  inches. 

The  mean  expansion  in  the  largest  number  of  observations  in  this  woi*k  is  3.08 
inches.  The  following  tables  exhibit  the  mean  expansion  of  chest,  first  by  nativities, 
and  next  by  States  of  the  Union ;  in  each  instance  showing  its  relation  to  height  and 
circumference  of  chest  also. 

'Op.  «'«.,  p.  222.  ^Investigations,  p.  495. 


MOBILITY    OF    CHEST. 


45 


Table  showing  the  mean,  mobility  of  chest,  and  its  relation  to  height  and  circumference  of  chest,  in 

ticen ty-fou r  n a ti vitics. 


Nativity. 

Number 
of  men. 

Mean  lieigbt. 

Mean  circumference 
of  chest. 

Mean  mobility  of  chest. 

Portii<^al ......  .. .... 

81 

121 

1,190 

21,045 

989 

315, 020 

383 

16, 196 

3,476 

1,104 

1,802 

50, 537 

3,243 

54,944 

79 

580 

89 

122 

339 

148 

91 

2,290 

25,  828 

171 

Inches. 
05. 432 
07. 934 

66.  890 

67.  014 
60.  637 
67.  672 
66.  648 
66. 577 
67. 000 
66.418 
66. 381 
66. 741 
66. 277 
66.  536 
65. 899 
06. 307 
66.  584 
66.  393 

66.  000 

65.  635 
66. 110 

67.  467 

66.  531 
66.  211 

Metres. 
1.6020 
1.7255 
1.  6992 
1.7022 
1. 0920 
1.7189 
1. 0929 
1.0911 
1.7035 
1.  0870 
1.6801 
) .  0952 
1. 0834 
1. 0900 
1. 0738 
1. 0842 
1.  0912 
1. 0864 
1.6764 
1.6671 
1.  6792 
1.7137 
1.  6899 
1. 6818 

Inches. 
34. 222 
34. 066 
34.316 
33.  380 
33. 000 
33.418 
34. 292 
33. 309 
33.  838 
33. 924 
33.719 
33. 769 
33. 778 
33.  880 
33.  307 
32. 917 
34. 022 
34. 066 
33. 404 
33. 008 
32. 989 
34. 321 
33. 091 
33. 544 

Metres. 
.8692 
.  8653 
.8716 

.8479 
.8551 
.8488 
.8710 
.8476 
.8595 
.8617 
.  8565 
.8577 
.8580 
.8606 
.8475 
.8361 
.  8642 
.8653 
.8485 
.8536 
.  8379 
.8718 
.8558 
.8520 

Inches. 
2.901 
2.893 
2.801 

2.840 
2.817 
2.807 
2.800 
2.790 
2.  790 
2.787 
2.767 
2.758 
2.733 
2.726 
2.718 
2.697 
2.091 
2.686 
2.007 
2.664 
2.648 
2.627 
2.587 
2.  510 

Centirhcires. 
7.369 

7.348 

Sweden 

British  America 

7. 267 
7.214 

Holland 

7.155 

United  States   whites        -      .        .      .... 

7. 130 

7.112 

Knfland                            ........... ... 

7.087 

Scotland                                    .... ., .... 

7.087 

Wales 

7.079 

Switzerland        . 

7.028 

7.005 

6.942 

6.924 

Soiitli  America     .   ..    ............. 

6.904 

West  Indies 

6  850 

Hunffarv  . 

0.  835 

Rnssia                      . 

0.822 

Italv                

0.774 

Spain ...... 

0.767 

6. 726 

Norway            . ...,.,  ... . .... .. .- 

6.673 

Tin  ited  States,  colored 

6.571 

Poland 

6.391 

Totul,  and  mean  of  total 

501, 068 

67.  300 

1.7094 

33.  530 

.8517 

2.781 

7.064 

Table  slioioing  the  mean  mobility  of  chest,  and  its  relation  to  height  and  circumference  of  chest,  in 

twenty-jive  States  of  the  Union. 


State. 


Vermont t 

Connecticut 

Rhode  Island 

Indiana 

West  Virginia 

Michigan 

Maine 

Massachusetts 

Wisconsin 

Pennsylvania 

New  Jersey 

Minnesota 

Illinois 

Ohio 

New  York 

Iowa 

New  Hampshire 

Nevada  

Kansas 

Missouri 

District  of  Columbia 

Delaware 

Kentucky 

Maryland 

California 

Total,  and  mean  of  total 


Number 
of  men. 


3, 

2, 

3, 
38, 

5, 
12, 
12, 

0, 
10, 
47, 
1", 

3, 
30, 
39, 
43, 

7, 

o 


374 
099 
013 
354 

187 
583 
303 
280 
922 
124 
084 
682 
465 
311 
798 
823 
801 
21 
729 
031 
883 
215 
252 
918 
308 


315, 620 


Mean  height. 


Inches. 
67. 583 

66.  587 
67. 290 
68.  080 
68.  005 
67. 826 

67.  895 
66. 891 

67.  911 
67. 470 
67. 023 

68.  371 
67.  835 
67. 782 
67.274 
67.  895 
66. 929 
68.286 
68. 551 
68. 337 
67.  353 
67. 490 
68. 677 
67.  814 
08.  306 


07. 672 


Metres. 
1.7166 
1.  0913 
1.7092 
1.7292 
1.7273 
1.7228 
1.7245 
1. 6990 
1. 7249 
1.7137 
1.7024 
1. 7360 
1. 7230 
1.7217 
1. 7088 
1. 7245 
1. 7000 
1.7345 
1.7412 
1. 7358 
1.7108 
1.7142 
1.  7444 
1. 7225 
1.73.50 


1.7189 


Mean  circumference 
of  chest. 


Inches. 
33.  375 

32.  574 
32. 273 

33.  698 
33.  065 
33. 498 
33. 808 
.31.988 
33. 505 

33.  491 

32.  326 

34.  020 
33. 654 

33.  661 
32. 909 
33.  808 
33. 597 
.34. 381 
33.  992 
33. 903 
33. 659 
34. 245 
33.  978 
33. 899 
34. 106 


33.418 


Metres. 
.8477 
.8274 
.  8197 
.  8.559 
.8399 
.8508 
.8587 
.  8125 
.  8510 
.8507 
.8211 
.8041 
.8548 
.  8550 
.  83.59 
.  8602 
.8534 
.8733 
.  8034 
.  8011 
.8549 
.  8698 
.8030 
.8610 
.8663 


.8488 


Mean  mobility  of  chest. 


Inches. 
3.080 
3.061 
3. 035 
3.  027 
3.001 
2.  985 
2. 920 
2.884 
2.823 
2.  B19 
2.817 
2. 792 
2. 759 
2.748 
2.742 
2.664 
2.606 
2.560 
2.  529 
2.  517 
2.492 
2.481 
2.475 
2.411 
2.338 


2.807 


Centimetres. 
7.823 
7.775 
7.709 
7.689 
7. 623 
7.582 
7.417 
7.3'25 
7.170 
7.160 
7.155 
7  092 
7.008 
6.980 
6.965 
6.767 
6.619 
6.502 
0.424 
0.  393 
0.330 
0.302 
0.287 
6.124 
5. 939 


7.130 


It  does  not  appear  that  mobility  of  chest  bears  any  regular  relation  to  age.     Hutch- 
inson asserts  that  it  increases  up  to  the  age  of  30. years  ;^  but  Mr.  Gould  found  that  it 


'Op.  cil..  pp.  171,  172. 


46 


CIRCUMFERENCE    OF   CHEST AGE. 


attained  its  highest  point  at  20J  or  21  years,  after  which  it  steadily  diminished.'  The 
tables  next  to  be  given  are  not  very  definite  in  their  results  upon  this  point;  but  they 
rather  tend  to  sustain  Hutchinson's  views. 

It  is  certain  that  circumference  of  chest  exhibits  a  very  striking  regularity  in  its 
proo-ressive  relation  to  age.  The  following  tables  show  this  connection,  as  well  as  the 
relation  of  height  to  age,  in  the  six  nativities  already  instanced. 

Tables  showing  the  relation  of  age  to  height,  girth  of  chest,  and  expansion  of  chest. 

(a.)  WHITE  NATIVES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  C,359  MEN. 


Age. 


Number 
of  men 


Mean  height. 


Mean  girth  of  chest 
at  expiration. 


Mean  expansion 
of  chest. 


Under  20  years 

20  and  under  25 

25  and  under  30 

30  and  under  35 

35  and  under  40 

40  and  over 

Total,  and  mean  of  total 


1,632 

2,005 
966 
649 
606 
501 


Inches. 
66. 494 
67. 480 
67. 538 
67. 587 
67. 799 
67. 737 


6,359 


67. 297 


Metres. 
1. 6890 
1.7140 
1.7155 
1.7167 
1. 7221 
1.7205 


Inches. 
31.321 
32. 488 
32. 940 
33. 140 
33. 297 
33. 633 


1. 7093 


32.  491 


Metres. 
.7956 
.8252 
.8367 
.8418 
.8457 
.8543 


Inches. 
3.261 
3.253 
3.224 
3.223 
3.256 
3.181 


.8253 


3.242 


Metres. 
.0828 
.0826 
.0819 
.0819 
.0827 
.0808 


.0823 


(6.)  COLOKED  NATIVES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  377  MEN. 


Age. 


Under  20  years 

20  and  under  25 

25  and  under  30 

30  and  under  35 

35  and  under  40 

40  and  over 

Total,  and  mean  of  total 


Number 
of  men 


115 
68 
51 
40 
25 


377 


Mean  height. 


Inches. 
65. 564 
66. 226 
66.971 
66. 588 
67. 550 
65.840 


66.387 


Metres. 
1. 6653 
1.6821 
1.7011 
1.  6913 
1.7158 
1. 6723 


1.6862 


Mean  girth  of  chest 
at  expiration. 


Inches. 
31. 641 
32. 730 
33. 265 
33.294 
33. 950 
33.280 


32. 844 


Metres. 
.8037 
.8313 
.8449 
.8457 
.8623 
.8453 


.8342 


Mean  expansion 
of  chest. 


Inches. 
3.167 
3.283 
3.250 
3.186 
3.175 
3.340 


3.232 


Metres. 
.0804 
.0834 
.0826 
.0809 
.0806 
.0848 


.0821 


(c.)  BRITISH  AMERICANS,  589  MEN. 

• 

Age. 

Number 
of  men. 

Mean  height. 

Mean  girth  of  chest 
at  expiration. 

Mean  expansion 
of  chest. 

TTnflpr  20  vears         ......-■. ............. 

93 

287 

120 

52 

20 

17 

Inches. 

66.  602 

67.  052 
67. 400 
67.115 
67.  000 
67. 176 

Metres. 
1.6917 
1.7031 
1.7119 
1.7047 
1.7018 
1.7063 

Inches. 
31.849 
32. 502 
33. 100 
33. 115 
34. 100 
33. 765 

Metres. 
.8090 
.  8256 
.8407 
.8411 
.8661 
.8576 

Inches. 
3. 242 
3.256 
3.300 
3. 346 
3.200 
3.382 

Metres. 
.0823 

20  nnd  under  25 

.0827 

.0838 

30  and  under  35 T 

.0850 

.0813 

40  and  over .. . ...... .... ......  ...... 

.  08.59 

589 

67. 059 

1.7033 

32.  666 

.8397 

3.272 

.0831 

(d.)  ENGLISHMEN,  454  MEN. 


Age. 


Number 
of  men 


Mean^height. 


Mean  girth  of  chest 
at  expiration. 


Mean  expansion 
of  chest. 


Under  20  years 

20  and  under  25 

25  and  under  30 

30  and  under  35 

35  and  under  40 

40  and  over .. 

Total,  and  mean  of  total 


46 

187 
80 
60 
51 
30 


Inches. 
C6. 174 
66. 278 
66.  425 
66.700 
66. 275 
66. 267 


454 


66. 348 


Metres. 
1. 6808 
1.6835 
1.6872 
1.6942 
1.  6834 
1. 6832 


Inches. 
31. 522 
32. 460 
32. 975 
33. 100 
33. 529 
33.  800 


1. 6852 


32. 749 


Metres. 
.8007 
.8245 
.8376 
.8407 
.8516 
.8585 


Inches. 
3.261 
3. 217 
3. 138 
3. 217 
3.186 
2.  967 


.8318 


3.187 


Metres. 
.0828 
.0817 
.0797 
.0817 
.0809 
.0754 


.0809 


'Op.  ci<.,  p.  498. 


CIRCUMFERENCE    OF   CHEST AGE. 


47 


Table  shoicing  the  relation  of  age  to  height,  girth  of  chest,  and  expansion  of  chest — Continued. 

(e.)  IRISHMEN,  1,417  MEN. 


Age. 


Number 
of  men 


Mean  heisbt. 


Mean  girth  of  cbest 
at  expiratiou . 


Meau  expansion 
of  chest. 


Uuder20  years 

20  ami  uuder  25 

25  and  uudcr  30 

30  and  uuder  35 

35  and  under  40 

40  and  over 

Total,  and  mean  of  total 


165 

578 
304 
163 

125 

82 


Inches. 
66.  315 
66. 567 
66.  474 
66. 969 
66. 752 
60.  707 


1,417 


66. 589 


Metres. 
1.6844 
1.6908 
1.  6884 
1.7010 
1.6955 
1. 6944 


Inches. 
31.  806 
32. 768 
33. 507 
33.  816 
34.112 
33.  902 


1.6914 


33. 119 


Metres. 
.8079 
.8323 
.8511 
.8589 
.8664 
.8611 


Inches. 
3. 300 
3. 206 
3. 253 
3.206 
3.132 
2.988 


.8412 


3.208 


Metres 

.0838 
.0814 
.0826 
.  0814 
.0796 
.  0759 


.  0815 


(/.)  GERMANS,  1,343  MEN. 


Age. 

Number 
of  men. 

Mean  height. 

Meau  girth  of  chest 
at  expiration. 

Mean  expansion 
of  chest. 

82 
354 
294 
198 
251 
164 

Inches. 
65.  683 
66. 186 
65.  884 
65.  980 
65. 968 
65.  890 

Metres. 
1.  6684 
1.6811 
1.6735 
1.  6759 
1.6756 
1.6736 

Inches. 
31.683 
32. 712 
33.211 
33. 232 
33.  315 
33. 524 

Metres. 
.8047 
.8309 
.8436 
.8441 
.8462 
.  8515 

Inches. 
3. 207 
3.308 
3.272 
3.232 
3.202 
3.049 

Metres 

.0815 

.0840 

25  and  uuder  30 

.0831 

.  0821 

.0813 

40  and  over --- - 

.0774 

mean  of  total - 

Total,  and 

1,343 

65.  982 

1.  6759 

33.  047 

.8394 

3.231 

.0821 

It  is  difficult  to  obtain  from  the  statistics  of  recruiting  in  any  country  an  accurate 
estimate  of  the  proportion  of  men  who  have  been  rejected  for  deficient  size  of  chest, 
as  other  and  more  prominent  causes  of  exemption  are  certain  to  inckide  such  cases. 
In  England,  in  1869,  the  proportion  of  recruits  rejected  for  "malformation  of  chest  and 
spine"  was  30.26  per  1,000;  in  1870,  it  was  28.75  per  1,000.  During  the  same  years, 
38.71  and  33.15  per  1,000  were  also  rejected  for  "muscular  tenuity  and  debility."'  It 
is  impossible  to  determine  from  these  details  how  many  of  the  men  thus  classified 
were  mai-ked  by  a  deficient  size  of  chest,  though  a  minimum  of  thoracic  girth  is  estab- 
lished for  each  corps  of  the  English  army. 

The  statistics  of  the  American  army,  from  1839  to  1855,  collected  by  Dr. 
Coolidge,  give  260  men  as  rejected  for  "malformed  and  contracted  chest,"  out  of 
5,000  examined';  being  at  the  rate  of  52  per  1,000;  at  the  same  time,  however,  there 
were  rejected,  in  addition,  the  following  classes : 

Not  robust,  too  slender 467,  or  93.4  per  1,000. 

General  unfitness 150,  or  30.0  per  1,000. 

General  malformation 110,  or  22.0  per  1,000. 

Spinal  curvature 48,  or     9.6  per  1,000. 

825- 
It  is  evident  that  many  of  the  men  thus  described  might  also  have  been  properly 
included  in  the  cases  of  deficient  size  of  chest. 

^Army  med.  reports  for  1809,  p.  48;  same, /or  1870,  p.  41. 

'Statistical  report  of  sickness  and  mortality  in  the  JJ.  S.  army,  4to,  Washington,  1856,  p.  629. 


48  CIRCUMFERENCE    OF    CHEST AGE. 

Table  No.  16  of  this  work  shows,  under  the  heading  of  "Deficient  size  of  chest," 
that  7,348  were  rejected,  out  of  501,068  examined,  or  at  the  rate  of  14.665  per  1,000. 
This  description  is  precise,  and  no  other  class  of  general  infirmity  seems  likely  to  have 
included  cases  belonging  to  it.  The  men  from  whose  particulars  this  table  was  com- 
posed consisted  of  all  classes  of  recruits,  and  the  rate  of  exemption  may,  therefore,  be 
regarded  as  fairly  representing  the  average  population.  In  Table  No.  21,  the  rate  per 
1,000  is  only  4.090.  The  inclusion  of  a  large  mimber  of  ^^ enrolled  men''''  in  Table  No. 
16  accounts  for  this  difference. 

The  mean  dimensions  of  the  chest,  as  developed  in  the  tables,  may  be  compared 
with  the  results  of  other  admeasurements,  but  it  must  be  admitted  that  no  conclusion 
of  any  value  can  be  arrived  at  unless  the  corresponding  qualities  of  height,  age,  and 
especially  of  weight,  be  also  present  in  each  case.  In  addition,  the  influence  of  race 
should  also  be  considered. 

It  is  remarkable  that  the  mean  circumference  of  chest  of  men  found  fit  for  sei-vice, 
and  of  those  who  have  been  rejected  for  physical  causes,  differ  but  in  a  small  degree. 
In  the  case  of  the  six  nativities,  so  often  referred  to,  the  entire  niimber  of  men  recorded 
as  examined  was  484,770,  and  their  mean  circumference  of  chest  was  33.52  inches,  (851 
miUimeti'es.)  Of  this  numbei',  292,609  were  accepted,  and  their  mean  girth  was  only 
33.68  inches,  (855  millimetres.)  Dr.  Balfour  reports  that,  out  of  1,439  recruits  exam- 
ined by  him  for  the  English  army,  1,000  were  passed  as  fit  for  military  service;  the 
mean  girth  of  chest  of  all  was  32.47  inches,  (825  millimetres,)  and  of  the  1,00(>  accepted 
men  32.60  inches,  (828  miUimetres.) 

Under  the  heading  of  "Deformity  of  chest"  are  included  some  cases  of  prepon- 
derating development  of  one  side  of  the  thorax.  The  ordinary  mode  of  ascertaining 
the  girth  with  the  graduated  tape  does  not,  of  course,  admit  of  the  discovery  of  this 
defect,  though  it  is  more  common  than  perhaps  supposed.  "Physiological  promi- 
nences" of  the  chest,  as  they  have  been  termed,  are  of  no  special  importance  in  the 
recruit  unless  they  amount  to  deformity,  but  unilateral  excess  is  sometimes  an  indica- 
tion of  incipient  disease,  which  fact  has  been  demonstrated  at  length  by  Woillez.'  At 
a  later  period,  this  surgeon  invented  the  cyrtomctre,  an  instrument  which  registers  the 
perimeter  of  the  thorax  as  well  as  its  different  diameters.^  A  simpler  form  of  such  an 
apparatus  would  be  serviceable  to  the  military  surgeon. 

Age. — It  would  be  reasonable  to  entertain  an  expectation  that  the  mean  age  of  the 
natives  of  the  United  States  who  volunteered  for  the  war  would  prove  to  be  lower 
than  that  of  the  foreign-born  portion  of  the  Army,  or  of  men  conscripted  under  the 
enrollment-law.  Indeed,  the  annals  of  recruiting  collected  by  Dr.  Coolidge  show  that 
during  the  period  from  1839  to  1855,  the  mean  age  of  the  native  soldier  was  below 
that  of  all  others.^  Early  in  1863,  Mr.  E.  B.  EUiott,  in  the  very  able  treatise  before 
quoted,  pointed  out  that  the  preponderance  of  numbers  corresponding  to  the  earlier 
ages  in  the  native  volunteers  was  the  revei'se  of  the  condition  indicated  by  the  census 
as  existing  among  the  population.  Speaking  of  a  large  body  of  Massachusetts  volun- 
teers, 51,271  in  number,  he  says: 

■  Ilcchcichcs  sitr  la  vakiir  lUagnoslique  lies  diformationa  de  la  poilrine,  par  E.  J.  Woillez,  4to,  Paris,  1835.    See  also, 
Uema):k8  on  the  cxaminalloii  of  recruits,  by  H.  H.  Massy,  ))p.  G4,  71,  auil  72:  8vo.  London,  1854. 
^;Ti-ailc  clinique  des  maladies  aiguvs  des  organea  reapiraloirca,  8vo,  Paris,  1872. 
^  Stalialical  report,  etc.,  p.  0:52. 


AGE NATIVES    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


49 


"This  diminution  of  numbers  with  increasing  age  is  much  more  rapid  with  the 
vohmteers  than  with  the  population  from  which  they  spring." 

"The  average  age  of  the  51,271  was  25.99,  and  their  equate  age,  or  the  age  above 
and  below  which  their  numbers  were  equal,  28.74.'" 

Mr.  Gould's  observations,  made  upon  a  much  larger  scale,  sustained  Mr.  Elliott's 
conclusions  with  remarkable  exactness."  From  the  statistics  of  this  office,  a  somewhat 
diti'erent  result  was  to  be  expected.  Under  the  enrollment-law,  the  liability  continuing 
to  the  age  of  45  years,  a  larger  proportion  of  men  is  found  at  the  extreme  end  of  the 
scale  than  is  observable  in  the  tables  of  the  volunteers.  Young  men  of  18  or  19  years 
of  age,  free,  as  yet,  from  the  risk  of  conscription,  enlisted  in  large  numbers  as  volun- 
teers and  substitutes,  incited  thereto  by  the  profuse  sums  offered  the  former  as  hoiinties, 
and  the  high  prices  paid  the  latter.  The  following  table  exhibits  the  particulars  as  to 
age  of  190,621  white  natives  of  the  United  States.  These  were  all  accepted  men.  Their 
mean  age  was  26..-;41  years,  and  their  equate  age  was  23.463  years. 

Table  shoichu/  the  number  of  men  per  thousand  at  each  age  from  10  to  45  years  in  190,021  icliite 

natives  of  the  United  States. 


Ago. 

Number  per 

thousaud  at 

eachi  age. 

Cumulative 
rate. 

Number  per 

thousaud   iu 

quinqueuuial 

groujia. 

Actual    num- 
ber of  men 
at  each  age. 

16.5 

2.455 
4.916 
159.  773 
78. 659 
60.  466 
74.210 
54. 973 
46.726 
38. 479 
41. 653 
36.649 
33. 317 
31.  649 
23.  329 
32. 820 
29. 178 
24. 315 
20. 664 
14. 594 
26.  052 
21.708 
21.886 
21. 057 
17. 847 
82. 625 

468 

17 

7.371 
167. 144 
245. 803 
306. 269 
380. 479 
435. 452 
482. 178 
520. 657 
562. 310 
598.  959 
632  276 

937 

18 

30,  456 
14, 994 
11  526 

19 

245. 803 

20 

21 

14  146 

22 

10  479 

23 

8,907 
7  335 

24 

.      274. 854 

25 

7,940 
6,986 
6, 351 
6,033 
4  447 

26 

27 

28 

663.  925 
687. 254 
720.  074 
749. 252 
773  567 

29 

166.  597 

30 

6,256 
5  562 

31 

32 .       . 

4,635 
3,939 

2  782 

33 

794.231 

808.  825 
834.  877 
856. 585 
878.  471 
899. 528 
917.  375 
1000. 000 

34 

121.571 

35 

4,966 
4,138 

36 '. 

37 

4  172 

38 

4  014 

39 

108. 550 

82.  625 

3  402 

42.5" 

15  750 

1000.  000 

190, 621 

'  This  expresses  tLo  mean  of  the  uumbers  from  40  to  45  years. 

The  very  large  proportion  found  at  the  eighteenth  year  is  a  striking  feature  of  the 
foregoing  table.  In  fact,  one-sixth  of  the  whole  number  of  men  is  included  in  that 
year,  leaving  only  five-sixths  for  the  remaining  27  years.  The  number  of  men  recorded 
as  having  attained  their  eighteenth  and  nineteenth  years  comprise  very  nearly  one- 
fourth  (24.59)  of  the  whole  number,  leaving  but  three-fourths  for  the  remaining  26 
years.     In  like  manner,  the  first  seven  years  include  fuUg  one-half,   (52.08,)  leaving 

1  On  the  military  statistics  of  the  United  States  of  America,  4to,  Berlin,  1803,  pp.  11, 12. 
«  Op.  cit.,  p.  35. 


50 


AGE VARIOUS    NATIVITIES. 


the  other  half  to  l)e  distributed  among  the  remaining  21  year.s.  At  the  fourteenth  year, 
three-fourths  of  tlie  entire  number  of  men  have  been  exhausted,  leaving  one-fourth,  for 
the  remaining  moiety  of  14  years. 

The  next  taljle  shows  the  proportion  of  men  at  each  quinquennial  mean  nge  in, 
six  of  tlie  chief  nativities  represented. 


Nativity. 

Under  20 
years. 

20  to  25 
years. 

25  to  30 
years. 

30  to  35 
years. 

35  to  40     40  years 
years.      and  over. 

Total. 

United  States,  wliite 

United  Siate.s,  col<n'e*l                          .   . 

246 
262 
205 
111 
115 
79 

275 
308 
434 
358 
401 
204 

167 
162 
174 
197 
196 
182 

121 
92 

80 
126 
109 
173 

108 
89 
67 

120 

83 
87 
40 
88 

1,000 
1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

Iiisliiiieti 

104       1           75 

1,000 

Germans. 

207 

155 

1,000 

From  this  it  would  seem  that  the  negro  race  contributed  the  largest  number  of 
men  of  the  lowest  age;  but  it  must  be,  in  fairness,  admitted  tliat  no  strict  dependence 
is  to  l)e  placed  upon  this  part  of  the  table.  Before- their  emancipation,  the  colored 
people  were  notoriously  uninformed  as  to  their  age,  often  giving  replies  of  manifest 
absui'dity  to  inquiries  upon  the  subject. 

A  noticeable  peculiarity,  however,  not  open  to  any  suspicion  of  inaccuracy,  is 
the  fact  that  the  natives  of  British  America,  as  will  be  presently  shown,  present  the 
lowest  mean  age  of  all. 

The  different  results  produced  by  compulsory  and  voluntary  enlistment,  as  regards 
the  nuniber  at  certain  ages,  is  illustrated  in  the  following  comparison: 


Age. 

E.  B.  Elliott.      . 

B.A.Gould. 

Medical  Statistics. 
P.  M.  6.  Bureau. 

18 

Tears. 

per  100. 

ptr  100. 
13. 27 

per  100. 
15. 98 

Under  19 

13 
22 

16.  Ti 

Under  20 

24.  59 

Under  21 

29.52 

30.64 

Un<ler  24 

52 

48. 23 

Under  25 

58.  34 

76.57 

52. 08 

Under  30 

75 

68.72 

Under  35 

83.48 

Efforts  have  been  made,  from  time  to  time,  to  ascertain  the  mean  age  of  the  armed 
forces  of  a  country,  but  the  result  has  generally  been  of  inconsiderable  value  for  com- 
parison. Ill  the  states  of  Europe,  where  military  service  is  compulsory,  the  addition 
to  an  army  of  the  amuial  ^' class"  of  young  conscripts  of  nearly  like  age,  and  the  dis- 
charge of  soldiers  who  have  served  their  prescribed  term,  together  produce  a  not  very 
varying  average  of  age.'  But  our  enrollment-law,  applied  suddenly,  and  for  the  first 
lime,  (to  any  general  (extent,)  in  American  history,  coercing  men  of  all  capable  ages  into 
the  Army,  Itroiiglit  iihoiit  so  different  a  condition  that  the  inquiry  becomes  both  useful 
and  interesting. 

It  is  necessary  to  discard  from   the  computation  all  classes  of  recruits  excejiting 

I  The  mean  aije  of  all  llii;  ri'crnits  obtained  for  tlio  English  army,  in  the  years  1880  ,ind  1870,  was  19.10  years  and 
19.9  years,  respectively.     (/■;»;//;»//  (iniii/  iiud.  n-porls:  fur  18i)9,  ii.  51  ;  for  1870,  p.  44.) 


AGE WEIGHT.  "  51 

those  found  fit  for  military  service;  niid,  as  in  ]irecediiig  cases,  a  careful  selection  has 
been  made  of  the  most  trustworthy  portions  of  our  recoi'ds.  The  following  statement, 
though  exhibiting  limited  numbers,  is  offered  with  entire  confidence  as  to  its  reliability. 

Table  shoiring  the  mcnn  age  </ 303,148  men,  all  found  fit  for  mUitary  service. 


Nativity.  Number. 


United  States,  white 196,980 

United  States,  colored 19, 75(i 

British  Americans 14,954 

Englishmen 10,  lOU 

Irishmen 30,412 

Germans .- 30,943 


Total,  and  mean  of  total j    303, 148 


Mean  age. 


Years. 
26.  g-Vi 

26.  40C 
25. 235 

27.  885 
27.  216 
31.029 


27.  307 


Mr.  Gould's  data  comprise  a  very  large  proportion  of  volunteers,  and  the  result 
arrived  at  by  him  is  as  follows:  Mean  age  of  1,012,273  men,  of  all  nativities,  includ- 
ing those  above  and  below  the  military  age,  26.83G2  years;  mean  age  of  9*J6,647  men, 
all  ivithin  the  limits  of  military  age,  namely,  from  18  to  45  years,  25.8083  years.'  The 
particulars  from  which  these  conclusions  ware  obtained  were  copied  fi-om  the  records 
in  the  archi^^es  of  the  different  States,  and  the  cautionary  remarks  already  offered  as  to 
the  character  of  these  statistics  must  be  again  recalled  to  the  reader's  notice. 

It  api tears,  then,  that  the  mean  age  of  the  men  of  the  foregoing  table,  who  were 
all  eligible  for  service,  was  1.471  years  greater  than  that  of  the  early  volunteers,  not- 
withstanding that  a  larger  number  of  men  at  the  earliest  ages  are  found  among  the 
former.  There  is  more  than  one  reason  for  this.  The  ardor  of  youth,  its  freedom  from 
marriage  ties  and  business  entanglements,  would  iiaturalh*  account  for  the  presence  of 
a  larger  proportion  of  young  men  in  the  volunteer  forces;  while,  under  the  enrollment- 
law,  the  lot  fell,  according  to  fortune,  upon  all  within  the  prescribed  limits.  But  even 
in  the  volunteer  regiments,  the  mean  age  was  found  to  increase  from  year  to  vear  as 
the  war  continued.     Mr.  Gould  gives  this  illustration  of  the  fact:^ 

1862.      1863.      1864.      1865. 

Average  age  of  volunteers  on  last  birthday 25.104     25.766   .26.067     26.321 

The  first  draft  under  the  law  wns  carried  into  operation  in  July,  1863. 

Weight. — While  the  annals  of  recruiting  contain  copious  details  as  to  stature,  the 
amount  of  information  furnished  upou  the  subject  of  weight  is,  foi-  the  most  part, 
extremely  meager.  A  principal  reason  for  this  is  to  be  found  in  the  fact  that  weight 
is  not  a  regulated  quality  in  any  code  of  laws  governing  the  enlistment  of  recruits. 
The  circumference  of  chest  thought  to  be  indispensable  as  an  accompaniment  to  certain 
degrees  of  stature,  is  carefully  laid  down  in  the  Enghsh  regulations,  but  weight  is  not 
even  mentioned.  It  is  to  be  presumed  that  the  matter  is  left  to  the  discretion  of  the 
examining  snrge<in,  with  whom  the  decision  as  to  the  other  qualities  named  might,  it  is 
thought,  be  also  left  with  advantage.  A  due  pro]Xjrtion  in  the  weight  is  quite  as  essen- 
tial in  the  soldier  as  a  well-formed  chest,  and  is  of  greater  importance  than  lofty  stat- 

'  Op.  oil.,  p.  53.  »0p.  oi«.,p.  88. 


52  LAW    OF    WEIGHT. 

wve.  In  former  times,  when  it  was  necessary  to  make  use  of  a  ramrod  in  loading  a 
musket,  men  of  a  certain  height  were  absolutely  necessary  for  the  service;  but  in  these 
(lays  of  breech-loading  arms,  a  man  from  6  feet  to  5  feet  4  inches  in  stature,  and  well 
proportioned  in  build  and  weight,  is,  ccBteris  paribus,  as  serviceable  a  soldier  as  can  be 
desired. 

The  instructions  delivered  to  enrolling  surgeons  during  the  war  of  the  rebellion 
contained  no  injunctions  as  to  weight.  As  a  matter  of  course,  it  was  duly  considered 
in  the  estimate  of  "physical  fitness"  of  the  conscript;  but,  unfortunately  for  the  purpo^jc 
of  Ihe  present  investigation,  it  was  not  an  obligatory  process,  and  a  large  part  of  the 
returns  contain  no  entry  upon  the  subject.  Some  energetic  officers,  lioweA^er,  saw  fit 
to  make  their  work  complete  by  adding  the  particulars  of  weight  to  the  other  details 
gi\en,  and  i'rom  their  records  the  tables  in  -which  weight  is  a  component  were  completed. 
It  is  reasonable  to  assume,  as  the  information  was  voluntarily  furnished,  that  it  was 
procured  with  due  accuracy.     The  men  when  weighed  were  invariably  quite  naked. 

As  early  as  in  1835,  Quetelet  pointed  out  the  law  of  weight.*  In  his  last  and 
greatest  work,  he  elaborates  the  siibject  quite  extensively.  He  states  that  in  a  large 
nundjer  of  men  (10,000,  for  example)  of  the  same  nativity,  of  like  age,  and  subjected 
to  similar  external  surroundings,  the  same  imiformity  prevails  as  to  weight  that  has 
been  demonstrated  to  exist  as  to  stature.  Weights  thus  obtained  will  range  themselves 
so  as  to  form  the  curve  well  known  as  the  binomial  curve  of  Newton.  Its  axis  of 
aljscissas  is  the  scale  of  increase  of  man,  (in  height,  weight,  strength,  or  other  measur- 
able qualities,)  from  the  dwarf  to  the  giant.  These  abscissas  have  for  ordinates  the 
physical  qualities  just  enumerated,  and  the  number  at  each  degree  or  step  is  repre- 
sented by  the  length  of  the  ordinate.  The  curve  of  stature  derived  by  Quetelet  from 
his  observations  of  an  autochthonous  race  is  quite  symmetrical ;  but  he  found  that 
weight  produced  a  curve  of  which  the  shoulders  were  uneven.^ 

The  weight  of  the  new-born  child  increases  for  a  while  nearly  as  the  cube  of  its 
height;  after  the  fii'st  year,  that  increase  becomes  less  rapid;  and,  toward  the  fourth  or 
fifth  year,  its  value  is  between  the  second  and  thirtl  })ower  of  the  stature  Toward 
puberty,  the  relative  weight  has  the  least  development ;  but,  about  that  period,  it  again 
increases.  At  oO  years,  or  at  the  period  of  attainment  of  full  growth,  the  relative 
weight  has  a  value  which  would  be  nearly  intermediate  between  a  calcixlation  of 
increase  as  the  square  of  the  stature  and  another  as  the  cube  of  the  stature.'^ 

In  view  of  the  limited  number  of  records  of  weight  in  our  possession,  and  the 
varying  n;)ti\ities  represented  in-  them,  it  was  not  to  be  expected  that  Quetelet's  law 
would  admit  of  application.  In  the  case  of  the  white  natives  of  the  United  States,  the 
curve  is  of  a  character  to  make  it  certain  that  a  larger  number  of  observations  would 
have  led  to  a  satisfactory  result. 

'S«r  I'homme  i-t  le  devehppement  de  ees  facuUis :  ou  (.ssai  de  physique  «ocio'e,  2  vols,  8vo.,  Paris,  1*335,  vol.  II,  pp.  53,  61, 
^Atithroponwtrie,  p.  340. 
Hbid.,  p.  34.^). 


WEIGHT. 


53 


The  following  table  exhibits  the  limits  of  weight,  at  different  ages,  iu  1,000  men, 
taken  at  hazard  from  the  records  of  the  State  of  Maine: 

Table  showing  the  limits  of  weight  at  different  ages. 


Afie. 


ao... 

21... 
•22... 
23... 
24... 
25... 
•26... 
27... 
28... 
29... 
30... 
31... 
32... 
33... 
34... 
35... 
36... 
37... 
33... 
311... 
40... 
41... 
42,.. 
43  .- 
44... 
45... 
40... 

Total 


Weight. 


Mean  woiglit. 


Pounds. 
13G.  414 
141.  500 

143.  529 

144.  233 
138. 095 

144.  471 

137.  692 

138.  510 
138.  563 

138.  756 

137.  222 

140.  880 

141.  532 

145.  838 

139.  324 

142.  -44 

138.  067 

139.  579 

145.  434 
140. 31)8 

140.  094 
143. 172 
139. 738 

146.  077 

143.  273 
144.000 
159.  000 


KUos. 
01.  877 
64. 184 
65. 104 

65.  424 
62.  639 
65.532 
62.  457 
62.828 
62.  853 
62. 939 

62.  243 

63.  905 

64.  198 
CO.  152 
63. 197 
64.  748 

62.  899 
03.  313 
05.  908 

63.  643 

63.  818 

64.  942 

63.  385 

66.  532 

64.  988 

65.  318 
72. 122 


Maxi. 
mnm. 


Founds, 
175 
105 
193 

180 
175 
205 
165 
205 
170 
102 
190 
230 
186 
175 
181 
200 
170 
185 
195 
185 
175 
185 
175 
205 
182 
180 
168 


Miui- 
niuiii. 


Pounds. 
110 
106 
112 
110 
115 
115 
100 
100 
115 
105 
109 
110 
110 
103 
110 
115 
113 
115 
110 
110 
131) 
117 
104 
120 
116 
120 
150 


Maxiiuuiii  over 
mean. 


Pounds, 

38.  586 
23.  500 
49.  471 

35.  767 

36.  905 
60.  529 
27.  308 
66.  490 
31.  437 
23.  244 
52. 778 
79.  114 

44.  468 

39.  102 
41.  676 

57.  256 
.37.  333 

45.  431 
49.  566 
44.  692 

34.  306 
41.838 

35.  262 

58.  333 
38.  727 

36.  too 
9.  000 


Kilos, 

17.  .502 
10.060 
22.  440 

16.  224 
16. 740 
27.  456 

12.  387 
30.  100 
14.260 
10.  543 
2:).  940 
3,5.  886 
20.  171 

13.  228 

18.  904 

25.  971 
10.  934 
20,  003 
22.  483 
20.272 
1,5.561 
18.  973 
15.995 

26.  455 

17.  566 
16.  329 

4.  082 


Miuimuin  under 
mean. 


Pounds. 
20.  414 

35.  500 
31.  529 
34. 233 
23.  095 
29.  471 

37.  G93 

38.  510 

23.  563 
33. 756 

28.  332 
30. 886 
31.532 
42.  838 

29.  324 
27.  744 
26.  667 

24.  579 
35.  434 

30.  308 
20.  694 
26.  172 
35.  738 

26.  677 

27.  273 
24.  000 

9.000 


Kilos, 
11.981 
10.  103 
14.301 

15.  528 
10.  476 

13,  368 
17.  097 
17.  468 
10.  688 
1,5. 312 

12.  801 

14.  010 
14.  303 
19.  431 

13.  301 
12.  585 

12.  096 
11.149 

16.  073 

13.  748 
0.387 

11.872 
16.211 
12. 101 
13.  371 
10,  886 
4.082 


Maximum  over 
minimum. 


Pmmds. 
65 
59 
81 
70 
60 
90 
65 

105 
55 
57 
81 

110 
76 
72 
71 
85 
64 
70 
85 
75 
55 
68 
71 
85 
66 
60 
18 


Kilos. 
29.49 
26.76 
36.74 
31.75 
27. 22 
40.82 
29.49 
47.63 
24.95 
25.86 
36.74 
49.90 
34.47 
32.66 
32.20 
38.56 
29.03 
31.75 
38.56 
34.  03 
24.95 
30.85 
32.  20 
38.56 
29.  94 
27.  22 
8.17 


Increase. 


5.086 

2.029 

.704 

-6. 138 

5.376 

-6.779 

.818 

.053 

.193 

-1.534 

3.664 

.646 

4.306 

-6.  514 

3.420 

-4.077 

.912 

5.855 

-5. 126 

.386 

2.478 

-3.  434 

6.939 

-3.  404 

.727 

15.  000 


Kilos. 


2.307 

.920 

.319 

2.784 

2.439 

3.075 

.371 

.024 

.088 

.090 

1.662 

.293 

1.953 

2.955 

1.551 

1.849 

.414 

2.656 

2.  335 
.175 

1.124 
1.558 

3.  140 
1.544 

.330 
6.804 


Mean  height. 


Inches, 
67. 207 
67. 592 

67.  838 

68.  600 

67.  357 

68.  235 
68.  090 
68.  051 
67.  250 
67.  059 

66.  931 

67.  714 

67.  883 

68.  581 
08.  068 
68.  192 
68. 127 

67.  750 
68. 151 

68.  282 
68.  167 

68.  086 
67.  536 
68. 000 
68. 182 
66.  778 

69.  000 


Metres, 
1.707 
1.717 
1.  733 
1.742 
1.711 
1.733 
1.730 
1.729 
1.708 
1.719 
1.700 
1.720 
1.724 
1,742 
1.729 
1.732 
1.730 
1.721 
1.731 
1.734 
1.731 
1.  729 
1.715 
1.727 
1.732 
1.696 
1.753 


140.  911 


63.  917 


30 


100 


79.  089 


35.  875 


40.  911 


18.  557 


120 


54,43 


67,  895 


1.725 


It  is  obvious  that  the  weight  of  some  of  these  men  was  in  excess  of  all  propor- 
tion. One  man  (rejected)  was  5  feet  8  inches  (1.7272  metres)  in  height,  40  inches 
(101 G  millimetres)  around  the  thorax,  and  weighed  220  pounds,  (99.79  kilogrammes.) 
Hutchinson  long  since  demonstrated  by  experiment  that  weight,  when  excessive,  was 
attended  with  a  loss  of  vital  capacity,  and  he  came  to  the  conclusion  that  7  ]:)er 
cent,  above  his  standard  rates  of  proportion,  in  the  relation  of  weight  to  stature,  was 
the  limit  of  allowable  excess.     Above  that  margin,  a  loss  of  vital  capacity  exisued.^ 

This  standard  table  of  Hutchinson's  was  prepared  by  him  for  the  use  of  life- 
insurance  companies,  and,  therefore,  very  properly  includes  the  weight  of  the  clothes. 
In  order  to  compare  his  figures  with  our  naked  weights,  this  excess  has  been  removed 
by  the  usual  process — that  of  deducting  one-eighteenth  of  the  entire  weight ;  and  the 
result  of  the  comparison  has  been  fairly  confinnatory  of  the  older  table. 

■Op.  oil.,  p.  166. 


54 


WEIGHT.     • 
Table  showing  the  increase  of  weight  with  stature,  and  its  ratio  to  the  same. 


From  the  tables  of  this  work. 

Hutchinson. 

Stature. 

• 

Wei};bt. 

Pounds  to  inches. 

Wei 

^ht. 

Pounds  to  inches. 

Inches. 

Metres. 

rounds. 

Kilos. 

Pounds. 

EiJos. 

Pounds. 

Kilos. 

Pounds. 

Kilos. 

61 

1.  549 

111.71 

50. 67 

1. 831 

0.83 

113.3 

51.39 

1.857 

0.84 

62 

1.574 

116.25 

52. 73 

1.875 

0.  85 

119.0 

53. 98 

1.919 

0.89 

63 

1.600 

lit).  43 

54.17 

1.896 

0.85 

125.6 

56. 97 

1.994 

0.90 

64 

1.6-25 

122.  00 

.55.  34 

1.906 

0.86 

131.  3 

.59.  .56 

2.  052 

0.94 

65 

1.651 

128. 97 

58.  .50 

1.984 

0.89 

134.  6 

61.  05 

2.  071 

0.94 

66 

1.  676 

131.  62 

59.70 

1.994 

0.  90 

137.  0 

62. 15 

2.  076 

0.94 

67 

1.701 

141.  93 

64.50 

2.118 

0.96 

140. 6 

63.78 

2. 039 

0.95 

68 

1.727 

151.52 

68.73 

2.  22H 

1.01 

147.0 

6(!.  68 

2. 162 

0. 98 

69 

1.7.52 

161. 25 

73.14 

2.  .m 

1.00 

153.  6 

69.  07 

2.  22(i 

1.01 

70 

1.778 

170.  67 

77.41 

2.  438 

1.11 

159. 7 

72.44 

2.281 

1.04 

71 

1.  803 

171.40 

77.74 

2.414 

1.  10 

165. 0 

74.85 

2.  324 

1.06 

The  increment  of  weight  within  the  hmits  of  stature  of  these  tables  is  5.96  pounds 
(2.71  kilogrannnes)  to  the  inch,  accoj-ding  to  our  showing.  Mr.  Hutchinson  declared 
5.43  pounds  (2.4(3  kilogrammes)  to  be  the  result  of  his  researches;  but  if  the  weight  of 
clothes  be  deducted,  as  before,  the  net  increment  will  be  5.14  pounds,  (2.33  kilo- 
grammes.) Mr.  Gould's  calculations  brought  out  only  4.25  pounds  (1.92  kilogrammes) 
as  the  resulting  increment,  but  his  range  is  rather  more  extensive,  extending  from  60 
inches  to  75  inches,  and  over.' 

Instances  of  heavy  weight  are  less  uncommon  amongst  the  natives  of  the  United 
States  than  the  general  impression  upon  the  subject  would,  perhaps,  lead  the  inquirer 
to  suppose.  A  few  instances  of  light,  heavy,  and  excessive  weights  have  been  taken 
at  random  from  the  records. 

For  examijle:  Tu  one  district  in  the  State  of  Maine,  16  men  were  found  whose 
weight  was,  in  each  case,  195  pounds,  (S8.45  kilogrammes;)  their  mean  height  was  70.62 
inches,  (1.794  metres,)'and  their  mean  girth  of  chest  at  expiration  was  37.!  0  inches, 
(963  millimetres.)  The  mean  age  of  the  group  was  33.81  years.  From  two  districts 
of  the  State  of  New  York,  we  have  the  particulars  of  21  men,  whose  mean  age  was 
30  years;  their  mean  height,  68.94  iiuJhes,  (1.751  metres;)  their  mean  girth  of  chest  at 
expiration,  36.71  inches  (932  millimetres;)  and  whose  mean  weight  was  191.26  pounds, 
(86.75  kilogrammes.)  These  men  were  all  mustered  into  service.  Another  group  of 
15  men,  also  from  the  State  of  New  York,  presents  the  following  remarkable  dimen- 
sions: Their  mean  age  was  38.06  years;  their  mean  height,  69.28  inches,  (1.760 
metres;)  their  mean  girth  of  chest  at  expiration  was  41.35  inches,  (l,0."i0  millimetres;) 
and  their  mean  weight,  236.40  pounds,  (107.23  kilogrammes.)  It  is  scarcely  necessary 
to  add  tliat  they  were  all  exempted.     The  heaviest  member  of  tlie  last  group  weighed 

'  A  certain  formula  in  the  matter  of  weight  and  its  relation  to  stature  has  obtaiueil  a  degree  of  currency,  wliieli 
ilcs(^rves  a  few  words  of  comment.  It  is  supposed  to  be  a  rule  that  the  weight  should  be  at  the  rate  of  2  pounds  (0.91 
Uil(igramine)  for  every  iiicli  of  height  in  order  to  constitute  a  sound  body,  and  that  if  it  lie  below  that  proportion  some 
dis(|ualilicatiou  may  be  suspected.  Like  most  of  its  kind,  this  formula  is  inaccurate,  and  lilcely  to  lead  tu  mischievous 
ci>nclMsious.  It  is  very  true  that  a  man  of  the  height  of  60  or  61  inches  (1.52.40  or  154.114  centimetres)  would  be  fully  up  to 
the  standard  of  health  if  bis  weight  were  120  pounds,  (54.43  kilogrammes,)  and,  indeed,  it  should  not  exceed  130  pounds, 
(58.97  kilogrammes ;)  but  this  rate  becomes  rapidly  insufficient  with  advancing  stature,  as  the  tables  in  the  text  will 
show,  and  a  niau  of  six  feet  (1.829  metres)  in  height  weighing  only  144  pounds  (65.31  kilogrammes)  might  fairly  be 
considered  .as  emaciated. 


WEIGHT.  '  o5 

313  pounds,  (141  98  kilogrammes,)  and  measured  51  inches  (1,295  millimetres)  round 
the  chest  at  expiration;  his  mobility  of  chest  was  3  inches,  (7G  millimetres.) 

Instances  of  very  light  weight  in  connection  with  diseased  condition  are  of  course 
iinnierous  in  the  list  of  exemptions,  but  would  contribute  nothing  of  interest  to  the 
jirescnt  inquiry.  I'lie  smallest  weight  recorded  of  healthy  men  was  85  pounds,  (38.5() 
Idlogranmies.)  A  group  of  men,  taken  without  othei'  selection  than  that  each  was 
undei-  1  (to  pounds  (4;"j.3G  kilogrammes)  in  weight,  furnish  the  following  particulars: 
'['heir  mean  age  was  27.28  years;  their  mean  height,  62.75  inches,  (1.594  metres:) 
their  mean  girth  of  chest  at  expiration  was  31.49  inches,  (799  millimetres;)  and  their 
mean  weight  was  95.60  pounds,  (43.36  kilogrammes.)  These  men  were  all  rejected 
for  "want  of  development." 

Dr.  Beddoe  chronicles,  as  worthy  of  note,  that  he  found  30  men  from  liichmond, 
in  Yorkshire,  whose  mean  height  was  70.01  inches,  (1.778  metres,)  and  whose  mean 
weight  was  170.7  pounds,  (77.43  kilogrammes.)  He  mentions  another  lot,  consisting 
of  11  men,  from  Bentham,  in  Lancashire,  whose  weight  was  192.9  pounds,  (87.50  kilo- 
grammes,) and  their  height  70.72  inches,  (1.79H  metres.)' 

It  has  been  customary  to  speak  of  the  typical  American  as  tall  and  thin,  and 
writers,  not  questioning  the  correctness  of  the  assumption,  have  undertaken  to  explain 
the  cause.  Tobacco,  diet,  climate,  excessive  devotion  to  business,  have  all  been  sup- 
posed to  bear  their  part  in  the  production  of  the  slender  national  figure.  It  is,  perhaps, 
not  too  much  to  say  that  the  statistics  derived  from  the  late  war  show  that  the  mean 
weight  of  the  white  native  of  the  United  States  is  not  disproportionate  to  his  statiu-e. 

Other  tables  in  which  weight  appears  as  a  factor  will  be  found  in  the  foregoing 
comments  upon  stature  and  perimeter  of  chest.^ 

Statements  of  the  mean  weight  of  races  or  tribes  have  but  little  value  if  the  par- 
ticulars of  age,  girth  of  chest,  and  height. do  not  accompany  them.  The  following 
table,  very  incomplete  and  fragmentary,  as  it  must  be  admitted  to  be,  has  been  prepared 
for  the  sake  of  bi'inging  together,  and  thus  placing  on  record,  many  observations  which 
are  not  readily  accessible  in  their  separate  condition,  or  have  been  prepared  for  this 
work  by  reduction  from  crude  statistics. 

In  mau}^  instances  of  foreigners  who  appear  in  our  tables,  it  has  not  been  found 
possible  to  procure  any  authentic  statistics  of  the  mean  dimensions  of  their  countrymen 
at  home.  In  others,  a  compaiison  was  not  practicable.  Oar  tal)les,  for  instance,  as 
well  as  Mr.  Gould's,  speak  of  "the  Germans"  collectively;  and  no  data  of  measure- 
ment 6f  the  inhabitants  of  separate  kingdoms  of  states  of  German}'  would  furnish  any 
means  of  comparison.  In  like  manner,  the  natives  of  Belgium  enlisted  in  our  Army  are 
included  with  the  Germans ;  their  number,  it  may  be  added,  was  very  small. 

'  Bidlc  of  man  in  the  British  Tales.  .      'See  ante,  pp.  39-41. 


56 


MAN MEAN     DIMENSIONS. 

Record  of  observations  of  mean  physical  gualities 


Nativity  or  race. 


UNITED  STATES: 
White  natives  . 


Colored  men  . 


Indians 


BRITISH  AMERICA: 
White  natives 


ENGLISHMEN. 


SCOTCHMEN  . 


IRISHMEN  . 


Mean  age. 


Years. 
24.01 
23.94 


21.72 
25. 62 


24.  09 
26. 39 


26.96 


23.  30 

■■s.oo 


32.  00 
All  adults 

25.53 
24.2a 


24. 94 
25.  24 

19.  9.-) 


24. -31 
26.28 
24.00 


27.36 

27.  89 

'Adults  ... 

23  to  45 
25.  00 

28.91 
27. 24 

18  to  45 

25.00 
23  to  45 


Mean  height. 


Inches. 
67.36 
67.05 
68.20 
67.  00 
67.81 
67.  34 
67.  22 
67.  90 
67.  30 
67.  67 
67.35 
67.41 
67.  93 
66.78 
66. 53 
66.39 
61. 22 
67.  97 
67. 93 
73.  82 
66. 95 

66. 91 
(>7. 14 
67.01 
67.06 
67. 13 

66.80 

67.30 
66.  40 
66.49 
66.60 


66.  74 
65. 94 
66. 58 
66.  35 

66.  58 

67.90 

67. 7i 

68.  30 

(K).  94 
67.26 
07.07 

69. 20 


Metres. 
1.711 
1.703 
1. 732 
1.702 
1. 722 
1.710 
1.707 


1.709 
1.719 
1.711 
1.712 
1.725 
1. 696 
1.690 
1.  686 
1.555 
1.726 
1. 725 
1.875 
1.701 

1.700 


1.702 
1.703 
1.705 

1.697 

1.709 
1.687 
1.689 
1.692 


1.695 
1.675 
1.691 
1.685 
1.691 

1.725 

1.720 
1. 735 

1.700 
1.708 
1.704 

1.758 


Mean  circumference 
of  cheat. 


Inches. 
34.99 


33.97 
36.14 
34.43 
35.69 


32.  49 
33.42 
33.63 
33.17 
33.68 
35.21 
33.69 
32.84 
33.29 
37.89 
34.07 
36.25 


34.38 


33.38 
32.67 
33.55 


35.71 


32. 75 
33. 45 

39.86 


34. 67 


33.84 


MUlimet. 


888 


862 
917 
874 
906 


825 
848 
854 
842 
855 
894 
855 
834 
845 
962 
865 
920 


873 


847 
829 
8.52 


906 


831 

849 

1,012 


880 


859 


MAN — MEAN     DIMENSIONS. 
of  certain  races  of  men,  from  various  atithorities. 


57 


Mean  wi'isjht. 


Aiillioiitv. 


1 

•i 

Pounds. 
148. 20 
147.  50 

Kilos. 
67. 2() 
66.  91 

,\ 

.■■) 

G 

7 
8 

130.49 

144.  83 

■  142. 80 

63. 27 
65.  (i9 
64.  77 

i) 
III 

136. 05 

61.71 

1 1 

1-i 
IS 

14 

147. 47 

66. 89 

16 
17 

141.67 

64. 2() 

IH 

161.84 

73. 41 

Tl 

91 

OQ 

93 

94 

25 
9fi 

138. 69 

62.91 

27 

131.00 

59. 42 

28 
99 

143. 00 

64.86 

30 

31 

138.  06 

62.  62 

32 
33 

148.  41 

67.  32 

34 
35 

138. 46 

62.  81 

36 
37 

135. 64 

01. 53 

3m 

39 
40 

148.  69 
144. 03 

67,45 
65.33 

41 

49 

43 

44 
45 

1.55.  00 
137.  !;8 

70.  31  ■ 
62.59 

CoOLlDGE.'     1,537  recruits;  1839  to  16.55. 

Elliott.*     1,700  soldiers  of  the  Arm_^  of  the  Pcildiiiiic  ;  no  pcniils  iiicliiiled. 

Elliott.'    25,878  volunteer  recruits. 

TuiPLER.^     150  recruits;  1853  to  18,55. 

Allex.5     Students  at  Amherst  Colle-je  ('ri)m  1861  to  1869. 

Gould."    8,349  soldiers;  all  volunteers. 

Gould.'     12,751  s  .Idiers  ;  .all  volunteers. 

Gould.'    833,260  soldiers;  descriptions  ohtained  iVom  .State  archives. 

The  pkesent  wohk.    6,359  .lecepted  men.  '  • 

The  present  work.    315,620  men,  both  accepted  and  rejected. 

The  phesent  work.     196,980  accepted  men. 

The  present  work.     29,930  men  from  New  England,  both  accepted  and  rejected. 

The  present  work.    77,665  men  from  Ohio  and  Indiau.i,  both  accepted  and  rejected. 

Gould.''    1,769  soldiers  ;  all  volunteers. 

The  present  work.     25,828  men,  both  accepted  and  rejected. 

The  present  work.    377  accepted  men. 

Quetblet.'"    Number  of  observations  not  given. 

Gould."    456  Iroquois  Indians. 

The  present  work.     121  Indians  accepted  as  volunteers. 

Quetelet.'-     An  0-jib-be-wa  chief  of  line  proportions. 

Major-General  Lefroy."    33  Cbippewas. 

Gould."    588  volunteers  iii  United  States  Army. 

Gould.'s    38,018  volunteers;  descriptions  obtained  from  State  archives. 

The  present  wokk.    21,(i45  men,  both  accepted  and  rejected. 

The  present  work.    589  accepted  men. 

The  present  work.     14,954  accepted  men. 

English  Army  Medical  Reports  i"  for  1869  and  1870;  mean  of  both  reports.    These  are 

recruits  only;. 
A.  S.  Thomson."    628  soldiers  of  Fifty-eighth  Regiment. 
Boyd.'s    Civilians;  the  me,an  has  been  calculated  of  his  entire  range. 
BonDlN.19     Soldiers. 
Beddoe.-^"    9,187  men:    7,119  civilians   and   2,068  .soldiers;    includes,  also,  a    few   men 

from  Wales. 
CoOLiDGE.-i    3,439  men  in  Uni  ed  Stat(ts  Army. 
Gould.52    30,037  volunteers.    Gould.-'    306  volunteers. 
Danson.24    1,500  men  from  civil  life. 

The  present  work.     16,196  men,  both  accepted  and  rejected. 
The  present  work.     454  accepted  men. 
The  present  work.    ]  0,103  accepted  men. 

Edin.  Med.  ajstd  Surg.  Jour.=«    5,731  men.    See  ante,  p.  Ixix,  for  remarks  on  dimensions  of 

the  chest. 
Beddoe.^'^    1,982  men  taken  without  selection  ;  1,423  civiliiins  and  559  soldiers. 
Forbes.-'    .829  students  of  University  of  Edinburgh;  iV  for  weight  of  clothes,  and  1  inch 

for  thickness  of  soles  of  shoes,  li.ave  been  deducted. 
GouLD.-»    81  Scotchmen  in  United  States  Volunteer  Army. 
Gould.™    7,313  men.    Descriptions  obtaini'il  from  State  archives. 
The  present  work.     3,476  men,  both  accepted  and  rejected. 

Forbes."    Students  and  civilians. 

Bbddoe."     1,616  men,  taken  without  selection  ;  nearly  all  soldiers. 


58 


MAN MEAN     DIMENSIONS. 

Record  of  ohserrations  of  mean  physical  qmditks 


Nativity  or  race. 


IRISHMEN— Continued . 


FRENCHMEN. 


BELGIANS , 
GERMANS . 


Austrians . . 

Saxous  

Bavarians 


'ITALIANS  . 


CHINESE. 


Mean  age. 


Years. 


29.24 
26.51 


26.80 
27.22 

20 

20 

20 
Adults  -•-  . 
Adults  ..  . 
Adults  . . . 

30.50 

30 


27.74 


29. 76 
27.34 


30.10 
31.03 


Adults  ... 


Mean  height. 


Itiches. 
66.92 
65. 66 
66.95 
66.74 
66.59 
66.75 

63.58 
65. 16 
65. 12 
65.75 
66. 10 
64.96 
64.84 
66. 10 
66.50 
66. 28 
65.66 

64.68 

65. 15 
66.17 
66.  66 
68.11 
66.54 
65.98 
66. 51 
68.90 
.  67.40 
64. 72 

67. 14 
66.00 

65.76 


Metres. 
1.700 
1.668 
1.701 
1. 695 
1.691 
1.695 

1.615 
1.655 
1.654 
1.670 
1.679 
1.650 
1.647 
1.679 
1.689 
1.684 
1.668 

1. 643 

1.655 
1.681 
1.693 
1.730 
1.690 
1.676 
1.689 
1.750 
1.712 
1.  644 

1. 705 
1. 676 

1.670 


Mean  circumference 
of  chest. 


Indies. 


35.15 


33. 77 
33. 12 
33.  82 


34.61 
35. 43 


33.78 
34.30 


34. 72 


33.88 
33.  05 
33. 97 


33.  40 


33.33 


MiUimct. 


892 


857 
841 
808 


878 
899 


857 
871 


881 


860 
839 
862 


H48 


84(i 


40 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 

52 
53 

54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 

63 

64 
65 
60 
67 
68 
69 
70 
71 
72 
73 

74 

75 

76 


^  StaUatxcal  report  of  sickness  avd  ihortality  in  U.  S,  Ami y  from  1B39 
to  IH5.'),  4t<),  W.lKllinstnii.  Ig5(i,  p.  61)2. 

*■'  Military  :<tati.itics  of  Vm'trd  States  of  America,  4to.  Berlin,  18C^.  pp. 
1-J,  Hi,  I'.i. 'il. 

'  /(-id.,  p.  1.".. 

■>  .1/    nu^t  of  n.rdical  offirrr.  Ifimo,  W.l.sliilliitnn,  l.^UO,  ]>.  iV. 

^  ['hiinical  cul  lire  in  Amhcrsl  Ci'Utyr.  ^yn,  I.owell,  IbfiU  ;  appendix. 

''  Ini'etiligat,ons  iti  the  militar/i  t  nd  antlirujyolniricol  statistics  of  A  i.  er- 
ican  snldicrs.  *\o.  M(!\v  York,  inl'.l,  pp.  ■J7li-'J71I,  4U-J. 

'/(n'd.,  pp.  •Hi:-14-. 

» //mi,  p.  104. 

'  Iliid..  p.  V.ri. 

'"  AnthrupomMiie,  8vii,  I'uris,  1871,  p.  333. 

"  Op    i'i( .  |).  453. 

"O?).  ci(..p.  310. 

rKJiiur.  Ktkiwl.  Soc.  Xondort,  April,  1870. 

"  Op.  cit.,  l>p.  27fi,  278. 

"  Op.  cit.,  p.  104. 


'^  Armii  med.  reports  f»r  1860,  p.  51  ;  lor  1870,  p.  44. 

>'  Observ'itions  on  stature  of  iV.  Zealand  race  of  men,  Gpogr.  Snc. 
Jonr.,\oI  sxvii,  pp.  87-9-3.  Lniuloii.  Inriit. 

'*•  Tables  of  the  wcufht  of  the  htimm  body,  riiilcs.  Tr.ins.,  1861,  pp.  241- 
2G2. 

'^  J-jtades  ethnologiques  sur  la  lai'h-et  le  poids  de  Vhormn^,  Rucueil  do 
ni6m.  do  iii6tl.,  ftr.,  3  86i-.,  t.  ix.  p.  1!12. 

*"  On  the  stature  and  bulk  of  man  in  the  llritish  Is^es,  Svo,  Loiuloii, 
1870. 

"  Op.  cit ,  p.  032. 

«  (1^.  cit,  p.  lO.i. 

«  Op  cit.,  pp.  279,  230. 
,  ^Statistical  observations  relative  to  ijrowth  of  human  body.  .7our.  Sta- 
tist. Soc,  vol.  XXV,  pp.  20-20.  Lon<lon,  1862. 

"Vol.  xiii,  p.  2li3. 

^  Op.  cit.  ;  calculated  from  the  t.altlcs. 

"  On  the  results  of  experiments  oa  weight,  hei/jht,  and  strenffth  of  800 
ivdividv/ils.  Hop.  Brit.  Assoc,  1836,  part  11,  p.  ^8. 


MAN — MEAN    DIMENSIONS. 
of  certain  races  of  me>i,  from  rarions  aiithorilirs — Continued. 


59 


40 
47 
48 
49 
GO 
51 

52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 

64 
65 
66 
67 
68 
69 
70 
71 
72 
73 

74 
75 

76 


Mean  weight. 


Poini(l.<. 


i;!(i.  4(1 


14'2.  rill 


143. 20 

141.10 


130.  48 


145. 43 


129.34 


JulO'<. 


(il.DI) 


04.  50 


(i4.  % 
04.  00 


01.91 


65.97 


58.67 


Authority. 


Tkiplkh.'^    Recruits,  1853  to  1855. 

Gould.-''''    827  soldier.s. 

OouLi).''^     83,128  voliiiitcer.s. 

The  prksent  woitic.    50,537  uau,  botli  accc|>ti<l  ami  rejected. 

The  i-HESENT  woiuv.     1,417  accepted  men. 

The  pre.sent  wohk.     30,412  accepted  men. 

Hakgenvilliebs.-'''    Conscripts,  prior  to  ISKi. 

Chenu.36    3,300,000  conscripts,  from  1830  to  1805. 

BoUDiN.3'    848,500  couscripts,  in  IHOl  and  1802. 

BoumN.-'"    Entire  army. 

BoUDlN.'^     Chasseurs  a  cheral. 

Broc.\.'"'    Estimate  of  adult  male  pn]mlatioD. 

Beicnahd.'"     400  chasseurs  a  pied  of  the  guard. 

Ali.au.'E.-'-    730  chasseurs  a  cheral  of  tlie  guard. 

TlilPLEU.«     Recruits  in  United  States  Ai'Miy  from  1853  to  1855. 

Thu  PutcsENT  WOHK.     3,243  men,  both  acceiited  and  rejected. 

Goi'LD.'^'     100  volunteers  in  United  States  Army. 

QiKTEi.ET.*"    10,400  soldiers. 

Tj!IPLEI!.-">    Recruits  in  United  States  Army,  from  1853  to  1855. 

Gould.'"    502  volunteers  in  United  States  Army. 

Gould.'"'    89,021  volunteers;  descriptions  obtained  from  State  .archives. 

Zeising.*'    Citizens. 

The  present  wonif.    54,944  men,  both  acetiptcd  and  rejected. 

The  present  work.     1,343  accepted  men. 

The  present  "work.     30,943  accepted  men. 

Liharzik.™    300  picked  men. 

Carus."     Citizens. 

Meyer.'^     12,740  men  drafted  for  the  army. 

Bodio.™    100,000  conscripts  for  army. 

The  present  work.     339  men,  both  accepted  and  rejected. 

Brigham."     150  men  returning  to  China. 


"  Op.  cit,  pp.  2-ri,  aeo. 
»  Op.  cit,  p.  in.i. 

»»  C^.  cit.,  p.  40. 

^'  C^.  cit  ;calcul.itt;(l  from  t.ables. 

8»  05).  d(-,  p.  II. 

"  C^.  cit.,  pi>.  J7!l,  -280. 
•"(^  (ri(.,p.  105. 

^  Kecherches  et  conndcrations  sur  la  formattoii  et  le  recrutement  de 
I'armee  c^t  France,  8vo,  P.Tri.s,  1817,  pp.  52,  05. 

^  IZecrutement  de  Varmee  ct  population  de  la  France,  4tn,  Pans.  l."^07. 

^^  JCecueUde  mem.  de  tncd  ,  chir.,  etc.,  ^  Her.,  t.  ii,  p.  184. 

2"  Op.  cit. 

^  Op.  cit. 

'"  liecfierchcs  inirl'etknolo(jiede  la  France,  Svn,  Paris,  1860. 

*i  Etudes  sur  la  tailie  et  le  poids  du  noldat  frant^ais,  lieoueil  de  ln6m. 
do  !ii6d.,  chir.  et  j>liar[|].  niihtaircs,  3  .s6i'.,  t.  xx,  p.  371,  Paris,  1868. 

**  Eludes  sur  la  tailie  et  le  poids  de  I'hoinme  dans  le  regiment  des  ciuis- 


seurs  a  ckeval  de  la  garde,  Keoneil  de  m^m.  do  m6d.,  etc.,  3  s^r.,  1. 1,  p. 
1(11,  Pari.s,  ISfia. 

"'  Op.  cit.,  p.  11. 

■"  Op.  cit,  pp.  279,  280. 

*^  SurVho./ineetledevcloppemtintdcses  facultp8,^t.,  8vo,  Paris,  1835; 
t.  ii,  pp.  11,  i:i,3:i. 

«(jp.df..  p.  11. 

■"  Op.  mt.,  lip.  ■37!l-28p. 

*«  Op.  at.,  p,  lO.-). 

*^  Die  metainorphosen  in  deii  verhiiltnissen  dcr  menacldichen  qestalt, 
folio.  Bonn,  leS'.t,  p.  12:1. 

^  Das  gesttz  des  wachsthumes  nnd  der  ban  des  nienschen,  folio,  'Vi 
ennn,  1862. 

^'  Die propnrtioji.'ilchre  drr  inenachUcJiPii  gest.alt,  i'obo,  Lcipsic,  18.^4. 

^^  Aerzltii'fif.s  infel  i^jc itz-b  att  von  Baycrn,  1863. 

63  Bull,  lie  I' Acad.  r'oy.  tie  Belqiqite.  2*s6r  ,  t.  xxvii,  No.  3, 1869. 

"  I'roc.  Boston  Soc  'Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  xi,  p.  U8,  1866-'68. 


60 


COMPLEXION. 


Complexion. — The  instructions  given  to  surgeons  of  boards  of  enrollment  were 
framed  with  a  view  to  the  speediest  achievement  of  the  object  of  the  draft,  and  not  to 
the  acquisition  of  anthropological  facts.  Thence  arose  defects  in  the  data,  from  a  scien- 
tific point  of  view,  which  have  been  often  regretted  during  the  preparation  of  this  work. 
It  is  probable,  however,  that  the  very  simplicity  of  the  description  in  the  matter  oi 
complexion,  the  division,  namely,  into  light  and  dark  varieties  only,  has  led  to  a  more 
accurate  general  result  than  would  have  been  attainable  in  the  haste  of  the  proceedings 
if  the  requirements  had  been  more  elaborate.  With  the  first  division  are  associated 
light  or  flaxen,  red,  and  light  chestnut  hair,  with  all  their  respective  intermediate  shades, 
and  eyes  of  blue,  gray,  or  hazel  color.  With  the  dark  complexions,  the  hair  is  brown, 
dark-brown,  and  black,  and  the  eyes  vary  from  dark  to  the  deepest  black. 

The  following  table  exhibits  one  resvUt  of  the  investigation  in  the  cases  of  five  prin- 
cipal nativities. 

Table  sliowlmj  the  relative  proportion  of  light  and  dark  complexions  in  the  soldiers  of  Jive  nativities. 


Country. 


United  States . . . 
British  America. 

Englaml 

Ireland 

Gernmny 


Number 
observed. 


190,621 

14,  365 

9,649 

28,995 

29,600 


Number 

per  thousamt 

light. 


663. 322 
661. 747 
705. 151 

70-2.811 
694. 561 


Number 

per  thousand 

dark. 


3:^6. 668 
338. 253 
294.  849 
297. 189 
305.  439 


Or  it  may  be  said  of  these  five  races  that  in  degree  of  fairness  of  complexion — 

The  Englishman  stands 1 

The  Irishman 2 

The  German 3 

The  American .'-   4 

The  British  American 5 

Mr.  Gould's  statistics  are  somewhat  differently  ari-anged,  as  he  admits  a  medium 
degree  of  complexion  ;  but  if,  for  the  sake  of  the  comparison,  the  number  in  this  inter- 
mediate group  be  distributed  equally  to  the  light  and  dark  divisions,  the  result  will  be 
this : 

The  German  stands \ 1 

The  Englishman .   2 

The  Irishman .  — —    3 

l^he  American -  - 4 

The  British  American 6 

It  will  l)e  seen  that  if  the  German  in  the  first  table  be  removed  to  the  top  from  his 
place  as  third,  then  the  oi'der  of  the  lists  would  be  identical.  In  each,  the  natives  of 
British  America  prove  to  be  the  darkest,  though  the  j^roportion  displays  a  curious  degree 
of  resemblance ;  the  natives  of  Canada  and  of  the  United  States  show  b"6  per  cent,  of 
fair  men,  and'the  three  other  races  about  70  per  cent.  each. 

In  the  course  of  the  tabulation  of  these  records,  several  smaller  groups  were  classi- 


DARK    HAIR INDKX    OK    NIGRKSCKNCK.  61 

fied,  but  always  with  this  result,  that  the  ])i(i|i(>iti()ii  of  Ijloiidc  men  was  smaller  tiiaii 
v/hen  a  large  number  of  ()l)servations  was  averaged 

In  England,  the  researches  of"  statisticians  luive  shown  a  gradual  tendency  to  dark- 
ening of  the  hair  antl  complexion  as  being  in  steady  progress.'  In  the  United  States, 
where  immigration  produces  such  a  mixture  of  races,  any  change  of  the  kind  would 
he,  it  is  presumed,  mostly  adventitious.  It  may  be  pointed  out,  however,  that,  aniong 
native-boi'n  recruits  from  1839  to  1855,  the  ])roportion  of  fair  to  dark  was  720  to 
280,-  while  by  the  preceding  table  it  is  as  66S  to  337. 

If  the  compai-atively  small  number  of  Dr.  Coolidge's  observations  be  stated  as  an 
objection,  it  may  be  replied  that,  as  already  stated,  in  experiments  upon  small  groups 
the  dark  complexions  have  always  presented  themselves  in  increased  numbers.  Be  this 
as  it  may,  it  is  certain  that  in  the  Federal  Armies  of  the  late  war  blonde  men  predoni- 
inatcsd  in  number  somewhere  in  the  proportion  of  65  per  cent,  to  35  per  cent,  of  dark 


men.-' 


The  instill ctions  given  by  scientific  associations  to  travelers,  as  to  the  i)ro})er  mode 
of  observing  and  recording  the  physical  characteristics  of  the  human  race,  dwell  upon 
the  im})ortance  of  observing  the  complexion  not  by  the  face  alone,  or  by  the  uncovered 
neck,  but  by  noting  the  tint  of  the  parts  of  the  body  usuall)-  covered.  Sun-burn  is 
not  complexion  The  opportunity  for  this  more  accurate  and  exten.sive  manner  of 
observing  the  skin  was  obtained  under  the  enforcement  of  the  draft,  as  the  men  ^\ere 
totally  naked  when  presented  to  the  surgeon. 

The  color  of  the  hair  alone  is  not  sufficient  whereby  to  characterize  a  race;  for  we 
find  the  same  color — black,  for  instance — belonging  to  all  the  great  divisions  of  the 
human  famil}-,  and  all  varieties  of  tint  belonging  to  the  same  race.  The  predominance 
of  color,  however,  is  an  ethnic  quality  to  be  noted.^ 

1  It  is  in  coiinectiou  with  the  inquiry  into  Ihis  change  that  Dr.  Beddoe  devised  his  "  index  of  mgrescencc."  He  takes 
broxi'ii  hair  as  his  standard.  To  obtain  the  index,  he  adds  the  dark  and  the  hiack,  the  latter  doubled  on  account  of  its 
hue,  together,  and  deducts  the  sum  of  thf  fair  and  the  rid.     This  is  the  forninla: 

D-|-2B-R-F  =  index. 
Or,  supposing  the  cases  ob.served  to  be  as  follows  : 

Fair 20 

Red _ 17 

Brown 26 

Dark 20 

Black ..     17 

100 

Tiien,20  -|-  :!1  —  17  —  20  =  17,  or  index  of  nigr(;scence. 

'Militarji  stalistics  of  the  United  Staten  Armij,  p.  633. 

'Porier,  whose  rcsearcluis  into  the  intermixture  or  crossing  of  races  are  very  able  and  profound,  is  of  oi)inion 
that  the  predominance  of  fair  races  is  accounted  for  by  the  superior  fertility  of  marriages  in  which  both  the  parents 
are  blonde.  lie  altirms  this  in  contradiction  of  the  opinion  commonly  entertained  that  a  union  between  those  of  an 
opposite  character  of  type  is  most  favorable  to  propagation.     {BM.  de  la  Sac.  d'anthrop,  v.  i,  p.  155,  Paris,  1860.) 

■•  The  researches  of  Pruner-Bey  and  some  otlier  observers  with  the  microscope  have  demonstrated  the  existence 
of  a  race-dift'eronce  in  the  anatomical  formation,  and  more  especially  in  the  shape,  of  the  cylinder  of  hair.  The  differ- 
ence in  the  anatomical  structure  consists  ouly  in  the  presence  or  absence  of  a  medullary  canal ;  but  the  »luq)c  of  a  aeclioii 
of  the  central  portion  of  a  hair,  the  condition  of  its  jjoint,  and  the  tendency  to  curl  always  found  to  accompany  the 
flattened  cylindrical  shape,  are  all  unmistakable  characteristics  .appertaining  to  race.  In  hybruls,  these  peculiarities 
are  found  mingled  or  modilied ;  and  while  there  are  api)reciable  difl'erences  to  be  observed  in  the  hair  of  the  same 
individual,  yet  the  marked  extremes  are  only  found  to  exist  on  the  heads  of  those  of  mixed  race  by  origin.  Dela  eheve- 
lure  comme  caract6ristique  dcs  races  humaiiicn  d'apris  des  revherehcs  microseopiijuen,  par  le  Dr.  Pkunkk-Bey,  (M6m.  de  la 
Soc.  d'  anthrop.  v.  ii,  ]>.  1,  Paris,  1605.)  See,  also,  Clasnifiealion  of  mankind  bi/  the  hair  and  leool  of  t'leir  heads,  by  P.  A. 
BuowNK,8vo,  Philadelphia,  1852;  and,  by  the  same  author,  Triehologia  nammalinm,  4m),  Philadelphia,  1858;  also  Dw 
mcnscktiiche  haar,  vou  Dr.  Oesterlen,  8vo,  TUbingen,  1874. 


62  MILITARY    APTITUDE. 

The  relatioUvS  of  complexion  tt>  the  important  qualities  of"  height  and  girth  of  chest 
have  been  ah-eady  discussed  and  exhibited.' 

MiLiTAEY  APTITUDE. — MiHtary  aptitude,  aptitude  militalre,  krieffstiichtif/keit,  is  the 
union  of  all  the  conditions  of  admissibility  into  military  service  From  1,000  recruits 
or  conscripts,  for  example,  must  be  deducted,  first,  the  numbei'  exempted  for  deficient 
height,  and,  secondly,  the  number  exempted  for  such  infirmities  as  are  held  b}-  law  to 
be  disqualifying.  The  number  remaining  will  indicate  the  military  aptitude,  or  rate 
per  thousand,  of  available  men.  This  manner  of  estimating  the  capacit}-  of  the  nation 
for  war  has  been  much  employed  by  European  writers,  and  taljles  exhibiting  the 
militaiy  aptitude  of  the  chief  nations  of  Europe  are  to  be  found  in  the  works  of  Boudin, 
Legoyt,  and  others;  and  reference  to  the  conclusions  announced  in  them,  as  though 
unquestionably  authoritative,  are  common  in  the  writings  and  debates  of  scientific  men. 

It  is  obvious  that  this  quality  cannot  be  fairly  compared  unless  the  conditions 
under  which  the  data  are  obtained  are  reasonably  similar.  It  is  only  among  nations 
where  military  service  is  a  debt  due  to  the  state  that  the  comparison  is  possible;  for 
volunteers,  and  recruits  obtained  by  ordinary  enlistment,  are,  to  a  great  extent,  selected 
men,  and  the  pro|)ortion  of  them  accepted  could  not  be  considered  as  representing  the 
military  aptitude  of  the  nation.  Taking  into  consideration,  then,  those  nations  on  the 
continent  of  Europe  with  whom  a  conscription  is  an  annual  proceeding,  conducted 
with  regularity,  and  affecting  all  those  young  men  who  have  attained  the  age  of 
liability  since  the  previous  draft,  what  are  the  conditions  requisite  for  the  compar- 
ison ?  In  the  first  place,  the  limit  of  stature  must  be  identical ;  for  it  is  obvious  that 
a  reduced  nnnimum  of  stature  will  admit  a  larger  number  of  men.  The  age  of  liability 
must  be  the  same.  In  Prussia,  for  example,  more  young  men  are  likely  to  be  exempted 
for  deficient  height,  or  lack  of  physical  developmenl,  at  19  years  of  age,  than  will  be 
the  case  in  France,  where  the  conscript  is  required  to  have  passed  his  twentieth  year. 
Growth  at  neither  of  these  years  is  complete.  The  list  of  disqualifying  diseases  must 
be  uniform ;  and  a  similarity  should  prevail  in  the  instructions  as  to  the  def/ree  of 
infirmity  that  is  to  entitle  the  man  to  exemption  from  all  military  service  And,  lastly, 
it  is  necessary  that  examining  surgeons  and  councils  of  revision  should  everywhere 
enforce  the  regulations  with  equal  rigor  and  impartiality.  The  laws  and  customs  which 
govern  recruiting  in  the  principal  states  of  Europe  have  been  so  extensively  treated  of 
in  the  introduction  to  this  work  that  it  is  suflicient  merely  to  refer  to  those  pages,  and 
to  say  in  this  place  that  the  uniformity  of  conditions  laid  down  as  necessary  are  not 
to  be  found  in  the  regulations  there  described.  The  age  of  liability,  the  minimum 
limit  of  stature,  the  disqualifying  diseases  and  the  gradation  of  the  same,  all  differ, 
nioi-e  or  less.  In  more  than  one  state,  a  class  of  partially  infirm  recruits  is  ever}'  year 
admitted  as  a  portion  of  the  contingent,  and,  if  not  separated  from  the  calculation, 
would,  of  cour.se,  increase  the  apparent  aptitude. 

Boiulin  long  since  declared  that  there  was  no  actual  relation  (solidarite)  between 
stature  and  the  (pudity  in  (piestion;-  and,  in  a  letter  written  to  the  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, during  his  last  illness,  that  eminent  man  refers  again  to  this  supposed  relation,  and 

'See  ante,  pp.  24  and  37. 

^Utiulex  ilhnologiques  siir  la  taille  et  Ic  }>oiih  ric  I'liommr,  Recueil  <ies  ui<^ui.  «lo  uidd.,  chir.  ot  pbarni.  mil.,  3  B6r.,  t.  ix, 
p.  109. 


MTI.IIAlv'Y    AI'll  IfDK liOIHlIN LEGOYT.  63 

nionniiuccs  it  "a  \ci-\- ji rave  error."  After  t'nniishino-  some  sti-ikiiii;-  illuslratious  to  sus- 
tain liis  \iews,  he  eloses  by  saying  that  assuredly  France  has  no  pretension  to  vie  with 
tlie  Scandinavian  or  Germanic  nations  in  stature;  yet  of  1,U0()  young'  men,  at  '20  years 
of  a<i-e,  there  wt)uld  l)e  obtained  2Ho  soldiers  in  Prussia,  while  from  the  same  numl)er 
()S2  soldiers  would  be  obtained  in  France.'  The  tables  of  Boudin  and  Legoyt  exhibit  this 
■<ur|irisiiiL:'  diiferent-e  in  the  military  aptitude  of  the  two  nations,  and  the  statements  of 
Wajtpaeus,  an  accomplished  German  statistician,  do  not  much  impair  their  accuracy."'' 

'Jyiill.  ('!■  I'Jcad.  lie  mcil,  t.  xxxii,  p.  403,  Jamiiiry  22,  1H67. 

-Tlui  Idllowiug  is  Bdiiilin's  tabic  of  tlio  iniliraiy  aptitude  of  some  Eiir(p|)eau  nations: 
XiiiiilHr  found  fit  for  service  in  every  1,000  men  examined. 

Saxony 259 

Piiifsia 283 

Austria,  (l)cfoii-  lAVJ) iVl 

Di  uniark -• Ji22 

Sardinia,  (before  18591 598 

Belgium 630 

Kranw 682 

So  that  to  obtain  l.HOO  soldier.s  it  would  be  uecessary  to  examine  the  following  number  of  men  : 

Fri-ncbmen 1,466 

Belgians 1,587 

Sardinians 1,  672 

Danes 1,915 

Austriaus 2,013 

Prussians 3, 533 

Saxons 3,861 

{Be  Viiceroissement  de  la  taille  et  des  conditions  d'aplitade  miiitaireeii  France,  M6ui.  de  la  Soo.  d'antbro|>.,  t.  ii,  (i.  2."i7 
Paris,  1865.) 

Legoyl's  tables  do  not  cover  the  same  period  as  Boudiu's,  and  they  show  results  differing  froTn  his  to  some  extinl. 
According  to  this  writer,  Sardinia  is  first  in  rank,  with  810  men  found  capable  in  the  thousand,  and  Prussia  at  the  foot, 
with  only  248.  The  exemptions  in  the  case  of  the  latter  |)Ower  are  made  up  of  28G  men  rejected  as  niider  height,  (this 
was  in  1854,)  and  466  exempted  for  disease.  Legoyt  expresses  doubt  whether  the  conditions  under  which  these  state- 
ments were  ]nocured  were  sufliciently  alike  to  warrant  confidence  in  the  result.  The  military  aptitude  of  two  other 
nations  is  furnished  by  Legoyt,  namely,  Spain,  (100;  and  Bavaria,  705,  (La  France  et  Veiruiiijer,  etudes  de  slalistiqae  eom- 
^layc')',  par  A.  Legoyt,  8vo,  Paris,  1865,  p.  575.)  Some  records  of  recruiting  in  Corsica,  prepared  by  M.  Coste,  of  the 
French  army,  show  the  military  aptitude  of  the  natives  of  that  island,  for  the  period  from  1838  to  18fi4,  to  have  attained 
the  very  high  rate  of  77,5,  {Le  reenitement  de  la  Corse,  Recueil  de  m6m.  do  m(5d.,  chir.  et  pliarni.  mil.,  3  s(?r.,  t.  xxix,  p. 
113,  Paris,  1873.) 

Since  Boudin  wrote,  the  rise  and  cou.solidation  of  the  formidable  North  German  Empire,  audthe  overwhelming 
catastrophe  to  France  iu  1871,  have  furnished  a  pregnant  commentary  on  the  contrasted  military  aptitude  of  France 
and  Prussia.  While  it  is  true  that  out  of  a  thousaud  young  men  a  much  larger  number  of  Freuchmeu  is  found  capable 
of  healing  arms  thau  is  the  case  with  the  Prussians;  yet,  on  the  other  hand,  the  rate  of  increa.sc  of  the  population  is 
inimensely  iu  favor  of  the  latter  nation.  In  Prussia,  the  rate  of  annual  increase  is  1.30  for  every  100  of  the  inhabitants, 
while  ill  France  it  is  only  0.35.  The  population  of  Prussia  would,  therefore,  double  itself  in  54  years,  but  that  of 
France  in  a  period  of  uot  less  thau  198  years.  With  an  annual  increase  in  numbers  nearly  four  times  as  great  .as  that 
of  her  rival,  it  is  clear  that  Prussia  could  readily  compensate,  by  an  ampler  supply  of  iiieu,  for  an  inferior  degree  of 
military  aptitude.  An  element  of  superior  strength  was  also,  at  that  time,  on  thi;  side  of  Prussia,  in  the  provision  that 
forms  a  part  of  her  coinprt^hcnsive  military  system,  namely,  that  every  citizen  must  himself  jurforni  the  .soldier-service 
due  llie  Siate.  Obligatory  and  personal  .service  in  the  army,  (active  or  reserved,)  by  the  whole  adult  male  jiopulation, 
and  not  on  the  part  of  a  jKution  cho.sen  by  lot,  furnishes  a  new  factor  in  the  calculation  of  a  nation's  military  strength. 
When  it  is  remembered  that  this  luovisiou,  liy  which,  in  time  of  war,  the  whole  of  Prussia  becomes  one  vast  camp,  has 
been  applied,  with  vigorous  uniformity,  to  all  the  .states  forming  the  new  empire,  and  that  the  constitution  vests  the 
ab.solnte  control  of  these  nations  of  soldiers  iu  the  King  of  Prussia,  as  generalissimo  of  the  confederation,  the  rapidity 
and  completeness  of  the  conquest  of  France  become  less  surprising.  The  latter  power,  iu  the  re-organization  of  her 
army  in  1872,  copied  this,  wilh  other  features  of  the  system  she  had  found  to  be  so  fatally  eUiciei;t.  It  is  probable  that 
ihis  .system  of  universal  and  per.sonal  service  in  the  army  will  be  adopted  by  all  the  continental  [(owers  of  Europe.  In 
addition  to  the  states  of  the  Norlh  German  Empire,  it  is  now  iu  force  in  thi'  Kussian  and  Auslro-Hnngaiian  empires,  ■ 
and  in  the  kingdoms  of  Italy  and  Sweden  ;  and  even  Turkey  is  considering  the  question  of  its  introduction. 

The  nearly  stagnant  condition,  as  regards  numb<>rs,  of  the  popnlation  in  France,  has  awakened  the  gravest  appre- 
hensions among  her  public  men,  and  the  causes  have  been  eagerly  ilebatcd.     (  Fide  d  scus.sion  in  the  Academy  of  Modi 


64  MILITARY    APTITUDE FALLACY    OF    STATISTICS. 

If  some  of  the  returns  uyion  which  this  rate  of  aptitude  for  nilhtary  life  is  deter- 
mined be  closely  scrutinized,  an  additional  source  of  irregularity  is  discernible  in  the 
varying-  severity  with  which  the  regulations  happen  to  be  enforced.  For  example, 
the  statistics  of  recruiting  in  tlie  department  of  the  Moselle,  from  1834  to  1866,  exhibit,  dur- 
ing the  five  years  from  ISoU  to  1864,  an  enormous  increase  in  the  proportion  of  exeilip- 
tions  for  disease.  It  appears  that  this  was  owing  to  the  rigid  supervision  of  the  prefect  of 
that  period,  an  austere  magistrate,  Avho  was  resolved  that  the  quota  from  his  department 
should  consist  only  of  able-bodied  men.  During  these  five  yeai's,  however,  the  rejec- 
tions for  deficient  height  diminished ;  the  reason  probabl}^  being  that  the  unusually 
large  number  of  cases  of  disease  carried  with  them  an  increased  proportion  of  shorter 
men  ^  Such  fortuitous  increase  or  decrease  of  the  exemptions  according  to  the  rigor 
exercised  by  the  authorities  must  necessarily  vary  the  rate  of  aptitude,  and  other  records 
sh(^>w  very  plainly  the  effect  of  the  pressure  of  actual  war  M.  Bertrand  has  published 
an  article  upon  recruiting  in  the  department  of  the  Cher,  giving  the  results  from  1838 
to  1862.-  For  tlie  three  years  from  185 1  to  1853,  the  military  aptitude  varies  but  little, 
the  mean  being  545;  but  in  1854  it  suddenly  rises  to  624;  the  next  year  to  652;  and  to 
620  in  1856.  These  three  years  comprise  the  period  of  the  war  with  Russia,  and  the 
need  for  men  was  urgent  and  continual,  to  replace  the  heavy  losses  in  the  Crimea  by 
battle  and  disease.     In  1 857,  the  rate  drops  again ;  but,  in  1 859,  it  remounts  to  the  highest 

cine,  iviiorted  in  Bull.  <le  I'Avad.  dc  niAl.,  t.  xxxii,  ])i).  570,  5'J'i,  797,  815.)  These  causes  are  not  ditiiciilt  to  discover,  if  the 
official  statistics  be  consulted.  The  general  infertility  of  marriage,  and  the  enormous  mortality  among  infants,  are 
chiefly  responsible.  In  no  part  of  Europe  is  the  expectation  of  life  for  the  first  year  of  existence  at  so  low  a  rate  as  it 
IS  in  France.  Co-operating  with  the  causes  named  is  the  withdrawal,  year  after  year,  of  100,000  able-bodied  young  meu 
for  service  iii  the  army.  Bert illon  has  forcibly  shown  the  disastrous  eti'ects  of  this  military  celibacy  during  the  most  vig- 
orous years  of  manhood,  the  direct  consequence  of  which  is  that  those  who  remain  in  their  homes  to  marry  and  pro- 
create children  are,  to  a  large  extent,  the  meu  who  have  been  rejected  for  deficieut  size,  or  for  physical  iuflrmity.  lu 
the  22^  years  from  .June,  1791,  to  November,  1813,  4,550,000  men  were  conscripted  for  the  army  in  France,  so  that  200,000 
men  were  every  year  of  that  period  practically  withdrawn  from  marriage,  {Lcre'e'  militaiirs  failift  en  France,  par  Gkhmain 
Sa1!UT,  Recueil  de  m<5m.  de  ni^'d.,  chir.  et  pharm.  uiil.,3  sdr.,  t.  xviii,  p.  68,  Paris,  1867.)  In  the  re-orga.nization  of  the 
French  army,  by  the  act  of  June,  1872,  great  eft'orts  were  made  to  lessen  this  icstraint  upou  marriage.  The  term  of 
active  service  "under  the  flag"  is  reduced  to  five  years,  after  which  the  soldier,  relegated  to  Xhit  first  reserve,  is  at  liberty 
to  marry. 

M.  Ely  is  of  opinion  that  the  influence  of  the  conscription  upon  the  low  rate  of  natality  has  been  exaggerated, 
and  that  the  six  or  seven  years'  active  service  only  retards  marriage,  without  diminishing  it,  {Uarmee  et  la impulation.) 
An  acute  English  observer,  however,  after  careful  investigation,  has  recorded  it  as  his  opinion  that  the  system  is  fully 
responsible  for  the  evil  attributed  to  it.  He  points  out,  as  a  compensating  feature,  the  return  every  year,  into  civil  life, 
of  nearly.  100,000  men,  imiu-essed  with  the  discipline  and  spirit  of  the  army,  (The  military  rtsources  of  Prussia  and 
France,  and  recent  changes  in  the  art  of  war,  by  Lieut.  Col.  Chesney  and  Henhy  Rkeves,  esq.,  12mo,  London,  1870,  p.  152.) 
The  number  of  soldiers  to  every  hundred  of  the  population,  in  time  of  peace,  in  some  European  states,  is  thus  given  by 
Legoyt : 

Bavaria 8, 44 

Austria 2. 12 

Prussia _ 1.45 

France 1.  41 

Spain L23 

Belgium 0.80 

Holland : 0.75 

England 0.66 

If  the  calculation  be  applied  to  the  United  States,  on  the  basis  of  the  standing  army  and  census  of  1870,  tho 
pioportiou  is  0.095. 

'Jiludes  atalisligues  sur  k  recrntcmeiil  dans  le  ddpartcmir.t  dc  la  Mvstlh.  \>;>r  M.  RiciiON,  Recueil  do  m^m.  de  m^d.. 
rhir.  et  pharm.  mil.,  3  s(Sr.,  t.  xxiii,p.  97,  Paris,  1869. 

-  £lniUs  slatisliques  snr  h  recrutcmcnt  dans  le  deparlement  dn  Cher,  par  M  Heciou  BEirrnANi),  Recueil  de  m^m.  de 
m6d.,  chir.  et  pharm.  mil.,  3  s<5r.,  t.  xxii,  p.  467,  Paris.  1866 


MILITARY    APTITUDE — UNITED   STATES.  Go 

figure  so  fur  tittaiiied,  iiainely  (J7G,  that  beiiiy  the  year  of  the  outbreak  of  the  Italian 
war. 

It  might  be  supposed  that  the  promulgation  of  the  enrollment-law  during  the  war 
of  the  rebellion  in  the  United  States,  and  the  successive  drafts  for  large  quotas  of  men 
which  followed  its  enactment,  must  have  afforded  the  requisite  data  for  estimating-  the 
military  aptitude  of  the  nation.  But  the  conditions  of  such  a  calculation  would  vary 
too  extensively  from  those  under  which  the  estimates  of  European  nations  have  been 
made  for  any  just  comparison  to  be  possible. 

The  American  conscription  included  men  of  all  ages  from  18  to  45  years;  and, 
being  the  first  occasion  of  its  extensive  application,  citizens  at  these  and  at  all  inter- 
mediate years  were  actually  drafted.  As  a  consequence,  exemptions  for  disease  were 
in  very  much  larger  proportion  than  is  likely  to  be  found  in  an  annual  class  of  young 
men  of  19  or  20  years  of  age.  In  addition,  it  should  be  remembered  that,  from  out  the 
available  military  population  of  the  loyal  States,  a  vast  body  of  men  had  withdrawn 
themselves  as  vohiutccrs  in  the  earlier  years  of  the  war.  It  is  indisputable  that  these 
men  should  have  been  added  to  the  calculation  to  secure  a  fair  return  of  the  rate  in 
question.  The  number  who  enlisted  in  this  manner,  of  whom  no  account  is  to  be  found 
in  the  records  of  the  successive  drafts,  and  who  do  not  therefore  appear  in  the  statistics 
of  this  work,  was  1,358,470.^  Of  the  number  of  men  examined,  out  of  whom  this  goodly 
host  was  selected,  it  is  impossible  to  find  any  information.  On  the  other  hand,  as  no 
limitation  of  stature  of  the  drafted  man  was  estjTblished  by  the  law,  the  decision  as  to 
whether  a  man  was  ''  under  size  "  being  left  to  the  judgment  of  the  examining  surgeon, 
another  factor  in  the  process  is  wanting.  .    .' 

It  has  been  shown  that  the  quality  which  in  Europe  is  termed  military  aptitude 
is  in  eifect  nothing  more  than  a  statement  of  the  number  in  the  thousand  of  young 
men  of  20  years  of  age  who  are  found  fit  for  the  army.  In  a  more  comprehensive 
sense,  the  military  aptitude  of  a  nation  may  be  said  to  be  the  rate  of  availability  as 
derived //-owt  all  its  citizens  within  the  limits  of  military  age.  For  such  a  showing,  it  is 
in  our  power  to  make  an  approximative  computation. 

The  census  of  1860  states  the  entire  population  of  the  United  States  and  its  Ter- 
ritories at  31,443,321  persons  of  all  ages  and  sexes."  The  mihtary  population,  or  the 
number  of  males  between  the  ages  of  18  and  45  years,  is,  by  the  same  authority, 
placed  at  5,624,065.^  From  this  number  must  be  first  deducted  the  military  popula- 
tion of  the  States  in  rebellion,  and,  secondly,  of  those  Territories  that  did  not  furnish 
men  for  the  Army.  The  increase  of  the  military  population  for  the  year  18G0-'61, 
after  due  deductions,  is  estimated  at  123,400.''  For  the  succeeding  four  years,  to  the 
close  of  the  war  namely,  it  would,  of  course,  be  proportionately  greater ;  but  if  the 
decrease  of  immigration  and  the  intentional  exodus  of  many  persons  in  order  to  escape 
the  draft  be  considered  as  equal  to  the  excess,  then  it  would  be  sufficiently  con-ect  to 

'Final  report  of  the  Piovost-Marshal-General,  8vo,  Washington,  1866,  p.  100. 
=  Cc«s»s/o)-18G0,  p.  597. 
^ Ihid.,  p.  xvii. 
""/?)»/.,  loc.  cil. 

9 


66  MILITARY    APTITUDE UNITED    STATES. 

estimate  the  five  years'  increase  at  the  same  rate  as  for  the  first  year.     The  following 
will  be  the  result : 

Military  population  of  the  United  States  in  18G0 5,624,065 

Deduct — 

Military  population  of  insurgent  States 1,064,193 

Military  population  of  Territories,  excepting  Nevada  and  Colo- 

.  rado  .  - - - 35,080 

1,099,273 


4,524,792 
Increase  of  military  population  from  1860  to  1865  in  loyal  States 496,150 


Entire  mihtary  population  from  1861  to  1865.  -  - 5,020,942 

These  figures  represent  the  military  resources  in  men  at  the  disposal  of  the  Gov- 
ernment during  the  entire  period  of  the  war,  and  include,  of  course,  all  those  who 
were  afterward  exempted,  either  for  legal  causes,  (an  immense  proportion,)  or  for 
physical  disqualification.  From  this  source,  too,  proceeded  the  million  and  more  of 
volunteers  already  referred  to.  If  this  grand  total  of  men  be  considered  as  "the 
class,"  in  the  tei'ms  of  European  recruiting-statistics,  but  of  the  whole  nation,  and  for 
the  period  of  four  years  from  1861  to  1865,  what  proportion  of  it  was  found  fit  for 
military  service,  after  maldng-  allowance  for  that  portion  which,  though  enrolled,  was 
not  drttfted  1 

The  entire  number  of  men  called  for  by  the  President  was  2,942,748.'  The 
number  actually  furnished,  in  compliance  with  these  calls,  was  2,690,401.  Of  this 
number,  1,331,931  men  were  furnished  under  the  operations  of  the  Provost- Marshal- 
General's  Bureau."  On  the  30th  of  April,  1865,  when  the  war  had  terminated,  there 
were  enrolled  as  liable,  but  up  to  that  time  undisturbed  by  the  draft,  2,254,063  men.^ 
If  it  be  supposed  that  half  of  these  enrolled  men  would  have  established  their  right  to 
exemption  if  they  had  been  drafted,  then  the  following  result  is  obtained : 

Military  ])opulation  available - 5,020,942 

Men  actually  in  service 2,690,401 

Enrolled  at  end  of  war,  but  not  drafted 2,254,063 

Deduct  for  estimated  exemptions 1,127,032 

1,127,031 

3,817,432 


1,203,510 


By  the  foregoing  calculation,  which  probably  errs  by  under-estimating  the  avail- 
able number  of  the  enrolled  men  of  April,  1865,  jt  appears  that,  of  5,020,942  men 


'  Final  report  of  the  Frorosi'Mar/hal-General,  ji.  IGO. 
'Ibid.,  p.  150. 
'Ibid.,  i>.  157. 


MILITARY    APTITUDE UNITED    STATES. 


(57 


forming  the  class,  3,817,4o2  were  found  fit  for  service  in  the  Army,  (actiuilly  or  by 
estimate,)  which  brings  the  calcidation  of  the  miHtary  aptitude  of  the  nation  to  TGO.oO 
in  the  thousand. 

If  this  approximative  estimate  be  laid  aside,  the  broad  fact  remains  that  more  than 
50  per  centum  of  the  entire  male  population  between  the  ages  of  18  and  45  years 
actually  served  under  the  flag  during  those  four  years  of  war,  and  that  nearly  the  full 
remainder  stood  duly  enrolled,  and  ready  to  take  up  arms  when  called  upon.  It  may 
be  thought  pardonable  to  add  that,  with  such  a  record  of  patriotic  devotion  in  the  past, 
it  is  not  needful  to  inquire  particularly  into  the  rate  of  military  aptitude  of  this 
nation.^ 

'  The  following  tablo  is  appeiulcil  as  sliowiug  tbo  miiueiical  strt-ngtU  of  tlio  Uuited  States  Army  at  tbe  outbreak 
auU  during  the  coutiuuauco  of  the  war: 

Strength  of  the  Army  of  the  United  States  at  various  dates. 

Compiled  by  tho  AdjutaDt-Gcneral.  • 


Date. 


Regulars. 


Volunteers. 


Total. 


January  1,  ltd. 
July  l,'ie(il  .... 
January  1,  1H62. 
.January  1,  18()3. 
January  1,  18()4. 
JauH.arv  1,  1865. 
March  ;U,  18C5.. 
May  1,1865 


16, 367 
16, 422 
22, 425 

25, 463 
24,636 
22,019 
21,66'J 


170,  329 
553, 492 
692, 728 
836, 101 
937,441 
958,417 


16, 367 
186, 751 
575, 917 
918, 191 
860,7.37 
959,  460 
980, 086 
1,000,516 


P^RT   II. 


CHARTS    AND    MAPS. 


09-70 


THE    CHARTS. 


The  charts,  which,  with  only  two  exceptions,  treat  "of  disease,  are  derived  from 
Tables  16,  17,  18,  19,  20,  and  22,  and  have  been  prejDared  for  the  pm-pose  of  picturing 
to  the  eye  the  most  interesting  results  of  the  tables  by  assembling  isolated  statements 
and  representing  numbers  by  lines  or  bars  which  bear  the  same  relation,  in  linear 
measurement,  to  each  other  as  do  the  numbers  for  which  thev  stand. 

Much  elaboration  in  describing  the  plan  adopted  would  be  superfluous ;  but.  it  may 
be  stated  as  a  recognized  fact,  that,  as  conclusions  which  the  mental  faculties  draw  by 
aid  of  the  sight  per  se  are  instantaneous  and  without  effort,  the  mind  througli  this 
medium  is  capable  of  receiving  manifold  impressions  at  the  same  time,  and  of  simul- 
taneously comparing-  many  elements.  If,  for  example,  ten  lines  erected  from  the  same 
base,  but  of  various  lengths,  be  presented  to  the  eye,  the  mind  instantly  compares  each 
with  the  others,  determining  without  effort  the  longest  or  the  shortest,  etc.;  but  if  in 
their  stead  ten  abstract  numbers,  having  relatively  to  each  other  the  same  value  as  the 
lines,  be  presented,  although  the  medium  of  communication  with  the  brain  is  in  both 
cases  the  same,  each  has  to  be  observed  and  its  value  determined  by  a  certain  mental 
process  before  a  comparison  can  even  be  instituted.  A  landscape  may  be  voluminously 
and  even  completely  described,  so  far  as  words  are  adequate,  but  one  glance  at  a  paint- 
ing of  the  scene  will  convey  more  satisfactory  knowledge.  The  manner  of  presenting 
some  of  the  facts  herein  set  forth  by  charts  is  intermediate  between  the  description 
and  the  painting,  but  very  little  study  wjll  enable  the  reader  to  see  clearly  that  which 
is  obscure  when  presented  in  another  way,  and  to  form  conclusions  which  must  be 
laboriously  extracted  from  statistics  in  their  usual  form. 

For  convenience  of  reference  and  a  proj^er  division  of  subjects,  the  charts  have  been 
divided  into  four  classes,  designated  numerically.  Those  which  compose  Class  I  show 
the  relation  of  various  diseases  to  social  condition,  complexion,  age,  height,  and 
nativity ;  those  of  Class  II  show  the  relation  of  diseases  to  occupation ;  those  of  Class 
III  show  the  relation  to  locality,  (by  States ;)  and  Class  IV,  consisting  of  only  two 
charts,  shows  the  relation  of  both  height  and  girth  of  chest  to  age  and  nativity  In  each 
cliart,  two  columns  of  figures  are  given — the  first  showing  the  number  of  men  examined 
of  each  particular  height,  age,  nativity,  etc.,  or  in  each  State,  or  of  each  occupation ; 
the  second  giving,  not  the  number,  but  tlie  millesimal  ratio  rejected.  Elsewhere,  the 
importance  of  the  ratios  is  dwelt  upon  ;  but  it  may  not  be  supererogatory  to  caution  the 
reader  that  in  forming  his  conclusions  as  to  the  prevalence  of  a  disease,  he  has  to  deal 
with  ratios,  and  not  with  the  actual  number  of  men  rejected.  To  the  student  of 
anthropology  this  caution  is  unnecessary,  but  it  is  by  no  means  infrequently  the  case 


71 


72  THE  CHARTS — GENERAL  REMARKS. 

that  readers  of  intelligence  fall  into  the  error  of  accounting  for  the  excess  of  one  ratio 
over  another  by  the  fact  that  more  men  were  examined  in  the  one  case  than  in  the 
other ;  and  as  such  an  error  must  render  the  statistics  worse  than  useless,  it  has  been 
thought  best  to  dilate  upon  the  point,  even  at  the  risk  of  being  prolix.  The  "  number 
examined  "  does  not  enter  into  the  consideration  of  the  ratio,  except  in  a  genei-al  way, 
and  under  the  rule  that  the  greater  the  number  of  observations  the  more  reliable  will 
be  the  resulting  ratio.  The  propriety  of  giving  the  number  examined,  and  the  import- 
ance of  this  general  rule,  will  be  apparent  when  we  come  to  consider  the  relation  of 
diseases  of  rare  occurrence  to  nativity,  especially  to  certain  nativities  of  which  less  than 
a  hundred  men  were  exaiuined. 

In  Class  I,  the  conditions  in  connection  with  which  diseases  are  considered  are : 
(1,)  Social  Condition,  in  regard  to  which  the  married  men  were,  as  a  rule,  found  to  be 
more  affected  than  the  single ;   (2,)  Complexion,  in  regard  to  which  the  men  of  light 
complexion  were,  almost  without  exception,  found  more  affected  than  those  of  dark ; 
(3,)  Age,  in  which,  as  a  general  rule,  the  older  men  furnished  a  larger  ratio  of  rejec- 
tions; (4,)  Height,  in  consideration  of  which  it  will  be  observed  that  the  ratio  of 
rejections  increases  with  increase  of  height;  and,  (.o,)  Nativity,  to  which  no  general 
rule  seems  to  apply.     As  throwing  some  light  upon  these  peculiar  tendencies,  it  may 
be  stated,  as  regards  the  preponderance  of  disease  among  the  "  married"  which  seems 
to  conflict  with  the  generally-accepted  view,  that  it  is  evident  the  average  age  of  the 
married  greatly  exceeded  that  of  the  single  ;  or,  in  other  words,  that  the  married  men, 
as  a  class,  were  the  older  men,  and  therefore  more  likely  to  be  diseased.     In  regard  to 
the  almost  invariable  rule  applying  to  complexion,  the  fact  is,  in  this  connection,  sub- 
mitted without  comment.     The  apparent  relation  of  height  to  certain  diseases  is,  it  is 
believed,  contrary  to  the  general  belief  that  a  man's  height  has  nothing  to  do  with  his 
predisposition  to  disease ;  and  a  partial  explanation  of  this  seeming  relation  may  be 
found  in  the  fact  that  up  to  a  certain  age,  and  that  not  an  early  one,  men  increase  in 
stature,  so  that  the  taller  men  may  be  considered  as  also  the  older  men ;  and,  as  the 
prevalence  of,  or  susceptibility  to  disease  increases  Avith  age,  naturally  the  ratio  would 
be  larger  with  increased  height.     In  this  connection,  the  inquiry  as  to  when,  or  at  what 
age,  men  attain  their  full  stature,  becomes  interesting  and  important ;  and  partly  to 
meet  it  Chart  LIX  has  been  prepared.     By  reference  to  it  and  the  special  comments 
on  height  in  the  introduction  to  the  tables,  it  will  be  seen  that  there  is,  in  this  respect, 
a  marked  difference  between  natives  of  different  countries  ;  that  while  native  Americans 
do  not  reach  their  greatest  height  until  they  are  thirty-five  to  forty  years  old,  and 
natives  of  British  America  at  from  thirty  to  forty,  the  men  of  English  or  Irish  birth 
attain  theirs  at  from  thirty  to  thirty-five,  and  Germans  at  from  twenty-five  to  thirty.' 
In  view  of  these  facts,  we  inay  reasonably  content  ourselves  with  the  explanation  that 
as  the  number  examined  consisted  largely  of  native  Americans,  who  attain  their  greatest 
height  at  so  late  an  age,  age  and  height  must,  as  a  general  rule,  in  their  relation  to 
disease,  keep  pace  with  each  other.     But,  in  the  consideration  of  some  diseases,  we 
shall  find  that  while  the  ratio  of  rejections  increases  rapidly  with  age,  it  remains  con- 
stant, or,  so  to  speak,  fluctuates  with  increase  of  height.     These  departures  from  the 

'Tbese  facts,  importaut  iu  au  ethnological  iioiut  of  view,  are  treated  of  more  fully  in  the  preceUiug  portions  of 
the  worii. 


TIIK    CHARTS CHRONIC    RHEUMATISM.  73 

rule  will  be  specially  noticed  in  their  proper  places.  In  regard  to  nativity,  while  no 
very  definite  general  rule  can  Ije  laid  down,  in  many  cases  the  natives  of  wanner  and 
colder  countries  will  be  found  to  take  position  in  the  chart  respectively  on  either  side 
of  a  mean,  and  the  natives  of  English-speaking  countries  to  occupy  contiguous  posi- 
tions, or,  as  it  were,  range  themselves  side  by  side  in  the  list ;  the  latter  being  notably 
the  case  as  regards  disease  considered  as  a  whole,  and  illustrated  by  Chart  XXIII. 

In  the  following  comments  on  each  chart  or  class  of  charts,  it  is  intended  to  call 
attention  to  the  salient  features — more  particularly  to  departures  from  the  general  rules 
already  laid  down — and  not  to  propound  or  elaborate  theories  founded  upon  the  results 
obtained.  It  is  hoped  and  believed  that  the  valuable  statistical  matter  of  the  tables  will 
be  rendered  easy  of  access  and  made  interesting  without  great  study  by  this  plan  ;  and 
that  students  of  anthropology,  even,  may  iind  herein  some  missing  links  to  the  chain  of 
facts  already  in  their  possession,  which  will  enable  them  to  throw  new  light  upon  doubtful 
or  mooted  questions. 

In  the  introductory  remarks  to  the  tables  will  be  found  explanations  of  a  general 
character  touching  the  nomenclature,  etc.,  which  apply  to  the  charts  as  well,  and  which, 
together  with  the  explanations  just  given,  and  the  following  comments,  (which  are  given 
as  to  classes  and  charts  seriatim,)  will  enable  thei-eader  to  draw  his  own  conclusions. 

According  to  the  order  observed  in  the  nomenclature  of  diseases  adopted,  (a  some- 
what critical  view  of  which  is  given  in  the  introduction  to  the  tables,)  chronic  rheu- 
matism was  made  the  subject  of  the  iirst  chart ;  not  that  it  is  the  tirst  disease  on  the  list, 
but  because  it  is  the  first  of  such  a  character  as  to  render  its  presentation  or  consideration 
in  the  fomi  of  a  chart  desirable.  Other  diseases  have  been  taken  up  in  their  order ;  but 
only  those  of  importance,  by  reason  of  their  frequent  occurrence  or  general  prevalence, 
have  been  presented  in  this  form. 

CHART   I. 

CHRONIC    RHEUMATISM. 

This  chart  illustrates  the  general  rules,  already  laid  down,  in  regard  to  social  con- 
dition, age,  and  height,  but  shows  an  exception,  as  regards  complexion,  which  is  the 
only  one  to  be  found  in  the  charts;  although,  in  many  diseases  included  in  the  tables, 
such  exceptions  are  by  no  means  rare.  The  diseases,  however,  by  which  the  men  of 
dark  complexion  were  found  to  be  affected,  more  than  those  of  light,  are  in  the  main 
those  of  an  acute  or  inflammatory  character,  and  of  com]}aratively  I'are  occurrence. 

The  very  rapid  increase  of  this  disease  with  increase  of  age  is  especially  noticeable, 
and  its  regular iUj  of  increment  is  no  less  remarkable  if  we  regard  the  decennial  period 
from  twenty-five  to  thirty-five  as  a  single  step  in  advancement ;  and  this,  it  would 
seem,  is  by  no  means  an  arbitrary  apportionment,  for  such  period  may  be  said  to  cover 
the  highest  flood  and  ebb,  so  to  speak,  in  the  tide  of  life — to  be,  in  short,  a  period 
during  which  man,  in  attaining  the  acme  of  his  virility,  most  successfully  resists  the 
attacks  or  inroads  of  disease. 

As  to  height,  the  constant  increase  of  the  disease  witli  increase  of  stature  up  to  a 
certain  point  is  to  be  expected,  as  before  explained,  on  account  of  an  increase  of  height 
10 


74 


THE  CHARTS — CHEONIC  RHEUMATISM SYPHU^IS. 


attendant  on  an  increase  of  age ;  but  as  the  very  tallest  men  are  not  necessarily  the 
very  oldest,  (though  we  might  reasonably  expect  a  majority  of  them  to  be  between 
thirty  and  forty,)  there  may  be  a  relation,  obscure  perhaps,  between  this  disease  and 
height ;  oi",  in  other  words,  the  taller  men  may  have,  in  addition  to  their  susceptibility 
on  the  score  of  age,  a  stronger  tendency  than  the  shorter  men  to  contract  this  disease. 

As  to  nativity,  it  will  be  observed  that  the  disease  was  found  principally  among 
the  natives  of  the  colder  countries ;  and  it  is  suggested  as  worthy  of  consideration, 
though  by  no  means  advanced  as  a  theory,  that,  as  chronic  rheumatism  is  more  prev- 
alent among  natives  of  the  colder  countries,  and  as  they  are,  as  a  rule,  of  greater 
stature  than  the  natives  of  the  warmer  countries,  there  may  be  an  inheritance  of  a 
susceptibility  to  the  disease,  coincident,  but  not  necessarily  correlated,  with  an  inherit- 
ance of  stature. 

The  following  tabular  statement  of  the  average  height  of  the  men  of  various 
nativities,  reproduced  from  the  introduction  to  the  tables,  will  be  found  interesting  in 
tliis  connection.  The  data  upon  which  it  is  based  were  derived  from  the  examination 
of  over  half  a  million  men : 


Nativities. 


tJnited  States,  (Indians) 
United  States,  (whites) 

Norway 

Scotland 

British  America 

Sweden 

Ireland 

Denmark 

Holland 

Hungary 

England 

Germany 


Mean  height. 

Incites. 

Metres. 

67.934 

1.7255 

67. 672 

1.7189 

67. 467 

1.7137 

67. 066 

1.7035 

67.014 

1.7022 

66. 896 

1.  G992 

66.741 

1.6952 

66. 648 

1.6929 

66. 637 

1.6926 

66. 584 

1.6912 

66. 577 

1. 6910 

66. 536 

1.6900 

Nativities. 


United  States,  (colored) 

Wales 

Russia 

Switzerland 

West  Indies 

France 

Poland 

Mexico 

Italy 

South  America 

Spain 

Portugal 


Mean  height. 


Iiichcu. 

Metres. 

66. 531 

1.6899 

66. 418 

1. 6870 

66.  393 

1.  6864 

66. 381 

1.  6861 

66.  307 

1.6842 

66. 277 

1. 6834 

60.211 

1. 6818 

66.110 

1.6792 

66.  000 

1.6764 

65. 899 

1.  6738 

65. 635 

1.  6671 

65. 432 

1.6G20 

A  further  consideration  of  the  apparent  relation  between  disease  a.nd  height  may 
be  found  in  the  notice  of  Chart  VIII. 

CHART    II. 


SYPHILIS. 


The  peculiar  indications  of  this  chart  are  more  clearly  seen  by  comparing  it  with 
the  preceding  one  on  chronic  rheumatism,  or  with  almost  any  other.  As  might  bo 
expected,  although  an  exception  to  the  rule,  the  single  men  were  found  to  be  much 
more  affected  than  the  married ;  but  the  rule  holds  good  as  to  complexion.  The  very 
nature  of  this  disease,  it  being-  contracted  by  a  voluntary  act  to  satisfy  an  instinct, 
which  among  the  married  is  generally  satisfied  without  danger,  but  among  the  single 
leads  to  promiscuous  fornication  and  consequent  exposure,  is  an  explanation  of  the 
increased  prevalence  among  the  single. 

A  notable  exception  to  the  rule  of  increase  of  disease  with  increase  of  age  is  shown  ; 
but  it  is  exactly  what  ought  to  follow  the  exception  just  noticed,  because  the  young 


THE    CHARTS SCROFULA PHTHISIS    PULMONALIS.  75 

men  were,  as  a  class,  the  single  men.  The  relation  to  height,  it  will  be  seen,  follows 
closely  that  to  age  ;  that  is  to  say,  we  find  a  rapid  increase  and  a  corresponding  decline 
in  each. 

The  numerical  order  of  the  nativities  is  very  different  from  that  of  the  preceding 
chart ;  for,  whereas  no  cases  of  chronic  rheumatism  were  found  among  the  natives  of 
southern  countries,  to  wit,  Soutli  America,  Spain,  Mexico,  and  Italy,  syphilis  was 
found  to  prevail  to  the  greatest  degree  among  them.  The  position  of  American- 
born  white  men  in  the  list,  and  their  ratio,  so  far  below  the  average,  are  noteworthy  ; 
but  we  should  not  forget  that  the  natives  of  foreign  countries,  who  were  examined,  did 
not,  in  all  probability,  as  fairly  represent  the  better  class  of  their  countrymen  as  did 
the  Americans  ;  this  especially  as  regards  vice  and  morality.  Whether  physically  they 
represented  their  countrymen  better  is  quite  another  question. 

To  compare  the  charts  a  little  more  concisely,  we  may  fomiulate,  in  a  manner, 
the  indications  of  each,  as  follows :  The  typical  syphilitic  man,  so  to  speak,  is  shown 
to  be  the  unmarried  man,  of  light  complexion,  twenty  to  twenty-five  years  old,  five  feet 
three  inches  to  five  feet  seven  inches  in  height,  and  a  native  of  a  southern  countiy,  or, 
possibly,  of  Great  Britain ;  while  the  typical  rheumatic  man  is  the  married  man,  of 
dark  complexion,  over  forty  years  of  age,  very  tall,  and  a  native  of  a  northern  country. 

CHART    III. 

SCROFULA. 

Scrofula,  unlike  either  chi-onic  rheumatism  or  syphilis,  is  shown  to  have  no  very 
definite  relation  to  age,  height,  or  nativity.  We  do  not  find  the  usual  regular  increase 
or  diminution  with  increase  of  age  or  height,  but  in  their  stead  a  fluctuation,  apparently 
due  to  the  element  of  chance  in  the  observations,  which,  as  has  been  more  fully  set 
forth  in  another  place,  is  an  element  of  considerable  importance  where  the  rejections 
were  comparatively  few. 

Although  scrofula  is  an  inherited  malady,  few  men  under  twenty  years  of  age 
were  found  sufificiently  affected  by  it  to  warrant  their  rejection.  At  twenty  to  twenty- 
five,  however,  the  disease  was  found  to  be  fully  established,  that  is  to  say,  sufficiently 
so  to  warrant  rejection ;  and  the  fact  that  the  ratio  for  all  ages  above  twenty  was  nearly 
constant  shows  that  the  disease  does  not,  at  least  to  any  great  extent,  make  its  first 
appearance  in  after-life.  Increased  prevalence  among  the  married  and  among  those 
of  light  complexion  is  the  rule,  and  not  the  exception,  as  has  been  explained. 

CHART     IV. 

PHTHISIS    PULMONALIS. 

{Including  chronic  disease  of  the  lung.) 

So  (much  of  interest  attaches  to,  and  so  much  has  been  said  and  written  on,  tliis 
disease,  that  any  rehable  statistics  tending  to  elucidate  the  subject  will. no  doiibt  be 
of  almost  universal  interest.     The  thi-ee  charts  devoted  to  tliis  disease,  namely,  Charts 


76  THE    CHARTS NERVOUS    SYSTEM PARALYSIS. 

IV,  XXVII,  and  XXXVII,  it  is  believed,  cover  the  statistical  ground  quite  thoroughly. 
Owing,  however,  to  a  want  of  care  or  cai^acity,  many  examining  surgeons  reported  all 
cases  of  phthisis  pulmonalis  as  chronic  disease  of  the  lung.  This  was  particularly  the 
case  under  the  first  draft,  and  even  under  subsequent  ones  in  certain  localities.  For 
instance,  from  the  State  of  Rhode  Island,  there  was  not  reported  a  single  case  of  phthisis 
among  all  the  drafted  men,  but  a  ratio  of  over  twenty-five  in  a  thousand  were  rejected 
on  account  of  chronic  disease  of  the  lung.  As  very  nearly,  if  not  quite  all,  such  cases 
were  in  fact  phthisis,  they  have  been  included  in  the  charts. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  general  rules  in  regard  to  social  condition,  complexion, 
age,  and  height  hold  good,  except  that  the  oldest  men  furnished  a  smaller  ratio  of 
rejection  than  did  those  of  the  next  preceding  age,  (thirty-five  to  forty;)  owing,  it  may 
be  supposed,  to  the  elimination  of  consumptives  from  their  class  by  death. 

If  phthisis  be  regarded  as  almost  exclusively  hereditary,  the  increased  number  of 
cases  occurring  with  increase  of  age  would  indicate  that  it  is  inherited  in  a  potential 
form,  the  predisposition  being  developed  into  actual  disease,  or  kept  in  abeyance  by 
the  environment  or  conditions  of  life,  such  as  occupation  and  the  physical  surroundings, 
which  latter  may  be  expressed  by  the  teiTu  locality ;  that  is,  the  place  of  residence.  In 
the  comments  on  the  remaining  charts  devoted  to  this  disease,  the  conditions  of  this 
environment  are  more  fully  discussed. 

CHART    V. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    NERVOUS    SYSTEM. 

Nervous  diseases,  taken  together  as  a  class,  are  treated  of  in  this  chart ;  and,  in  the 
next  two,  particular  diseases  belonging  to  the  same  class  are  shown  in  their  relations 
separately.  Although,  in  thus  groiiping  diseases,  many  peculiarities  of  certain  ones  are 
lost  or  are  counterbalanced  by  others,  still  the  general  tendency  is  shown.  Charts  of 
this  kind  demand  very  few  comments ;  but  attention,  in  this  case,  is  called  to  the 
decrease  of  the  ratio  at  an  advanced  age,  while  its  increase  is  constant  up  to  that  point. 
This  diminution  is  probably  owing,  as  in  the  case  of  phthisis  pulmonalis,  to  the  fatal 
termination  of  cases,  or  to  the  removal  of  diseased  persons  to  asylums.  The  indications 
of  that  division  of  the  chart  headed  "  Height  "  are  worthy  of  attention. 

CHART     VI. 

PARALYSIS. 

In  relation  to  social  condition,  complexion,  age,  and  height,  paralysis  shows  no 
great  deviation  tVom  the  rule;  but  some  irregularities  do  occur.  With  increase  of  age, 
the  ratio  rapidly  increases  throughout,  except  in  the  case  of  men  between  the  ages  of 
thirty  jind  thirty -five,  in  which  case  there  is  actually  a  recession  of  the  lines;  but  this 
may  Ijc  owing  to  that  element  of  chance  which,  as  has  been  remarked,  should  always 
be  duly  weighed  in  the  consideration  of  diseases  on  account  of  which  so  few  were 
rejected.  The  number  examined  under  each  division  of  age,  although  sufiiciently  large 
to  give  reliable  indications  in  all  but  extreme  cases,  might  allow  as  small  a  recession 


THE    CHARTS INSANITY DISEASES    OF    THE    EYE.  77 

as  this ;  but  the  deviation  from  the  position  which  the  hue  ought  to  occupy  is  probably 
too  great  to  be  accouuteil  for  in  this  manner.  It  may,  however,  be  referred  to  the  cause 
mentioned  in  the  remarks  on  chronic  rheumatism,  namely,  to  the  superior  vitality  of 
the  "  prime  of  life,"  which  probably  enables  a  man  to  keep  off,  or,  rather,  of  itself 
keeps  off,  an  attack  of  paralysis  until  later  in  life.  As  sustaining  this  view,  it  will  be 
noticed  that  the  increase  for  the  next  period  of  five  years  was  very  marked.  A  pause 
in  the  increase  of  the  disease  with  increase  of  height,  amounting  to  almost  a  con-e- 
sponding  recession,  evidences  the  relation  of  age  to  height,  adverted  to  elsewhere. 

Owing  to  the  very  small  number  of  cases,  the  division  "Nativity"  cannot  be 
said  to  furnish  entirely  reliable  indications,  except  as  regards  the  American,  German, 
Irish,  and  some  other  nativities,  of  which  the  number  examined  was  large. 

CHART    VII. 

INSANITY. 

The  comments  on  the  preceding  chart  apply,  in  the  main,  to  this ;  and  many 
points  of  interest  which  it  is  unnecessary  to  particularize  will  appear  on  inspection  of 
the  chart. 

CHART    VIII. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    EYE. 

This  chart  shows  the  ratio  of  rejection  on  account  of  this  class  of  diseases,  which 
includes  diseases  of  the  eyelids. 

The  only  noticeable  departure  from  the  general  rules  is  found  in  the  division 
"  Heiffht,"  where  it  will  be  seen  that  althoug-h  the  usual  increase  of  the  ratio  with 
increase  of  age  occurs,  no  such  increase  was  found  as  a  concomitant  of  the  increased 
height  of  the  men  examined. 

This  is  so  radically  different  from  the  facts  shown  in  the  chart  on  chronic  rheu- 
matism that  it  calls  for  elucidation  and  demands  careful  consideration.  The  apparent 
explanation  of  this  difference  is  as  follows :  The  increase  of  chronic  rheumatism  with 
increase  of  height,  is  proved  by  this  chart  (in  which  no  such  increase  occurs,)  to  be 
owing  to  a  definite  relation  of  the  disease  to  height ;  or,  in  other  words,  the  taller  a 
man  is,  no  matter  what  his  age  may  be,  the  more  likely  is  he  to  have  chronic  rheu- 
matism, while  diseases  of  the  eye  are  common  to,  and  prevail  to  about  the  same  extent 
among,  men  of  all  heights. 

But,  as  opposed  to  tliis  explanation,  it  has  been  shown  in  the  comments  on  chronic 
rheumatism  that  men,  at  least  native  Americans,  increase  in  stature  even  up  to  forty 
years  of  age,  and  that  the  older  men — that  is,  of  those  under  consideration — were,  as  a 
class,  the  taller  men.  Now,  if  this  reasoning  be  admitted  as  satisfactorily  accounting- 
for  the  increase  of  chronic  rheumatism  with  increase  of  height,  how  shall  we  account 
for  the  absence  of  such  increase  of  diseases  of  the  eye  1 

It  would  appear  that  the  increased  prevalence  of  a  disease  among  men  of  advanced 
age  must  occur  in  the  manner  following:    A  young  man  growing  older,  (and  conse- 


78  THE    CHARTS — ^DISEASES    OF    THE    EAR. 

quently  taller,  if  we: admit  the  correlation  of  age  and  height,)  if  he  have  an  incurable, 
or,  what  amounts  to  the  same  thing,  an  uncured,  disease,  carries  it,  so  to  speak,  with 
him  from  one  age  to  another,  and,  entering  a  new  class,  (by  age,)  he  is  joined  by 
others  who,  while  in  the  preceding  class  or  age  were  free  from  the  disease,  have  now 
contracted  it.  So  through  the  different  periods  of  age ;  the  men  attacked  when  young 
would,  in  a  series  of  observations  covering  a  life-time,  count  each  time,  and  have  their 
numbers  swelled  by  those  more  lately  attacked. 

With  curable  diseases,  however,  the  case  is  different ;  for  a  man  who  in  a  preceding 
class  or  period  of  age  was  affected  by  a  certain  curable  disease,  may  be  free  from  it 
upon  entering  a  succeeding  one ;  and,  although  new  cases  will  be  constantly  occurring, 
they  will  simply  take  the  place  of  the  cured  ones,  and  not  be  added,  as  in  the  case  of 
incurable  diseases.  Tliis  explanation  may  satisfactorily  account  for  an  increased 
number  of  cases  of  incurable  diseases  found  among  the  older  men,  and,  allowing  the 
relation  of  age  to  height,  for  the  increase  with  increase  of  height,  also  for  the  con- 
stancy or  very  slight  variation  of  the  ratio  for  both  age  and  height,  as  regards  curable 
diseases.  But  again,  in  favor  of  what  has  been  termed  the  apparent  explanation,  we 
find  that  certain  diseases,  noticeably  diseases  of  the  eye  and  of  the  ear,  were  found  in 
greatly-increased  ratio  among  the  older  men,  while  the  taller  men  were  not  more,  and 
in  some  instances  were  even  less,  affected  than  the  shorter  ones. 

In  certain  diseases,  which,  from  their  nature,  result  in  an  impeding  of  growth  or 
the  lessening  of  stature,  this  condition  would  be  a  natural  consequence,  because  a 
man  affected  by  such  would  be  recorded  among  men  of  a  less  stature  than  he  would 
have  attained  to  had  he  been  free  from  disease ;  but  diseases  of  the  eye  or  of  the  ear, 
it  is  believed,  have  no  such  tendency.  We  can  also  readily  account  for  the  constancy — 
that  is,  a  want  of  increase  in  the  ratio  as  regards  age  in  certain  incurable  diseases — by 
the  fact  that  the  older  a  man  becomes  the  more  likely  is  he  to  have  two  (or  even  more,) 
diseases  at  the  same  time,  and  to  be  rejected  on  account  of  the  one  Avhich  is  gravest  in 
its  character,  or  is  most  apparent.  For  instance,  a  man  having  amaurosis,  and  also 
inguinal  hernia,  would  undoubtedly  be  rejected  on  account  of  the  hernia,  because  of 
the  ease  with  which  it  would  be  discovered,  although  the  amaurosis  would  be  not  less 
a  cause  for  rejection. 

The  liability  to  error  which  attends  the  hasty  formation  of  opinions,  or  the  found- 
ing of  theories  upon  isolated  facts,  unaccompanied  by  other  testimony  concun-ent  or 
conflicting,  is  thus  demonstrated.  The  "balance  of  evidence"  seems,  however,  to 
indicate  that,  although  there  may  be  a  correlation  of  height  and  susceptibility,  or  pre- 
disposition to  certain  diseases,  the  very  marked  apparent  relation  is  merely  coincident 
with  the  real  correlation  of  age  and  height. 

CHART   IX. 

DISEASES    OP    THE    EAR. 

The  general  features  of  this  and  the  preceding  chart  are  so  nearly  the  same  that 
the  remarks  upon  the  latter  answer  for  both.  Viewed,  however,  in  relation  to  each 
other,  it  may  lie  remarked  thai  the  prevalence  of  diseases  of  the  ear  among  the  married 


THE    CHARTS — VARIOUS   DISEASES.  79 

was  relatively  greater,  though  actually  only  about  one-third  as  great ;  and  that  the 
increase  of  these  diseases,  accompanying  an  increase  of  age,  was  relatively  greater  than 
that  of  diseases  of  the  eye.  As  to  height,  however,  we  find  about  the  sanae  fluctuation 
in  the  ratios.  A  comparison  of  the  two  charts  with  regard  to  the  division  "  Nativity," 
while  it  brings  out  no  absolutely  conclusive  results,  will  be  found  to  be  interesting,  and 
to  furnish  subjects  for  thought  and  study. 

CHART    X. 

DISEASES    OF    THE   CIRCULATORY   SYSTEM. 

This  chart  illustrates  so  well,  or  rather  departs  so  little  from,  the  general  rules  set 
forth  in  the  introductory  remarks  on  the  subject  of  the  charts,  that  it  requires  no  special 
comment  to  make  its  indications  interesting  or  intelligible. 

CHART    XI. 

DISEASES   OF   THE   HEART    AND    ITS    MEMBRANES. 

In  this  chart  will  be  noticed  a  remarkable  deviation  from  the  rule  regarding  an 
increase  of  disease  with  an  increase  of  age.  The  diminution  in  the  ratio  rejected.among 
men  over  thirty-five  years  of  irge  is  probably  mainly  ascribable  to  the  two  diametri- 
cally opposite  tendencies  of  the  different  forms  of  the  disease.  As  coming  under  this 
head— diseases  of  the  heart  and  its  membranes— only  two  forms,  and  those  very  com- 
prehensive, were  recorded,  namely,  "Acute  disease  of  heart,"  and  "Chronic  disease  of 
.  heart."  We  may  reasonably  suppose  that  a  large  share  of  the  former  were  merely 
functional  derangements,  while  many  of  the  latter  were  undoubtedly  organic  diseases- 
Owing  to  the  tendency  of  simple  functional  derangements  to  right  themselves,  or  better, 
perhaps,  to  disappear,  from  the  effects  of  a  change  in  the  habits  and  surroundings  of  a 
man  as  he  grows  older,  and  to  the  tendency  of  actual  organic  diseases  to  reach  their 
climax,  and  culminate  in  death  at  a  comparatively  early  age,  we  should  naturally  look 
for  this  diminution  as  regards  the  older  men.  Notwithstanding  this  falling-off  in  the 
ratio  as  regards  age,  its  increase  Avith  increase  of  height  is  continuous  and  wonderfully 
regular.  This  fact,  it  must  be  admitted,  points  strongly  to  a  correlation  of  heart-dis- 
eases and  height  jjer  se. 

CHART    XII. 

DISEASES    OF   THE   RESPIRATORY    SYSTEM. 

The  vaiious  diseases  composing  this  class,  taken  as  a  whole,  show  a  strict  con- 
formity to  the  general  tendency  of  other  diseases,  embodied  in  what  have  been  termed 
general  rules,  and  the  chart  will  undoubtedly  l)e  intelligible,  and  no  less  interesting, 
without  special  comments. 

CHART    XIII. 

DISEASES   OF   THE    DIGESTIVE    SYSTEM. 

The  very  high  ratio  of  rejection  on  account  of  this  class  of  diseases  will  be  noticed ; 
but,  as  hernia  is  included,  the  fact  is  not  so  remarkable.    Tlie  regularity  of  their  increase 


80 


THE    CHARTS HERNIA. 


with  increase  of  age  is  marked ;  and  their  increase  with  increase  of  height,  though  less 
in  degree  as  well  as  regularity,  is  noticeable.  The  division  "  Nativity  "  has  interesting 
features,  notable  among  which  is  the  fact  that  the  Indians  of  the  United  States  were 
alone  exempt  from  this  most  prevalent  class  of  maladies. 

CHART     XIV. 


HERNIA. 

Statistics  of  hernia  have  always  been  a  favorite  study  among  surgeons — especially 
military  surgeons — and  we  find  them  wonderfully  complete  in  the  medical  records  of 
all  civilized  nations.  The  chart  numl^ered  XIV,  which  shows  the  relation  of  hernia  to 
certain  conditions  which  distinguish  Class  I,  is  submitted  without  extended  comments ; 
but  Chart  XL,  which  shows  its  relation  to  localit}^,  is  more  fully  considered.  It  will 
be  seen  that  the  indications  are  in  accord  with  the  general  rules,  except  as  regards 
height,  in  which  respect  there  is  a  marked  similarity  to  the  indications  of  Charts  VIII 
and  IX.  The  mean  ratio  of  rejection  shown  by  this  chart,  which  includes  volunteers 
and  substitutes,  should  not  be  taken  as  an  indication  of  the  physical  aptitude  of  the 
nation,  because  many  men,  who  by  reason  of  hernia  had  been  kept  out  of  the  army 
until  after  large  bounties  were  offered,  were  tempted  thereby  to  offer  themselves ;  but 
the  figures  of  Chart  XL,  on  hernia,  give  the  ratio  rejected  among  drafted  men,  and 
should,  for  purposes  of  comparison,  be  used  in  judging  of  the  prevalence  of  hernia  in 
this  country  as  compared  with  others.  It  is,  however,  very  difficult  to  form  well- 
grounded  conclusions  from  the  naked  results,  as  so  many  circumstances  must  be  given 
due  weight  as  modifiers.  The  relative  prevalence  of  the  different  kinds  or  forms  of 
hernia  is  given  in  the  following  tabular  statement,  condensed  from  Table  19,  which  gives 
(as  regards  hernia,)  the  result  of  the  examination  of  334,321  "recruits,  substitutes, 
drafted  and  enrolled  men,  of  various  nativities :" 


Disease. 

Number 
rejected. 

Ratio 
rejected. 

Hernia,  kind  not  specified  .  .......... 

651 

317 

328 

8,598 

5,  420 

1,166 

277 

110 

34 

1.947 

0.948 
0.981 
25.718 
16. 212 
3.488 
0.829 
0.329 
0. 102 

Hernia,  unibiliciil  .     .  ...   ...'....    . 

Hernia,  ventral                      .         ...... 

Hernia,  rit^lit in^'uiual                ........ 

Hernia,  left  in'^'uinal              .                ... 

Hernia,  double  inf^uinal                 

Hernia,  ri<^bt  femoral                       . .... 

Hernia,  double  femoral  ..     .    ........ 

Total  for  hernia  of  all  kinds   

17,290 

50. 554 

From  this  statement  it  apjoears  that  inguinal  hernia  was  the  cause  of  about  eighty- 
t\\o  per  centum  of  all  rejections  on  account  of  hernia,  and  that  the  cases  of  right  inguinal 
hernia  exceeded  in  number  all  the  rest.  Other  tables  confirm,  in  a  most  conclusive 
manner,  this  latter  indication,  to  wit :  That  inguinal  hernia  of  the  right  side  is  fixr  more 
jirevalent  than  that  of  the  left.  The  cases  of  umbilical  and  of  ventral  hernia  wei-e 
about  erpial,  but  inconsiderable  in  number  as  compared  with  right  inguinal. 


THE    CHARTS — VARIOUS    DISEASES.  .  81 

CHART    XV. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    URINARY    SYSTEM. 

It  may  be  proper  to  state,  more  particularly  for  the  benefit  of  non-professional ' 
readers,  that  neither  syphilis  nor  gonorrhoea  are  included  in  this  class  of  diseases.  The 
excessive  ratio  of  rejection  among  married  men  is  of  course  a  concomitant  of  the  rapid 
increase  with  increase  of  age.  As  usual,  the  ratio  increases  with  increase  of  height, 
except  in  the  case  of  the  tallest  men,  who,  in  this  class  of  diseases,  as  in  many  others, 
seem  to  have  been  less  affected  than  those  a  little  shorter  in  stature. 

CHART    XVI. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    GENERATIVE    SYSTEM. 

We  find  in  this  class  of  diseases,  as  in  syphilis,  that  the  single  men  were  more 
affected  than  the  married.  This  is  owing,  doubtless,  to  the  fact  that  gonorrhcea  is 
included  in  this  class.  The  maximum  prevalence,  as  to  age,  is  reached  at  "20  and 
iinder  25  ;''  from  which  point  or  period,  olthough  the  diseases  other  than  gonorrhoea 
increase,  the  decrease  in  gonorrhoea  more  than  compensates  for  such  increase  ;  so  that,  as 
a  class,  they  diminish  in  prevalence,  except  as  regards  the  oldest  men,  who  would  seem, 
by  reason  of  the  usual  infii-mities  which  have  a  pronounced  beginning-  at  about  forty- 
five,  to  be  very  susceptible  to  urinary  difficulties.  In  view  of  the  remarks  already 
made  on  the  apparent  relation  of  height  to  disease,  the  increase  of  this  class  with  increase 
of  height  seems  inexplicable,  and  is  deserving-  of  careful  study,  as  it  points  to  an 
obscure  relation. 

CHART    XVII. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    ORGANS    OF    LOCOMOTION. 

In  the  main,  tliis  chart  tends  to  confirm  the  general  rules ;  but  a  notable  exception, 
one  that  seems  entirely  at  variance  with  the  assumption  that  the  younger  men  are  the 
shorter,  will  be  observed.  While  those  under  twenty  years  of  age  show,  by  far,  the 
smallest  ratio  of  rejection,  those  under  sixty-one  inches  in  height  were  found  to  be  more 
affected  than  any  others.  A  perfectly  satisflxctory  explanation,  however,  of  this  apparent 
contradiction  is  found  in  the  fact  that  these  diseases,  from  their  very  nature,  tend  to 
shorten  the  stature.  Men  who,  with  certain  other  diseases,  would  attain  the  average 
height,  would,  by  these  diseases,  have  their  growth  retarded,  or  even  suffer  a  reduction 
in  their  height  by  the  shortening  of  one  or  both  of  the  lower  extremities.  It  will  be 
observed,  however,  that  from  sixty-three  inches  upward,  the  increase  is  continuous  as 
it  is  with  age. 

CHART    XVIII. 

DISEASES    OF   THE    CELLULAR   TISSUE. 

Only  obesity  and  abscess  are  included  in  this  class ;  and  the  ratios  are  so  small  as 
to  render  the  results  of  the  examination  of  small  numbers  of  men  questionable.     To  this 
11 


82  THE    CHARTS VAKTOUS    DISEASES. 

fact  is  probably  owing  the  smallness  of  the  ratios  for  men  of  certain  heights ;  as  regards 
age,  however,  the  number  examined  in  each  division  thereof  was  sufficiently  large  to 
furnish  trustworthy  results.  The  indications  of  the  nativity  division  of  the  chart  are 
of  interest ;  but  where  the  numbers  examined  were  very  small,  the  ratios  are  perhaps 
unduly  magnified  or  diminished,  as  they  undoubtedly  would  be,  by  the  presence  or 

absence  of  a  single  case. 

CHART    XIX. 

DISEASES    OF  THE    CUTANEOUS    SYSTEM; 

The  conformity  of  this  class  of  diseases  to  the  general  rules  laid  down  is  marked, 
and,  as  the  ratio  rejected  was  comparatively  large,  the  indications  are  trustworthy,  and 
those  of  the  nativity  division  are  interesting. 

CHAET    XX. 

CONDITIONS   NOT   NECESSARILY    ASSOCIATED    WITH    DISEASE. 

The  remarkable  excess  in  prevalence  of  this  class  of  conditions  among  the  single, 
the  youngest  and  the  oldest  men,  is  owing  to  the  fact  that  "  Under-age,"  "  Under-size," 
and  "  Over-age  "  were  necessarily  included  among  other  conditions,  on  account  of  which 
men  were  rejected,  and  wdiich  could  not  be  classed  as  diseases  proper.  Of  course, 
"  Under-size "  was  the  cause  of  numerous  rejections ;  and  the  result  is  seen,  in  the 
division  "Height,"  among  the  shorter  men;  also,  in  the  division  "Nativity,"  among 
the  native  Americans,  many  of  the  youth  of  the  country  who  presented  themselves 
being  rejected  for  this  cause  as  well  as  for  "  Under-age." 

CHART    XXI. 

LOCAL   INJURIES. 

This  chart  is  interesting  when  studied  in  connection  with  the  "  Calculus  of  prob- 
abilities." It  being  the  result  of  actual  observation,  its  facts  give  a  reliable  ground- 
work for  such  calculus.  As  might  be  expected,  the  older  men  were  found  more  affected, 
but  not  in  a  regularly  increasing  ratio  ;  and  the  condition  of  height  enters  into  the  ^con- 
sideration, because  the  minimum  of  rejection  was  not  furnished  by  either  the  tallest  or 
the  shortest  men.  It  may,  however,  be  suggested  that,  as  the  effect  of  many  injuries 
is  to  lessen  the  stature,  the  shortest  men,  as  a  class,  would  of  necessity  furnish  an  undue 
ratio.  The  veryregular  increase  of  local  injuries  with  increase  of  height  beyond  sixty- 
five  inches  is  noticeable. 

CHART    XXII. 

DISEASE. 

This  chart  exhibits  the  ratios  of  rejection  on  account  of  all  causes,  and  is  submitted 
without  special  comment,  other  than  that  it  covers  such  as  "  Under-age,"  etc.  The  next 
chart,  however,  in  the  preparation  of  which  "  Conditions  not  necessarily  associated  with 
disease  "  have  been  carefully  excluded,  will,  as  regards  disease  proper,  be  of  greater 
interest. 


THE    CnARTS DISEASE OONDTTrON'S.  83 

CHART    XXin. 

DISEASE. 

(Exclusive  of"  Conditions  not  necessarily  associated  with  disease") 

The  reason  for  excluding  that  class  of  conditions  on  account  of  which  men  were 
found  unfit  for  military  service,  but  which  cannot  properly  be  considered  as  diseases, 
is  apparent.  Chart  XXIII,  then,  covers  all  causes  of  rejection  which  properly  come 
under  the  head  of  "Disease;"  and  its  indications,  proceeding  as  they  do  from  such  a 
large  number  of  observations,  and  including,  all  diseases,  should,  it  would  seem,  be 
looked  upon  as  giving  with  truth  the  relation  really  existing  between  disease  and  the 
various  conditions  of  complexion,  age,  height,  etc. 

Beginning  with  "  Social  condition,"  we  find  that  the  married  men  were  more  dis- 
eased than  the  single,  that  is,  a  larger  ratio  was  rejected  ;  but,  as  has  been  explained, 
the  married  men  were,  as  a  rule,  the  older  men  ;  and  another  division  of  the  chart  shows 
that  disease  increases  with  age  rapidly,  and  with  remarkable  regularity.  It  will  be 
noticed  that,  in  regard  to  complexion,  the  "light"  wei'e  more  affected  than  the  "  dark  ;" 
and  this,  as  has  been  stated,  is  the  rule.  Men  of  the  height  "  Gl  and  under  63  inches" 
were  found  to  be  healthier  than  any  others ;  but  those  of  the  next  division,  "  63  and 
under  65  inches,"  may  be  considered  as  almost  equally  so.  This  is  largely,  and  perhaps 
wholly,  owing  to  the  fact  that  they  were,  as  a  class,  the  younger  men.  The  ratio  of 
rejection  among  those  "  undei-  61  inches"  is  unduly  large,  because  many  men  who 
were  naturaUy  of  greater  stature  were,  by  reason  of  local  injuries,  etc.,  thrown,  so  to 
speak,  into  this  division.  The  division  "No.tivity"  will  commend  itself  to  careful 
consideration. 

CHART     XXIV.      . 

CONDITIONS    IN    THEIR    RELATION    TO    DISEASE. 

This  chart,  or  rather  table,  is  condensed  from  a  number  of  the  foregoing,  and  is 
intended  to  show  by  numerals  the  i-elative  position  which  each  subdivision  of  each  head 
occupies  in  its  relation  to  each  disease  or  class  of  diseases.  The  larger  numbei-s  denote 
the  lesser  prevalence  of  disease ;  or,  to  simplify  the  matter,  the  larger  numbers  may  be 
considered  as  denoting  greater  health.  A  little  careful  study  will  enable  the  reader  to 
gather  many  interesting  facts,  which  are  shown  more  in  detail  in  the  foregoing  charts, 
and  still  more  fully  in  Tables  16,  17,  IS,  and  19. 

As  an  example  of  the  use  of  the  table,  let  us  take  the  two  perpendicular  columns 
headed  respectively  "Conditions  not  necessarily  associated  with  disease"  and  "All 
diseases  except  '  conditions  not  necessarily,'  etc."  In  the  first  of  these,  opposite  "  Mar- 
ried," we  find  the  figure  2,  and  opposite  "Single"  the  figure  1.  These  indicate  that 
the  married  men  were  less  affected  by  these  "  conditions,"  or  were  healthier,  so  far  as  they 
are  concerned.  Under  the  head  of  age,  we  find  the  numbers  running  1,  4,  6,  /"),  3,  2, 
which  denotes  that  those  under  twenty  years  furnished  the  largest  ratio  of  rejection,  and 
of  course  the  smallest  ratio  of  accepted  men.     In  the  divisions  of  heiglit  and  nativity, 


84  'I  hi:  chai:t£ — class  ]i_ — occiirATiON. 

the  same  rule  holds  good — the  larger  figures  denoting  the  more  healthy  height  or 
nativity. 

The  second  of  the  two  coluuuis  chosen  for  illustration  shows  the  relation  of  these 
five  conditions  of  life  to  disease  proper  as  a  whole,  and  is  of  far  greater  interest.  It  is 
simply  a  summary  of  Chart  XXIII  placed  in  juxtaposition  with  other  tabular  sum- 
maries for  comparison.  It  shows  by  the  numerals : — that  the  single  men  were  healthier 
than  the  married ;  that  the  men  of  dark  were  healthier  than  those  of  light  complexion  ; 
that  the  youngest  men,  exclusive  of  those  under  suitable  age  or  deformed,  were  health- 
iest ;  and  that  disease  increased  steadily  with  increase  of  age.  The  same  is  true  in 
i-egard  to  height,  except  that  those  under  sixty-one  inches,  as  a  class,  w^ere  not  as  healthy 
as  those  two  and  four  inches  taller.  Of  all  nativities,  the  Indians  of  the  United  States 
were  found  most  healthy,  they  being  affected  l)y  but  few  of  the  diseases  common  among 
civilized  men ;  and  it  may  be  proper  to  note  here  that  the  only  diseases  on  account  of 
which  any  of  them  were  rejected  are  syphilis,  scrofula,  diseases  of  the  eye,  and  chronic 
disease  of  the  bones. 

It  wnll  be  noticed  that  Mexico  furnished  a  greater  ratio  of  rejection  than,  any  other 
country,  followed  next  in  order  by  Germany,  Poland,  Holland,  Spain,  Hungary,  France, 
etc.  As  regards  nativity,  it  will  be  observed  that  in  all  the  charts  the  order  of  aiTange- 
ment  is  in  accordance  with  the  greater  or  less  prevalence  .of  the  disease — the  position 
of  each  nativity  in  the  list  being  determined  by  the  ratio  rejected — and  the  figures  or 
numerals  of  this  table  indicate  the  luimerical  position  of  each  nativity  under  each  disease 
or  class  of  diseases.  Sometliing  remarkable  is  the  close  grouping  and  mean  position  of 
the  natives  of  English-speaking  countries.  In  the  list  of  twenty-four  nativities,  the 
mean  falls,  of  course,  between  12  and  13,  and  we  find  England  represented  by  the 
number  12,  and  the  United  States  (whites)  by  13.  Departing  from  the  mean  on  either 
side,  we  find  Wales  as  number  11,  and  Scotland  as  number  14,  while  Ireland  is  num- 
ber 10.  Thus  these  five  nativities  are  represented  by  the  consecutive  numbers  10,  11, 
12,  13,  and  11.  It  may  be  supposed  that  a  greater  number  of  men  of  these  nativities 
were  examined,  and  that  therefore  they  would  naturally  show  a  mean  ratio  of  rejection, 
because  when  the  nmnber  examined  is  small,  the  rejection  of  but  a  single  man  may 
vary  the  ratio  very  much ;  but  the  number  of  Germans  examined  was  greater  than  the 
number  of  Irishmen,  the  luimber  of  colored  men  exceeded  the  number  of  Enalishmen, 
the  British  Americans'  were  in  excessof  the  Scotchmen;  and  the  Frenchmen,  Norwegians, 
Swiss,  and  Swedes,  in  each  case  outnumbered  the  Welchmen. 

Further  study  of  this  table  will  reveal  many  interesting  features  of  the  preceding 
charts. 

CHARTS    OF    CLASS    II. 

(XXV    TO    XXXIV,    INCLUSIVE.) 

The  charts  of  Class  II,  which  are  intended  to  show  the  relation  of  diseases  to 
occupation,  so  completely  explain  themselves  that  only  a  few  general  remarks,  touching 
the  divisidiis  adopted  and  some  unexpected  indications,  are  necessary.  The  division  of 
all. occupations  into  four  groups  or  classes  is  of  course  a  somewhat  difficult  matter, 

'  ^lll^  liiitisli  AiEicrioaiis  won',  iio:irly  all  of  them,  C  iiiiKliaii-Fi'riicliinrii. 


THE    CHARTS OCCUPATION.  b5 

necessitating,  in  some  instances,  an  arbitrary  assignment  of  an  occupation  to  its  class ; 
but  it  is  belived  that  the  classification  here  adopted,  however  imperfect,  is  preferable  to 
nono,  in  that  it  allows  of  a  comparison  of,  so  to  speak,  the  different  planes  in  the  scale 
of  social  position.  Among  those  occupations  termed  sUUed  will  be  found  "  mechanics," 
while  in  the  same  class  appear  many  of  the  mechanical  trades  specified  as  such.  This 
is  owing  to  the  fact  that  a  few  of  the  examining  surgeons,  in  giving  the  occupation  of 
the  men  examined,  did  not  specify  the  exact  trade,  but  reported  all  men  of  mechanical 
trades  merely  as  mechanics ;  but  it  was  thought  desirable  to  go  by  the  record,  and  to 
keep  the  sum-total. 

The  chart  of  this  class  on  "  Disease,"  (Chart  XXXIV,)  which  includes  all  causes 
of  rejection,  shows  a  steady  and  regular  increase  of  disease  as  we  ascend  the  so-called 
social  scale  from  the  unskilled  laborer,  whose  muscular  system  is  his  reliance,  through 
the  ranks  of  the  skilled  artisans  and  the  dealers  in  merchandise,  to  the  professional  man, 
whose  brain  is  exercised  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  muscular  action.  But  to  guard 
against  hasty  conclusions  from  the  bare  facts  presented,  it  sJiould  be  constantly  borne 
in  mind  that  diseases  may,  in  many  instances,  have  been  contracted  in,  or  developed 
by,  occupations  other  than  those  which  the  men  were  fouiul  following  at  the  time  of 
their  examination.  The  very  large  ratio  of  Avatchmen  rejected  might  lead  to  the  con- 
clusion that  their  occupation  is  a  very  unhealtliful  one ;  but  it  is  iinquestionably  the 
fact  tliat  the  greater  number  of  watchmen  were  men  who  had  become  diseased  or  injured 
in  other  occupations,  and  resorted  to  this  as  the  least  laborious.  So  in  the  consideration 
of  phthisis  pulmonalis,  it  should  be  remembered  that  the  disease  \\v<\.y  have  been  devel- 
oped under  very  different  circumstances  from  those  surrounding  the  man  at  the  time 
of  examination ;  and  it  is  not  strange  that  the  professions,  and  many  of  the  skilled 
occupations,  since  they  do  not  require  very  great  phj^sical  exei'tion,  should  show  a  large 
ratio  of  consumptives,  A\'ho  have  been  either  compelled  to  a  change  of  occupation,  or, 
being  the  weakly  offspring  of  phthisical  parents,  have,  of  necessity,  sought  light  employ- 
ments. These  remarks  apply  with  equal  force  to  many  other  diseases,  and  lead  to  the 
conclusion  that  the  mercantile  and  skilled  occupations,  and  the  professions,  are  not, 
perhaps,  in  reality  the  hot-beds  of  disease  they  are  generally  supposed  to  be,  but  rather 
the  asylums  for  men  already .  affected  or  predisposed  to  disease.  Many  of  the  unskilled 
occupations  demand  a  degree  of  physical  health  and  vigor  not  possessed  by  many 
whose  social  position  would  naturally  force  them  to  follow  such  occupations,  and,  as  a 
consequence,  they  are  compelled  to  endeavor,  at  least,  to  perform  other  labor  requiring 
less  physical  and  a  little  more  mental  activity.  On  this  account,  then,  it  is  far  from  logical 
to  conclude  that  the  unskilled  occupations  are  more  healthful  than  the  others,  because 
it  requires  no  demonstration  to  show  that  their  ranks  must  be  recruited  by  men  already 
healthy.  To  the  man  of  (what  is  called)  perfect  jjhysical  healtli,  whose  ancestors 
always  labored  with  their  hands,  to  the  exclusion  of  their  brains,  there  can  be  little 
doubt  but  that  a  life  of  toil  is  more  healthful  than  one  of  confinement  and  brain-labor ; 
but,  whih'  in  such  cases  the  unskilled  occupations  might  be  regarded  as  most  healthful, 
there  can  be  as  little  doubt  that  they  would  be  destructive  to  the  life  of  very  many, 
•who,  b}'  following  a  trade  or  profession,  husband  their  vital  energy,  and  thereby  pro- 
long their  existence 


gg  TUK    CllAirr.S OCCUIAIION. 

Some  of  the  indications  as  to  tlie  healtbfulness  of  certain  occupations  are  contra- 
dictory of  generally-accepted  views.  As  an  instance,  the  occupations  of  tobacconist 
and  of  liquor-dealer  may  be  cited.  While  it  is  generally  supposed  that  the  use  of 
tobacco  and  spirituous  liquors  is  detrimental  to  the  healthy  action  of  the  digestive  and 
nervous  systems,  the  charts  on  the  diseases  of  those  systems  show  that  men  dealing  in 
the  commodities  named  A^ere  more  healthy  than  the  dealers  in  other  merchandise  ;  in 
fact,  wei-e  healthier  than  the  average  for  all  occupations.  A  dealer  in  tobacco  or  spir- 
ituous liquor  is  not  necessarily  a  smoker  or  a  tippler,  but,  to  "be  able  to  judge  of  the 
quality  of  his  wares,  one  must  at  least  be  a  taster;  and  the  probabilities  are  that  very 
few  indeed  of  the  venders  of  these  articles  confine  themselves  to  mere  tasting.  It  is 
equally  probable  that  manv'  m.en  become  drunkards  as  liquor-dealers,  and,  being  inca- 
pable of  conducting  a  business  profitably,  are  found  in  some  other  occupation.  Thus 
many  cases  of  nervous  diseases  would  be  lost  sight  of,  (in  their  true  relation  ;)  Init  the 
same  woidd  not  be  true  of  diseases  of  the  digestive  system,  nor  could  this  ^supposition 
of  incapacitation  be  applietl  to  tobacconists.  The  diseases  from  which  each  suffered 
were  not  the  same.  Liquor-dealers,  more  than  any  others  of  the  mercantile  class,  were 
found  affected  by  chronic  rheumatism  and  diseases  of  the  cii'culatory  system;  and,  on 
account  of  disease  as  a  whole,  the  i-atio  of  rejection  among  them  exceeded  the  mean. 
Tobacconists,  on  the  other  hand,  were  found  least  affected  by  all  the  before-mentioned 
diseases,  but  most  affected  l)v  svphilis.  The  apparent  immunity  enjoyed  by  liquor- 
dealers  from  paralysis  and  disorders  of  the  intellect,  of  tobacconists  from  chronic  rheu- 
matism and  diseases  of  the  circulatory  system,  and  of  both  from  diseases  of  the  diges- 
tive" system  and  excessive  obesity,  furnishes  an  interesting  subject  for  discussion.  It 
must,  however,  be  borne  in  mind  that  only  such  cases  as  warranted  rejection  are  taken 
into  account. 

The  particular  diseases  by  which  men  following  certain  occupations  were  found 
affected,  when  compared  with  other  diseases  affecting  those  following  certain  other  occu- 
pations, furnish  another  interesting  subject  for  consideration.  All  the  instances  are  too 
nimaerous  to  particularize,  but  the  following  will  serve  to  introduce  the  subject.  Law- 
yers are  shown  to  be  more  subject  to  chronic  rheumatism,  diseases  of  the  nervous  sys- 
tem, (as  a  whole,)  disorders  of  the  intellect,  and  obesity -than  the  men  of  any  other 
profession,  and  to  suffer  more  than  the  average  from  phthisis  pulmonalis,  paralysis,  dis- 
eases of  the  digestive  system,  and  disease  as  a  whole.  Editors  are  shown  to  be,  most 
of  all,  sul)ject  to  phthisis  pulmonalis,  diseases  of  the  circulatory  system,  and  disease  as 
a  whole,  and  more  than  the  average  subject  to  diseases  of  the  digestive  system ;  while 
they  enjoy  nearly  or  quite  entire  immunity  from  cl^'onic  rheumatism,  syphilis,  diseases 
of  the  nervous  system,  paralysis,  disorders  of  the  intellect,  and  obesity.  A  point 
involved  in  the  consideration  of  phthisis  pulmonalis  may  also  be  stated.  It  is  the  com- 
j)aratively  low  ratio  of  musicians  rejected  on  account  of  that  disease.  Students  rank 
next  to  musicians ;  but  as  the  occupation  presupposes  youth  or  early  manhood,  the  indi- 
cation, as  regards  the  effect  of  an  occupation,  is  of  no  value,  for  in  young  men  phthisis 
is  usually  undeveloped  Leaving  students  out  of  the  question,  then,  the  chart  shows 
a  remorkal)le  falling-off  in  the  ratio  from  the  other  professions  to  rnusicians  ;  and  this 
freedom  from  the  dise;ise  may  be  accounted  for  by  either  of  two  hypotheses,  which 


THIC    CHARTS CLASS    III LOCALITY.  87 

respectively  represent  cause  and  effect.  The  first  is  a  supposition  that,  as  the  majority 
of  musicians  play  upon  wind-instruments,  either  habitually  or  frequently,  the  action  of 
the  lungs  imder  pressure  prevents  the  establishment  of  phthisis  :  (1)  by  developing-  the 
pectoral  muscles ;  (2)  by  keeping-  in  action  and  open  to  the  air  all  the  air-cells ;  and 
(3)  by  g■i^'ing  tone,  so  to  speak,  to  the  lung'-tissue.  .  The  second  hypothesis  is  the  con- 
verse of  the  first,  and  is  that  only  such  men  as  possess  sound  lungs  by  inheritance  are 
ever  capable  of  attaining  sufficient  excellence  as  performers  to  become  professional 
Hiusicians.  This  reasoning  does  not,  nor  is  it  intended  to,  apply  ^o  other  than  musi- 
cians who  play  upon  ■wind-instruments ;  but  as  such  largely  predominate  among  musi- 
cians, an  effect,  as  described  in  the  first  supposition,  upon  them,  woidd  be  an  effect 
upon  the  ratio  rejected  from  among  all.  In  the  absence  of  statistics  upon  the  i)omt, 
it  is  impossible  to  say  whether  or  not  the  musicians  rejected  were  mainly  of  those  who 
play  upon  other  than  wind-instruments.  The  spirometer  has  shown  that  army-buglers 
have  great  capacity  of  lungs  ;  but  the  same  difficulty  again  arises  as  to  wdiether  the 
effect  of  using  the  lungs  under  pressure  and  resistance  is  promotive  of,  not  capacity,  but 
healthy  action. 

So  through  all  the  charts  various  and  almost  numberless  questions  present  them- 
selves, and  they  will  doubtless  be  discussed  by  others  more  capable  than  the  compiler 
of  this  report. 

CHARTS   OF    CLASS   III. 

(XXXV    TO    LVIII,    INCLUSIVE.) 

These  charts  are  intended  to  show,  by  States,  the  relation  of  Locality  to  Disease. 
Table  22,  from  which  they  are  derived,  gives  in  detail,  though  in  a  less  concise  man- 
ner, each  particular  disease  on  account  of  wdiich  drafted  men  were  found  inifit  for 
military  service,  as  well  as  the  ratio  rejected  in  each  congressional  or  enrollment  dis- 
trict 

It  is  evident  that  a  thorough  and  complete  discussion  of  the  subject  involves  a  no 
less  thorough  and  complete  consideration  of  the  varied  circumstances  of  climate  and 
the  geological  characteristics  of  each  State — in  short,  a  minute  statement  of  the  physical 
geography  of  the  whole  territory  in  which  examinations  were  made ;  but  as  this 
report  must,  from  its  very  nature,  be  confined  as  closely  as  practicable  to  the  statistical 
matter  in  hand,  no  extended  discussion,  however  interesting  it  might  prove,  will  be 
attempted. 

As  is  the  case  generally  with  the  charts,  the  facts  are  so  plainly  indicated  that  it 
would  seem  superfluous  to  call  attention  to  them ;  but  a  few  may  be  pointed  out,  and 
some  modifying-  circumstances  mentioned.  As  will  be  seen,  the  names  of  the  States 
are  arranged  in  the  different  charts  with  reference  to  the  magnitiule  of  the  ratio  of  re- 
jection ;  that  of  the  State  in  wliich  it  was  greatest  being  placed  first  in  the  list,  and  the 
position  of  the  others  determined  by  the  magnitude  of  their  respective  ratios. 

Phthisis  puhnonalis,  on  account  of  its  general  prevalence  and  great  importance, 
is  presented  in  Chart  XXXVII,  with  additional  divisions  of  the  territorial  area  em- 
braced in  the  States  from  which  the  statistics  are  drawn  ;  and  the  following  table  of  the 
average  altitude  of  the  different  States,  kindly  funiislierl  by  Dr.  J.  i\r.  Toner,  ex-presi- 


88 


TllK    CHARTS LOCALITY. 


dent  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  will  materially  aid  the  reader  in  studying 
the  relation  between  disease  and  locality ;  that  is,  the  effect  upon  the  human  organism, 
of  its  physical  "  environment." 

Table  showing  mean  altitude  of  the  different  States  from  which  the  statistical  matter  of  the  charts  of 

Class  III  was  drawn. 


States. 


Mitiiiesota 

West  Virginia  .. 

Iowa 

Wiscousiu 

New  York 

Missouri 

Mifbigan 

Peiiiisvlvania  .. 

Oliio  ." 

Iiuliaua. 

New  Hanipsbire 


5  S  > 


100 

o.-o 

ilOU 
850 
800 
800 
800 
7,')0 
700 
075 
025 


States. 


Illinois 

Vcnuont 

Keutiicky 

Massacliusetts 

Maine 

Maryland 

Connecticut 

New  Jersey 

Rliodc  Island 

District  of  Columbia 
Delaware 


*0  c3  © 


f525 

(iOO 
000 
400 
:575 

a75 

300 
200 
125 
115 
100 


In  explanation  of  the  divisions  adopted  in  the  chart  on  phthisis  puhnoualis,  it  is 
proper  to  state  that  West  Virginia  is  inchided  in  the  Western  States,  and  that  the  other 
divisions  were  determined  by  considering  the  several  States  that  belonged,  a  part  in 
one  and  a  part  in  another  division,  (as  for  example  Pennsylvania,)  merely  as  groups 
of  congressional  or  enrollment  districts,  which  could,  with  considerable  exactness,  be 
assigned  each  its  proper  place,  as  East  of  Range,  On  Range,  West  of  Range,  Seashore, 
Inland,  etc. 

The  greater  prevalence  of  pulmonary  consumption  in  the  Eastern  States,  whether 
it  be  referable  to  climate,  geological  formation,  occupation,  emigration,  immigration, 
altitude,  nutrition,  or  miasmatic  influences,  is  clearly  indicated,  and  the  indication  is 
sustained  by  concurrent  testimony. 

The  subject  of  hernia,  which  is  particularly  of  interest  to  the  surgeon,  is  shown  in 
its  relation  to  locality  in  Chart  XL.  As  in  the  other  charts  of  this  class,  the  501,002 
men,  on  the  examination  of  whom  these  locality-statistics  are  based,  were  all  drafted 
men ;  that  is,  were  taken  by  lot  from  among  all  whose  names  appeared  upon  the 
enrollment-lists,  and  therefore  they  may  be  supposed  to  fairly  represent  the  masses. 
The  ratio  of  rejection  on  account  of  hernia,  in  the  several  States,  as  will  be  seen,  varied 
to  a  remarkable  extent ;  and  hei-e  again,  as  in  phthisis  pulmonalis,  a  most  exhaustive 
treatment  of  the  various  circumstances  of  surroundings,  as  also  of  inheritance,  would 
be  necessary  in  order  to  deduce  a  satisfactory  theory  of  the  causes,  immediate  and 
remote,  of  hernia.  As  coming  within  the  province  of  this  repoiit,  one  disturbing  element 
may  be  pointed  out:  When,  during  the  progress  of  the  late  civil  war,  a  "call"  was 
made  l)y  the  President  for  more  men  to  recruit  the  armies  in  the  field,  the  proportion, 
or  ((uota,  that  was  erpiitably  due  from  each  district  was  dependent  upon,  and  deter- 
mined by,  the  number  of  men  enrolled  ii"i  such  district  relatively  to  the  total  number 
(enrolled  in  all  tlic  districts.  It  was,  liowever,  allowable  for  l)oards  of  enrollment  to 
strike  from  the  lists  the  names  of  men  who  were  manifestly   incapacitated  for  military 


THE    CHARTS LOCALITY — HERNIA. 


89 


service.  The  existence  of  a  hernia  is  so  easily  proved  that,  no  doubt,  in  many  dis- 
trict:^ where  the  eifect  of  reducing-  the  number  of  names  on  the  enrolhnent-hsts  was 
fully  understood,  the  local  authorities,  or  even  interested  private  individuals,  caused 
the  names  of  enrolled  men  who  were  manifestly  disabled,  especially  by  reason  of  her- 
nia, to  be  stricken  from  the  lists,  which,  being  thus  reduced  as  to  numbers,  would  war- 
rant the  assignment  of  a  smaller  quota  of  the  men  called  for,  to  be  drafted  in  such 
districts.  This  will,  to  a  certain  but  indeterminate  degree,  account  for  the  great  dif- 
ference of  the  ratio  of  rejection  on  account  of  hernia  in  the  different  States.  A  state- 
ment of  the  relative  prevalence  of  the  dift'ei-ent  kinds  of  hernia  will  be  found  in  the 
comments  on  Chart  XIV. 

As  shown  in  this  chart,  the  millesimal  ratio  rejected  from  the  501,002  drafted 
men — which  is,  of  course,  the  mean  ratio  for  all  the  States — was  31.631.  This  is  so 
nearly  the  same  as  that  in  the  case  of  the  conscripts  of  all  France  for  three  years,  and 
of  the  department  of  the  Seine  for  a  period  of  eleven  years — which  was,  for  the  former 
31.200,  and  for  the  latter  31.5^00 — that  it  is  Avorthy  of  notice.  Mr.  Henry  Marshall,  in  his 
work  "  On  the  Enlisting-,  Discharging,  and  Pensioning  of  Soldiers,  etc.,"  in  commenting 
upon  these  ratios  of  rejection  in  France,  says:  "The  similarity  of  the  statistical  results 
on  this  subject  among  the  conscripts  of  all  France  for  three  years  and  among  the 
conscripts  of  tlie  department  of  the  Seine  for  the  period  of  eleven  years  is  very  remark- 
able." Mr.  Marshall  gives  the  ratio  of  i-ejection  on  account  of  hernia  among  the 
recruits  enlisted  in  the  Dublin  district,  the  North  British  district,  and  in  the  German 
Legion ;  showing  for  the  tirst  a  ratio  of  liJ.OOO,  for  the  second  7.100,  and  for  the  third 
9.C00.  But  these  tigures  are  of  no  consequence  in  a  discussion  of  the  physical  apti- 
tude of  a  nation  for  military  service ;  for,  as  has  been  pointed  out  in  the  introduction 
to  the  tables,  in  time  of  peace,  or  at  any  other  time  when  no  great  inducements  to 
enlistment  in  the  form  of  bounties  are  offered,  men  with  hernia  will  not  present  them- 
selves. During  the  War  of  the  Rebellion,  however,  such  large  bounties  were  offered 
that  multitudes  of  men,  tempted  thereby,  presented  themselves  as  volunteers  or  as 
substitutes,  with  the  hope  that  they  might  be  able  to  conceal  a  hernia  or  other  defect 
until  after  the  bounty  should  have  been  paid  to  them.  Owing  to  this,  the  ratio  of  rejec- 
tion among  volunteers  and  substitutes,  as  may  readily  be  believed,  actually  exceeded 
tliat  among  drafted  men.  The  table  given  by  Mr.  Marshall  is  here  copied,  and  to  it 
are  added  the  results  obtained  from  the  records  of  this  office. 


station,  etc. 


Dublin  district 

Nortli  British  district 

German  Legion 

Franco  

Department  of  the  Seine 

United  States,  (volunteers,  etc.) 
United  Stales,  (drjiited  men) . . . 

J 

12 


a 

•A 

9 

>    . 

ZJ 

2  ^ 

-=■= 

a  S 

a  5 

^.H 

2-2 

■c  a 

C3 

2.2 

"3 

s. 

t4     ♦^ 

a> 

o 

P^ 

H 

14,013 

27} 

59,111 

(i 

9,  a.'is 

2,  :{75 

Vi 

40,  m-i 



■J 

1-26, 6G9 

46,  (i69 

11 

26, OSS 

11, 14S 

2 

501,068 

162,  H20 

2 

501,002 

141,688 

CO    =5 


4J    ZL 


1, 184 

69 

:i65 

3,948 

834 

S-2, 285 

15, 847 


o  o    . 

•lag 
rt  o  oj 

'18  9 


19. 000 
7.100 
9.  000 
31. 200 
31.900 
44.475 
31.C31 


I 


90 


THK    CHARTS — LOCALITY. 


The  remarkable  similarity  of  the  results  in  France  and  the  United  States  among 
conscripts,  (drafted  men,)  and  the  no  less  singular  dissimilarity  as  regards  volunteers, 
are  the  salient  features  of  the  table ;  and  they  are  explicable  only  by  the  similarity 
and  dissimilarity  of  the  circumstances  attending  the  conscription  on  the  one  hand  and 
the  recruitment  by  voluntary  enlistments  on  the  other. 

Charts  XLII  and  XLIII,  on  diseases  of  the  eye  and  the  ear,  respectivelj^,  though 
they  require  no  special  explanation,  will  be  found  interesting. 

Diseases  of  the  respiratory  system,  as  shown  by  Chart  XLIV,  were  found  most  in 
States  bordering  extensi-v^ely  uj^on  the  ocean  or  the  great  lakes,  except, as  regards  New 
Jersey  and  possibly  Minnesota.  This,  however,  may  be  merely  coincident  and  not 
prove  a  correlation;  but  it  is  nevertheless  suggestive. 

The  most  prolific  cause  of  rejection — "  Diseases  of  the  digestive  system" — is 
treated  of  in  Chart  XLV.  It  must,  however,  be  remembered  that  in  this  class  are 
included  other  than  those  diseases  commonly  so  called,  namely,  diseases  and  injuries 
of  the  jaw,  loss  of  teeth,  loss  of  tongue,  cleft  palate,  salivary  fistula,  hernia,  and 
diseases  of  the  rectum  and  anus.  Exclusive  of  these,  and  solely  on  account  of  acute 
and  chronic  diseases  of  the  stomach,  the  liver,  and  the  spleen,  the  ratios  rejected  in  the 
several  States  were  as  follows : 

Ratio  of  r^ection  on  account  of  diseases  of  the  stomach,  the  liver,  and  the  spleen. 


States. 


Maine   

Massachusetts  .. 

Michigan 

New  Hampshire 

New  York 

RUortc  Island  .  . 

Connecticut 

Pennsylvania  - . 

Vermont 

Wisconsin 

Delaware 


I" 


6.982 
4.041 
4.023 
3.196 
2. 772 
L964 
1.724 
1.464 
1.384 
1.3G7 
.943 


States. 


Maryland 

District  of  Columbia 

New  Jersey 

West  Virginia 

Kentucky 

Missouri 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Iowa 

Minnesota 


C3     . 


.354 
.144 

.000 
.000 

.oco 

.000 
.000 
.000 
.000 
.000 
.000 


Chart  XLVI  treats  of  the  diseases  of  the  circuhitoiy  system.  This  class  of  diseases, 
unlike  the  preceding  one,  is  made  up  solely  of  tliosc  which  are  indicated  by  tlie 
designation,  namely,  acute  disease  of  the  heart,  chronic  disease  of  the  heart,  aneurism, 
and 'varicose  veins.  The  proportion  of  each  varies  in  the  different  States:',  as  will  be 
seen  by  reference  to  Table  22.  The  ratio  of  rejections  for  all  the  States  is  made  up  as 
follows  : 

Acute  disease  of  heart .597 

Chronic  disease  of  heart 8  .627 

Aneurism .190 

Varicose  veins 8  .273 

Total. 17-r;87 


THE    CHARTS LOCALITY.  91 

A  careful  comparison  of  the  above  ratios  in  relation  to  those  of  the  different  States, 
as  well  as  the  relative  ratio  of  rejection  in  each  on  account  of  each  disease,  will  be 
found  to  be  interesting.  The  relation  of  diseases  of  the  urinar}^  and  generative  systems 
to  locality  is  shown  in  Charts  XLVIII  and  XLIX.  For  the  benefit  of  the  non-pro- 
fussional  reader,  it  may  be  stated  that  neither  syphilis  nor  gonorrhoea  are  included ;  the 
former  being  classed  among  "  Grenei'al  diseases,"  and  the  latter  being  no  cause  for 
exemption. 

Of  the  diseases  of  the  cellular  tissue,  the  only  one  found  among  ch-afted  men 
which  would  exempt  was  obesity ;  and  this,  as  shown  by  Chart  L,  was  met  with  mostl}^ 
among  the  men  drafted  in  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States. 

Diseases  of  the  cutaneous  system,  consisting  of  cutaneous  contractions,  diseases  of 
the  skin,  and  ulcers,  are  shown  by  Chart  LI,  in  contrast  with  obesity,  to  have  been 
met  with  anion"-  drafted  men  in  the  Western  States  to  a  ffreater  extent;  although 
Delaware,  Massachusetts,  Maryland,  and  the  District  of  Columbia  stand  fifth,  sixth, 
seventh,  and  eighth  respectively  in  the  list  of  twenty -two.  This  last  could  be  accounted 
for  by  the  general  belief  that  colored  men  are  particularly  susceptible,  or  at  least  sub- 
ject, to  these  diseases,  but  a  reference  to  Chart  XIX  will  show  that  such  belief  h 
without  foundation,  for,  while  they  are  to  a  small  extent  more  aifected  by  them  than 
American-born  white  men,  they  are  very  much  less  affected  than  a  majority  of  the 
foreign-born  citizens.  The  contrast  in  the  positions  occupied  by  Illinois,  Missouri, 
Minnesota,  and  Indiana  in  the  two  charts  is  noticeable. 

Chart  LVI  shows  the  ratio  of  rejection  in  the  several  States  for  all  causes  on 
account  of  which  drafted  men  were  exempted ;  but,  as  many  rejections  Avere  on  account 
of  conditions  not  necessarily  associated  with  disease.  Chart  LVII,  from  which  are 
excluded  the  rejections  on  account  of  these  -"  conditions,"  and  which  treats  of  disease 
proper,  has  been  prepared.  While  the  former  may  be  said  to  more  truly  show  the 
military  aptitude  of  the  nation  and  of  each  individual  State,  and  hence  to  be  of  more 
political  value,  the  latter  has  more  of  interest  for  the  anthropologist  and  the  medical 
profession  generally.  In  the  belief  that  these  charts,  especially  when  reference  is  had 
to  Tables  21  and  22,  will  be  entirely  intelligible,  they  are  submitted  without  remarks, 
which  could  only  call  attention,  perhaps  invidiously,  to  that  which  is  already  apparent. 
In  a  general  way,  however,  it  may  be  stated  that  throughout  all  the  charts  of  Class  III, 
West  Virginia  and  New  Jersey  will  be  found,  to  have  furnished  the  minimum  of 
unhealthy  men ;  and  that  the  District  of  Columbia  is  shown  to  be,  though  in  a  less 
marked  degree,  an  exceptionally  healthful  locality.  The  Middle  States,  except  New 
Jersey  and  Delaware,  and  all  the  Elastern  States,  with  the  addition  of  Missouri  and 
Minnesota,  show  ratios  of  rejection  above  the  mean, — Maine  and  Massachusetts  heading 
the  list. 

Chart  LVIII  may  perhaps  more  properly  be  considered  a  table.  It  is  intended 
to  be  an  epitomized  general  summary  of  the  preceding  charts  of  Class  III,  and  to  show 
the  relative  prevalence  of  the  different  classes  of  diseases  in  the  several  States,  by 
representing  the  degree  of  prevalence  by  the  numerals  that  in  each  chart  pi-ecede  the 
names  of  the  States  ;  or,  in  other  words,  the  numerical  position  of  each  State  in  each 
chart,  is  i-epresented  by  the  designating  muneral  placed  in  the  angle,  or  rather  the  square 


92  THE    CHARTS LOCALITY CLASS    }V. 

under  thename  of  each  disease,  and  to  the  right  hand  of  the  name  of  each  State.  The 
scale  of  diseases  shows  that  the  class  which  caused  the  greatest  number  of  rejections 
was  diseases  of  the  digestive  system,  (numbered  1 ;)  the  fewest  being  caused  by  diseases 
of  the  cellular  tissue,  (numbered  14.)  Between  these  extremes  the  otlier  classes  of 
diseases  are  numbered  upon  the  same  principle.  As  an  example  of  the  use  of  this  chart 
or  table,  let  us  see  how  the  State  of  New  York  stood,  relatively  to  the  other  States, 
in  regard  to  rejections  on  account  of  diseases  of  the  circulatory  system.  In  the  column 
allotted  to  this  class  of  diseases,  and  on  a  line  with  the  name  of  the  State,  we  find  the 
figure  5,  which  indicates  that  in  Chart  XLVI,  where  the  list  of  States  is  arransred  in 
the  order  of  the  greater  or  less  prevalence  of  these  diseases.  New  York  stands  fifth — 
four  of  the  States  showing  a  greater  ratio  of  rejection,  and  seventeen  a  less.  Following 
up  and  down  this  column, we  can  ascertain  what  States  had  more,  or  less,  of  these  diseases 
than  New  York,  because  any  number  smaller  than  5  will  be  opposite  the  name  of  a 
State  more  affected,  and  all  numbers  larger  than  f^  will  denote  the  contrary.  At  the 
foot  of  this  same  column,  and  opposite  "  Scale  of  Diseases,"  we  find  the  figure  9,  which, 
as  before  explained,  shows,  in  a  scale  of  1  to  14,  the  prevalence  of  the  disease  relatively 
to  other  diseases.  A  little  study  of  this  chart  will  enable  the  reader  to  obtain  with  little 
trouble  many  facts  of  much  interest. 

Class  IV  consists  of  only  two  charts,  and  they  do  not  illustrate  disease,  but  the 
relations  of  nativity  and  age  to  height,  (Chart  LIX,)  and  to  girth  of  chest,  (Chart  LX.) 
As  the  subjects  of  height  and  girth  of  chest  have  been  fully  discussed  in  the  pre- 
ceding part  of  this  volume,  comment  upon  these  charts  becomes  unnecessary  ;'  but  the 
attention  of  the  reader  is  particularly  directed  to  them  as  of  very  great  interest  etlmo- 
logically  considered. 

In  conclusion,  it  may  be  said  that  not  only  those  charts  which  have  been  specially 
commented  upon,  but  also  all  the  others  showing  the  relation  of  various  diseases  to  the 
various  circumstances  of  life,  abound  in  suggestive  indications,  which,  being  presented 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  understood  at  a  glance,  will,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  lead  to  dis- 
cussions that  .shall  eventuate  in  the  advancement  of  knowledge  upon  the  subjects  of 
causation  and  cure  of  maladies  that  now  bafiSe  all  our  skill.  Should  they,  however, 
cast  no  immediate  positive  light  upon  the  problems,  they  may  nevertheless  serve  to  over- 
throw false  theories  that  now  block  the  way  to  advancement,  and  thus,  in  an  indirect 
and  a  negative  manner,  lead  to  good  results. 

'  See  ante,  pp.  14-50. 


T  PI  E      MAPS 


Following  the  charts  will  be  found  eleven  maps,  ten  of  which  show,  by  gradation 
of  color  or  varying  intensity  of  tint,  approximately,  the  prevalence  of  certain  diseases 
throughout  that  part  of  the  United  States  wherein  the  draft  was  enforced.  The  charts 
of  Class  III  cover  the  same  territorial  area  subdivided  into  States  only,  while  the  maps 
show  each  congressional  or  enrollment  district. 

The  maps  are  designated  as  "  Plate  I,"  "  Plate  II,"  and  so  forth,  and  each  has  its 
particular  color-scale,  whereby  the  approximate  ratio  of  exemption  may  readily  be 
determined  ;  but,  without  the  use  of  the  scale,  the  prevalence  of  a  disease  in  one  district 
or  section,  relatively  to  any  other,  is  seen  at  a  glance. 

Plate  I,  (devoted  entirely  to  the  deiinition  of  the  enrollment-districts  as  they 
existed  in  1863-'64,)  in  which  each  district  bears  its  designating  number,  has  an  im- 
portant connection,  not  only  with  the  other  plates,  but  with  some  of  the  tables  of  Vol. 
II  as  well,  especially  Tables  21,  22,  and  23.  .  It  will  also  aid  the  reader  materially 
in  understanding  much  of  that  portion  of  the  work  devoted  to  the  final  reports  of  the 
surgeons  of  the  boards  of  enrollment. 

It  was,  of  course,  found  impracticable  to  show  upon  so  small  a  scale  the  bound- 
aries of  such  districts  as  lie  wholly  within  the  hmits  of  cities ;  but  a  remedy  for  this 
defect  will  be  found  in  the  complete  definition,  of  such  districts,  printed  upon  the  map. 
The  subject  of  the  relations  existing  between  disease,  or  certain  diseases,  and  what 
may  be  comprehensively  termed  locality,  has  already  been  treated  of  in  the  comments 
and  remarks  upon  the  charts  of  Class  III,  and  need  not  be  reverted  to  ;  and,  upon  the 
indications  of  these  tinted  maps,  very  little  can  be  said  to  make  them  more  hitelligible 
to  the  reader.  It  may,  however,  be  remarked  that  in  their  preparation  one  object  was 
kept  steadily  in  view,  namely,  that  of  presenting  an  illustration  which,  as  nearly  as 
possible,  should  be  complete  in  itself,  and  not  wholly  unintelligible,  except  in  con- 
nection with  the  letter-press  of  the  work — hence  the  various  explanatory  notes  and  the 
concise  statement  contained  in  the  title  :  Congressional  Districts.     Drafted  Men. 

For  a  statement  of  the  exact  ratios,  (the  plan  of  the  maps  admitting  of  approxima- 
tions only,)  the  reader  is  referred  to  Table  22,  (Vol.  II.)  The  number  of  examinations 
is  the  same  in  each  case,  namely,  501,002.  ^^^ 


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ivy,  2  6' 7 

f 

6 

J/ii.vsni'Ji  It  sftta 

:i  Gliliii 

:'6-.7tf« 

1            1 

7 
8 

Di'lnwiirL- 

113  111 

2-1.8  3  !l 

.VeMlorJc 

ss^ie 

24.3  311 

!  1 

9 
10 

Tn/ii/iru{ 

2.9  2  73 

13,f)tlH    ' 

HJinuis 

IHIIG 

!i 

11 

Ohio 

.17  700 

23.2  tt.T 

1 

12 

Ti-rinont 

-114 

22.U41 

1 

13 

3'/'i  1  •J/iif/ip.sfi/iy 

101113 

22.3  71 

1 

H 

Pi-Tiri.vv/iiifiift 

112SBS 

21.112-                                                                                                              1 

15 

DiM  of  Colianhi/i 

H9:^t 

la.oBii                                                                       1 

IH 

linva 

KBtH 

IK.994   '.                                                                                       j 

1- 

f'ojincrti^vit 

11  Ol  7 

l.i.24.'/    ,                                                                               1 

IB 

Jlf.fi-ori  xi/i 

2104S 

i:i. 11.13 

A 

TJ 

37'M',/^v.v^i' 

1S3HS 

31.697    ■                                                              1 

20 
21 

Mr/i/i/i/ii 

111-19 

11.249                                                               j 

Rhijili'  Ishniil 

■IU12 

«-»■■ ;                   1 

22 

Wrst  TiT'i/iniii 

7  6V 

.7.23  0 

1 

|!=J 

' 

Diseases  of nhe  Nervous  System 

///    t/iriJ-7r7ritfa/i     to  L />,vf/i fy :.s/io\i  uu/  ////'  /////// /irr  r.\r///i//iff/  ruu/  t/u 
Tnfio  rr/cr/r//  jfr/'/OOO r.\-ai/nnrr/. 


>fi<ntjm7\ 


//a...-<II7. 


t/u,,ixnm 


riilliisis  Pnliiioiiiilis 

///    i/.s-  /r//f/fo//  to  Lor(f/H\;.s/i()tyi7if/  t/ir  ii  u  r/i  //tf  i>/'J)f/f /'f  r(/  nn/i  /'.{ai/n/irt/ , 
///I//  f/ir  nnf/r.'^uii/t/  r/ififj  //'//'{'/rff. 


— 

Slliirs 

Xii-irOii-'i-| 

Ratio 

-,                  II)                 in                 -ill                '2.7 

..     1 

11 

r-                 1                    1                    1 

1                                              1 

JH  Stttff.y 

1  ■■■     .  .  lte{7//y//W////!^/y-«y/^^^ 

1     ^fimif 

10*7!)'      ■J'i.'l'i::                                                                                                                 j 

,,„J 

■I     3'^>i'  'ifttlf                   \ 

.y  .5.5  76''      30.1I1                                                                                                                \ 

J 

( 

i 
1 

;i 

liniifftifiit 

ilun 

2IJ':H:i                                                                                                                            i                                               1 

4 

^/itylftufl 

JU^-III 

'                                           1 

- 

Mn  xsnf7iii  spU  s 

:itirt/in       •'UMiio                                                                                                1 

1 

« 

Venitont 

722/ 

i                             ] 

7 

H?n>/if  Is/ond 

■liil-i 

i                             1 

K 
1) 

MtA:noi/ii 

fl.J7'; 

^•'•■'^"    i                                                                                                                       ^                          1 

Pfunsvlrmiin 

ll-lllHU 

-'•«■•/"•'    ■                                                                                                      ., i 

U) 

3  J- 1  y/J/nnfisfn'Ty              i  o  oi  .1 1 

n-x--  '                                                            J 

11 

OTi/o 

.-;  7  -  oo 

1 4- III  :                                                                              1 

Vi 

DrJfinrnr' 

e:i  in 

14.14:t 

l:i  \JiifUrin/i 

■>:)2T!> 

1:1:1.1 

14 

E?-7i/fif7,\v 

Itio-tii 

1 2.1211 

! 

ir. 

Dixl  fit' OilniiiTtifi 

u.'>.14 

1  ii:4i! 

J 

ir. 

THhims 

1U2  2H 

11.42(1   : 

17 

ifiruiff'it-fi                        «4H!) 

11.2.-.<i  \                                                          1 

18 

lown                                    Hiiifi 

^"■■'-'  \                        A 

111 

Mifti  1  ifnn                        Til  -u 

^.tl'/i:  ■ 

i" 

Wfxi-oH  ■>' '"                                 21H-tJ 

"■'''■    i                                           1-' 

^1 

Xryy.frfATy                         i.ianu 

in:'  \ 1 

'i'i. 

Wi-sf  TTre/in  ///                       7  6V 

i.:ioa 

§A 

Ill  //s /■/■/////////  /o  //ir  Sfu/ic  Sffih.v  III  //nif  //irrr  I'/J/li /iio/i    JJl  \  1  \iijII  s. 

1 

1 

/; 

'f/Atfrn  Stall. V 

HUIH.^ 

2  7^77 

I           „  1 

.l/uf,f/,- 

■1.14fl-lU 

22.!i:il 

;    -M 

ll'f:v///7l 

l.nitJH 

12.77  H 

1 

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//I  ifs  /r/ii/ia/i  to  f/i/- yf/nii'   'frnif^orii/f   il/r/t   \iif/l   //ir  .l//rf////'//ir 
/i//?if/r  /hi'  ir.s-  fy'/U/n/  JJni  .sion. 

1    ■ 

\ 

Sii.'t-f  of  Jifnif/i- 

1/17771/ 

'jfj.-'iji; 

lhi  /'fin.i/r 

lOUJUT 

\  fl'r.v/  o/' flfnif/r 

'J2^Hll> 

iJ.772 

1 

I 

1 

[ 

///  /fs  /I'/ri/io/i    /o /'/lysira    ^^■of//Y//^/i iivi/ JJn/ s/o/i y. 

1 

. 

'i-/i  .>•///■//■/' 

IJTSil 

27.^^^ ' ' ■    '    -s/msm^m 

/ii/iirit/ 

37HH'I4 

i!).4r,.-.\                                                                        1 

fjti/rc    .i/io7'f 

\      >.:H42 

1       76-..7.77                                                                                            1 

Vis.si  .v.s-i/>fii 

\     :i  70.y.; 

i:t.  11.70 

1 

_ 

J 

\ 

In   lis  ir/nfion     fo  Lorf/frfy  .s/ifHtifu/  t/tr  jnuii/jf-r  r\ri/iii  iirr/,  fuuf 
Itftio  fr/rr/r//  /i/'r JOfJO r.yti//i i/u't/ . 


''/I'lir  xxrrm. 


States. 

Xmubep    liHtio 

\ 1 ; — 1 r-=F — 

2                                       3 

T 1 r- 1 1 1 1 

1=-      T^      -^ 

— ] 

1 : ^ 

'   -   1 — 1 — -1— — '      '    ■ 

y///  StMi^^- 

.j/',;./«'«2 

z.e6-.; 

.:•.■///■.  •/.  ,/./'/  ':////,  ■'///////,.'/////'/.':'.  7//./:7/.',7//A'///  ,  /i 

1 

Miiiyltiii^T 

/6-fll'O 

.5.«/-/  ij                                                                             j 

, -^M 

2 

/Vf'iy  Rftniffshinr 

20«73 

2.397  i[                                                                             ; 

,        1 

:i      A'r/ifJ/r/iX 

J6'028 

2.227  j, 

1 

■1      .V/'M*  15//* 

S.-o7ff 

2-/^-7/   ' 

J 

5  '  .VftJfsarJni.frtts 

36-aaO 

'J.oo  7  '■ 

_J 

li  1  Miiirn- 

20-/7S 

■7.7.r«j.                          ..; 

J 

7      f'i>inif,rti/3tt 

lion 

ib':i-t  i 

H   1  «A*« 

311 OO        I.IJIH   ' 

J 

'.(  i  rmfiniin 

2a27S 

I.S71  ; 

lO 

.yix.'snlin' 

S.T76' 

l.JlGi                                                                            1 

11 

I'riili  Mvliiitiia 

i7  26Sfi 

^•'"'';                   J 

l-j  j  H/loili-  l.tlflllll 

4013 

W73  ;                                                  J 

]:i    "J-.*-/  riir/irtia 

1G4 

lMo9i                                                                   1 

11  ^  \'rfiiio1il 

Ti-i4'^      1.2-lli\                                                          1 

ITi    Mintir.viitil 

5--/a9J     Z-2.-/3  1                                          1 

III '  Mirhitiiiii 

7277S 

7.2.2  ;                                 1 

n    //.iiiv/ 

cave 

7.7/7.9  1;                                                        J 

IK    .l>-«'//"/w/-r 

2  jsae 

IJ'iS  ■> 

1 1;>    /Jrhiii'fiff 

6'3«2  1       7J<*<( 

\ 

•JO   h't'sron sin 

11!)-t.l\        1.UU4 

1                     .: 

'i\    niiiiiii  s 

HJIl-Hl          .11-J  i                                       j 

■2l\  lh.\-l.nl'('i>lnnihi<i 

e.«o/ 1      .-/.V7 1' 

(■/„ 


'///.  I'/un^  A'A'sn: 

IllSUIlilN' 

///    its  ri'f/i(/f>n     lo  Lf)ri-//tf\:s/ifjirinf/  t/ir  inifiifi/'7'  /'.\r/fni//rr/.fi/ir/  f///- 
I  afio  r  y '// V  //y/  p/'t  •  JOao  rj -01/11/1  rd. 


StJili'S.                  1 

NiimhcT* 

Knlio 

^                                  1                                 '1 

1 

t^xnuiuuil  r*^*»neu 

1 

1 

1 

1  AH  Sftitfx 

SUlOO'i 

7.3«-.7| 

\ 

1 

1  !  \i  \i  Hmii/m/iiif 

lOOIS 

3.SOS\\ 

2      /thtiili  /.ihlllil 

•1012 

"^'"'i 

.    .     1                                  .1                        il 

s  \^J/iiiiii- 

■i  0-119 

1.441 

i 

Miissiiihiisfltx 

36.-S80 

1.1  an 

i 

5 

f'umm-liriit 

lion 

I.O8B  ; 

G      .Vut/tf.vof/t 

etno 

2.003 

7    /u-ntiirl,y 

mintt 

l.iio-'i ; 

1 

B  i  Mtitylmifl 

1  <iH2U 

l.ll-l  ■ 

*)    .ffi/'hif/rm 

nno 

1.4111  1 

loi  ^^.v/  li'ir/i/ii/i 

im 

i.:>o;i 

,1 

—1 

11  j  ///i/iai.y 

iai20 

linn 

12    .l/*M'  )«/T^* 

a.tsiG 

1.1.1.7: 

i  i:{ 

H't  sroli^ili 

1194.1 

'     lino': 

M 

Ohio 

:n  100      i.i.'H' 

1 

13 

Xi'il./rr.'^ri- 

ln3HU         I.IHoX 

1 

lli 

/'rilli.tvlfiiniil 

ll'l  liSli 

ruL-j^ 

—J    , 

n 

Vriliiiml 

1114 

■•>ij:>  ■■ 

ZJ 

IK 

/iiiliiiini 

•Mlltt 

..'i.lfj 

p 

10 

tiny  It 

08411 

.l:io 

20  /^i.v/  o/'f  'ti/iintltiti 

a»S4 

.4:n\                1 

i 

1 J 1   .  yissiitfrt 

aZllj 

.:>.7i 

■l-i.   /Mil nil tf 

VOlJl 

.1.11 

..         1 1 

- 

'■ 

r/n.s-.-m. 


'7i,irf  JZ. 


Hoiuin 


In   Its  Tf'fatifjn     to  Lorrf/tty :.s/ifjtriHf/  ////'  jn/niJiPT'  fAYtjiiuirrf  atul  r///' 
jatio  /-r/rz/fv/  jirrlOOOr.wti/iirirff . 


States. 

t!XilIllTUHll 

Krilui  1 

n                10               1&              atl               ^.'i               3(»              :»5               40              4S 

1  '  1  1  1  1  1  -r  r  1  1  1  I  1  1  1  1  1  !  1  '!'!!  11  I  1  1  1  M  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1 

so            1 

1  ill  J  1  1  1  1  B 

, 

Atf  .'irttrf.9 

.-,l>l<l))2 

r.l.n:ii\ 

1  7" 

Mill  ri  r  snTft 

e4B!) 

■7-f.2-2',-]                                                                  /[ 

:i 

; 

\'ifni(Hit 

-2:i* 

4.t.0.7} 

1 

\\ 

[iiyyu 

tia*'! 

*2-0*'-\                                                    1                               ,,l 

4: 

HrM-mi.vin 

•iia-t.: 

nj.iu::                                                                                                             ,  1 

5 

initi  fit  .V 

isTtn 

ss.:t!iii  ;                                                                                                           1 

<> 

Jfii'.m/j//r/ 

i.77S 

3H.3H2 

7 

Jfrrrxhiml 

1  latio 

:n.otr,  I 

1 

R 

.Wr/ltt/fi7i 

J  2270 

:s3.i2ii 

IT 

9 

JV/'Ml'/Tf,' 

OJ.TTW 

■■12.13:i  '                                                                                                      1 

11) 

Miiirif 

2  OJ:7H 

32.3^>fl 

r 

n 

fiirl)'ni/i 

2M1'7.V 

:i2.2.-,i 

U;  1  /hst.  of  t'ohn/M/i 

G».-,-l 

■io.'ill  ' 

13 

/uJitrf/'/,y 

7,SOj:j      2v7.,v,|                ■ ,| 

14 

J^fUN  xy7i  mn'n 

2  2'.li';<      2" '.til.                                                                                                                  1 

l.T 

Xt>lM//M//Mfti7-f 

2001.1 

2  7,.«'.vj 

IB 

0/iio 

■■mijij 

2  7..9«-i 

n 

Xrw./fr.ft-)' 

2  .73110 

i 

IK 

J//t,9S/f/'/flt  .Vf'/t.'< 

j     ^  nr^no 

2a.fin-'  ;                                                                      ] 

I'.l 

/'*mif*'fft*'fff 

221)17 

ii;A2  / 

1 

■lO 

Uf?*/  waiv 

IJ.-.U2 

26-.2.;-/ 

1 

21 

Jfhoff^'  Julnrf/l 

*07I' 

2J  HH-l 

.,..] 

•i1 

Hesf  VifYfinia 

___^,._ 

20.U42 

1 

r/,/s.-,/jj. 


S>'])IiiliH 

/?/    its  li'/f/f/n/i     to  Lofftf/ty  is/irjiiuu/  f/i/'  /ii//n//r/'  cay/hii  Hffl ,(i?irf 
l/(fio  frfcrfcrf  pcrJOOOr.wuiini/'zf. 


t7i„i-r  JLr. 
r7ie 


StJitf  s. 

Ntiliibfl- 
•vaniiiAi'd 

Riitiii 

1 

T 1 i 1 : .— 

2                                         3                                        * 

■\ 

^7/  Stutes 

.TOIOIH 

1.G2  7 

1 

I/hotIf  Txhiiut 

4'JJ2 

4:tH!G    \ 

\ 

1         II 

■i 

l}i.st  rit'/<iltirnhiu- 

HU.74 

4.:i24  ^^„^                ■                          i                                                         ,                  1                     11 

;! 

MaryJfin./}. 

1119211 

3.0t2 

1 

1 

4 

/S'Tthirlry 

I UU2H 

2Mil)'l 

,.,,,.J 

5 

J/ft.vstffJrtftVf^rft 

Citir.su 

2M2I  \ 

\ 

6 

Xrti-  )«M' 

9S57H 

2..1UIJ     , 

1 

\ 

- 

M'.v.Hoini 

0,-1  C 

2.227                                                                       , 

1 

a 

nYx/vin.'^n 

2204S 

2.84,,  1^  _ 

'; 

H 

Ohio 

.17700 

2..71  :- 

1 

lo 

Paui!i}-Jyrinia 

12GUIJ 

1.2  71 

1 

11 

Xrw.Ttf.wv 

1  .VjUH 

2.2'l.-.\ 

— 

^ 

1*2 

Mirrif 

204HI 

2.02.7  • 

i.-i 

Yfirnifrfirrif 

22027 

..'ton 

i» 
13 

THhioLi 

2822(2 

.lilt:: 

.Vi>?Uffiin 

2227  U 

■'•■■■' 

,1 

111 

/jifliftiiyi 

202-.9 

.Oh:: 

A 

IT 

Vifmttiit 

72  2* 

..7, 77 

\ 

IB 

J/rnrir.tatfi 

1      umo 

Jua 

^ 

'/M 

n 

£/f?/ftyftrr 

aac-i 

J.77 

1 

\ 

2I> 

Aftr  Hniii/tMli  in- 

2002a 

J  00 

i 

21 

He.ft  Vinntii" 

764 

.000 

■J.! 

Iinva 

a  124  0 

.000 

r/n.s..sm. 


Dise^MSc^s  of  111.-  I'A'c 

///    f/irir/f/ri/it)/i     /fj  /.  fjrr////\'  ..s//oii  ////■/  ///r  nii/n/j/'/'  r.\Y/Ni/  /tff/  ,a  /u7  t/ir 
/■///to  /■/■//■/■//■//  ///'/■  JOfJOr.\a//ii/irf/ . 


>'/i'/rHj:iI. 


States 

Niiiiil)pr 

fXHIUllLPd 

Rilllo                                4                          H                          12                         1«                         HI      .                 a4     1 

l.,V|H.'l«l  , 1 ^ 1 ^ 1 , \ , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , , \ , 1 

" 

11 

At/  Sf^i/e.t 

JOlHO-J 

2i:mu2  \ 

1 

1 

2fi.i,iiiitri 

11.7111 

....;.j                                                                                                          —'""A    1 

•1 

Itfnirn'.v 

iHim 

■-'.v.wi                                                                                                    \                                            1       1 

i  '•' 

Mil  ■  v.sv;  /  •////  .rt'^.y 

:>ii:iHu\    ■I'l.'iHiA                                                                                                  j                                       1            1 

4 

11 /i ode  l.H timet 

4oii      i2.rjo'                                                                                                  i                            1                        II 

/'im/m-finit 

22  on- 

in.,„:,i  I                                                                                            \                   1 

O   i    3>H'/w/.' 

UJ.770 

2..2..\                                                                                                                             .                     t 

-  1  ^Jitiiit:\i>tfi 

fl4U9 

2H.2UU  \                                                                                                                                           j                      j 

H 

m.irini  .ihi 

■JliH.i 

2,.:7.2\                                                                                                                               1 

l-l 

yiH  f/iiiiipsfiiiv 

211  111  :i 

i..:.;7.'i\                                                                                                 1 

11) 

Mirliii/iiii 

2  22  7a 

2-7.1471                                                                                                                                \ 

11 

I'i'imiiiil 

T224 

2,.4-A                                                                                                                      \ 

I'i 

lirfi/iif/t'X 

2lill'£H 

.......  j                                                                                                                      1 

i:) 

Pi-nn^/^/aiitt  ■ 

121IIHI1 

J4..772  .                                                                                                                 1 

14 

^fiirvlan// 

2lilf20 

14.::o::  j                                                                                             I 

ir. 

Mnitif 

'ilH7!i 

2-1.220  i                                                                                            I 

i« 

Zmyu 

lime 

24.2  liu  1                                                                                                                         J 

17^    Ul  xt  lit' t'lltjITtilfid 

119  34 

24.IHi:i  \                                                                                                                     J 

IH    III  ft  III  rut 

'i'.r^TU 

2:1.7:111  t                                                                                                                      1 

v.y  Ditintrire 

n:i  la 

1J.'..i:j  1 

■ii>:  f/iilii 

S7  700 

H.41I7  i                                                                                             , 

■i\\  l^'rir/n-.tey 

2.731111 

7.40,l                                                      1 

Ti    Wi-xt  JTiyririi'i 

IK-t 

..r..;^                              1 

. L         ^L_        ____.     .__          _         _    _____ 

r/i. 


<//r. 


///    f/irt/- /r/////fj/t     to  Lafft/t/y :s/ifjiii/if/  t/ir  /nmi ///'/•  ('\r//iii/i/'/J ,(t /i/i  t/w 
/■///to  /■/'//■/■//'//  ///'/■ /000/:v/t//tt /!/■//. 


r/,,iifXT.m. 


SliUcrt. 

Viiiiii*Mi' 

Kiitii> 

4                                 a                               i:!                               1«                               2U                              24         1 

■ 

1 

Jt(  .St II fix 

.7112  002 

lj'.07  7  i 

1 

1 

Mitltlt'xnfft 

ti4Ha 

10.1127 

1                                1 

'I 

Mnyliiiifl 

initio 

"■^'"  \                                                 ,.    1        ,      ,    ,    1 

■A 

,  Vn  -vxrir/i  u  .fvtts 

■laaao 

«-'"'"   i                                                  „     j      .J 

\ 

3fi.\:siiui1 

H.77I1 

!l.04>:  i                                                  ;           1 

S 

Xvi\   YiirJi' 

H.7.77II 

7.4i:i\ 

4 

<> 

.1  /'(I  ■  Hmti/i.'i/i  ill- 

I111123 

7.1112  ^1 

1 

- 

/'iniiii-rlii-iit 

II017 

ll.tlU'.l  '                                                     J 

8    1    WlSI-DII  .fill 

■lla4.7 

il.i)1i:  \                                       jj 

9  j  J/iu'ni- 

•1U4  7!) 

11.7:111  \                                       \ 

10 '  ft/iorle  Txtf/n/t 

41)71 

K.i::n 

1 

11  j  Vi'/iiiiin/ 

7114 

t;..7iiii 

I 

VI 

Fi-n  n .?  1  -frfifi  Ui 

I  2'JbHfS 

fi.2.7tl 

]:i 

t)hi<, 

:n7iio 

i:.ll74 

14 

Ui't/ninji- 

113122 

.7 Jill 

I 

15 

Ittt/ioin 

IHIIU 

.T.7.-.V/ 

1 

IB 

Sr»\/i^we,y 

2.73IIH 

.r..T2./ 

i 

17 

yfif/i/triif 

■2.9171) 

.7.1:1 2 

18 

Efiitiii'/i-y 

2iiuia 

S.27II 

v.i\SI/r'f/iif/i/n 

2HiU 

.7.17  ■■; 

•JO 

Di  .tl .  Ill'  /'i/tnnibia 

r,ii,74 

4.li<l1 

1 

21    /una 

iia4a 

:i-V44 

,,,A 

22    W:vt  Hty/inifl 

7114 

1.0211 

.1 

1                                             1 

{■/.,..„  m. 


'loniniV. 


Diseases  ..iiii»>  Respir.-itury  System 

Fn    tltrn'Tchitiort    to  /,  orrifjty  :.s7iahuu/  tfif  7titjithf'r  fj-rfjitijifd  (i?uf  r7ir 
I  Ytfio  /  -rfr/  //'/f  prt  -JOOO  r.  \  am  m  fd. 


Stiitf  s. 

AtOllbl'l' 

f-'xaiiiiiiwl 

ificclpd 

H                 I'J                -'4               Wi               40                4K                .?(>                04               72 

I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 

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IS.V2U       27. HUG   :                                                                            ] 

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//./.-vy//. 


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l)is( ntses  .nui  Ti i  j  n ri ( *s  < .r  tii < •  Xose 

[/I    thrii' n'/a.fion     to  Loi-rz/ify :s/in>i  uif/  //ir  /ii/ni ///'/■  i'\y//ih /ir/J ,/i/irl  /7/r 
if(fio  rr//'/-/ff/  /u'rI(JO/Jr.\yinniir(/. 


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R  \/o»a 


!  Eentilfhy 


vtuVeH  ■  BttnifMli  irv 


u    il^-iiK//,- 


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15   Jllinoisi 


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///   Its  ifhttion    fo  Lora7jty ;s7ioHiiu/  t?u'  7ii//ii///'r  cvrn/iiiirf/ .atul  tJie 
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NnniliCT'    Ratio 
exiiiuiiiKirpjpetea 

^"'"               so                 2I.O                ^^„                 r,.,,,               ,^                    II 

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15 

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16 028 

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n 

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240..7.10 

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19 

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1 

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''/I'nf  im. 


Disease 

(  Exrlui^ive  of  ConditionsTiol  necessarily -.issoci.-i  led  \s\\\\  Disease  I 
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lYttio  /■r//'/-//'/f  /'t'?- JfJOfJ fuvn/njifrf . 


States. 


NiiniTifi*,    Katin 
PTainini'dlregerted 


:5= 


I     I     i      I     IZZC 


^^^-^ 


I    I    I    I    I    I    I    I    I    I    I    I 


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S01002 


■i4S.47'A, 


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20479 


a2e.:i34  : 


Mts.v/it'^fnisctts 


363HO 


Mistifaufi^ 


32ssie 


osie  2IIHJ1H1 


Minn^i^sotM 


Xf-w  lo/'/r 


fhn/if'fffi-it/ 


Bfi  ofl^l.'i-f/iji  d- 


T?/mo7tr 


M/n-\-1/itir1 


10 


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11 


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12  2fi'fhff/firi 


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WfsroJi  .VIM 


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Ei'Jituflt'V 


India.Ttfi 


lot 


Ohio 


6489 


271. HOI 


.«.;.J7ei2<57.7j.; 


imj-,  2t:i  474 


4012  2.';o.823 ; 


7274  257891  \ 


la»20  2.',7./!H3  ; 


21)013 


18126 


63S1 


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2Si.a4u  'i 


244.43.7 


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227. 20e 


16028\223JlO 


2!>279 


208.374  i 


G846\2UG.690' 


3  7700 


28  0.734 


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1.^388\l<>0.080 


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133. .708 


(hisylU. 


t'/unf  I.VIIl 


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fji  7/yjr//ifio7i  fu  tJif  prr\  a//-Jt*'^-  ///  dffictyfU  r/as.sc.v  nj  tlj.vrfi ■^■r,v.sfionnif/ /lit- 
n If nif7^enl position  wTtit'li  rtuli  .St/itr  or/'t/pif^s  in  u  srfi7r  tifl.tt)l'2,/(iif/  t/u-  rt/ntiyr 
prf\  nh-fir^'^  of  i-ar^i  rinss  ot\i7. sett, •-■)■. •^-  m  ^i  sraff  ofl.tolJ. 


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l,v   .I.ilii.-  Ill" 


P^RT    III 


REPORTS 


OF 


SURGEONS  OF  BOARDS  OF  ENROLLMENT, 


J^NID    OTHER    DOCUM:EIsrTS. 


157-158 


T^BLE     OF     COI^TENTS 

or 

PAin    111. 


Pas.-. 

Pkeliminaky   Remaiiks U)l 

Reports  of  Examining  StitGEONs : 

Maiue 171 

New  Hampshire _  1^0 

Vermont 190 

Massac li  11  setts IDli 

Rbode  Island 2i>4 

Connect  iciit 227 

New  York .  240 

New  Jersey   281 

Pcciisylvania 29G 

Maryland SUi 

We^t  Viij^inia " :i60 

Kentucky 362 

Missouri 387 

Ohio ;i9(i 

Indiana 424 

Illinois 431 

Iowa    J " 452 

Michigan 4Ci3 

Wisconsin • 470 

Minnesota 474 

California '.;.  478 

Kansas 499 

Nevada 501 

Roll  of  Examining  Surgeons nos 

Co.Mi>osrriON  of  Congressional  Districts .' 507 

Taiii.es  for  «)nverting  inches  and  pounds  into  metric  values 514 

HisTonv  of  the  Civil  War  in  America,  by  the  Comte  de  Paris 518 

fiENERAL  INDEX .' 523 

159-160 


\ 


PRELIMINARY  REMARKS. 


In  April,  1865,  the  war  of  the  rebellion  was  bronghftoa  close  by  the  surrender  of 
the  confederate  armies  to  Generals  Grant  and  Sherman.  As  a  consequence,  the  further 
services  of  the  boards  of  enrollment  became  unnecessary.  It  seemed  obvious  to  the 
chief  medical  officeroftheProvost-Marshal-Generiil'sBureau  that,  before  severing  his  offi- 
cial relations  with  the  surgeons  who  had  so  faithfully  striven  to  fullill  the  purposes  of 
the  enrollment-law,  it  would  be  of  the  highest  importance  to  obtain  from  such  expe- 
rienced officers  their  deliberate  judgment  upon  the  fitness  and  sufficiency  of  its  provisions. 
These  gentlemen  were  all  men  of  standing  and  repute  in  their  j^rofession,  and  had  given 
tlieir  time  and  talents  to  an  arduous  and  uncongenial  work,  from  motives  both  of 
patriotism  and  of  professional  zeal.  In  many  instances,  the  busiest  or  most  eminent  prac- 
titioners of  a  district  consented  to  serve  upon  the  enrollment-boards,  though  to  the 
detriment  of  their  private  fortunes,  being  determined  that  capable  men  should  be  fur- 
nished to  the  Government  in  its  need;  and;  with  thatobject,  they  devoted  their  utmost  skill, 
and  their  personal  knowledge  of  the  inhabitants  of  their  district,  to  the  task. 

In  addition  to  the  valuable  experience  tints  acquired,  it  was  seen  that  the  familiarity 
with  the  local  causes  of  disease  that  was  likely  to  be  possessed  by  these  gentlemeft 
would  enable  them, to  contribute  important  additions  to  medical  geography. 

Influenced  by  these  views,  a  circular,  of  which  the  following  is  a  copy,  was  sent  to 
every  surgeon  in  the  service  of  the  Bureau : 

War  Department,  Provost-Marshal-General's  Bureau, 

W asMngton,  D.  C,  May  I,  ISOo. 
Doctor:  The  Provost-Marshal-Geiieral  directs  that  you  caretully  [irepaic  and  Ibiward  to  this 
ofJice  a  writtea  report,  giving,  as  the  result  of  your  txperience,  information  upon  the  following  sub- 
jects : 

1.  Your  experience  in  the   examination  of  men  for  military  service,  and  number  examined,  as 
near  as  can  be  ascertained. 

2.  General  geogra|)hical   description  of  your  district,  with  prevalent  diseases,  and  causes  con- 
ducive thereto  ;  general  character  of  its  inhabitants,  their  modes  of  life,  and  occupations. 

3.  Eeasons  why  any  particular  diseases  or  disabilities  have  disqualified   a  greater  ratio  per 
thousand  froui  military  service. 

4.  Your  views  in  reference  to  the  different  se(;tious  of  Paragraph  85,'  Eevised  Regulations  Pro- 
vost-Marshal General's  Bureau,  and  wiiat  (;hangcs  you  would  recommend. 

5.  State,  in  minute  detail,  jour  metliod  of  examining  men. 

G.  The  number  of  men  that  can  be  physically  examined  per  day  with  accuracy. 
7.  Mention  the  frauds  most  to  be  guardi'd  against  which  are  practiced  by  drafted  and  enrolled 
men  to  escape,  and  by  substitutes  and  recruits  to  enter,  the  service,  and  any  other  obstacles  you 

'  Paragraph  85  euiimorated  the  diseases  which  were  to  exempt  from  service.  It  will  be  found,  quoted  in  full,  at  lin  .:<! 
Ivii  of  the  IntroilucDioii  to  this  work. 

21 


162  REPORTS  OF  EXAMINING  SURGEONS. 

have  bad  to  coiitciid  with  iu  the  discharge  of  your  duties,  and  iiialie  any  suggestions  as  to  the  best 
:netho<l  of  avoiding  or  overcoming  these  difficulties  in  lutiue. 

S.  What  nationality  presents  the  greatest  i)hysical  aptitude  tor  military  service. 

9.  Your  experieuce  as  to  the  pbjsical  qualiticatious  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service. 
10.  Your  views  as  to  the  operation  of  the  enrollment  law  as  it  now  exists,  with  recommendations 
and  suggestions  in  reiVrence  thereto. 

The  above  queries  are  given  as  a  general  guide  lor  the  preparation  of  your  "  Keport.''  It  is  not 
supposed  that  they  include  o//  points  of  interest  and  v.ilue  to  this  Bureau,  and  you  will  incorporate 
such  other  facts  as  yon  may  consider  important,  as  it  is  intended  to  publish  such  portions  of  your 
"Eeport"  as  may  be  of  special  interest  or  value.  This  subject  being  one  of  much  impoitauce,  the 
"Report"  should  be  carefully  prepared,  and  forwprded  as  .soon  as  practicable. 

If  not  completed  at  the  date  of  the  termination  .>f  your  services  as  surgeon  of  board  of  enrollment, 
please  complete  and  lorward  it  as  soon  thereafter  as  convenient. 
I  am,  doctor,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

J.  H.  BAXTER, 

Surriion  TJ.  S   Vohtnteers  and  Brevet  Lieutenant-  Colonel, 
Chief  Medical  Officer  of  the  Provost-ManihnlOeneraVs  Bureau. 

In  response  to  this  reqtiest,  reports,  in  most  instances  both  copious  and  conii)rehen- 
sive,  were  received.  The  terms  ofservice  of  many  surgeons  had  expired  when  the  circuhn-s 
i-eached  them;  but,  with  a  courteous  and  disinterested  zeal  wliich  I  take  pkmisnre  in  thus 
[jubhcly  acknowledging,  they,  nevertheless,  performed  their  parts  in  .the  completion  of 
the  medical  records  of  the  Bureau. 

These  reports  supply  a  connected  and  generally  graphic  account  of  the  physical 
characteristics  and  the  social  and  hygienic  condition  of  the  iidiabitants  of  the  non- 
rebellious  States.'  The  physical  description  includes  the  geological  forniat ion,  mineral 
resources,  and  meteorological  phenomena  of  the  locality,  with,  in  some  instances, 
passably  full  particulars  of  its  flora  and  fauna.  The  records  of  social  economics  por- 
tray the  prevailing  occupations,  comparative  wealth,  number  of  schools  and  churches,i 
and  other  details  of  like  import.  Tn  view  of  the  rapidly  changing  condition  of  ourl 
communities,  these  statistics  may,  perhaps,  in  some  future  day,  prove  of  service  to  the 
historian.  The  portions  of  the  reports  of  most  importance  to  the  medical  profession 
are  the  accounts  given  of  the  prevailing  diseases  of  each  district,  with  the  accompanying 
explanations  of  their  etiology.  The  topography  of  diseases  receives  fre(pient  illustra- 
tion, though  necessarily  to  a  limited  extent,  in  local  medical  journals ;  but  the  esjjecial 
value  of  these  reports  lies  in  the  tact  that  they  furnish  a  comprehensive  view  of  the 
nosogeography  of  the  whole  belt  of  Northern  States,  taken  simultaneously  by  competent 
and  trustworthy  observers.  As  every  congressional  district  was  separately  described 
by  a  resident  physician,  it  is  clear  yvhy  the  task,  which  to  individuals  would  have  been 
unwieldy  and  almost  impracticable  from  its  extent,  became  facile  of  performance.  It 
is  only  Grovernment  machinery  that  is  capable  of  application  for  such  general  observa- 
tions. In  the  event  of  a  future  war  of  such  magnitude  as  to  require  the  enactment  of 
a  conscription-law,  it  cannot  but  prove  of  importance  to  find  on  record  these  details  of 
actual  experience. 

The  C£uestion  of  the  best  mode  of  obtaining  the  recruit  is  one  of  unceasing  interest 
and  concern  to  a  powerful  nation.  The  proposed  re-organization  of  the  French  army, 
which  became  inevitable  after  the  Prussian  victories,  led  to  ver}-  extended  discussions, 
not  only  in  the  French  Chambers,  in  the  scientific  societies,  and  in  the  medical  journals  of 

'  Fi)i-  a  list  of  iho  States  and  Teiritoiies  iu  whicli  the  ciirollmeut  law  was  eufoicctl,  see  page  13  of  tbis  volume. 


PRELIMINARY    REMARKS.  163 

that  country,  but  also  in  the  leading-  reviews  and  newspa])ers  of  Europe.  It  is  not  a 
matter  of  surprise  that  the  Frencli  autliorities  ultimately  adopted  a  coile  whieh  was 
modeled  closely  after  the  Prussian  system,  the  efficiency  of  which  thev  had  so  fatally 
experienced.  Many  of  the  chauncs,  however,  which  \v(n-e  strouiily  advocated  by  theii- 
most  distinguished  military  surgeons,  were,  after  all,  not  adopted.,  Some  of  these 
recommendations  will  l)e  noticed  in  the  comments  which  it  is  now  proposed  to  make 
ui)ou  the  conclusions  put  forth  in  the  following-  reports 

In  Europe,  generally,  the  system  of  conscription  liitlurto  employed  for  the  purpose 
'  of  maintaining'  the  full  nuudiers  in  their  standing  armies  is  now  fast  giving  ])lace  to  a 
general  enrollment  of  the  eutii-e  arms-bearing  population.  Even  in  Gi-eat  Britain, 
where  the  mode  of  administering  public  business  is  slow  to  change,  and  where  a  strt)ng 
prejudice  exists  against  enforced  military  service,  the  opinion  is  fast  gaining  ground  that 
a  conscription-law  nnist  before  long  be  introduced.  In  the  United  States,  during  the 
war  of  the  rebellion,  the  example  was  set  of  enrolling  the  whole  military  population  of 
the  loyal  States  Previous  to  the  enactment  of  the  law  for  this  purpose,  however,  the 
system  of  offering  large  bounties  as  an  inducement  to  enlist  had  been  introduced,  and 
became,  in  the  opinion  of  many  exi)erienced  men,  a  source  of  injury  to  the  cause  it 
was  intended  to  benefit.  The  bounty  offered  by  the  General  Govermnent  resulted  in 
an  expenditure  of  over  three  hundred  millions  of  dollars ;  to  this  must  be  added  a 
nearly  equal  sum  expended  by  the  State  governments  in  their  efforts  to  furnish  their 
<pu>tas  of  men.'  It  ajjpears,  then,  that  the  enormous  sum  of  nearly  s/.r  hundred  millions 
of  doVars  was  paid  out  as  bounties  to  recruits. 

'  The  following  statement  shows  the  amount  paid  by  the  ditfureut  States ;  it  is,  however,  understated,  as  the 
■  (■turns  to  the  Provost-Marshal-General's  Office  were  not  completed  when  his  final  report  was  made. 

Table  of  bounties,  other  than  United  Slates  bounties, paid  from  the  beginning  to  the  end  of  the  late  war. 

Maine $7,  H;i7,  (MS  97 

New  Hiimpshiro I),(i30,;u:i  OU 

Vermont 4,528,774  SH 

MassaAusetts : •>-i,'M^,KM  :iti    ■ 

Rhode  Island t"-ill,  7CS  CO 

Counecticnt 6,  SS7,  .').'j4  "^7 

New  York 86,029,-2as  1.^ 

New  Jersey ■>:?,  868,  iKili  &i 

Pennsylvania 4:!,  154,981)  <)> 

Delaware 1,  i:i(!,  599  OG 

Maryland 0,271,992  00 

District  of  Columbia 134,010  00 

West  Virginia 804, 7:!7  00 

Kentucky 092,577  00 

Ohio 23,  .5.57,  :!73  00 

Indiana 9,182,354  02 

Illinois 17,290,205  30 

Michigan .' ." 9,004,855  00 

Wisconsin 5,855,350  19 

Iowa 1,015,171  20 

Minnesota 2,000,404  00 

Missouri 1,282,148  .55 

Kansas 57,407  OC 

Total     285,941,030  09 

Add  to  this  the  sum  expended  by  the  General  Government  . .  i 300, 223  500  00 

Total  paid  for  bouuties,  so  far  as  returned  580, 104, 530  09 

{Final  report  uf  the  Provusl-.Uarshal-General,  pp.  213-223,  8vo,  W.isliiiigtou,  1800.) 


164  REPORTS  OF  EXAMINING  SURGEONS. 

Tlie  large  sums  of  money  thus  offered  proved  to  be  a  premium  to  desertion.  Facts 
show  this  indubitably  to  have  been  the  case.  The  Provost-Marshal-General  says : 
"  In  general,  those  States  which  gave  the  highest  local  bounties  were  marked  by  the 
largest  proportion  of  deserters.'"  This  officer  gave  it  as  his  conclusion  that,  in  the 
event  of  another  war,  the  enrollment-law  (with  some  slight  changes  which  he  recom- 
mands)  would  produce  all  the  men  needed,  without  bounties,  either  local  or  general.- 
The  frauds  practiced  by  those  known  as  bounty-jumpers,  or  men  who  deserted  in  order 
to  re-enlist  and  thereby  obtain  a  second  bounty,  are  almost  incredible  in  their  extent. 
One  man,  who  served  out  a  sentence  of  four  years'  imprisonment  in  the  Albany  Peni- 
tentiiyy  for  desertion,  confessed  to  have  "jumped  the  bounty"  tlnrUj-hvo  times P 

An  enrollment-law,  if  enacted  at  the  outbreak  of  a  war,  would,  for  obvious  reasons, 
be  much  easier  of  enforcement  tlian  after  a  system  of  volunteering  induced  by  bounties 
had  been  established.  In  the  late  war,  it  was  not  until  the  supply  of  men  became 
manifestly  inadequate,  and  the  cause  of  the  Government  began  in  the  minds  of  many 
to  appear  of  doubtful  issue,  that  Congress  determined  to  re-enforce  the  depleted  armies 
by  compulsory  drafting.  It  cannot  be  a  matter  of  surprise  that,  under  such  circum- 
stances, a  measure,  always  in  itself  odious,  should  have  inspired  attempts  at  resistance. 
That  it- was,  after  all,  so  generally  complied  with  is  doubtless  due  to  the  law-abiding 
disposition  of  the  greater  poiiion  of  the  American  people. 

An  important  and  desirable  provision  in  any  future  law  for  enrolling  tlie  national 
forces  would  be  one  requiring  a  re-examination,  within  a  specified  time,  of  certain 
classes  of  drafted  men  who  might  have  been  exempted  as  unfit  for  military  service. 
Men  found  to  be  undei-  the  required  height,  or  to  be  deficient  in  development  of  chest  or 
body,  if  at  an  age  of  uncompleted  growth,  are  likely,  in  a  majority  of  instances,  to  be 
able  to  discharge  their  debt  to  the  state,  if  a  year,  or  perhaps  two  years,  were 
allowed  to  elapse  before  their  re-examination.''  The  same  rule  would  appl}'  to  men 
debilitated  from  recent  illness,  or  who  were  the  subjects  of  disease  of  which  a  cure 
might  reasonably  be  anticipated  within  a  year.  • 

'  Final  rq>orl  of  the  I'rovost-Manshal-General,  p.  96. 

s  1  bid.,  p.  87. 

'/6id.,  p.  103.  lu  one  remarkable  instance,  the  device  of  a  bounty-jurai)er  recoiled  upou  himself  with  a  fatal 
result.  The  man's  n.ime  was  John  Freeborn.  He  had  received  a  large  bounty  upou  enlisting,  and,  while  at  Norfolk, 
Va.,  planned  a  scheme  for  desertion.  He  directed  his  mistress,  a  Gi^rman  woman  named  Linder,  to  procure  a  trunk 
capable  of  containing  him;  in  this  receptacle,  which,  as  her  baggage,  it  was  thought,  would  excite  no  suspicion,  she 
was  to  convey  him  to  Chicago.  A  capacious  trunk  was  accordingly  procured.  It  measured  about  2.")  inches  in  depth, 
10  inches  in  width,  and  32  inches  in  length.  Immediately  beneatii  one  of  the  straps,  a  small  orifice  was  drilled,  into 
which  a  pipe  stem  was  iuserted.  This  was  the  only  iirovisiou  uiado  for  a  supply  of  air.  The  soldier  was  proviiled  with 
a  canteen  of  water,  a  piece  of  tobacco,  and  a  towel  in  which  to  eject  his  tobaceu-juic  .  These  preparations  being  made, 
the  trunk,  under  the  woman's  care,  was  carried  to  the  Baltimore  steamer.  When  opposite  Fortress  Monroe,  a  precon- 
certed signal  on  her  part  was  duly  answered  by  the  imprisoned  man,  showing  that,  so  far,  he  was  doing  well.  Upon 
arriving  at  Baltimore,  a  hackney-carriage  was  summoued,  and  the  woman  soon  had  her  extraordinary  baggage  depos- 
ited in  a  room  at  the  nearest  hotel.  Locking  the  door,  she  gave  the  well-known  tap,  to  which,  this  time,  there  was  no 
response.  Hastily  unfastening  the  cover  of  the  trunk,  the  result  of  their  nefarious  project  was  before  her:  the  man 
was  dead — asphyxiated.  The  woman,  overwhelmed  with  terror  at  the  catastrophe,  closed  up  the  fatal  trunk  and  had 
it  speedily  conveyed  to  the  railroad-depot.  Upon  arriving  there,  she  desired  the  carman  to  get  it  checked  for  Chicago, 
and,  not  daring  to  wait  his  return,  she  escaped  Into  the  street,  ami  wandered,  pur|)0seless,  through  the  city  during  the 
entire  night.  The  next  moruing,  hearing  that  the  contents  of  the  trunk  had  been  discovered,  she  surrendered  herself  to 
the  police.  She  was,  of  course,  not  charged  with  the  man's  death,  which  was  clearly  the  result  of  his  own  act,  but  she 
was  tried  by  court-m;utial  for  aiding  a  soldier  to  desert.  Ou  the  6th  of  January,  1865,  she  was  sentenced  to  pay  u  fine 
rf  five  hundred  dollars  and  to  bo  imprisoned  for  two  years  at  hard  labor. 

<  See  avtc,  p.  21,  and  note  to  page  37. 


PRELIMINARY    REMARKS.  165 

It  seems  probable  that  a  feature  of  the  Swiss  system  might  be  introduced  with 
sio-nal  advantage,  if  judiciously  controlled,  namely,  the  enlistment  of  a  certain  niunber 
of  ])art{(iUi/-disah1cd  men  for  duty  as  clerks,  assistants,  military  police,  and  laboi-ers  in 
the  stati'  departments,  and  as  nurses  and  attendants  in  the  hospitals.  It  is  true  that  in 
Switzerland  the  report  of  the  otHcial  inspector  makes  complaint  that,  in  spite  of  the 
law,  able-bodied  soldiers  of  the  first  class  are  still  detailed  in  large  luimbers  for  dut\- 
in  the  commissary's  and  quartermaster's  departments,  and  that  the  partially-disabled 
men  are  not  found  to  be  of  the  service  intended.'  This  result,  however,  seems  to  have 
l)roceeded  from  injudicious  management.  Able-bodied  men  are  indispensable  when  it 
is  required  to  handle  the  heavy  packages  issued  by  the  commissary  of  subsistence, 
the  quartermaster,  or  the  medical  purveyor ;  and,  under  the  present  system,  soldiers 
must  be  detailed  or  laborers  be  hired  for  such  work  The  same  necessity  exists  in 
hospitals,  where  men  sound  in  body  can  alone  make  competent  nurses.  But  there 
still  remains  a  hirge  class  of  occupations  in  the  ditferent  departments  of  the  Army  in 
\\  Inch  corporal  strength  is  not  tiie  chief  requisite.  It  is  unquestionable,  also,  that 
many  men  now  rejected  as  untit  for  military  service  on  account  of  certdin  personal 
defects  would  prove  able-bodied  and  serviceable  in  the  second  class  Among  such 
defects,  now  involving  rejection,  may  be  named  the  loss  of  an  eye,  certain  affections 
of  the  eye,  hare-lip,  loss  of  teeth,  stammering,  wry-neck,  deformities  of  lower  extremities, 
loss  of  a  thumb  or  of  fingers,  baldness,  and  some  others,  none  of  which  preclude  the  sub- 
jects of  them  from  doing  essential  service  in  the  departments  indicated. 

In  the  introductiou  to  tliis  work  a  comparison  was  made  of  the  instructions  given 
to  recruiting-surgeons  in  the  principal  states  of  Eurojte  with  the  regulations  in  force 
in  the  United  States.  In  the  course  of  those  remarks,  occasion  was  taken  to  point 
out  the  very  frequent  changes  that  had  been  made  in  regard  to  the  important 
quality  of  stature.  The  pride  of  rulers  has  been  gratified  in  all  ages  by  the  selection 
of  soldiers  of  great  height,  martial  figure,  and  uniform  appearance ;  but  these  costly 
ornaments  of  the  parade-ground  are  becoming  obsolete  in  the  organization  of  modern 
armaments.  Breech-loading  guns  may  be  effective  in  the  hands  of  men  of  low  stature  ; 
and,  in  all  the  essential  qualities  of  the  soldier,  in  courage,  endurance  of  fatigue, 
activity,  intelligent  care  of  himself,  and  freedom  from  undue  liability  to  disease,  the 
preponderating  advantages  are  with  men  not  above  the  medium  height. 

When  the  law  for  enrolling  the  national  forces  of  the  United  States  was  enacted 
during  the  late  war,  no  limitation  of  stature  was  prescribed  Due  circumspection 
was  exercised  by  the  examining  surgeons  in  regard  to  it,  and  the  result  ot  that  dispo- 
sition of  the  matter  was  entirely  satisfactory.  It  is  much  to  be  desired  that 
no  restriction  as  to  height  should  ever  be  announced  as  obligatory  tvhen  large  numbers 
of  men  are  needed.  The  mean  stature  of  men  varies  so  decidedly  under  the  influence 
of  race  that  the  application  of  one  uniform  standard  of  the  kind  is  certain  to  result  in 
the  rejection  of  in;iny  efficient  and  capable  recruits,  in  France,  for  example,  it  has 
Ijeen  found  that  the  largest  number  of  exemptions  for  deficient  stature  occurred  in  the  cen- 
tral provinces,  inhabited  by  descendants  of  the  Gallo-Celts.  In  purity  of  race,  these  men 
excel  all  other  natives  of  French  soil,  and  they  are  among  the  hardiest  and  best  of  her 

'  Vela-  veybeniserungen  und  vrspariih^:  im  culgcnoaiiisclim  wehrweem :  bcricht  an  die  laiidesrathliche  crspaniiss-komnussiov, 
voii  J.  Staempfli,  uationalratb,  ItJmo,  Beru,  186G,  p.  15.  M.  Staeinpfli  is  now  (1875)  president  of  tlio  Swi.ss  uatioiia 
coiiucil. 


166  REPORTS  OF  EXAMINING  SURGEONS. 

soldiers,  l)ut  tliey  are  characterized  by  a  low  mean  stature.^  If  a  nunimnm  limit  of 
stature  is  to  be  enjoined,  it  should  be  made  to  vary  according  as  the  mean  stature  of 
different  races  is  found  to  vary,  otherwise  the  Government  would  defraud  itself  of  the 
military  service  due.  The  difficulty  of  establishing  such  varying  standards,  even  when 
tlie  population  is  homogeneous,  would  be  so  great  that  it  would  be  obviously  wiser  to 
consult  the  interest  of  the  state  by  expunging  from  the  recruiting-code  all  limitations 
of  the  kind.  During  the  debates  concerning  the  re-organization  of  the  French  army  in 
1.S72,  and,  indeed,  long  before  that  period,  this  abolition  of  a  minimum  limit  was  advo- 
cated by  Boudin,"'^  Broca,^  Arnould,*  Lagneau,^  Chenn,^  and  Larrey.^  Notwithstanding 
the  decided  views  advanced  by  these  distinguished  men,  a  limitation  of  stature  was 
inserted  in  the  new  law.  It  was  slightly  reduced  from  the  preceding  standard  ;  being 
made  154  centimetres,  or  60.631  inches,  English. 

Although  the  height  of  the  intended  recruit,  the  circumference  of  his  chest,  and 
his  physical  development  generally,  are  matters  of  proportion,  and  may  be  safely  in- 
trusted to  the  circumspection  of  the  examining-surgeon,  the  case  is  altogether  different 
as  regards  the  age  at  which  he  should  be  allowed  to  commence  his  military  career- 
All  authorities  are  agreed  as  to  the  injui'ious  consequences  of  enlisting  men  under 
twenty  years  of  age  for  service  in  the  field.  Humanity  to  the  young  soldier,  economy 
to  the  government,  and  justice  to-  the  commanding  general,  are  alike  subserved  by 
rejecting  partially-grown  youths,  if  wanted  for  immediate  service.  By  disease  and 
fatigue,  such  immature  soldiers  are,  as  Lord  Raglan,  writing  from  the  Crimea,  tersely 
expressed  it,  "swept  away  like  flies."*  But  if  it  be  a  question  of  training  the  young- 
soldier  for  his  duties  by  pi'eliminary  drill  and  instruction  in  garrison,  there  are  many 
reasons  why  the  age  of  eighteen  years  should  be  preferred.  At  tliat  age,  the  character 
is  more  easily  molded  to  the  virtues  of  obedience,  cleanliness,  temperance,  and  submis- 
sion to  disci[)line  than  later  in  life,  when  pernicious  habits  are  more  likely  to  have 
been  acquired."  The  fatigue  produced  by  long  marches,  under  a  lieavy  equipment, 
which  is  so  injurious  to  the  young  infantry-soldier,  would  not  be  incinred  in  garrison- 
duty.  There  is  no  doubt,  also,  that  the  younger  recruit  is  more  likely  to  become  a 
good  horseman ;  early  ti'ainifig  being  essential  for  that  capacity."*     Although  this  last 

'  Mem.  (le  I'.icad.  imj>.  de  med.,  t.  xxxis,  p.  293,  1869. 

'  Bull,  de  I' Acad,  de  m6d.,  t.  xxxii,  p.  403,  186C. 

»/6i(J.,  p.  551. 

■*  Gazette  medicate  de  Paris,  t.  xxvii,  p.  311,  1872. 

^  Gazette  hebdom.  de  med.  ct  de  chii:,  t.  ix,  pp.  19-21, 1872. 

^Slatistiqiie  medieo-eliiniyij.  de  la  campagiic  d' Italic  en  18.59-GO,  t.  ii,  p.  921. 

'  Bull,  de  r.lcml.  de  med.,  t.  xxxii,  p.  407,  18C6. 

''Letter  to  the  Diike  of  Newcastle.  The  dulce  had  advised  the  com iiKiQder-iu  chief  that  a  re-eiiforcement  of  3,000 
uew  recruits  was  ready  for  shipment.  Lord  Raj;laii,  in  very  positive  terms,  desirtd  that  they  niii;ht  not  l)c  sent,  if  they 
xvereboijK,  like precediiiy  levies,  as  he  wonkl  rather  be  without  tbem. 

^  The  Due  d'Aumale  recounts  an  incident  which  exeuiidifies  the  excellent  behavior  of  young  conscripts  under  sore 
trial.  During  the  severe  winter  of  1794-5,  the  army  of  the  Rhine,  consisting  mostly  of  new  levies,  lay  before  Mayence, 
and  the  men  were  reduced  to  the  dii'est  necessities,  both  for  food  and  clothing.  They  stole  bread,  but  bread  only.  When 
seed-time  came,  they  watched  the  peasants  sowing  by  day,  and  at  night  they  dug  up  the  seed-wheat  from  the  furnuvH 
with  their  bayonets.  Nothing  else  was  taken.  Lea  institutions  militaires  de  la  Fro«ce,  par  M.  le  Due  d'Aumali;,  p.  (IT, 
Bruselles,  18G7.  , 

'"•'The  duties  of  dragoons,  though  constant,  are  very  rarely  severe  ;  the  enii>loynient  is  continuous,  but  not  dis- 
tressing or  enervating.  As  youths,  they  can  be  molded  to  their  work,  taught  to  ride,  to  groom,  acquire  i)OsitioD,  and 
hold  themselves  erect.  Full-grown  men  do  not  usually  make  such  good  hor.semeu.  I  have  obtained  the  verbal  opinion 
of  many  oUl  cavalry-oHicers,  and  feol  I  am  pronouncing  the  conviction  of  the  majority  when  stating  that  commanding 
ollicers  of  dragoons  much  prefer  promising  lads  of  eighteen  joining  their  regiments  than  men  exceeding  twenty."  lic- 
viarks  on  the  esaminatiiin  of  recruits,  etc.,  by  H.  H.  Massy,  p.  13,  London,  1854, 


PRELIMINAHY    REMAKKS.  1G7 

consideration  may  seem  to  JippK-  (iul\-  to  the  cavalry-service,  it  is,  in  fact,  of  import- 
ance to  the  iut'antr\-  I'lso,  inasnnich  as  tlie  greater  part  of  oni-  troops  are  on  duty  in 
Inihan  territories,  wliere  the  foot-sohliei-  is  nearly  always  ni(mute<l  when  sent  on  a 
scouting-expedition. 

There  is  a  icmarkahle  nnanimitv  in  the  opinions  expressed  by  the  authors  of  the 
following;-  i-eports  as  to  the  adequacy  and  ecpiitableness  of  the  rules  prescribed  in  regard 
to  disal)ilities  in  that  ))ortion  of  the  instructions  to  examining'-surgeons  known  as 
Paragraph  <S5.'  It  has  been  already  observed  that  the  diseases  warranting  exemption 
under  the  draft  were  fewer  in  nund)er  and  more  stringently  defined  in  degree  than 
those  laid  down  for  the  general  recruiting-service.  Nevertheless,  the  surgeons  of  the 
enrolhnent-boai'ds,  almost  without  exception,  were  in  favor  of  the  table  remaining 
unchanged.  One  writer,  whose  report  is  characterized  by  unusual  comprehensiveness 
and  perspicacity,  advised  that  the  genei'al  classification  should  be  preserved,  but  that 
the  blank  forms  ^Jio.uld  provide  for  greater  speeificness  in  the  description  of  diseases. 
This  suo-o-estion  was  with  a  view  to  increase  tlu^  value  of  the  I'etnrns  for  statistical  iiur- 
])Oses,  aside  from  the  immediate  object  of  the  draft.'  There  is  710  question  as  to  the 
soundness  of  this  view.  In  the  event  of  an  enrollment-law  being  again  made  neces- 
sary, the  surgeons  should  be  instructed  to  furnish  an  exact  description  of  all  Ibrms  oi 
organic  disease;  and  the  locality  in  which  the  subject  of  it  resided  at  the  period  of  its 
development  should,  at  the  same  tinu',  he  re})orted.  The  facts  as  to  vaccination  anil 
I'evaccination  in  the  ease  of  every  man  examined,  whether  accepted  or  rejected,  might 
with  advantage  be  recorded. 

^lodern  warfare  has  experienced  so  man}'  changes,  through  the  potent  aid  of  sci- 
entific invention,  that  it  is  no  longer  necessary  to  exclude  men  from  the  army  for  cer- 
tain defects  which  formerl}-  were  held  to  be  unavoidable  causes  of  exemption.  When 
the  old-fashioned  cartridge  was  made  use  of,  it  was  of  importance  that  a  soldier  should 
possess  sound  incisor  teeth  wherewith  to  tear  the  paper;  and  the  loss  of  those  teeth 
afforded  a,  sufficient  reason  for  the  i-ejection  of  a  recruit.  Breech-loading  guns  and 
metallic  cartridges,  which  nee<l  no  "'biting,"  have  abolished  the  neces.sity  for  the  rigor- 
ous observance  of  this  regulation.  It  is  true  that  defective  teeth  are  supposed  to  dis- 
qualif}'  the  soldier  for  his  diet  of  hard  biscuit ;  and  if  all  the  teeth  were  either  carious 
or  deficient,  the  objection  would  be  well  grounded.  But  the  loss  of  the  incisors,  and 
even  of  the  canine  teeth,  should  not  exempt  if  the  molars  remain  in  good  condition. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,  there  are  not  many  days  in  which  the  soldier  is  not  su])plied  -w  ith 
soft  Ijread.  This  question  becomes  of  very  great  importance  from  the  excessive  prev- 
alence of  defects  of  the  teeth  among  the  inhabitants  of  the  United  States.  The  rejec- 
tions on  account  of  loss  of  teeth  among  nati\e-born  Americans,  under  the  dift'erent 
drafts,  was  at  the  rate  of  31.82  in  the  thousand  of  the  whole  number  of  men  examined.'' 
Hernia  alone  excelled  it  in  importance  as  a  cause  of  exemption.  In  England,  the  ratio 
for  the  same  disqualification  was  11.78  in  the  thousand  during  the  year  1869,  and  10.50 
during  1870.''     In  France,  during  the  nineteen  years  from  1831  to  1849,  the  ratio  was 

'Tills  [laiii^rapU  will  bo  foiiud  iu  full  at  page  Ivii  of  the  Intioiliictioa  to  this  volume. 

^  Repoi  t  of  Dr.  John  L.  Sullivan,  sixth  district  of  Massachusetts. 

3  Table  No.  17,  p.  433,  vol.  ii. 

*  Army  medical  dejiartment  report,  for  1869,  [>.  i8 ;  same, /ye  1S70,  p.  41. 


1()8  REPORTS    OF    EXAMINJNG    SURGEONS. 

7.85;'  for  a  later  period,  Lagueau  represents  it  as  varying'  from  1.24  to  19.17,  with  a 
mean  rate  of  ().84.~ 

There  are  certain  defects  or  disorders  which  have  hitherto  kept  their  place  on  the 
list  of  causes  for  exemption  from  the  belief  that  they  were  likely  to  impede  the  soldier's 
capacity  for  marching.  Flat-feet,  knock-knees,  bow-legs,  varicocele,  and  varicose 
veins  are  the  chief  of  these.  In  an  important  discussion  in  the  Paris  Academy  of 
Medicine,  it  was  urged  by  Brocathat  these  defects  should  no  longer  be  held  as  disqual- 
ifying, since  the  necessity  of  long  marches  is  well-nigh  abolished  by  the  use  made  of 
railway  transportation.  He  argued  that  in  waifare  of  the  present  day  there  is  such  an 
advantage  obtained  by  the  power  of  conveying  troops  rapidly,  that  the  possession  or  even 
construction  of  a  railroad  on  the  line  of  communication  becomes  a  strategic  necessity.^ 
Tliis  is  doubtless  true  of  Europe,  and  it  was  realized  to  a  great  extent  by  our  Govern- 
ment, also,  in  the  late  war ;  so  that  it  became  necessary  to  create  a  sub-bureau  for  the 
direction  and  control  of  military  railroads.  But  the  main  resource  of  our  generals  was 
in  the  maiching  capacity  of  their  men ;  and,  for  sach  achievements  as  Sherman's 
progress  from  Atlanta'  to  Savannah,  no  other  dependence  could  have  sufficed.  There 
seems  to  be  no  reason,  however,  why  men  with  flat-feet,  bow-legs,  or  similar  defects, 
should  not  be  enlisted  for  the  cavalry. 

It  has  been  also  suggested  that  some  affections  of  the  sight  which  are  now  held  to 
be  disqualifying  need  to  be  reconsidered  in  the  preparation  of  a  future  code.  Strabis- 
mus and  myopia  have  caused  much  debate  ;  the  latter  defect  being  very  prevalent  in 
Europe.'  The  loss  of  the  left  eye,  or  of  the  sight  of  it,  does  not  necessarily  prevent 
a  man  from  being  a  good  marksman.  Larrey  justly  observes  that  in  taking  aim  one 
eye  is  always  closed.^  The  reports  from  examining-surgeons  in  California  contain 
decided  opinions  on  this  point,  and  urge  the  folly  of  e.'xluding  one-eyed  men,  who,  on 
the  frontiers,  are  often  famous  as  marksmen.  They  state  that  a  man  who  has  lost  the 
right  eye,  even,  soon  acquires  the  habit  of  aiming  with  the  other.  It  must  be  borne  in 
mind,  however,  that  such  men  are  certain  to  prove  deficient  in  drill,  as  they  cannot  see 
properly  to  preserve  distance  or  to  "dress  up"  in  line. 

Hare-lip,^  stammering,  and  baldness,  are  defects  which  do  not  preclude  excellent 
service.  A  man  whose  speech  is  indistinct  from  either  of  the  first  two  causes  cannot 
certainly  be  sent  on  picket-duty,  nor  be  trusted  to  act  as  sentry,  but  he  may  have  every 
other  qualification  of  a  good  soldier. 

'  Essai  de  atalistique  mSdicale-siir  Ics  principalcs  causes  d'exemption  da  service  mililaire,  par  P.  L.  A.  Devot,  4to,  Paris, 
1865. 

^  Quelques  remarqaes  4thnolo(jiques  sur  la  riparlilion  giographique  de  cerlaiiws  infirinilis  en  France,  M6in.  do  I'Acad.  de 
mdd.,  t.  xsix,  p.  305,  1870-71. 

^  Bull,  de  I'Acad.  de  med.,  t.  xxxii,  p.  843. 

<A  French  surgeon  asserts  that  myopia  is  often  dependent  upon  the  kind  of  work  performed,  and  tliat  it  sonielimes 
rapidly  lessens  under  the  healtliier  influences  of  army-life.  Hence,  he  concludes,  it  is  doing  the  short  sighted  man  a, 
service  to  seud  him  to  the  field.  (De  la  myople  aapoint  de  vue  du  service  militaire,  p4r  Giuaiid-Teulo.n,  Gazette  hcbdom. 
do  m6d.  et  de  chir.,  t.  vii,  p.  514,  1872.)  This  view  is  not  sustained,  however,  by  the  more  extensive  researches  of  La- 
gneau.  Myopia,  iu  his  opinion,  is  more  dependent  upon  race  than  upon  occupation,  {op.  cit.,  p.  302.)  In  the  departments 
of  the  Jura  and  Doubs,  wherewatchmaking  is  the  chief  employment  of  the  population,  exemptions  fur  this  defect  are 
remarkably  low  in  rate,  being  only  304  and  154  iu  the  100  000,  respectively  ;  at  the  same  time,  it  is  worthy  of  note  that 
the  ability  to  lead  is  general  among  this  people,  the  rate  of  inability  being,  respectively,  ouly  370  and  220.  The  general 
ral(!,  for  the  whole  of  Frauce,  of  inability  to  read  is  2,300.     {Carle  sur  lesjeanes  gens  sachant  lire  en  1800,  Paris,  1807.) 

^Discussion  in  the  Paris  Academy,  already  quoted.  Broca  took  occasion  to  remind  the  academy  that  a  very  famous 
deed  of  arms  was  the  ^vork  of  a  one-eyed  mau — the  defense  of  the  bridge  by  Horatius  Codes  ! 


PRELIMINARY    REMARKS.  IGD 

In  the  time  of  a  nation's  extreme  need,  some  of  the  disquaUfications  named  should 
not  exempt  the  subjects  of  them  from  mihtary  servi(;e  ;  but,  certainly,  foi-  the  standing- 
army  of  to-day,  (quantum  mutatus  !)  which  is  scattered  along-  12,000  miles  of  frontier, 
there  is  no  policy  to  be  served  in  selecting  any  but  the  most  physically  perfect  men. 

Tiie  opinions  expressed  in  the  reports  as  to  the  number  of  men  who  can  be  sub- 
jected to  a  competent  physical  examination  in  the  course  of  a  working-day  vary  to  a 
consideralde  extent.  The  smallest  number  reported  is  25,  and  the  largest  100.  The 
result  must  have  depended  greatly  upon  the  a.ssistance  rendered  to  the  surgeon,  and 
upon  the  number  of  working-hours  of  daylight.  If  a  succession  of  men,  already 
stripped,  were  sent  in  to  the  examining-room  without  loss  of  time,  and  an  active  clerk 
recorded  the  facts  from  the  dictation  of  the  surgeon,  it  is  fair  to  estimate  that  .00  men 
could  be  properly  examined  in  a  day. 

The  frauds  practiced  by  the  drafted  man  in  order  to  evade  the  service  demanded 
of  him,  and  by  the  substitute  or  volunteer  to  obtain  the  coveted  enlistment,  are  gj-aph- 
ically  described  in  many  of  these  reports.  The  art  of  feigning  oi-  of  concealing  disease 
was  carried  to  a  high  degree  of  perfection  under  the  tutelage  of  the  bounty-broker.' 
An  especially  nefarious  deception,  often  practiced,  was  the  substitution  of  an  unsound 
man  for  a  sound  one  while  the  men  were  in  transit  from  the  place  of  enrollment  to  the 
camp  of  rendezvous.  Upon  arrival  at  the  latter,  the  result  would  be  the  dischai-ge  of 
the  man  and  consequent  discredit  being-  cast  upon  the  surgeon  who  had  examined 
him. 

The  system  of  re-examining  recruits  at  the  camps  of  rendezvous  led  to  much  dis- 
satisfaction and  recrimination.  As  a  rule,  the  examining-surgeon  at  the  headquarters 
of  his  district  did  his  work  with  all  possible  care,  and  Was  most  likely  to  arrive  at  a  just 
conclusion  in  regard  to  a  doubtful  case,  either  from  his  knowledge  of  the  man  or  from 
his  opportunity  of  consulting  the  neighbors  as  to  his  history.  Notwithstanding  this,  the 
su  geon  frequently  had  the  mortification  to  find  his  decision  reversed,  and  the  man  dis- 
chai'ged  by  the  board  of  examiners  at  the  camp.  A  sinnlar  complaint  has  been  made 
in  France  in  regard  to  the  councils  of  revision.  Indeed,  a  distinguished  military  sur- 
geon gravely  recommends  that  the  members  of  a  council  of  revision  should  each  be 
compelled  to  carr)'  a  soldier's  equipment  for  four  or  five  days,  that  they  might  there- 
after be  able  to  decide  questions  from  practical  knowledge  and  nor,  from  mere  theory.^ 
The  eighth  paragraph  of  the  circular  requested  from  the  surgeon  an  opinion  as  to 
which  nativity  furnished  the  most  capable  soldier.  In  one  hundred  selected  reports, 
the  preference  is  expressed — 

By  Ih  for  Americans; 

By  9  for  Germans; 

By  8  for  Irishmen; 

By  2  for  Englishmen; 

By  2  for  Canadians; 

By  1  for  Scotchmen; 

By  3  for  colored  men. 

'  This  name  was  giveu  to  a  clas.s  ofnieu  wlio  made  a  biisiues.s  of  procuring  .substitutes,  finding  uicii  wberewith  to 
fill  up  a  quota,  or  olaiUiug  a  conscripted  man  to  obtain  exemption  on  false  ceitilicates  or  through  feigned  dihorders. 
*  Statiatiquc  m^ico-chir.  de  la  campagne  d'ltalie  en  1859-1860,  par  J.  C.  CiiENU,  t.  li,  p.  904. 

22 


170  REPORTS  Of    EXAMINING  SURGEONS. 

In  reply  to  the  inquiiy  as  to  the  fitness  of  the  negro  for  military  service,  a  want  of 
opportunity  for  observation  has  g-enerally  been  alleged  ;  but,  so  far  as  the  expei'ience 
of  the  writers' extended,  it  is  noticeable  that  they  all  seem  to  speak  with  admiration  of 
the  physical  proportions  of  the  blacks  who  came  before  them.' 

'  Puun'hu-Bky  states  that  the  tendency  in  i.egio  races  is  to  exceed  the  mean  in  stature.  {Memoire  sur  hs  negres, 
Mem.  de  hi  Scic.  d'anthrop.,  t.  i,  p.  ;5]4.)  The  black  troops  iu  th''  army  of  General  Napier  in  the  Abyssinian  campaign, 
and  those  sent  from  the  West  Indies  to  serve  nmler  Sir  Garnet  Wolseley  iu  his  expedition  .igainst  Coomassie,  were  re, 
markalde  for  their  size  and  proportion.  Dr.  Schweinkukth,  m  his  recent  work,  (Heart  of  Africa,  2  vols.,  Svo,  London, 
187'2,)  records  lUe  mean  stature  of  mauy  tribes  of  Central  Africa,  which,  iu  most  instances,  attained  to  67  inches. 


REP0IIT8  OF  SURGEONS  OF  BOARDS  OF  ENROLLMENT. 


MAINP:— FIRST  DISTRICT. 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  0.  W.  Thomas. 

In  answer  to  paragraj)!!  No.  1,  I  would  sa^'  that  the  iiuniber  of  men  examined  iu  my  distiict 
was  about  7,550.  I  had  also  examined,  before  my  connection  with  the  Prosost Marslial's  linicaii, 
some  hundreds  for  the  volunteer  and  regular  service.  *  »  # 

Tiiis  district  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Androscoggin  and  Oxford  (bounties;  on  the  west  by 
Oxford  County  and  the  State  of  New  Hampshire;  on  the  east  and  south  by  the  Athxntic  Ocean. 
The  surface  of  the  country  is  undulating,  varied  by  hill  and  valley,  forest  and  |)Iain.  Its  geological 
formation  consists  chietiy  of  granite;  mica  abounds;  also  slate  in  the  interior,  and  blue  <!lay  on  the 
seaboaril. 

We  have,  in  the  winter,  infiannnatory  aft'ections  of  the  throat  and  kings,  and  rheumatism  ;  in 
the  summer,  bowel-complaint ;  and,  in  the  lall,  a  great  deal  of  typhoid  fever.  But  our  most  preva- 
lent diseases  are  coiisnmi)ti()ii  and  rheumatic  aflections,  the  result  of  those  sudden  llnctuations  of 
temperature  for  which  our  ''Down  East"  climate  is  so  proverbial.  Latterly,  we  have  had  consid- 
erable diphtheria,  and,  subsequently  to  this,  sporadic  cases  of  cerebro-spinal  meningitis,  commonly 
known  by  us  as  '•  spotted  fever."  Both  the  latter  ha\e  been  more  j)revalent  and  fatal  in  the  interior 
than  on  the  seaboard. 

The  general  character  of  the  inhabitants  for  intelligence,  morals,  and  education  is  good,  lu 
the  cities,  we  lind  about  the  usual  projjortion  of  prt)fessional,  mechanic,  and  operative  classes  pre- 
sented by  Xew  England  cities  generally  ;  in  the  rural  districts,  farmers,  and  a  large  proportion  of 
sea  faring  men.  *  #  * 

Tiie  different  sections  of  paragraph  85  have  been  the  subject  of  much  thought  and  discussion 
with  us  in  this  otitice,  more  particularly  during  the  first  part  of  our  service.  With  increasing 
experience  of  its  working,  we  have  been  better  satistied  of  its  general  utility  and  fitness  for  the  ends 
for  which  it  is  inteniled  ;  and,  with  paragraphs  5  and  9,  it  leaves  sufiicieiit  margin  to  the  judicnous 
and  careiiil  physician  under  which  to  class  most  of  the  abnormal  cases  which  do  not  come  literally 
under  otlier  sections.  *  *  « 

I  would  suggest,  in  section  29,  to  the  sentence  "Varicocele  is  not  in  itself  disrpialilyiiig,"  tlu; 
addition  ot  the  words  "unless  excessive"  or  "aggravated,"  or  something  to  that  effect.  I  have 
seen  many  instances  where  varicocele  teas  in  itxcif  disqualifying,  there  being  no  other  delect;  the 
subjects  having  been  [)atieuts  of  my  own,  and  under  my  observation  lor  years.  Now,  1  was  obliged 
to  exempt  those  men,  because  I  knew  they  were  unlit  for  duty  ;  aii<l  ii  troubled  lue  at  the  time, 
because,  though  anxious  to  conform  as  strictly  as  possible  to  the  "letter  of  the  law,"  I  was  obliged 
to  evade  it;  and  yet,  at  the  same  time,  I  knew  that  I  was  doing  right.  *  *  » 

The  number  ol  men  that  can  be  examined  i)er  day  with  accuracy  must  vary  considerably 
according  to  the  surgeon's  experience,  natural  quickness  of  peix'ei)ti(in,  tact,  Judgment,  &c.  1  found 
that  I  could  accurately  examine  daily  a  larger  number  of  men  toward  the  close  of  my  service  than 
when  I  first  began.  On  some  days,  a  large  proportion  of  those  presenting  would  be  above  the 
average  in  fitness,  so  that  but  little  time  was  required  for  each  man,  and  our  nightly  record  would 
foot  up  largely.     If  there  were  many  cases  of  hernia,  varicose  veins,  or  such  obvious  dis(iualitica 


172  surgeons'    reports MAINE SECOND    DISTRICT. 

tioiis  as  were  easily  disposeil  of,  the  uuiiiber  would  again  be  large.     Upon  the  whole,  I  think  fifty 
men  per  day  is  as  hirge  a  number  as  could  be  i)roper]y  examined,  as  a  general  rule. 

The  frauds  which  enrolled  and  drafted  men  most  frequently  attempted  to  practice  ui)on  us  were 
not  very  complicated  or  strange.  The  most  common  deceptions  were  the  afl'ectatiou  of  "  kidney- 
complaint,"  "heart-disease,"  "lung-troubles,"  "deafness,"  "rheumatism,"  &c.  Fre(]nently,  just 
before  examination,  they  would  run  violently,  and  then  feign  heart-disease.  In  all  cases  of  assei  ted 
heart-disease,  we  made  it  a  rule  to  make  the  subjects  sit  still  for  half  an  hour,  and  then  they  were 
re  examined.  Sometimes  an  irritant  had  been  rubbed  on  the  anus,  and  exemption  would  be  claimed 
for  haemorrhoids. 

I  do  not  know  of  any  better  protection  against  these  attempts  than  extreme  vigilance  in  exam- 
ination: avoiding  leading  questions  during  the  investigation  of  the  case;  carelul  analysis  of  the 
symptoms,  noting  the  order  of  their  recurrence;  and  observing  the  general  condition  of  the  system 
at  the  time  as  compared  with  the  patient's  statements. 

The  greatest  amount  of  direct  lying  was  in  regard  to  age  and  liability  to  fits.  Among  recruits 
and  substitutes,  more  were  underage  than  over.  A  great  many  boys  presented  themselves,  many 
of  whom  were  rejected  at  sight.  In  doubtful  cases,  they  were  sworu  as  to  their  age  before  a  justice 
of  the  peace,  the  penalty  of  taking  a  false  oath  being  first  explained  lo  them.  This  test  caused  a 
great  many  to  confess  tiie  falsehood,  who  had  been  stubborn  in  their  assertions  until  then.  The 
same  proved  true  in  regard  to  liability  to  fits.  One  day,  a  mau  presented  himself  as  a  sub.stitute, 
who  came  very  near  outwitting  us.  He  passed  a  satisfactory  examination,  and  had  a  fine  physique. 
Still,  I  was  strongly  impressed  with  the  idea  that  I  had  seen  him  before,  and  that  I  had  then 
rejected  him.  I  questioned  and  re-questioned  him,  but  he  persisted  in  denying  that  lie  had  ever 
been  before  me.  Finally,  I  referred  to  my  private  book,  in  which  I  had  been  in  the  constant  habit 
of  noting  down  the  name  of  every  man  who  was  examined,  and  found  that  he  was  exempted  from 
the  draft,  months  before,  for  heart-disease.  I  showed  him  the  record,  and  he  finally  confessed  that 
he  had  suffered  from  this  disease  for  years,  and  had,  iu  consequence,  been  obliged  to  give  up  work. 
Ee  had  been  taking  digitalis  for  some  days,  and  in  this  case  it  had  entirely  masked  the  symptoms. 

I  may  refer  most  properly,  perhaps,  in  this  connection,  to  a  trick  which  the  substitute-brokers 
attempted  to  play  upon  us  in  the  earlier  part  of  our  service,  when  the  men  were  not  always  mus- 
tered in  as  soon  as  examined.  After  a  man  had  been  rejected,  they  would  attempt  to  muster  him 
iu  under  the  name  of  a  sound  man  who  had  been  accepted,  changing  the  papers  between  our  ofiice 
and  the  marshal's.  As  a  safeguard  against  this,  as  well  as  for  other  purposes,  which  will  probably 
be  specified  in  the  marshal's  report,  we  adopted  the  plan  of  employing  printed  slips,  containing  the 
personal  description  of  the  man,  with  a  margin  for  remarks.  *  *  * 

The  natioindity  which  presented  the  greatest  iihysical  aptitude  for  military  service  iu  our  dis- 
trict was  the  American. 

My  experience'of  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service  is  not  large, 
as  the  number  examined  was  small ;  but,  as  a  general  thing,  their  physical  qualifications  were  very 
good.  *  *  * 

CHAS.  W.  THOMAS,  M.  D., 
Late  Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  First  District  State  of  Maine. 

Portland,  Me.,  October  31,  1865. 

MAINE— SECOND  DISTRICT. 
Uxtracts  from  report  of  Dr.  Alex.  Burbank. 

The  precise  number  of  men  examined  cannot  now  be  ascertained.  It  is  a  matter  of  regret  that 
a  record  of  all  examinations  was  not  made  ;  but,  until  recently,  it  was  thought  unnecessary  to  make 
a  record  of  the  examination  of  enrolled  men,  unless  sufficient  cause  was  found  for  striking  their 
names  from  the  list.  The  importance  of  such  a  measure  not  having  been  appreciated,  we  are  com- 
pelled now  to  approximate,  where  we  might  have  been  accurate.     There  have  been  examined,  how- 


*  *  « 


ever,  by  myself  and  assistants,  in  the  neighborhood  of  4,()()(»  men. 

The  second  district  of  Maine  comprises  four  counties:  Franklin,  Androscoggin,  Oxford,  anil 
Sagadahoc.  Like  other  portions  of  New  England,  the  country  is  somewhat  hilly  and  broken,  and 
in  some  portions  of  the  district  it  is  even  mountainous.     The  climate,  like  the  country,  is  rugged 


surgeons'   reports MAINE SECOND    DISTRICT.  173 

and  severe;  consequently  diseases  of  the  pulmonary  organs  are  among  tbo  most  common,  and 
perhaps  disciualily  a  greater  number  (or  military  and  naval  service  than  any  other  disability.  This 
is  attributable,  undoubtedly,  to  the  intense  cold  of  our  protracted  winters,  together  with  the  sudden 
changes  of  weather  during  the  spring  and  autumn  months.  As  in  other  i)ortious  of  the  country, 
we  have  epidemic  diseases,  which  come  and  go  as  their  legitimate  causes  appear  or  disappear.  For 
instance,  during  the  autumn  months,  when  decaying  vegetable  maiter  is  exhaling  its  miasmatic 
poison,  fevers  of  various  types  sweep  over  the  country,  sometimes  with  feartal  havoc ;  but  the  cause 
residing  in  the  malarious  atmosphere,  when  that  is  purified  by  the  ai)proaching  cold  of  winter  the 
disease  disappears,  and  we  enjoy  a  respite  until  change  of  season  shall  again  bring  change  in  the 
vegetable  world.  Not  so,  however,  with  pulmouarj'  disease.  There  seems  to  be  a  peculiar 
hereditary  tendency  in  the  climate  to  incite,  as  there  is  in  the  people  to  take  on,  this  disease.  No 
class  of  persons,  no  occupation,  trade,  or  profession,  enjoys  any  immunity  from  it;  no  age  or  sex 
escai)es  its  dreaded  visits,  so  that  it  may  be  classed  as  the  prevailing  disease  of  New  England. 

The  general  character  of  the  people  of  this  district,  I  apprehend,  will  compare  favorably  with 
that  of  any  other  district  in  the  State  or  in  the  country.  They  are  sober,  industrious,  and  frugal. 
The  district  is  principally  agricultural,  and  consequently  the  mode  of  life  and  the  occu[)ation  of  the 
people  will  readily  be  understood.  There  are,  however,  manufacturing  and  commercial  interests 
existing  to  some  extent;  but  the  greater  portion  of  our  ]iopulation  is  engaged  in  agricultural  pur- 
suits. The  mode  of  living,  the  occupation  and  habits  of  the  people,  would  seem  as  well  calculated 
to  promote  health  and  secure  long  life  as  those  of  other  people;  nevertheless,  it  is  comparatively  a 
rare  thing  to  find  a  sound  man,  even  in  this  community.  As  has  been  stated  above,  pulmonary 
diseases  are  incident  to  the  climate,  and  exhibit  the  largest  ratio  per  thousand  among  disqualifying 
causes.  #  #  » 

Surgeons  of  enrollment-boards  should  not,  in  my  judgment,  be  required  to  examine  more  than 
twenty  five  men  per  day.  Many  of  the  frauds  i)racticed  upon  surgeons  amid  the  hurry  and  excite- 
ment of  fifty  or  sixty  examinations  i)er  day,  would  be  exposed  were  half  the  number  only  admitted. 
The  frauds  practiced  by  drafted  and  enrolled  men  to  escape,  and  by  substitutes  and  enlisted  men 
to  enter  the  army,  are  numerous  and  varied.  Perhaps  the  most  common  fraud  is  that  of  feigning 
disability.  Ordinarily,  the  surgeon  would  discover  the  imposition  thus  attempted  to  be  practiced 
ui)on  him;  but,  when  it  is  backed  up  ami  fortified  by  certificates  from  respectable  members  of  the 
medical  profession,  the  imposition  is  not  suspected,  and  some,  no  doubt,  have  thus  wrongfully 
escaped.  I  have  for  the  ])ast  year  excluded  all  documentary  evidence  in  such  cases,  and  have 
endeavored  to  judge  of  the  physical  ability  of  the  man  from  jn'isonal  examination  alone.  The 
kindly  disposition  of  medical  men,  together  with  their  fear  of  offending,  forbids  their  withholding 
certificates  when  requested  to  give  them  ;  and  it  is  difficult  for  the  examiningsurgeou  to  override 
these  (certificates,  many  of  them  having  been  given  under  the  sanctity  of  an  oath.  But  it  is  more 
to  be  feared,  perhaps,  that  unfit  men  should  insinuate  themselves  into  the  army  than  that  fit  ones 
should  escape  it. 

The  tempting  bounties  offered  and  paid  by  Government  to  such  as  would  voluntarily  aid  in 
this  noble  work  of  defending  and  preserving  it,  have  induced  unprincipled  and  unscrupulous  men 
to  resort  to  every  scheme  that  offered  a  chance  of  success.  The  greatest  difficulty,  however,  has 
been  experienced  in  the  examination  of  substitutes.  Enlisted  men,  as  a  general  thing,  are  those 
from  among  us  with  v.hose  olijects  as  well  as  abilities  we  are  acquainted.  Not  so  with  substitutes, 
however;  they  are  generally  foreigners,  worthless  as  soldiers,  truthless  as  men,  and  sometimes  a 
curse  to  the  world.  #  #  ♦ 

So  far  as  my  experience  and  observation  go,  T  am  inclined  to  the  belief  that  the  colored  race 
leads  off  as  to  physical  qualifications  for  the  military  service.  They  are  generally  of  a  straight, 
soldier-like  appearance;  their  habits  of  lile  have  been  such  as  to  inure  them  to  exposure;  and  there 
is  less  sensibility  and  refinement  among  them  than  we  find  in  the  white  race,  while  there  is  just 
animal  enough  about  them  to  make  good  soldiers.  *  *  » 

Jn  relation  to  the  enrollment-law  as  it  now  exists,  I  have  a  word  to  say.  It  were  impossible, 
perhai)s,  to  frame  a  law  to  suit  all ;  but  the  present  enrolbnent  law,  it  seems  to  me,  possesses  all  that 
is  needed,  except  in  the  matter  of  the  substitute  clause.  The  system  of  substituting,  it  seems  to 
me,  is  wrong  in  principle  and  mischievous  in  practice.     1  respectfully  suggest  whether  it  would  not 


174  surgeons'    reports MAINR THIRD    DISTRICT. 

be  better  to  amend  the  law  so  as  to  compel  the  drafted  man  to  furnish  a  natice-born  siib.slitutc,  in- 
stead of  an  alien,  whom  he  may  procure  for  a  mere  trifle,  and  "  who  to-day  is  and  tomorrow  is  not." 
The  substitute-provision  of  the  law,  though  intended  for  good,  has  yet  been  a  source  of  great  trou- 
ble. It  has  led  to  a  great  deal  of  difficulty,  and  has  i)roved  to  be  productive  of  gigantic  frauds, 
both  upon  the  Government  and  upon  the  people.  There  can  be  no  wrong  in  compelling  men  to 
furnish  like  persons  to  defend  the  Government  under  which  they  live.  We  all  owe  service  to  it.  It 
lias  |)r()tectcil  our  property  and  our  lives.  If  it  is  now  in  danger,  every  man  owes  it  to  himself;  to 
his  country,  and  to  his  God,  to  defend  it,  even  with  his  life;  and,  if  but  one-tenth  part  of  the  com- 
munity is  required  to  make  the  defense,  those  upon  whom  the  lot  falls  should  not  complain.  It  is 
a  mistaken  kmdnt^s  to  allow  them  to  foist  upon  the  Government,  in  the  shape  of  a  substitute,  a 
man  of  straw,  or  one  whose  sympathies,  lilie  his  tongue,  are  foreign  to  our  Government  and  our 
cause.  The  examination  (li  this  class  of  men,  also,  has  added  largely  to  the  labors  of  the  surgeon, 
as  they  are  many  of  them  unacquainted  with  our  language,  and  consequently  have  to  be  examined 

through  an  interpreter.  *  *  * 

ALEXANDER  BUEBANK, 

Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Second  District  of  Maine. 
Auburn,  Me.,  June  2,  1865. 

MAINE— THIRD  DISTRICT. 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dn.  G.  A.  Wilbur. 

The  third  district  of  Maine  embraces  the  counties  of  Somerset,  Kennebec,  Lincoln,  and  a  part 
of  Kiiox.  It  extends  from  Oan  ida  on  the  north  to  the  Atlantic  on  the  south,  a  distance  of  about 
one  hundred  and  ninety-six  miles.  From  east  to  west,  its  greatest  width  is  about  forty-four  miles; 
its  least  width,  about  fifteen  miles;  and  its  average  width,  about  thirty-one  and  a  half  miles.  It  lies 
between  43°  3'  and  47°  north  latitude,  and  occupies  the  valley  of  the  Kennebec  River,  which  has 
its  rise  in  Moose  Head  Lake,  flows  south  some  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles,  and  empties  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

Fromthe  Atlantic  coast  inland,  for  some  ninety  miles,  it  is  thickly  inhabited  ;  from  this  point 
northwardly  for  forty-seven  miles,  it  is  sparsely  settled;  and  about  fifty-three  miles  of  the  northern 
portion  is  uninhabited.  The  northern  limits  are  monutaiu(jus,  the  sparsely-inhabited  and  a  i)art  of 
the  more  thickly-settled  portion  are  very  hdly,  the  surface  becoming  more  and  more  even  as  one 
approaches  the  south. 

The  forests  of  the  northern  part  of  Somerset  County  furnish,  during  the  winter  months,  em- 
ployment for  many  of  oar  more  enterprising  citizens  in  cutting  lumber,  and,  in  the  spring,  in  float- 
ing it  down  the  river  to  market.  In  these  lumber-regions,  the  ground  is  covered  with  snow  during 
five  or  six  months  in  each  year. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  seaboard  towns  are  mostly  engaged  in  ship-buildiug  and  maritime  pur- 
suits, especially  in  the  Bank  fisheries. 

The  middle  portion  of  the  district  is  ])leasantly  diversified  with  hills,  plains,  streams,  and  small 
lakes  or  ponds,  and  possesses  manufacturing  facilities  scarcely  rivaled  by  those  of  any  section  of 
any  country.  It  contains  a  fair  proportion  of  farming-land,  well  adapted  to  growing  the  staple 
products  of  the  State,  which  are  hay,  oats,  barley,  beans,  i)otatoes,  and  apples. 

The  inhabited  portion  of  Sotuerset  County  contains  one  hundred  and  thirty-six  small  lakes, 
varying  in  length  from  half  a  mile  to  eight  and  a  half  miles,  and  eighty-two  hills  of  sufficient  ele- 
vation to  entitle  them  to  notice  on  our  State  maf). 

Kennebei^  the  middle  county  of  this  district,  has  fifty-one  lakes,  varying  from  half  a  mile  to 
eight  miles  in  length,  and  thirteen  hills,  also  delineated  on  our  State  map. 

Lincoln  County  contains  sixteen  fresh-water  lakes,  from  half  a  mile  to  five  miles  in  length,  and 
one  hill  re[)resented  on  our  State  map. 

That  i).irt  of  Kii.)x  County  included  in  the  third  district  has  eight  ponds,  from  half  a  mile  to 
three  miles  in  length,  and  has  one  hill  given  on  the  maj).  Although  Lincoln  and  Knox  Counties 
have  a  smaller  number  of  fresh-water  lakes  in  proi»ortion  to  their  area  than  either  Somerset  or 
Kennebec  Counties,  yet  the  deficiency  is  more  than  compensated  for  by  their  numerous  bays  and 
salt  water  rivers. 


surgeons'   reports — MAINE THIRD   DISTRICT.  175 

Farming  is  the  principal  occui)ati()n  pursued  in  iliis  district;  tbe  ratio  of  farmers  cxannned  in 
this  office  beinjT  nearly  three  to  one  of  all  other  occupations.  *  *  * 

Our  farmers  are,  for  the  most  part,  temperate  in  liabits,  industrious  in  business,  economical  in 
expenditures,  and  illiberal  in  their  dealings  with  others.  *  *  # 

During  the  season  of  harvesting,  the  farmer,  too  economi<  al  in  the  emjiloyment  of  help,  is  apt 
to  overwork  himself  and  his  assistants  in  order  to  secure  his  crops  in  good  condition.  His  scene  oi' 
labor  being  at  a  moderate  distance  from  his  dwelling,  he  seldom  lakes  with  him  an\  extra  clothing: 
and,  after  working  himself  into  a  proluse  perspiratfon,  he  either  sits  himself  down  to  rest  in  some 
cool  retreat  or  wends  his  weary  way  homeward.  In  either  case,  there  is  a  sudden  check  given  to 
the  cutaneous  perspiration,  and  oveiaction  and  oppression  of  some  internal  organ  is  ai)t  to  ensue; 
and  singular  indeed  would  it  be  if  a  succession  of  sucli  indiscretions  did  not  result  in  organic 
lesion.  As  of  all  the  internal  organs  those  concerned  in  the  circulation  are  the  most  overworked 
during  such  violent  exercise,  it  follows  that  the  linigs,  and  especially  tlie  heart,  are  the  most  likely 
to  succumb.  This,  we  believe,  may,  in  part  at  least,  acciount  for  the  fact  that  a  large  proportion  of 
our  disabilities  are  chronic  diseases  of  internal  organs.  That  diseases  of  internal  or'gaus  constitute 
a  large  percentage  of  iniirmities  among  other  and  less  laborious  occupations  may,  in  part,  be 
accounted  for  by  the  fact  that,  when  a  farmer  contracts  a  disease  which  unfits  him  for  the  hardships 
of  farming,  he  often  leaves  it  for  a  less  laborious  emi)loyment. 

Of  the  fevers  with  which  we  have  to  contend,  tyi)lioid  is  the  most  common,  and  is  especially 
prevalent  in  the  latter  part  of  summer  and  the  early  part  of  autumn.  Pneumoiua  is  perhaps  the 
next  ujost  freriueut  in  occurrence  of  the  sporadic  fevers.  Malarious  fevers  are  not  endemic  here. 
By  malignant  epidemics,  we  are  seldom  visited.  The  most  severe  one  with  which  we  have  had 
experience  is  dii)htheria,  which  raged  in  the  year  18(J(»,  with  various  degrees  of  virulence,  in  almost 
every  part  of  Somerset  County ;  occasional  cases  continuing  to  occur  up  to  the  present  time.  I  am 
not  aware  that  locality,  temperature,  or  mode  of  life  had  much  to  do  with  the  disease,  as  I  observed 
it  in  atmospheres  wet  or  dry,  hot  or  cold,  in  localities  high  or  low,  and  among  the  well-fed  and 
cleanly  as  well  as  those  of  lower  habits  of  life.  At  times,  it  would  attack  every  member  of  a 
family  where  it  entered  ;  and,  at  others,  it  would  prove  fatal  in  one  or  more  cases,  leaving  the  other 
members  of  the  family  intact.  *  *  # 

"Mental  imbecility"  is  supposed  to  embrace  all  grades  from  the  condition  of  owe  non  compos 
mentis  to  that  of  the  actual  idiot.  If,  then,  the  unfortunate  claimant  make  it  appear  that  he  is,  in 
strength  of  intellect,  below  the  common  level,  is  not  his  case  covered  by  this  section  ?  Should  we 
not,  in  such  cases,  require  proof  tliatthe  man  is  incapable  of  obtaining  a  livelihood,  or  that  he  is  not 
allowed  the  right  of  suffrage  nor  required  to  pay  a  poll-tax  ? 

"Epilepsy." — If,  by  the  expression  "Who  has  attended  him  in  this  disease  ?"  we  are  to  under- 
stand "Who  has  attended  him  in  an  actual  paroxysm!"  the  order  bears  rather  heavily  upon  many 
cases  in  this  district.  Many  of  these  patients  reside  at  such  a  distance  from  any  physician  that  it 
is  impossible  for  one  to  arrive  before  the  paroxysm  shall  have  passed  off;  and,  as  the  attacks  occur 
irregularly  and  without  warning,  it  is  imj)ossible  to  provide  for  the  event.  Then,  again,  as  most 
epileptics  are  thought  incurable,  they  are  not  often  subjects  of  medical  treatment.  Would  it  not, 
therefore,  be  more  equitable  to  admit  the  affidavit  of  a  physician,  stating  that,  from  his  knowledge 
of  the  patient  and  from  common  and  disinterested  report,  he  verily  believes  the  applicant  is  subject 
to  epilepsy  ?     Let  him  state,  also,  how  frequent  are  the  attacks  and  when  the  last  occurred. 

"Nearsightedness." — I  am  unable  to  see  of  what  use  to  the  army  a  man  can  be  who  is  unable, 
at  the  distance  of  a  few  feet  or  yards,  to  distinguish  a  man  from  a  horse.  Would  it  not  be  proper 
to  make  some  degree  of  myopia  (;ause  for  exemption  ?  *  *  * 

"Total  loss  of  any  two  fingers  of  same  hand." — It  is  believed  that  a  man  without  the  little  and 
ring  fingers  of  the  left  hand  (which  exeti>pts)  can  better  perform  the  duties  of  a  soldier  than  he  can 
with  the  loss  of  the  second  phalanges  of  all  the  fingers  of  the  left  hand  (which  does  not  exempt;) 
also,  that  the  permanent  contraction  or  extension  of  two  fingers  of  the  left  hand  is  as  nearly  dis- 
qualifying as  is  their  loss.  May  it  not,  on  tbe  whole,  be  suggested  that  the  permanent  contraction 
or  extension  or  the  total  loss  of  the  third  and  fourth  fingers  of  the  left  hand  does  not  disqualify  f 

"Loss  of  first  and  second  phalanges  of  right  hand." — Why  should  the  possession  of  these 
phalanges  of  the  third  and  fourth  fingers,  or  either  of  theai,  on  the  right  hand  hold  to  service? 


176  surgeons'    reports MAINE THIRD    DISTRICT. 

The  loss  of  the  first  and  second  phahxuges  of  the  first  and  second  fingers  of  the  right  hand  does 
not  exempt,  while  their  total  loss  does.  It  is  thought  that  the  presence  of  the  tiiird  plialanx  of 
either  of  these  fingers  is  only  an  obstacle  to  the  free  nse  of  the  next  finger  below.  *         *         » 

Under  ordinary  circninstances,  a  surgeon,  with  a  good  orderly  and  two  clerks,  can  carefully 
examine  fifty  men  in  a  day,  with  an  average  lot  of  men,  and  good  order  in  the  room.        *       *       * 

Of  the  frauds  practiced  by  drafted  men  to  escape,  the  most  common  are  feigned  disease's  or 
infirmities,  and  mechanical  injuries.  Feigning  or  exaggerating  deafness  has  been  quite  common  in 
this  oiBce;  but  a  surgeon  of  fair  shrewdness  can  usually  detect  the  fraud  by  observing  the  habits 
of  men  who  are  decidedly  deaf,  and  entrapping  the  impostor  in  his  conversation.  In  this  office,  an 
afiidavit  is  required  to  prove  decided  deafness  before  exempting  for  this  infirmity. 

In  examining  by  pali)ation  an  internal  organ  claimed  to  be  lame  or  tender,  the  examining- 
surgeou  should  manage  to  keep  the  man's  attention  earnestly  engaged  upon  some  other  organ  or 
subject,  and  in  this  way  he  will  save  all  controversy,  oftentimes  by  the  absence  of  flinching  when 
the  organ  alleged  to  be  affected  is  pressed  upon.  The  surgeon  is  obliged  to  tnx  his  ingenuity  con- 
stantly to  vary  the  means  of  detecting  these  frautls,  as  any  one  device  will  soon  be  learned  by 
drafted  men  outside.  *  *  * 

During  the  first  year  of  my  connection  with  this  board,  bribes  were  not  unfrequently  offered; 
but  within  the  last  year  I  do  not  recollect  that  my  official  integrity  has  been  approached  by  any 
drafted  man  or  recruit.  I  would  here  suggest  in  passing,  as  I  am  about  to  leave  this  post,  that 
official  integrity  in  a  surgeon  is  of  very  great  consequence  to  the  service ;  for  he  is  at  times  obliged 
to  withstand  the  clamors  of  whole  communities. 

One  case  of  fraud  occurred  in  this  district,  in  which  an  eui'olled  man  presented  him.seU',  and 
had  his  name  stricken  from  the  rolls  for  an  obvious  infirmity.  Allowing  a  sufficient  length  of  time 
to  elajise  to  insure  success,  he,  for  hire,  came  again  under  an  assumed  name,  was  examined,  and 
declared  unfit,  and  thus  had  his  neighbor's  name  stricken  from  the  rolls.  This  trick  he  practiced 
again  for  a  second  neighbor.  The  only  way  that  suggests  itself  to  me  for  avoiding  such  frauds  is 
the  summarj'  arrest  and  punishment  of  the  offender  when  such  cases  come  to  light.        »         *       * 

The  frauds  most  frequently  practiced  by  enlisted  men  are  concerning  age.  The  aflidiivit  of  the 
individual  and  certificates  of  liis  friends  are  seldom  reliable. 

Iq  these  cases,  the  surgeon  must  judge,  as  best  he  can,  of  over-age  by  flabbiness  of  tlie  flesh 
and  by  general  appearance,  and  of  underage  by  faulty  develojiment.  For  his  own  i)rotection,  he 
may  take  measurements;  and,  in  this  office,  the  girth  of  arm  and  leg  have  of  late  been  recorded. 

Men  will  sometimes,  without  flinching,  bear  deep  pressure  upon  diseased  internal  organs,  and 
no  means  has  been  devised  for  detecting  this  species  of  fraud.  *  *  * 

No  inaptitude  for  military  service  has  been  ob.served  in  this  office  as  being  peculiar  to  the  colored 
race,  if  the  flat  foot  do  not  disqualify  for  long  marches. 

The  surgeon  of  this  board  is  strongly  of  the  opinion  that,  of  all  the  errors  in  our  present 
enrollment-law,  none  are  fraught  with  more  evil  consequences  to  the  service  and  to  good  morals 
than  is  the  system  of  paying  large  bounties.  Indeed,  the  use  of  deception  for  the  acquisitign  of 
bounties  has  become  so  nearly  universal  that  the  surgeon  of  this  board  has  very  little  confidence, 
indeed,  in  the  veracity  of  enlisting-offlcers  or  of  their  enlisted  men  ;  nor  does  lie  trust  much  more 
to  their  affidavits,  further  than  that  they  furnish  a  basis  upon  which  to  fall  back  for  protection.  If 
bounties  are  to  be  given  at  all,  it  is  believed  that  they  should  be  sufficiently  large  to  induce  good 
and  able-bodied  men  to  leave  lucrative  employments;  otherwise,  they  attract  only  the  indolent  and 
unsound.  Men  should  undoubtedly  have  greater  inducements  to  enter  the  service  by  volunteer 
enlistments  than  by  draft,  but  it  should  be  profl'ered  in  the  increase  of  monthly  pay,  thereby  check- 
mating the  game  of  running  away  with  large  bounties ;  and,  while  large  salaries  are  inducing  men 
to  volunteer,  the  draft,  with  smaller  salary,  should  be  made  to  act  as  an  urging  force  in  the  same 
direction,  and  should  also  be  held  in  reserve  as  a  dernier  ressort  when  the  attraction  of  larger  pay 
and  the  dread  of  a  draft  shall  have  failed  to  fill  a  tiuota.  *  *  # 

On  the  whole,  1  find  but  very  few  objectionable  features  either  in  the  enrollment-law  or  in  the 
manner  in  which  it  has  been  executed  by  my  superior  officers. 

G.  A.  WILBUK, 
Surgeon  Third  District  of  Maine. 

Augusta,  Me.,  May  20, 1865. 


surgeons'    reports MAINE FOURTH    DISTRICT.  177 

MAINE— FOURTH  DISTRR'T. 

E.vtroctsfrnm  rrpnrt  of  Dll.  S.  A.  Pattkn. 

This  (listiicr  is  coinposcd  of  tlie  counties  of  Penobscot,  Aroostook,  and  Piscatnqnis,  nnd  lias  an 
area  of  about  13,()5li  sijuare  miles.  It  forms  all  of  tbe  northern  and  more  than  half  of  the  eastern 
border  of  the  State,  and  had,  in  ISOO,  a  jiopnlation  of  110,1.' 10.  In  j^cneral  terms,  it  may  be  said  to 
be  hilly;  and  its  surface  is  broken,  especially  in  the  northern  part,  into  ridjj:es,  detached  eminences, 
ami  mountain-peaks.  Several  rivers,  of  no  inconsiderable  size,  thread  their  winding  way  through 
this  territory  toward  the  ocean  ;  and  scores  of  lakes,  among  the  largest  of  which  are  Moose  Head, 
Cliesnncook,  and  Apmogenegcmook,  iiere  s|)read  out  their  waters. 

The  general  character  of  the  inhabitants  is  that  of  intelligent,  moral,  and  industrious  citizens. 
The  bJessinjis  of  the  common-scliool  and  religious  instruction  reach,  with  few  exceptions,  the 
remotest  settlements,  and  lia\(^  made  their  impress  n|)on  the  mi:idsand  hcaits  of  the  iieople.  Largi? 
numbers  of  the  inhabitants  of  Aroostook  County  have  come  IVom  other  jiorlions  of  the  State  within 
comparatively  a  few  years,  lured  thither  by  repiesentations  of  thi^  richness  of  the  soil  and  the 
sjiperior  advantages  it  allords  for  agricultural  |)ursuits.  Its  population  was  nearly  doubled  between 
the  years  l.SoO  and  lS(j(».  Living  iu  tbe  northern  portion  of  this  county,  and  in  a  district  known  as 
jMadawasUa,  there  is  a  ])eoi)le  of  foreign  origin,  mostly  French,  ]ioor  and  illiterate,  who,  though 
enjoying  the  |)rivileges  of  citizenship,  have  utterly  failed  to  respond  to  the  calls  of  the  Governiuent 
dui-ing  the  late  rebellion. 

The  piincipal  business  of  the  people  of  this  district  is  farming  and  lumbering.  Scattered  all 
through  the  southern  ami  central  portions  of  these  counties  are  rich  and  highly  cultivated  farms, 
and  farther  north  are  found  wide-spread  forests,  where  grow  in  abundance  the  pine,  spruce,  and  tir, 
inviting  tbe  energy  and  stimulating  the  enterprise  of  the  Inmbernian.  »  *  * 

The  prevalent  diseases  of  this  district  are  rhenniatisni,  typhoid  fever,  ])iienmonia,  consumjition, 
and  diphtheria.  Rheumatism  is  so  common  that  few  of  the  inhabitants  icach  the  middle  period  of 
life  w  ithout  suH'ering  fiom  it  in  some  one  of  its  various  lorms.  Its  piincipal  cause,  cold  and  moisture 
combined,  is  almost  always  jtreseiit,  especially  dniiiig  the  spring  nuuiths,  while  the  ice  and  snows 
are  melting  and  the  northeast  winds  from  the  Atlantic  are  blow  ing  fog  and  chill  over  the  laud. 
The  same  condition  of  the  atmosphere,  cold  and  damimess,  which  contributes  so  much  to  the  prev- 
alence of  rheuraatisni,  is  also  aiuoiig  the  principal  agencies  in  the  induction  of  consnmptiou. 

Diphtheria  has  made  sad  havoct  in  this  locality  during  the  last  few  yiars.  Here,  as  elsewhere, 
it  has  prevailed  and  been  most  fatal  in  remote  country  towns.  Children  have  been  the  gresitest 
sntlerers.  Adults,  however,  have  not  always  escaped.  Among  the  drafted  men  whom  I  have 
examined  I  have  frequently  found  those  who  were  suffering  from  some  of  the  consequences  of  this 
terrible  scourge.  The  same  cause,  I  doubt  not,  [iroduces  this  disease  here  as  in  other  sections  of 
the  country  ;  of  which  cause,  I  <>i)ine,  very  little  is  known,  exce[)t  that  it  originates  in  some  obscure 
miasmatic  condition  of  the  atmosphere,  which  deteriorates  or  poisons  the  circulating  tluiils  of  the 
body. 

The  diseases  and  infirmities  for  which  drafted  men  are  to  be  rejected,  as  enumerated  iu  para- 
graph.8i3,  Revised  Regulations,  I'rovost-Marshal-General's  Bureau,  are,  in  the  main,  1  judge,  ade- 
(jiiate  causes,  and  well  stated.  I  would,  however,  respectfully  suggest  that  section  20  be  changed, 
and  wider  scope  given  to  the  Judgment  of  the  examining  surgeon.  Snpjiose  the  man  being  exam- 
ined has  not  lost  the  particular  teeth  s[)ecitied  in  this  section,  but  has  lost  most  of  those  of  the 
ni)per  jaw,  including  part  of  the  incisors,  and  the  remaining  teeth  are  so  defective  as  to  be  of  little 
use,  should  he  not  be  exemiited?  "  Loss  of  a  sufficient  number  of  teeth  to  prevent  proper  inasti. 
cation  of  food  and  tearing  the  cartridge"  would,  it  seems  to  me,  be  a  much  better  rule. 

Tbe  last  part  of  secitiou  29  reads  us  follows,  viz :  "  Varicocele  is  not  in  itself  disqualifying."  It  is 
not  stated  that  complications  must  exist  to  make  it  so.  It  is,  perhaps,  proper  to  infer  that  atro])hy 
of  the  corres[ion(liiig  testicle  is  not  meant,  since  this  is  present,  I  believe,  in  the  great  majority  of 
cases.  This  difficulty,  when  it  is  excessive,  occasioning  great  tenderness  of  the  parts  and  a  painful 
seu.se  of  weight  and  dragging,  is,  in  my  opinion,  an  adequate  cause  for  exeiiqition."  Would  it  not 
occasion  far  more  discoiulbrt  than  sarcocele,  though  it  be  confirme:!,  if  of  moderate  .size? 

Under  section  oS  is  "  loss  of  ungual  p'.ialanx  of  the  right  thumb."     Is  this  really  disqualifying? 
23 


178  surgeons'   reports MAINE FOURTH    DISTRICT. 

It  would  probably  interfere  somewhat  with  the  ordinary  use  of  this  part  of  the  hand  ;  but  nature 
ever  anxious  to  leiiair  injuries,  does  in  these  cases  often  make  up  to  a  considerable  extent  for  the 
loss  sustained.  The  end  of  the  shortened  member  can  be  applied  to  almost  every  part  of  the  index- 
finger;  and,  in  those  eases  which  have  come  under  my  observation,  there  existed  the  ability  to  pick 
up  ami  bold  small  objects.  »  #  * 

My  opinion  is  that  not  more  than  sixty  men  can  be  examined  per  day  with  accuracy;  and  to 
do  this  will  require  a  convenient  arrangement  of  rooms  and  the  utmost  promptness  on  the  part  of 
all  in  any  way  assisting.  Up  to  the  1st  day  of  May,  1SC5, 1  had  examined,  as  surgeon  of  this  board 
of  enrollment,  0,1)13  men. 

I  have  had  no  experience  worth  mentioning  as  to  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  man 
for  military  service.  *  »  * 

As  the  law  has  been,  towns  being  allowed  a  limited  time  after  the  call  in  which  to  fill  their 
quotas  with  volunteers,  enlisting  usually  goes  on  with  increasing  briskness  as  the  day  lor  drafting 
approaches.  Among  those  presenting  themselves  are  individuals  who  are  really  anxious  to  keep 
out  of  the  service.  If  they  go  at  all,  they  jjiefer  to  go  as  recruits;  but  they  mean  to  make  such 
representations  to  the  examining-surgeon  as  will  induce  him  to  reject  them.  If,  however,  they  are 
accepted,  they  fully  intend  to  get  discharged  at  the  general  rendezvous,  where,  they  nnilerstand, 
all  are  re-examined  before  being  sent  to  the  front.  But  if,  as  they  hope,  they  are  rejected,  they 
turn  homeward  with  light  hearts,  believing  that  now  their  exem[>tiou,  in  the  event  of  being  drafted, 
is  almost  certain.  They  seem  to  forget  that  they  were  rejected  more  on  their  own  statement.s  than 
from  anything  the  surgeon  saw;  and  that  they  came  to  enlist  in  bad  faith,  hoping  to  escape  the 
service  by  misrepresentation  or  gross  fraud.  These  cases  should  be  regarded  as  very  different  from 
those  in  wliich,  just  previous  to  a  draft,  enrolled  men  comp  forward  in  good  faith,  proposing  to 
enlist,  and,  after  a  careful  examination,  are  rejected.  Now,  if,  in  a  lew  days  or  weeks,  these  men 
are  drafted,  and,  u|>on  examiiiatiou,  (their  physical  condition  being  the  same,)  they  are  accei)ted,  can 
it  be  thought  straiig(!  if  they  should  feel  that  this  is  unjust?  And  yet  this  may  happen,  and  in 
entire  consistency  with  the  instructions  furnished  surgeons  of  boards  of  enrollment.  That  it  has 
been  a  source  of  embarrassment  to  them  1  have  good  reason  to  believe. 

The  liberal  bounties  offered  those  who  would  enlist  in  the  service  of  the  United  States  have 
induced  large  numbers  of  individuals,  physically  disqualified  and  entirely  destitute  of  honor  and 
patriotism,  to  offer  themselves  to  the  Government.  Town-authorities,  anxious  to  fill  their  quotas, 
and  spurred  on  by  the  enrolled  men  living  in  their  respective  sub-districts,  are  often,  it  is  feared 
indifferent  as  to  the  qualifications  of  the  mau,  who,  if  accepted,  makes  the  number  to  be  raised  one 
the  less.  Substitute-brokers,  who,  in  some  ^'^y,  are  paid  for  getting  men  into  the  army,  are  also 
anxious  to  have  every  man  whom  they  present  "go  through."  It  is,  then,  jjlainly  to  be  seen 
that  boards  of  enrollment  have  often  to  encounter  the  combined  influence  of  these  different  classes. 

False  representations  as  to  the  age  of  the  recruit  and  substitute  is  a  species  of  fraud  which,  to 
my  knowledge,  is  very  frequently  practiced.  Boys  fifteen  and  sixteen  years  of  age,  desiring  to 
enlist,  have  often  presented  themselves  for  examination,  bringing  the  written  consent  of  their 
fathers  or  mothers,  in  which  document  it  is  certified  that  they  are  eighteen.  In  other  cases,  forged 
certificates  are  presented,  the  whole  being  manufactured  probably  by  the  boy  and  substitute-broker  ; 
also,  men  who  are  fifty  or  sixty  years  old  offer  themselves  for  the  service,  bringmg  sometimes  certain 
I)aperproofs  that  they  come  within  the  limits  si)ecified  by  law,  but  whose  apjiearance  negatives 
the  evidence  they  offer.  To  require  record-proof  of  age  would  tend  to  prevent  imposition  of  this 
kind. 

To  the  question  "What  nationality  presents  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  military, 
servicef  I  do  not  feel  prepared  to  give  a  very  definite  answer.  My  own  opinion  is,  judging  from 
my  limited  knowledge  and  observation,  that  to  the  Irish  and  Scotch,  especially  the  latter,  belong 
that  hardihood  and  vigor  of  constitution  which  pre-eminently  fit  them,  so  far  as  the  body  is  con» 
cerned,  for  military  duty. 

The  enrollment  law,  as  it.  now  exists,  is,  in  the  main,  wise  and  just,  and,  if  properly  enforced, 
will  accom))lish 'the  object  had  in  view  in  its  enactment.  *  *  # 

isow,  should  there  not  also  be  some  provision  in  this  law  for  the  punishment  of  the  man  who 


SUROKONs'    REPORTS MAINE FIFTH    DISTRICT.  179 

jnesonts  liimself  for  ciilistiuerit,  kiiowiaj;-  that  lie  lias  a  disriaalityiiij,'  iiiUniiity,  say  epilepsy,  which, 
as  he  calculates,  will  eiialile  hitu  to  get  his  discharge  very  soon  after  seeming  the  large  bounty? 
The  drafted  man  who  gets  exempted  by  fraud,  this  law  recognizes  as  a  di'serter,  and  liable  to  be 
])unished  as  such  ;  and  shall  he  who  endeavors  to  do  tiie  Government  a  gieater  wrong  go  uupnn- 
i,heu  1  Even  if  he  does  not  succeed,  be  intended  to;  and,  if  this  can  be  done  with  impunity,  others 
in  like  circumstances,  and  perhaps  worse,  there  being  nothing  to  deter,  will  make  the  attempt  and 
be  successful. 

Tliere  are  other  persons,  who,  although  able-bodied,  endeavor  to  get  into  the  service  solely  for 
the  sake  of  the  bounties,  and  then  intend,  by  feigning  sickness,  to  get  out  at  the  earliest  practicable 
moment.  How  many  sin(!e  the  commencement  of  the  late  rebellion  have  played  this  game  over 
and  over  again  !  Wiienever  such  cases  come  to  be  known — and  now  and  then  one  will  come  to 
IJMlit — ijustice  demands  that  these  offenders  be  severely  punished.  It  should  be  clearly  understood 
that  this  species  of  fraud  will  receive,  as  it  deserves,  speedy  retribution,  and  the  penalty  should  be 
of  such  a  character  as  to  make  "  bounty -juniijers"  scarce  in  every  community. 

SUMNEll  A.  PATTEN, 
Surgeon  of  Board  of  Enrollment  Fourth  District  of  Maine. 

Bangok,  Me.,  June  G,  18Gj. 

MAINE— EIFTE  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  A.  J.  Billings. 

My  experience  in  the  examination  of  men  with  reference  to  their  fitness  for  military  service 
dates  back  to  the  organization  of  the  Nineteenth  Regiment  Maine  Volunteers,  in  August,  1S(>2,  of 
which  regiment  I  was  appointed  surgeon,  and,  as  such,  examine<l  all  the  recruits  presented  for  enlist- 
ment therein  ui)  to  and  including  the  date  of  its  organization.  *  *  *  I  have  ex- 
amined altogether,  as  nearly  as  can  now  be  ascertained,  about  .3,200  men. 

The  fifth  congressional  district  of  Maine  comprises  the  three  entire  counties  of  Washington, 
Hancock,  and  Waldo,  and  those,  towns  of  Knox  Ciuuty  which  lie  along  the  shores  of  Penobscot 
B;iy.  It  has  an  extent  of  sea  coast,  on  an  airline,  of  nearly  one  hundred  aiul  tifty  nnles,  or  con- 
siderably more  than  one  half  of  the  entire  coast-line  of  the  State,  and  is  intersected  by  numerous^ 
inlets  and  bays,  some  of  them  of  considerable  extent.  Along  this  coastline  are  scattered  numerous 
islands,  some  of  them  i;outaiuing  two  or  three  incorporated  towns.  On  its  eastern  boundary,  it  has 
a  frontier  line  of  nearly  a  hundretl  miles  in  length.  The  northern  aiul  eastern  portion  of  the  dis- 
trict, nearly  one-third  of  its  entire  area,  is  still  nearly  in  its  primitive  state  of  wilderness,  with  only 
liere  and  there  the  camp  of  the  lumberman  or  the  solitary  settler's  logcabiu.  The  inhabitants 
belong  chiefly  to  the  industrial  classes.  Farmers  and  seamen,  in  about  eipial  proportion,  make  up 
con.siderably  more  than  one-half  of  the  entire  population,  while,  perhaps,  a  tilth  is  about  equally 
divided  between  mechanics  and  lumbermen.  Hence,  it  will  at  once  be  inferred,  that  they  are  a 
hard-working,  hard-faring  peiii)le,  frugal,  honest,  intelligent,  and  independent.  Among  a  people 
like  this  we  should  naturally  expect  to  find  the  most  prevalent  diseases  to  be  those  of  a  constitu- 
tional and  hereditary  character,  and  those  superinduced  by  the  local  causes  arising  Ironi  occu|)ation 
and  climate;  and  sucth  proves  to  be  the  case.  The  most  common  diseases  are  tbund  to  be  those  of 
a  pulmonary  nature,  the  hereditary  tendency  to  which  prevails  throughout  New  England,  and  is 
here  aggravated  by  exposure  to  those  climatic  vicissitudes  and  changes  to  which  the  occupations 
and  modes  of  life  render  the  inhabitants  peculiarly  exposed. 

The  greater  ratio  per  thousand  of  those  exempted  has  been  for  orgainc  diseases  of  the  internal 
organs,  chiefly  the  lungs;  and,  nextly,  for  dislocations  and  injuries  to  the  limbs;  the  ratio  in  each 
case  being  very  nearly  the  same.  For  the  first  of  these  results  I  have  already  accounted  above,  and 
the  second  can  be  explained  in  a  similar  iranner.  So  large  a  jwrtion  of  those  examined  being 
engaged  in  various  seafaring  pursuits,  or  as  mechanics  or  lumbermen,  they  necessarily  expose 
themselves  to  a  variety  of  accidents  productive  of  injuries  and  dislocations. 

The  workings  of  paragrai)li  8.1,  Revised  Rsgulatious,  as  far  as  my  experience  extends,  have 
generally  been  satisfactory,  so  much  so  that  I  do  not  deem  it  necessary  to  suggest  any  radical 


180  surgeons'   reports NEW    HAMPSHIRE — FIRST   DISTRICT. 

changes.  Tbe  causes  of  exemption  are  sufficiently  full  and  explicit,  as  it  would  now  seem,  tliougU 
peiba[»s  fuller  and  more  extended  exi)erieuce  might  suggest" some  slight  moditications.     *     *     • 

By  a  course  of  examination  as  thorough  and  complete  as  it  should  be  made,  one  surgeon  can 
examine  not  more  than  thirty  men  per  day.     *     *     * 

The  frauds  against  which  the  examiuing-offlcer  has  to  guard  are  as  various  as  the4emperaments 
and  characters  of  the  persons  examined,  and  no  set  rules  can  be  given  to  govern  in  such  matters. 
To  guard  successfully  against  these  frauds,  the  otlicer  should  be  thoroughly  conversant  with  all 
the  twistings  and  turnings  and  idiosyncrasies  of  huinan  nature,  and  be  possessed  of  a  practical 
ability  to  turn  his  knowledge  to  account.     *     *     * 

My  exi)erience  hardly  entitles  jue  to  express  an  opinion  as  to  what  nationality  is  physically 
best  fitted  for  military  service.  The  major  part  of  those  who  have  passed  under  my  scrutiny  are  of 
our  own  nationality,  while  those  of  others  have  been,  perhaps,  hardly  fair  samples  of  their  class, 
being  substitutes,  who  would  naturally  be  selected,  bifore  examination,  as  the  best  of  their  kind. 
From  such  experience  as  I  have  had,  and  from  comparison  of  that  experience  with  all  the  statistics 
upon  the  subject  pertaining  to  other  nations  which  1  have  been  able  to  obtain,  1  incline  to  the  opin- 
ion that  the  American  race  at  least  equals,  if  it  does  not  excel,  any  other  in  physical  aptitude  for 
such  service.    #     *     * 

My  views  in  regard  to  the  enrollment-law,  as  it  now  exists,  are  very  favorable.  In  its  direct 
and  indirect  workings  it  seems  well  adapted  to  subserve  the  purposes  for  which  it  was  framed. 

A.  J.  BILLINGS, 
Hunjeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Fifth  JJistrict  of  Maine. 

Belfast,  Me.,  Jiaie  1,  18Go. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE— FIRST  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  J.  F.  Hall. 

*  *  *  I  have  been  surgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment  of  the  first  district  of  New 

Hampshire xluring  the  entire  period  of  its  existence — two  years  and  one  month.  I  myself  have  ex- 
amined most  of  the  men  jjresented  for  physical  examination  at  this  ofBce,  and  have  witnessed  nearly 
all  the  examinations  made  by  my  assistant.  The  whole  number  of  drafted  men,  volunteers,  and 
substitutes  so  examined  is  about  ten  thousand.  #  #  #  jujjg  ,iistrj^t  embraces 

the  southern  and  eastern  portions  of  the  State,  commencing  upon  the  seaboard,  and  thence  border- 
ing on  the  State  of  Maine,  running  north  about  one  hundred  miles  to  near  the  base  of  the  White 
Mountains.  It  contains  the  counties  of  Rockingham,  Strafford,  Belknap,  and  Carroll.  The  south- 
ern portion  of  the  district  is  somewhat  level ;  the  middle  and  northern  portions  are  broken  and 
mountainous.  It  has  nearly  every  variety  of  soil:  the  cold  rock  soil  of  the  mountaintoi)  and 
slopes,  the  moist,  warm  rocky  soil  of  the  wide-spreading  hill-sides,  the  rich,  dark  loam  soil  of  the 
bottom-lands  upon  the  rivers,  and  the  sandy  soil  ot  the  plains. 

•  The  inhabitants  of  the  district  enjoy  in  a  large  degree  the  blessings  of  good  water  and  pure 
and  salubrious  air.  They  will  compare  favorably  with  those  of  any  other  locality  in  habits  of 
sobriety,  temperance,  industry,  and  morality.  They  are  frugal  in  their  modes  of  living  and  emi- 
nently utilitarian  in  their  labors.  A  large  portion  of  them  are  laborers  or  cultivators  of  the  soil. 
The  remaining  portion  are  operatives  in  cotton  or  woolen  mills  and  shoeinanufactories ;  also, 
laborers  in  almost  every  branch  of  the  mechanical  arts,  with  the  usual  relative  proportion  of  the 
ditierent  professions.  There  is  still  another  class  quite  too  large,  the  gentlemanly  and  ungentle-' 
manly  " /ort/crs." 

There  is  a  great  difference  in  the  amount  of  sickness  during  the  different  months  of  the  year. 
The  steady  cold  bracing  air  of  January  and  February  is  usually  attended  with  little  sickness,  while 
with  the  warm  and  more  changeable  months  of  INIarch  and  April,  with  the  daminiess  occasioned 
by  the  melting  snow,  there  is  frequent  influenza,  i)neumonia,  inflammation  of  the  throat,  and  acute 
rheumatism.  The  months  of  May,  June,  and  July  are  comparatively  healthy,  the  most  commoa 
sickness  being  a  mild  form  of  bilious  fever. 

There  is  again  more  sickness  in  August  and  September,  principally  enteric  or  typhoid  fever, 
ty])lius  fever,  and  dysentery.    These  mouths  aiford  more  professional  business  to  the  practicing 


surgeons'   EEPOUTS NEW    HAMPSHIRE FIRST    DISTRICT.  181 

physician  Miaii  any  otliev  two  months  of  the  year.  Novemhcr  and  December  are  healthy  months; 
June  and  iSTovcniher  attord  the  h'ast  jn'oCcssional  hnsiness. 

The  prevalent  inflneTiza  and  intlammatory  throiittionblea  are  the  rosnlt  ol'  our  cohl,  damp, 
east  winds,  iinpresnated  to  a  greater  or  less  degree  with  the  salt  from  the  ocean.  Pneumonia 
seems  to  depend  (for  its  exciting  cause  at  least)  u[)ou  the  extreme  vicissitudes  of  the  temperature 
of  the  atmospliere.  If  uric  or  lactic  acid  in  excess  in  the  system  is  the  cause  of  rheumatism,  it 
would  seem  that  Ihe  damp,  cold  atmosphere  of  spring  is  at  least  an  exciting  cause  and  favorable 
to  its  development. 

*  *  *  Many  young  men  have  been   exempted  for  general  debility  who  were 

more  or  less  afllictcd  with  scrofula.  This,  in  my  opinion,  arises  mainly  from  a  low  state  of  vitality, 
caused  by  improper  and  meager  diet,  with  insufficient  clothing  amonj;'  the  poorer  classes,  and  by 
im])roper  continement  from  the  air  among  the  more  wealthy.  In  my  judgment,  scrofula  finds  a 
powerful  agency  for  its  production  in  the  lilthy,  damp  air  of  low,  marshy  localities.  It  is  my  ex- 
perience that  the  families  who  reside  in  such  localities  suffer  most  from  this  disease. 

The  fearfully  prevalent  habit  of  masturbation  is  a  common  cause  of  feeltleness  in  many  young 
men.  Commenced  at  an  early  age,  it  debilitates  aud  deranges  the  nervous  system,  as  manifested 
by  headache,  palpitation,  uight-sweats,  listlessness,  and  a  downcast  eye. 

The  almost  universal  use  of  tobacco  by  young  men  of  sedentary  habits,  and  by  those  mechan- 
ics and  operatives  who  are  closely  contined  to  labor  in  heated  apartments,  (as  are  most  of  our  shoe- 
makers,) is  productive  of  great  injury  to  health,  and  was  the  sole  discpialilyiug  cause  for  military 
duty  in  very  many  cases  that  came  before  me. 

In  my  Judgmeut,  the  different  sections  under  paragraph  85  of  the  Revised  Regulatious  have 
been  carefully  and  successfully  prepared.  I  do  not  incline  to  recommend  much  change.  I  have 
found  but  little  embarrassment  in  determining  whether  a  man  should  be  held  or  exemi)ted  under 
them.  In  amendment  of  section  12,  I  would  suggest  the  jiropriety  of  exem|)ting  a  man  for  loss  of 
the  sight  of  either  eye.  lie  must  be  constantly  embarrassed  and  in  danger  of  receiving  injury, 
having  but  one  eye  to  light  his  path  through  the  world,  and  he  ought  to  be  allowed  the  best  pos- 
sible chance  of  preserving  that  remaining  organ. 

I  think  the  distinction  drawn  between  defects  of  the  right  and  left  hand  in  section  3.3  is  erro- 
neous. I  am  unable  to  understand  how  a  soldier  can  well  handle  a  musket  after  he  has  met  with 
the  entire  loss  of  either  thumb,  or  with  permanent  contraction  or  permanent  extension  of  two 
fingers  of  the  same  hand,  either  right  or  left.  *  *  *  *  #  * 

A  surgeon  without  assistance  can,  I  think,  examine  tifty  men  daily  with  sufficient  particularity. 

I  am  sorry  to  say  that  drafted  men  have  not  generally  had  sufficient  patriotism  to  deter  them  from 
gross  exaggeration  of  their  real  or  supposed  diseases.  They  come  fortified  with  elaborate  certifi- 
cates from  sympathizing  friends,  kind-hearted  family  physicians,  stupid  (piacrks,  and  the  learned 
homeopathist  who  has  testified  to  the  appalling  infirmity  of  "paralysis  of  the  scrotum."  There 
are  only  a  few  diseases  or  infirmities  for  which  a  certificate  should  be  received,  and  these  are 
epilepsy,  insanity,  asthma,  aud  [)erhaps  a  few  others.  Most  of  the  certificates  offered  are  cal|;u- 
lated  to  mislead  the  drafted  man  by  an  exaggeration  of  his  difficulties;  they  ai^e  of  no  benefit  to 
the  surgeon,  and  are,  consequently,  worse  than  useless.  But,  notwithstanding  the  multitudinous 
complaints  preferred,  a  surgeon  actuated  l)y  a  ])atriotic  desire  faithfully  to  serve  his  Government, 
aud  by  a  conscientious  concern  to  do  full  justice  to  the  dratted  man,  always  giving  the  man  the 
benefit  of  a  strong  doubt,  will  seldom  find  himself  much  embarrassed  iu  his  efforts  to  make  a 
proper  decision. 

While  drafted  men  seem  anxious  to  make  the  most  of  their  ailments,  they  seldom  attempt  a 
direct  fraud.  The  case  is  very  different  with  those  who  offer  themselves  as  volunteers,  recruits,  or 
substitutes.  No  amount  of  deception  is  too  great  and  no  fraud  too  vile  for  them  to  attempt.  Large 
numbers  of  old  men  present  themselves  with  their  hair  dyed,  and  with  their  whiskers  aud  mustache 
either  dyed  or  shaven  off'.  It  is  not  ditiicuit  to  distinguish  hair  that  has  been  colored  ;  if  any  doubt 
exist,  the  hair  u])on  the  body  will  settle  the  question.  Many  boys  also,  froni  fourteen  to  twenty 
years  of  age,  have  presented  themselves  for  examination  and  enlistment.  It  is  painful  to  witness 
the  moral  turpitude  they  exhibit  in  the  false  representations  they  have  been  induce<l  to  make 
respecting  their  ages  aud  places  of  residence.    They  have  generally  been  summarily  rejected.     There 


182  surgeons'  reports — new  Hampshire — second  district. 

seems  to  be  bat  little  (laiip;er  tliat  the  surgeon  will  he  imposed  upon  by  such  false  statements.  Men 
who  have  hernia  become  skillful  in  reducing  and  retaining  it  while  being  examined,  but  violent 
coughing  is  likely  to  expose  the  deception,  and,  occasionally,  jumping  has  brought  down  the  tumor. 
Attempts  to  conceal  the  blindness  of  an  eye  are  often  made,  but  testing  the  eyes  sei)arate!y  never 
fiiils  to  detect  the  deceit. 

It  is  difficult  to  distinguish  any  marked  difference  in  the  apparent  physical  aptitude  of  the 
Irish,  French,  Scotch,  American,  and  English  for  military  service.  I  am  inclined  to  regard  the 
Irish,  French,  and  Scotch  as  having  tjje  most  desirable  height  for  a  soldier,  the  largest  vitality, 
and  consequently  the  greatest  power  of  endurance.  Tliey  have  sinewy  limbs  and  close  joints.  Tlie 
American  is  too  tall,  and  has  a  flat  chest.  The  Englishman  is  inclined  to  too  great  weighty  and  is 
clumsy.  The  German  inclines  to  too  much  fat,  with  loose,  muscular  fiber,  consetiuently  to  vari- 
cose veins  and  large  abdominal  rings  ;  he  has  also  too  large  legs,  with  flat  and  deforined  feet.  But 
few  Italians  have  presented  themselves  ;  they  were  of  desirable  stature,  and  excelled  in  symmetry. 

My  experience  in  tlie  examination  of  colored  men  is  limited.  A  few  only  have  offered  them- 
selves, and  most  of  those  were  of  mixed  blood.  Of  those  presenting,  the  stature  has  been  good,  the 
development  of  tbe  chest  and  muscles  large,  but  the  feet  were  too  flat.  They  appeared  like  strong 
men,  and  I  see  no  valid  reason  why  they  should  not  make  efiicieut  soldiers. 

*  *  *         I  am   not  aware  that   I  can   make  any  suggestions,  or  recommend  any 

changes,  which  will  add  to  the  efticieucy  of  the  enrollment-act.  Tbe  greatest  difficulty  in  keeping 
a  correct  enrollment  is  experienced  iu  ascertaining  when  young  men  become  twenty  years  of  age. 
Whenever  enrolled  men  are  aliens,  nonresidents,  or  have  arrived  at  the  age  of  forty-tive,  the  board 
are  pretty  sure  to  be  impressed  with  the  fact;  but  when  young  men  reach  the  age  of  twenty,  both 
themselves  and  their  friends  become  mysteriously  reticent  upon  the  subject.      #  *  * 

JEREMIAU  F.  HALL, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  First  District  of  New  Hampshire. 

PoRTSMOUTn,  N.  H.,  Jtine  15,  1SC5. 

NEW  HAMPSniEE— SECOND  DISTEIGT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Db.  Eobt.  B.  Cakswell. 

Tbe  second  congressional  district  of  New  Hampshire  is  composed  of  tbe  counties  of  Hillsborough 
and  Merrimack. 

The  largest  river  running  through  it  is  the  Merrimack,  which  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the 
Pemigewassett  and  Winnipeseogee. 

The  whole  district  is  well  watered  and  wooded,  abounding  iu  good  farms  and  excellent  pas- 
turage. Except  iu  the  valley  bordering  the  Merrimack  Itiver,  where  there  is  considerable  iuter- 
vale  and  some  sandy  i)laiu,  it  is  very  billy,  rocky,  and  even  mountainous.  The  western  portion  of 
the  district  is  nearly  made  up  of  the  range  of  hills  connecting  Mouadnock  iu  Cheshire  County  with 
Kearsarge  iu  Merrimack  County.  The  distinguishing  geographical  characteristic  of  this  district  is 
the  large  number  of  its  lakes  and  hills. 

The  prevalent  diseases  of  the  district  I  shall  arrange,  in  the  order  of  their  degree  of  prevalency : 
tubercular  phthisis;  chronic  rheumatism,  and  sciatica,  (which  may  be  classed  with  it;)  rheuuuxtic 
diathesis,  or  tendency  to  acute  rheumatism.  Tbe  causes  conducive  to  these  diseases  are  iu  part 
climatic,  but  mostly  dependent  upon  the  habits  and  indulgences  of  the  people,  and  may  be  divided 
into  four  classes,  viz:  1.  Vicissitudes  of  climate  ;  2.  Impure  air;  3.  Personal  uncleanliness;  i.  Igno- 
rance of  hygiene. 

*  *  *        The  people  are  industrious,  temperate,  and  frugal,  being  for  the  most  part 

small  farmers,  mechanics,  manufacturers,  aiul  tradesaieu.  They  succeed,  by  hard  labor,  strict 
economy,  and  teuiperate  habits,  iu  obtaining  a  comfortable  and  honest  liveliliood.     *         *         * 

Tbe  reasons  why  hernia  in  its  various  forms,  and  loss  of  teeth  are  more  prevalent  among  those 
"liable  to  draft"  than  any  other  i)articular  diseases  or  disabilities  are  not  as  apparent  as  could  be 
wished.  There  is  no  doubt  as  to  the  fact.  When  we  get  beyond  the  cbai)ter  of  accidents  in  account- 
ing lor  this,  \v(!  shall  he  constrained  to  resort  to  theory.     If  a  i)eculiarity  of  physical  organization 


surgeons'    REPOUTS NEW    HAMPSHIRE SECOND    DISTRICT.  183 

renders  a  mau  more  liable  to  one  disease  or  disal)ility  than  another,  that  disease  or  disaUility  is 
certainly  hernia.  There  is  no  pathological  roiidition  of  the  system  that  has  so  j;reat  a,  tendency  to 
produce  hernia  as  habitual  constipation  of  the  bowels,  a  condition  altogether  too  freijueutly  tol- 
erated in  conseiiuence  of  ignorance  ot  its  present  as  well  as  ulterior  pernicious  effect  upon  the 
system. 

I  have  no  recollection  of  ever  having  heard  any  ex|ihination  of  the  reason  why  so  many  people 
have  poor  teeth.  It  is  a  misfortune  more  strikingly  manifested  in  (if  indeed  it  is  not  peculiar  to) 
the  American  i)eople.  I  have  a  theory  of  my  own,  however,  which  is,  that  the  teeth,  as  much  as 
any  other  part  of  the  body,  need  a  certain  amount  of  exercise  for  the  maintenance  of  a  healthy 
condition;  failing  of  this,  in  consei]uence  of  tiie  i)ernicious  habit  of  swallowing  the  food  witliont 
thorough  mastication,  the  teeth  rot  from  inaction.  Other  causes,  such  as  eimr  in  diet,  or  peihaps 
injudicious  medication,  may,  and  probably  do,  have  more  or  less  influence  in  producing  the  diseased 
condition.  #  *  * 

I  should  say  that  the  thorough  examination  of  fifty  men  would  be  a  good  fhiij's  work  ;  but  it 
could  be  done,  with  due  diligence  and  freedom  from  interru|)tion. 

I  have  no  hesitation  in  expressing  my  decided  preference  for  the  negro  as  possessing  in  a  su- 
perlative degree  "  the  greatest  i)Iiysical  aptitude  for  military  service."  *  *  *  * 
A  good  ear  for  music  and  the  power  of  imitation  are  the  most  important  clemeuts  upon  which  is 
based  a  natural  aptitude  for  military  service.  In  the  drill,  they  are  iudisi)ensal)!e.  The  ear  for 
music  in  order  to  correctly  appreciate  the  divisions  of  time;  the  power  of  imitation  to  aid  in  ex- 
ecuting the  various  and  difficult  movements  required  in  the  mannal  of  arras.  And  there  is  no  race 
in  the  world  more  musical  and  imitative  than  the  negro.  What  constitutes  "  the  i)iiysical  quali- 
fication" of  a  man  "  for  military  service,"  is  mainly  muscular  development  and  power  of  endurance ; 
and  here  again  I  shall  decide  in  favor  of  "  the  colored  race." 

I  have  been  struck  with  admiration  at  the  wonderful  display  of  symmetry,  blended  with  mus- 
cular power,  in  many  of  these  tawny  sons  of  a  common  parentage.  And  can  there  be  two  oi)ini()ns 
as  to  his  power  of  endurance?  Does  not  the  infamous  and  cruel  history  of  the  race  sufificiently 
attest  it?  It  has  become  his  nature  to  obey.  The  necessity  of  this  obedience  forms  the  founda- 
tion of  all  the  little  he  was  ever  taught.  It  has  been  forced  into  him  by  the  branding  iron  and 
knotted  lash  of  his  inexorable  teacher.  Yes,  the  negro  h;'s  already  learned  "the  first  duty  of  a 
soldier." 

In  this  consideration,  it  is  understood  the  opinion  of  the  surgeon  is  to  be  predicated  upon  his 
experience,  and  when  I  refer  to  the  negro  I  speak  of  the  class  that  have  been  presented  to  me  for 
examination ;  albeit  there  were  few  who  had  not  blood  of  "  the  first  families  "  in  them. 

In  section  3,  (epilepsy,)  it  says,  "Tlie  fact  vmst  be  est  iblished  by  the  duly-attested  adUtlavit  of 
a  physician  in  good  standing,  who  has  atteinled  him  in  the  disease  within  six  months  inunediately 
preceding  his  examination  by  the  board."  It  has  been  found  that  iu  nine  out  of  ten  cases  of  epi- 
leptic drafted  men,  there  will  have  been  no  medical  attendance  whatever  for  years.  And  yet  these 
men  are  confirmed  epileptics,  and  should  be  exempted. 

Section  20.  "  Total  loss  oi  all  X\\q  front  teeth,  the  eye-teeth,  nnA  first  molars,  even  if  only  of  one 
jaw."  I  am  convinced  that  drafted  men  have  been  improperly  exempted  under  this  section.  Many 
soldiers,  who  have  served  three  years  with  credit  to  themselves  and  benefit  to  the  country,  have 
presented  themselves  for  exaniination  for  the  jiurpose  of  re-enlisting  as  veterans,  whose  teeth  have 
been  defective  as  described;  and  yet  these  men,  if  drafted,  would  have  been  exempted  by  this 
section.  *  #  # 

Section  33.  Mainly  for  the  same  reasons  I  should  not  exempt  a  drafted  mau  who  had  lost  onlif 
the  "ungual  phalanx  of  right  thumb;"  neither  for  "  total  loss  of  any  two  fingers  of  same  hand," 
with  the  exception  of  index  and    middle  fingers  of  the  right. 

Section  3.  I  would  recommend  that  all  relating  to  the  "  affidavit  of  a  physician,  &(!.,"  be  stricken 
out,  so  the  section  wt)uld  read :  "  For  this  disability  the  statement  of  the  drafted  man  is  insKfficient, 
and  the  fact  must  be  established  by  the  duly  attested  aflidavit  of  such  other  persons  as  the  board 
may  think  necessary." 

Section  G.  I  would  recommeud  that  the  word  "developed"  be  strick<iu  out. 


184  SUKGEONS'   KEPORTS NEW    HAMPSHIRE SECOND    DISTRICT. 

Section  20.  I  would  recommend  lliat  this  section  be  so  amended  tbiit  it  read:  "Total  loss  of 
all  the  teeth  of  either  jaw." 

Section  33.  I  would  recommend  it  to  bo  so  altered  as  to  read:  "Total  loss  of  rhiM  thumb; 
total  loss  of  iiidc.r  i\nd  middle  tinger  of  rifjhl  hand;  loss  of  the  lirst  and  second  jdialanges  of  <(ll 
the  lingers  of  rigid  hand  ;  permanent  extension  or  iiermanent  contraction  of  two  fingers  of  rigiit 
hand  ;  all  tlie  fingers  adherent  or  united." 

Since  tlie  alteration  of  tiie  enrollmentlaw  by  which  actual  "  i)liysical  disability  "  is  required 
to  exempt  "drafted  and  enrolled  men"  (drafted  men  being  considered  as  in  the  service,  and  as  ai)- 
plying  for  their  discharge)  my  experience  has  not  developed  many  very  marked  cases  of  fraud.  It 
is  true  some  liave  "plowed"  with  their  family-i)hysiciau  and  friends  in  the  way  of  invalid  certifi- 
cates, while  others  have  halted  in  upon  crutches  to  make  it  appear  that  their  locomotive  apparatus 
was  woefully  deranged.  However,  these  harmless  efforts  were  in  most  cases  very  readily  detected, 
and  would  scarcely  reach  the  dignity  of  a  "fraud."  They  were  not  attempted  to  any  extent  after 
the  first  draft.  1  really  cannot  see  there  is  much  chance  for  the  success  of  fraud  in  these  cases  if 
the  examining-siugeon  faithfully  performs  his  duty.  But  in  the  training,  by  brokers,  of  substitutes 
and  recruits  previous  to  presenting  them  for  examination,  every  species  of  decejition  that  human 
ingenuity  can  in\ent  has  been  brought  into  requisition.  The  "nagging  u]),"  by  a  Jockey,  of  the 
old  wind-broken,  chest-foundered,  ring-boned,  and  spavined  "plug"  for  the  horse-market,  is  mere 
bo^s  play,  compared  with  the  exploits  of  some  of  these  substitute-brokers.  Soaking  in  alum-water 
to  remove  wrinkles  from  the  skin,  painting  the  face,  dyeing  the  hair  "a  glossy  black  or  beautiful 
brown/'  are  some  of  the  methods  resorted  to  in  disposing  of  their  dilapidated  wares.  But  these 
tricks  can  generally  be  detected  by  a  careful  examination.  Tlieie  are,  however,  two  classes  of  men 
who  will  sometimes  succeed  in  deceiving  the  most  careful  examiiiiiig-surgeon.  They  are  those  wiio 
have  hernia  and  those  who  have  epilepsy.  Ordinarily,  by  strict  examination,  a  hernia  can  be 
easily  discovered  ;  but,  occasionally,  a  case  is  met  with  where  the  recruit  seems  to  have  the  power 
of  holding  ap  or  holding  back  the  tumor  at  will,  and  no  position  or  amount  of  straining  will  make 
it  apparent.  So  with  epilepsy ;  it  is  sometimes  impossible  to  discover  any  indication  of  the  disease 
in  persons  who  have  had  it  for  years. 

But,  after  all  has  been  said  in  reference  to  other  kinds  of  fraud  practiced  upon  the  Government 
by  the  enlistment  of  improper  men  into  the  army,  the  disgraceful  lact  still  remains  that  there  is  no 
species  of  deception  by  which  so  large  a  number  of  men,  who  are  totally  unfit,  get  into  the  service 
ashy  the.  jwrsuafiire  influence  of  the  almighty  dollar.  *  *  # 

The  operation  of  the  enrollment-law  as  it  now  exists  has,  I  think,  been  au  eflficient  one,  all  things 
considered.  There  is  no  form  of  conscri[)tion-act  that  can  be  enacted  with  any  degree  of  probal>le 
efhciency  which  will  not  bear  heavily  upon  the  interests  and  feelings  of  the  peoiile.  If  the  results 
of  this  law  have  fallen  shnrt  of  the  wishes  and  expectations  of  its  friends,  the  fault  lay  in  the  man- 
ner of  its  execution  rather  than  in  the  law  itself,aiHl  dei)eiMls  no  doul)t  upon  causes  experience  has 
already  pointed  out,  and  which  can  be  easily  remedied  in  the  future.  In  any  emergency  that  may 
hereafter  arise  in  which  it  would  become  necessary  for  the  Government  to  put  this  law  again  in 
operation,  I  should  have  no  doubt  of  its  perfect  success.  *  *  * 

Memoranda  which  would  have  furnished  the  material  for  making  this  report  what  it  should 
be  were  destroyed  when  the  office  was  barued  in  October  last,  and  for  all  that  relates  to  my  ex- 
perience anterior  to  that  time  I  have  to  depend  entirely  upon  meaioiy.  I  remember,  however,  two 
cases  of  abnormal  position  of  the  heart,  which  I  deem  worthy  of  mention.  I  took  notes  of  these 
cases  at  the  time,  bat  they  were  burned  with  the  rest  of  my  papers.  In  both  instances,  the  heart 
was  on  the  right  side,  the  impulse  being  distinctly  felt  and  seen,  in  the  one  case,  three  inches,  and, 
in  the  other,  two  and  a  half  inches,  below  the  right  ni[)ple.  B,)th  were  good  sized  men,  one  very 
large  and  plethoric,  weighing  over  two  hundred  pounds  ;  the  other,  thinner  and  very  pale.  Neither 
of  them  was  aware  that  his  heart  occupied  any  other  than  the  mitural  position.         ♦         *         • 

KOBT.  B.  OAKSWELL, 
Surgeon  Second  District  of  Xcic  Ilampshire. 
Concord,  N.  H.,  June  14,  1S65. 


surgeons'    reports NEW    HAMPSHIRE THIRD    DISTRICT.  185 

NEW  HAMPSniEE— THIRD  DISTRICT. 

Extractn  from  rc'iwrt.s  of  Dii.  Dixi  Crosby. 

•  *  *  Since  tbis  office  was  opeucd,  in  the  moiitli  of  April,  18G3, 1  have  devoted 

nearly  all  my  time  to  tlie  duties  pertaininfj  to  luy  appointment,  and  have  personally  examined  seven- 
tentlis  ot  the  total  number  of  men  ai)pearing  for  physical  examination,  the  aggregate  of  the  whole 
being  about  fifteen  thonsand.  #  #  # 

These  examinations  hav£  been  made  in  ;t  large,  well-lighted  room,  and  the  whole  board  has 
usually  been  present;  at  no  time  has  more  than  one  member  been  absent.  -I  have  made  it  a  rule  to 
coaimence  the  examinations  as  early  in  the  morning  as  i)ossible,  and  to  continue  uninterruptedly 
until  noon,  as  I  am  convinced  that  fewer  mistakes  are  made  during  those  hours  than  later  in  the 
day,  when  the  surgeon  has  become  fatigued  with  labor  and  the  recruit  tired  of  waiting  for  his  turn. 
This  is  especially  true  of  dratted  men,  who  seek  to  escape  service,  since  in  the  morning  they  are  in 
full  vigor  and  cannot  as  easily  feign  physical  unsoundness.  Were  it  possible  to  so  arrange  it,  I 
would  have  no  physical  examinations  made  exc^ept  between  the  hours  of  8  a.  m.  (or  earlier)  and  1 
p.  m.,  and  I  am  certain  that  the  service  would  gain  by  this  seeming  waste  of  the  afternoon. 

The  four  counties  forming  the  third  district  of  New  Hampshire  consist  of  Cheshire  at  the  so\ithern 
extremity,  then  Sullivan,  Grafton,  and  Coos,  the  last  and  northern.  In  this  county  the  Connecti- 
cut River  lakes  its  rise,  and  forms  the  western  boundary  of  the  entire  district.  A  few  small 
streams  in  Coos  County  take  their  rise  beyond  the  eastern  water-shed,  and  lind  their  way  into  the 
Androscoggin,  and  a  still  saialler  number,  in  Grafton  County,  dow  into  the  Merrimack  River.  With 
these  exceptions,  the  entire  district  is  watered  by  the  Connecticut  and  its  tributaries. 

Just  over  the  southern  boundary  of  Cheshire  County,  the  red  conglomerates  and  sandstonesof  the 
Lower  Connecticut  are  seen  rei)0sing  upon  the  argillaceous  slate  i-ocks  that  underlie  the  greater 
portion  of  the  third  district,  but  the  sandstone  does  not  cross  the  line  into  New  Hampshire.  The 
conglomerates  consist  of  rounded  pebbles  and  fiiu^  particles  of  the  primary  rocks,  such  as  granite, 
mica,  and  argillaceous  slate.  An  examination  of  these  will  show  that  the  hard  pebbles  and  dehris 
have  been  rounded  by  the  action  of  long  continued  motion,  and  it  is  probable  that  in  ancient  times 
a  powerful  river  of  much  greater  volume  than  the  present  Connecticut  must  have  jioured  its  waters 
through  the  highlands,  and  deposited  the  detritus  of  the  primary  rocks  of  New  Hampshire  into  an 
estuary  at  that  time  existing  in  the  lower  valley  of  the  Connecticut.  The  waters  of  such  a  river 
woulil  readily  transport  these  loose  materials  to  their  present  localities.  It  is  conjectured  that  the 
waters  of  the  river  once  occupied  a  much  higher  level  than  at  present,  since  we  have,  along  its 
whole  course,  regular  terraces  of  aqueous  deposition  far  more  elevated  than  the  waters  rise  to  in 
our  day,  even  during  the  most  powerful  freshets.  Ancient  watermarks  are  observed  abundantly 
on  the  rocky  ledges  at  a  great  elevation  above  the  bed  of  the  river.  I  am  aware  that  these  "  signs  " 
are  accounted  for  ui)on  the  glacial  theory,  and,  indeed,  the  marks  upon  the  rocks,  the  smoothing  of 
the  ledges  aiul  the  locomotion  of  enormous  bowlders  seem  to  render  this  view  plausible;  but  it 
ujust  be  admitted  that  water  has  been  the  chief  agent  in  the  changes  that  have  taken  place  in  this 
great  valley.  As  might  be  expected  from  the  foregoing  statement,  the  soil  is  mostly  alluvial,  a  line 
sand  alternating  with  heavy  clay  and  occasional  beds  of  marl.  Upon  the  uplands  the  soil  is  thiu- 
uer,  stony,  and  contains  a  much  larger  proportion  of  disintegrated  rock. 

The  district  is  well  watered  with  streams  and  springs  of  the  purest  water,  free  from  lime,  and 
very  rarely  tinged  with  sulphur  or  iron.  The  inclination,  or  ''  slope,"  toward  the  rivers  is  so  great 
that  all  the  excess  of  surface-water  finds  its  way  to  the  drain,  leaving  no  stagnant  pools  to  breed 
miasmatic  pestilence.  Besides  this,  it  will  be  seen  by  the  foregoing  description  of  the  general  geo- 
logical leatures  of  the  country,  that  there  can  be  but  few  causes  of  epidemic  disease.  These  will 
be  detailed  hereafter.  The  country  having  been  settled  for  so  many  years,  and  being  generally 
elevated,  with  narrow,  well  cultivated  valleys,  tlie  primeval  forests  mostly  cleared,  and  the  air 
extremely  pure,  there  is  no  miasm  arising  from  vegetable  decay,  and,  cousecpiently,  none  of  the 
maladies  produced  by  these  causes.  In  fact,  a  case  of  quotidian  or  tertian  fever  is  rarely,  if  ever, 
.seen  in  any  i>art  of  the  district,  while  the  purity  of  the  water  and  its  freedom  from  lime  renders  cal- 


18(J  surgeons'    reports — NEW    HAMPSHIRE THIRD    DISTRICT, 

cuius  ill  iiny  form  extremely  rare.  In  an  experience  of  more  than  forty  years,  1  have  ne\er  Known  of 
more  tlian  three  operations  for  stone  in  the  district,  and  have  not  heard  of  as  many  more  occurring 
ill  the  whole  State.  After  a  careful  consideration  of  the  subject,  laboring  the  while  under  consid- 
erable doubt  as  to  the  existence  of  any  prevalent  disease,  I  have  come  to  the  coiicbision  tiiat 
typhoid  fever  is  the  only  malady  that  prevails  to  any  considerable  extent  in  tliis  region.  The  specific 
causes  that  operate  to  produce  this  disease  are  sometimes  obscure;  but  it  is  a  noticeable  fact,  esjie- 
cially  in  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut,  that  excessive  fatigue  or  exposure  is  almost  invariably  fol- 
lowed by  typhoid  fever,  anil  rarely  by  pneumonia,  or  otlier  specific  inflammations.  It  is  also  true 
that  when  pneumonia  does  occur  the  fever  is  always  of  this  type.  During  the  past  forty  years, 
but  two  other  epidemics  have  prevailed  in  the  district,  and  these 'extended  over  Northern  New 
England  generiilly.  I  allude  to  tlie  malignant  erysipelas,  as  it  was  termed,  which  was  so  very  fatal 
in  the  winter  of  1840-'41,  and  to  tlie  diphtheria  which  has  appeared  occasionally  within  the  past  ten 
years.  It  is  worthy  of  mention  that  many  cases  of  the  former  epidemic  would  now  be  termed  di^th- 
theria,  as  the  history  and  symi)toms  are  precisely  similar. 

There  is  one  fact  connected  with  epidemic  disease  in  this  district  which  has  occurred  so  many 
times  in  different  localities  that  it  should  receive  a  passing  notice.  I  have  stated  that,  as  a  rule, 
we  have  no  stagnant  water;  but  this  rule  is  subject  to  occasional  exceptions.  It  not  unfrequently 
happens  that  in  very  dry  seasons  the  small  streams  rising  among  the  mountains  dry  up  and  disap- 
pear almost  entirely.  Many  of  these  streams  are  dammed  up  for  milling-purposes,  and,  of  course, 
the  i)onds  are  affected  as  much  as  the  streams,  and  in  evaporating  leave  a  large  surface  of  black 
mud,  reeking  with  vegetable  decay,  exposed  to  the  action  of  the  air.  Under  such  circumstances, 
epidemic  dysentery  is  almost  sure  to  be  developed,  and  has  proved  very  fatal.  Occasionally,  typhoid 
fever  has  appeared  instead  ;  but  in  these  cases  the  enteric  inflammation  has  been  the  worst  symptom. 

There  is  nothing  in  the  occupation  of  the  inhabitants  tiuit  would  i)redispose  to  any  disease,  as 
the  population  is  almost  wholly  agricultural,  save  in  the  villages,  where  the  necessary  number  of 
mechanics  and  merchants  reside.  There  are  no  large  manufactories  in  the  district,  and  but  few 
small  ones  in  any  part  of  it.  Neither  are  there  any  large  villages,  and  hence  there  is  none  of  that 
crowding  together  of  iamilies  prevailing  in  densely  po[)nlated  localities,  and  which  is  so  fiiiitfid  a 
source  of  debilitating  disease  and  premature  decay.  Ou  the  contrary,  the  country,  as  a  general 
thing,  is  sparsely  populated,  and  the  soil  so  hard  of  cultivation,  except  iu  the  valleys  of  the  rivers, 
that  the  greatest  industry  and  self  denial  is  necessary  to  enable  the  farmer  to  support  his  family, 
and  accumulate  something  against  old  age  or  misfortune.  In  such  a  country,  and  with  such  a 
people,  it  follows  that  the  mustered  conscript  or  volunteer  is  usually  a  hardy,  energetic,  young 
man,  able  to  endure  great  fatigue  and  undergo  greater  hardshi])S  without  breaking  down.  Excej)- 
tions  occur,  of  course;  but  it  is  a  statistical  fact  that  of  the  regiments  hitherto  sent  to  the  field  from 
this  State,  and  afterward  disbanded,  a  very  much  larger  ])ercentage  of  the  volunteers  from  this 
district  have  returned  thau  from  either  of  the  others.  This  is  especially  true  of  Coos  County,  at 
the  northern  extremity,  lying  under  the  shadow  of  the  White  IMountains.  From  this  county,  nearly 
60  per  cent,  of  the  volunteers  in  the  regiments  referred  to  liave  returned,  and,  of  the  deficiency, 
only  about  11  per  cent,  died  from  disease.  I  should  mention  tliat  the  average  age  of  the 
recruits  from  this  northern  region  has  been  lower  thau  iu  other  portions  of  the  8tate,  and  their 
habits  of  life  being  simple  at  home,  they  have  not  yielded  as  generally  to  the  temptations  of  army- 
life,  but  have  returned  as  healthy  as  they  went  out,  and  in  many  instances  have  actually  gained  iu 
strength  and  stature.  It  will  be  seen  by  the  report  of  Surgeon  Baxter,  Chief  of  the  Medical  Bureau 
iu  the  Provost-Marshal-General's  Offlce,  that  the  number  exempted  for  imbcciUiy  in  the  first  and 
sujiplemeutary  drafts  was  far  above  the  average  of  other  States.  During  the  latter  draft  in  this 
district,  eleven  out  of  oue  hundred  and  eighty-nine  were  exempted  for  this  cause.  It  has  long 
been  known  that  in  certain  localities  in  tliis  State  intermarriage  of  blood  relations  has  been  prac- 
ticeil  for  many  years.  This  is  especially  true  of  oue  family,  supposed  to  have  sprung  from  au 
English,  or  Bohemian,  gipsy  tribe,  and  which  for  many  years  led  a  nomadic  life,  rarely,  however, 
going  beyond  the  limits  of  the  State.  The  intermarriage  of  cousins  in  this  family  was  the  rule 
and  not  the  excejitioii  ;  and,  although  broken  ui)  and  scattered,  it  still  adheres  to  this  custom  to  a 
certaiu  extent.     It  is  well  known  that  this  tribe  has  produced   a  great   number  of  imbeciles,  and 


surgeons'    reports NEW    HAMPSHIRE THIRD    DISTRICT.  187 

its  iiiiirked  diiniiuition  in  numbers  is  popularly  ascribed  to  tliis  cause.  There  are  two  locali- 
ties ill  this  district  where  the  inarrinj;e  of  cousins  has  prevailed  to  sni^h  an  extent  that  two  or  three 
leelile,  uiiderwittcd,  or  detbriiied  children  in  one  family  is  no  uncommon  si<;lit.  It  is  from  these 
])laces  tlmt  most  of  the  e.\eiiii)ts  under  section  1,  in  the  sui)plementary  draft,  were  conscripted. 
Under  the  onler  for  diminishing'  town-quotas  by  striking  from  the  rolls  the  names  of  men  per- 
manently disal>li'd,  it  was  the  practice  of  town  agents  to  brin^'  members  of  this  class  to  the  ollice 
for  e.\emi)tion  ;  and  by  jjersonal  iminiry  I  ascertained  that  in  almost  es-ery  instance  the  exempt 
was  the  offspring  of  first  cousins,  and  in  one  horrible  case  of  idiocy  the  victim  was  the  child  and 
gramh-Iiild  of  first  cousins.  So  great  jin  evil  has  this  become  that  a  few  years  since  a  bill  was 
intioduccd  into  the  State  legislature  making  the  marriage  of  first  cousins  a  penal  offense,  and  many 
important  facts  were  adduced  t  >  prove  the  serious  consequences  resulting  from  such  unions.  In 
one  family  the  oldest  child  was  an  idiot ;  the  second,  deaf  and  dumb  ;  and  the  third,  deformed  and 
imperfectly  developed.  In  another  family,  from  the  same  town,  the  second  child  was  blind  from 
its  birth,  the  iris  being  entirely  wanting;  and  the  third,  a  puny  little  wretch,  was  perfectly  covered 
with  scrofulous  ulcers.  These  facts  might  be  multiplied  enormously,  but  want  of  space  forbids. 
Enough  has  been  said  to  prove  that,  in  the  absence  of  otTier  known  causes,  this  mai/,  to  a  cer- 
tain extent,  account  for  the  extraordinary  number  exempted  under  section  1  in  the  State  of  New 
Hampshire. 

Under  this  head,  it  is,  perhaps,  proper  to  report  a  very  peculiar  case  occurring  in  this  office 
during  the  first  draft.  A  conscript  ai)peared  in  the  office  for  examination  who  came  as  near  being 
a  geiuiiiie  hermaphrodite  as  any  repurted  case.  The  man  was  about  thirty  years  of  age,  five  feet 
four  inches  in  height,  with  very  little  beard,  but  a  luxuriant  growth  of  hair  about  the  pubes.  The 
breasts  were  largely  develo[)ed  ;  the  hips  broad;  the  hands  and  feet  smiill.  The  penis  was 
small,  but  well  developed,  and  occui)ying  the  place  of  the  'clitoris.  The  labia  majora  were 
well  developed,  and  the  commissure  decidedly  marked.  At  the  lower  portion  of  each  labium 
a  small  testicle  could  be  felt,  and  the  cord  could  be  traced  to  the  ring.  The  vagina  was  a  merecMj 
de  mc 01  about  one  inch  in  dei)th.  The  history  of  the  case  was  curious.  Until  the  age  of  nineteeu 
he  wore  the  habiliments  of  the  female,  and  associated  only  with  females,  conducting  himself, 
according  to  his  own  account,  precisely  as  did  Achilles  when  introduced  among  the  daughters  of 
the  Grecian  king.  At  this  age,  his  parents,  becoming  convinced  of  their  mistake,  changed  his 
garments  and  the  family-residence  at  the  same  time.  He  has  been  twice  married,  but  has  had  no 
issue,  notwithstanding  both  marri:iges  were  consummated. 

The  answer  to  the  third  question  is  intimately  connected  with  the  second,  and  the  answer 
having  been,  therefore,  already  partially  given,  it  is  pei  haps  unnecessary  to  add  more  concerning  it. 
I  would,  however,  state  that,  admitting  typhoid  fever  to  be  the  prevalent  disease  of  the  distiict, 
aciiuse  may  be  found  for  it  in  a  portion  of  this  region  where  the  fever  ])revails  most.  I  allude  to 
tiie  existence  of  very  heavy  river-fogs,  arising  from  the  Connecticut  and  its  large  tributaries  at 
certain  seasons  of  the  year.  It  has  long  been  noticed  that  the  fever  usually  commences  in  Sei)- 
tember,  and  is  not  fatal  during  that  and  the  following  month.  Now,  these  fogs  generally  appear  in 
the  latter  part  of  August,  and  continue  for  more  than  two  months,  constantly  increasing  in  density, 
and  begin  to  disappear  at  the  advent  of  frost.  During  these  months,  it  is  common  for  these  fogs 
entirely  to  obscure  the  sun  until  D  or  10  o'clock  a.  m.,  when  they  gradually  dissolve,  and  a  fine  day 
always  ensues.  If  the  inhabitants  were  to  guard  against  the  influence  of  this  moisture  by  means 
of  warm  clothing  during  the  earlier  i)art  of  the  day,  I  am  convinced  that  many  more  would 
escape  than  do ;  but  the  farmer  wears  the  same  suit  of  linen  or  cotton  in  the  cold  dampness  of 
the  morning  that  he  does  in  the  dry  heat  of  noon,  thus  inviting,  and,  as  it  were,  ofi'ering  a  premium 
to  the  disease. 

Our  first  and  third  drafts  were  made  during  the  prevalence  of  these  fogs,  and  it  often  hap- 
pened that  men  were  drafted  who  were  at  the  time  prostrated  by  the  fever.  The  ofdce  of  the  dis- 
trict is  situated  in  the  valley,  and  it  also  occurred  more  than  once  that  men  drafted  from  the 
country  remote  from  these  influences,  and  obliged  to  pass  several  days  at  the  office,  were  seized 
with  the  fever  shortly  afterward,  either  at  their  own  homes  or  at  the  draft-rendezvous  at  Concord- 
Notwithstanding  our  entire  immunity  from  intermittent  fevers,  still  there  are  seasons  when  typhoid 
prevails  as  an  epidemic,  and  of  whicli  I  have  already  stated  the  cause   in  part.     1  refer  to  the  state. 


188 

luent  tbat  a  dry  season,  with  the  consequent  drying-np  of  the  sinaller  streams,  is  almost  in- 
variably followed  by  dyseutery  in  certaip  localities.  In  other  places,  howe%-er,  within  the  district, 
typhoid  fever  is  the  result.  It  would  seem  as  though  the  operating  agencies  are  not  suliiciently 
potent  to  produce  intermittent  fever,  but  are  enough  to  cause  typhoid. 

I  have  examined  the  various  sections  of  paragraph  85  very  carefully,  and  I  am  at  a  loss  either 
to  object  to  them  as  they  stand  or  to  .suggest  alterations.  If  any  change  were  made,  it  is  pos.sible 
that  the  loss  of  either  eye  might  be  held  as  a  cause  of  rejection  or  exemption.  *  * 

I  have  to  state  it  to  be  my  opinion  that  no  surgeon  can  do  himself  or  the  Government  Justice  if  he 
attempts  to  examine  more  than  lifty  men  per  day.  I  am  aware  that,  under  pressing  circumstances, 
from  sixty  to  ninety  have  been  examined,  and  1  have  mysj'lf,  upon  one  occasion,  examined  eighty  men ; 
but  I  am  convinced  that  it  is  wrong  for  any  surgeon  to  attempt  so  much  labor,  both  upon  his  own 
account  and  that  of  the  service.  In  my  method  of  examination,  it  is  necessary  for  me  to  go  throngli 
the  motions  of  the  hands,  arms,  &c.,  in  order  that  the  recruit,  in  imitating,  may  give  me  the  proof 
1  desire  respecting  his  muscular  development,  and  in  many  cases  I  am  obliged  to  make  my  mean- 
ing clear  by  jumping,  running,  &c.,  and,  as  may  well  be  imagined,  fitly  repetitions  of  this  active 
course  of  calisthenics  are  about  as  many  as  can  well  be  endured  by  any  man,  however  vigorons  and 
strong.  The  practice  of  receiving  foreigners  totally  ignorant  of  English  has  added  immensely  to 
the  labor  of  the  surgeon,  and  has  often  been  a  sore  trial  to  his  temper  and  patience. 

In  guarding  against  the  frauds  practiced  by  recruits,  it  is  necessary  to  premise  that  the  con- 
script and  the  volunteer  are  governed  by  widely  different  purposes.  The  former  exaggerates  every 
symi)toni,  and  feigns  disability,  to  escape  the  draft,  while  the  volunteer  conceals  physical  defects 
as  much  as  possible  that  he  may  enter  the  service  and  receive  the  bounty.  The  conscript  comes  to 
the  ofitice  attended  by  the  town-officers  and  family-physician,  fully  prepared  to  prove  that  he  has 
been  considered  an  unsound  man.for  years,  while  the  calloused  skin  of  his  broad  palm,  and  the 
ruddy  glow  of  his  face  and  neck  are  silent  but  irresistible  witnesses  against  him.  As  a  rule, 
however,  I  have  never  received  auy  testimony,  either  oral  or  written,  from  third  parties,  unless  the 
disability  claimed  was  by  its  nature  latent  or  undiscoverable.  In  eases  of  epilei)sy  and  asthma,  I 
have  admitted  evidence  under  oath,  but  in  all  others  I  prefer  to  rely  upon  the  result  of  my  own 
investigation,  as  the  certificates  with  which  the  conscript's  hat  is  loaded  evince  more  of  sympathy 
than  of  common  honesty  on  the  part  of  the  deponents.  The  diseases  most  frequently  feigned  iu 
this  district  have  been  deafness,  blindness,  rheumatism,  and  disease  of  the  heart.  A  very  few 
instances  occurred  of  willful  sacrifice  of  the  front  teeth,  but  these  men  were  held  to  service. 

The  very  vague  maladies,  known  in  the  rural  districts  as  the  "  liver  and  kidney  comi)laints," 
were  [lerliaps  the  most  common  claim  of  the  conscript,  but  no  exemptions  were  made  under  either 
of  these  heads.  Varicose  veins  were  produced  once  or  twice  by  means  of  a  ligature  bound  tightly 
about  the  limb  for  a  few  hours  before  the  examination ;  but  this  fraud  is  so  transparent  that  it 
could  not  escape  detection.  Perhaps  the  malingerer  who  feigire  deafness  is  the  most  dithcult  to 
unmask,  but  I  think  I  have  succeeded  in  most  instances.  I  seat  the  recruit  in  a  chair  and  sit  down 
in  front  of,  and  close  to,  him.  I  then  place  my  watch  against  one  of  his  ears,  and  in  a  very  loud  tone 
ask  him  "  if  he  can  hear  thaV  He  usually  answers  yes.  I  then  withdraw  the  watch  a  few  inches 
and  in  a  lower  tone  of  voice  repeat  my  question.  This  I  repeat  several  times,  gradually  withdraw- 
ing my  chair,  and  at  each  repetition  sinking  my  voice  until  it  becomes  scarcely  more  than  a  whisper. 
The  attention  of  the  man  being  fixed  upon  the  watch,  he  does  not  notice  that  you  have  trebled  the 
distance  between  you  and  carried  the  voice  to  so  low  a  pitch.  Again,  with  regard  to  blindness; 
I  tiiink  I  have  never  failed  in  detecting  the  malingerer  by  a  very  simple  process.  I  tell  him  that  I 
wish  him  to  accompany  me  to  a  place  I  have  prepared  to  test  the  eye-sight.  I  then  go  entirely  over 
the  building,  up  stairs  and  down,  through  the  outbuildings  and  grounds,  taking  especial  care  to 
select  the  worst  route  ])ossible,  over  logs,  boxes,  and  impediments  of  all  kinds.  In  most  instances, 
the  man  avoids  the  difficulties  of  the  rough  and  rugged  way,  and  arrives  at  the  full  dignity  of  an 
accepted  conscript.  Heart-disease  is  frequently  feigned,  and  the  attempt  made  to  deceive  the  sur- 
geon by  indu(ang  functional  derangement  of  that  organ  by  the  excessive  use  of  tobacco  and  whisky. 
1  have  noted  a  few  instances  where  men  have  remained  at  a  hotel  for  a  week  before  presenting 
themselves,  and  devoted  their  whole  time  to  chewing,  smoking,  and  drinking.  Of  course,  this  pro- 
duces exaggerated  action  and  fluttering  of  the  heart,  which  is  increased  by  the  exercise  in  the 


SUKGEONS'    REPORTS NEW    HAMPSHIRE — THIRD    DISTRICT.  189 

course  of  tlie  exiimiiiation.  I  have  reason  to  bi^licve  that  no  one  in  this  district  has  escaped  the 
draft  by  these  lueaus;  for,  if  I  have  erred  at  all,  it  has  been  in  hoidiiij;  to  service  conscripts  who 
liave  claimed  this  disability.  I  cannot  think  that  any  intelligent  surgeon  needs  to  be  warned 
against  the  particular  fiauds  likely  to  be  prai;ticed,  and  esi)ecially  if  ho  adoi»t  the  same  rule  that  I 
have  followed  during  my  whole  professional  life,  viz,  "  See  with  your  own  eyes,  feel  with  your  own 
liugers,  and  judge  with  your  own  judgment." 

Among  voluuteers  and  substitutes,  we  find  all  the  frauds  that  the  villainous  ingenuity  of  the 
broker  can  suggest.  We  have  false  teeth  and  colored  hair;  legs  bandaged  for  weeks  to  conceal 
varicose  veins,  aiul  a  free  use  of  chalk  and  paint  to  eouceal  old  scars  and  syphilitic  cicatrices.  Boys, 
with  hairless  pubes,  lie  about  their  youth,  and  old  men,  with  thin  legs  and  [)eudulous  bellies,  about 
their  age.  Drafted  men  assert  that  they  were  born  sick,  and  have  been  "  ailing"  ever  since,  while 
substitutes  swear  that  they  never  were  sick  in  their  lives.  In  short,  the  surgeon  must  be  con- 
stantly upon  the  alert,  be  as  incredulous  as  Saint  Thouuis,  and,  like  him,  be  satisfied  with  nothing 
short  of  the  cxperimentum  cruets.  One  fraud  has  been  successfully  i)racticed  in  maoy  oflices,  which 
cat!  be  obviated  by  a  slight  change  in  section  2;{,  paragrai)li  S.j.  I  allude  to  the  voluntary  reten- 
tion of  hernia  within  the  abdomen.  I  am  confident  that  certain  i)ersons  laboring  under  inguinal 
hernia  have  the  power  to  retain  the  knuckle  of  gut  so  firmly  that  no  amount  of  exercise  will  bring 
it  down.  This  is  rendered  easier  by  a  constipated  state  of  the  bowels,  and  these  patriots  are  fully 
informed  as  to  the  therapeutic  properties  of  opium  and  tannin.  The  enlargement  of  the  ring  can 
be  discovered,  of  course,  but  this  alone  is  not  an  authorized  cause  for  exenii)tion  or  rejection. 

The  "principal  obstacles"  in  the  way  of  the  surgeon  of  an  enrollment-board  are  so  inseparably 
connected  with  the  office  itself  that  I  do  not  think  it  worth  while  to  waste  much  time  upon  them. 
They  arise  chiefly  from  the  personal  accpuiiutance  of  the  surgeon  with  the  peoi»le  of  his  district, 
and  the  consequent  annoyance  he  is  subjected  to  by  constant  importunity,  and  the  expectation  that 
his  former  professional  intercourse  with  the  conscript  is  to  guide  him  in  his  decision  when  the  man 
is  brought  before  the  board  for  examituition.  Uuder  the  most  favorable  circumstances,  the  surgeon 
cannot  avoid  giving  great  offense  to  many  who  fancy  they  have  a  claim  upon  him,  based  upon  long 
years  of  professional  patronage.  The  surgeon  must  expect  to  submit  to  considei^able  abuse  and  to 
receive  letters  more  pointed  tban  jiolite  from  those  of  his  neighbors  whom  his  decision  has  ren- 
dered "  tit  food  for  powder."  All  this  is  annoying  to  be  sure,  but  it  issimi)ly  an  annoyance,  and  not 
an  obstacle.  I  am  certain  that  my  own  former  knowledge  of  a  very  large  number  of  the  conscripts 
and  volunteers  examined  at  this  othce  was  of  great  service  to  me  in  conjing  to  a  correct  conclusion. 
In  short,  the  compiler  and  author  of  paragraph  85,  and  the  subsequent  "  directions  to  surgeons 
upon  the  mode  of  examination,"  has  in  reality  left  no  real  obstacle  in  the  way  of  the  surgeon.  His 
duty  is  simple  and  clearly  defined,  and  if  he  only  obey  his  instructions  to  the  letter,  all  seeming 
dilBcuUies  will  vanish  before  him  as  did  the  iron  portals  before  the  talisman  of  tbe  Persian  prince 

Before  leaving  this  i)art  of  my  Subject,  I  ought  to  mention  one  cause  of  complaint  on  the  part 
of  a  few  conscrii)ts,  which,  although  groundless  in  point  of  fact,  still  gave  the  surgeon  some  trouble 
to  exi)lain  satisfactorily.  It  hapi)ened  last  year  that  at  least  half  a  dozen  men  were  drafted  who 
had  served  in  the  early  part  of  the  war,  had  been  discharged  upon  surgeon's  certificate,  and  at  the 
time  of  the  draft  were  in  the  receipt  of  pensions  from  the  Government.  These  men  were  found  to 
be  tit  ibr  service,  were  accepted,  and  eventually  furnished  substitutes ;  but  it  was  difficult  to  make 
them  understand  that  a  pension- warrant  was  not|jer  se  an  exemption-certificate.  Should  occasion 
ever  arise  for  another  draft,  this  would  prove  a  most  fruitful  source  of  trouble,  nnless.  indeed, 
examining  surgeons  under  the  pension-laws  are  held  to  a  higher  responsibility,  and  compelled  to 
make  a  more  rigid  examination. 

After  a  careful  consideration  of  the  question,  based  upon  the  appearance  of  men  as  we  see  them 
at  this  oflice,  I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  American  and  the  negro  are  in  many,  if  not 
in  most,  respects  better  fitted  for  soldiers  than  men  of  otiier  nationalities  coming  before  the  board. 
1  am  aware  that  the  claims  of  the  Irish  and  German  have  been  warndy  advocated  in  statistical 
reports;  but  for  symmetry  of  development,  capacity  of  chest,  strength  and  size  of  limb,  I  feel  sure 
that  the  Anglo  American   excels  all  others.       *  *      I  have   had,   however,  but  very  slight 

observation  of  the  negro  personally,  as  we  have  examined  very  few  at  this  othce,  but  those  accei>ted 
were  ni  every  respect  splendid  men,  and  these,  perhaps,  choice  specimeus,  I  am  obliged  to  take  as 


190  surgeons'   reports VERMONT FIRST    DISTRICT. 

t,\  pes  of  the  race.  It  so  happened  that  most  of  our  colored  recruits  were  nearly  or  quite  of  full 
blood,  and  the  flatness  of  the  foot  was  the  only  peculiarity  noted,  and  this  being  the  distinctive 
mark  of  a  race  accustomed  to  make  rapid  march  over  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  African  conti- 
nent, I  should  hesitate  to  pronounce  it  disqualifying.  I  firmly  believe  that  a  more  extended  experi- 
ence will  prove  the  negro  to  be  in  every  way  well  qualified  ior  the  lile  and  duties  of  a  soldier,  and, 
sliould  occasion  ofl'cr,  I  shall  confidently  expect  to  see  him  display  the  same  undaunted  courage 
the  same  endurance  of  fatigue,  exposure,  and  hardship,  and  the  same  soldierly  qualities  that  have 
just  won  such  imperishable  renown  lor  our  national  armies. 

I  think  I  have  become  tolerably  familiar  with  the  operations  of  the  enrollmentact,  and  I  can- 
not recommend  any  change.  On  the  contrary,  I  am  astonished  that  a  vast  and  complex  system, 
called  into  being,  as  it  were,  in  a  day,  should  be  so  perfect  in  all  its  details.  In  this  district,  at 
least,  there  has  arisen  no  question  nor  difliculty  that  has  not  been  satisfactorily  solved  by  the  able 
and  untiring  assistant  provost-marshal  for  Xew  Uanipsliire.  It  may  be  that  the  experience  of  the 
jjast  will  show  that  the  law  may  be  improved  in  some  of  its  minor  details;  but  even  then  it  is  not 
lor  us  to  suggest  the  change,  but  it  should  be  left  to  the  better  judgment  of  that  valuable  class  of 
men  educated  by  the  United  States  to  fill  the  places  they  now  hold  so  honorably  to  themselves 
and  so  invaluably  to  the  country.  #  #  # 

DIXI  CEOSBY, 
Sttrgeon  Board  of  Unrolhneni  Third  District  Neic  liamiwhire. 

West  Lebanon,  N.  II.,  June  3,  18G5. 

VERMONT— FIRST  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  B.  F.  Morgan. 


* 


I  have  examined,  of  drafted  inen,  recruits,  substitutes,  and  for  disenroU- 
ment,  about  ^ve  thousand  men  iu  the  first  congressional  district  of  Veimout. 

This  district  is  about  one  hundred  and  fiity  miles  long  from  north  to  south,  and  averages  iu 
width  about  thirty  miles;  it  lies  between  the  latitude  of  4lio  44'  and  44°  32'  north,  and  between  3° 
30'  and  4°  41'  of  east  longitude.  It  is  bounded  on  the  south  by  the  county  of  Berkshire,  Massachu- 
setts; on  the  west  by  the  State  of  !New  York  and  by  Lake  Chaniplain ;  and  on  the  north  and  east  by  the 
adjoining  counties  in  the  State  of  Vermont.  It  is  situated  in  the  southwest,  west,  and  central  part 
of  the  State,  and  is  the  western  slope  of  the  Green  Mountains,  whose  highest  ridges  are  nearly  its 
eastern  boundaries.  The  ranges  of  rocks  are  in  lines  parallel  with  the  principal  ranges  of  the 
mountains.  Granular  limestone,  argillaceous  slate,  granular  quartz,  and  granite  abound  iu  this 
district. 

The  principal  minerals  are  iron-ore,  manganese,  lead,  and  <ropper.  This  district  is  abundantly 
supplied  wiih  water ;  the  streams  running  from  east  lowest  have  all  rapid  currents;  the  huge 
streams,  running  from  south  to  north,  as  the  Hoosic  and  Otter  Creek,  and  from  north  to  south,  as 
the  Battenkill  and  the  Winooski,  are  bordered  hy  extensive  iritervales  of  alluvium  formed  of  ooze 
containing  portions  of  lime  mixed  with  argillo-siliceous  and  siliceous  and  organic  matter,  which 
renders  the  soil  fertile  and  the  vegetable  growth  luxuriant. 

In  many  portions  of  this  division  there  is  an  abundance  of  decomposing  material  for  the  gener- 
ation of  miasm,  but  the  evils  arising  from  this  cause  have  been  almost  entirely  remedied  by  drain- 
age and  cultivation,  so  that  the  influence  of  marsh-miasm,  as  an  exciting  cause  of  disease,  has,  ia 
most  places,  entirely  disappeared.  In  some  of  the  towns  bordering  on  Lake  Champlain,  however, 
disease  is  supposed  to  be  somewhat  modified  by  this  cause. 

The  prevailing  winds  are  easterly  and  westerly,  with  occasional  variations  from  the  northeast, 
and  are  Ireijuently  very  strong.  The  temperature  langes  from  a  maximum  of  1)0°  Fahrenheit  iu 
summer  to  a  minimum  of  —20°  in  winter. 

The  prevailing  diseases  are  rheumatism,  phthisis  pulmonalis,  pneumonia,  diarrhoea,  dysentery, 
typhoid  fever,  scarlatina,  and  diphtheria;  which  last  has  prevailed  for  the  last  four  or  five  years 
extensively  and  destructively.  The  causes  of  these  diseases  are  general,  and  supposed  to  depend 
ui)on  the  sudden  changes  of  our  variable  climate.     Locality  does  not  seem  to  have  much  influence 


SURGEONS'    REPORTS — VERMONT — FIRST   DISTRICT.  I'Jl 

in  flie  production  of  these  diseases,  as  they  prevail  about  eciually  upon  our  liigliest  inliabited  mouut- 
aiu-districts,  and  in  the  lowest  valleys.  This  is  strictly  an  agricultural  district,  where  the  labors 
of  the  hnsbaudmau  are  so  rewarded  that  he — 

"  Feels  not  tlie  wants  that  pincli  the  poor, 
Nor  i)lajj;ne8  that  hanut  the  rich  man's  dcoi." 

The  inhabitants  are  generally  sober  and  industrious,  and  reside  iiriuoii)ally  in  rural  districts, 
although  there  are  many  villages  containing  from  five  hundred  to  three  and  tour  thousand  inhabit- 
ants each,  where  considerable  manufacturing  is  done,  and  where  many  jn'isons  of  European  birth 
are  employed.  These  are  mostly  Irish,  and  are  the  only  ones  who  made  resistance  to  the  enroll- 
ment. Still  this  does  not  alter  the  general  rule  that  the  inhabitants  are  .sober,  industrious,  think- 
ing, and  law-abiding  citizens.  #  *  # 

The  prevalence  of  pnenmonia,  the  frequency  of  phthisis,  the  general  ])revalence  of  typhoid 
fever,  diphtheria,  scarlatina,  and  rheumatism,  i)articularly  tyi)hoid  fever  and  diphtheria,  as  an  en- 
demic, in  this  district,  has  had  a  very  great  effect  in  destroying  the  cfiioiency  of  men  for  military 
service  ior  the  past  two  years.  #  *  # 

A  large  number  who  had  diarrhoia  on  the  peninsula,  and  were  discharged  from  the  service  in 
1.SC2,  were  still  laboring  under  its  debilitating  effects  when  the  draft  was  made,  and  added  largely 
to  the  numbers  who  were  not  able  to  do  military  duty.  Another  cause  which  increased  relatively 
the  number  of  exemptions  is  the  early  emigration  of  the  most  vigorous  and  healthy  young  men  to 
the  Western  States,  and  who  thus  go  to  make  up  the  flgliting  regiments  of  the  West.    *      #      * 

As  to  the  kinds  of  labor  or  occupation  which  appear  to  cause  or  jiroduce  disqualitication  for 
military  service,  I  should  say  that  fractures,  old  dislocations,  and  rheumatism  were  more  common 
among  quarry-men  and  slaters;  hernia  and  varicose  veins  among  lumber-men,  and  men  employed 
ill  cleariug  lands,  than  among  those  pursuing  other  avocations.  Merchants,  shoemakers,  and  tailors 
seem  to  possess  less  physical  strength  thau  those  engaged  in  agricultural  labors;  but  there  is  not 
diversity  enough  in  the  occu])ations  of  men  in  this  district  to  produce  any  very  marked  efiect  upon 
the  physical  condition  of  its  inhabitants. 

Perhaps  there  could  not  have  been  a  more  perfect  set  of  rules  formed,  without  long  experience 
in  esamiuiiig  drafted  men  for  military  service,  than  the  different  sections  of  paragraph  85,  Revised 
Kegulations  for  the  Government  of  the  Bureau  of  the  Provost-Marslial-Geueral.  Possibly  some 
alteration  in  section  3  would  enable  the  epileptic  to  make  more  satisfactory  proof  of  his  disability. 
The  epileptic  is  seldom  seen  by  the  i)hysi('iau  during  the  paroxysm  ;  he  is  told  by  the  bystanders 
that  the  man  fell  down  in  a  tit;  he  calls  it  epilepsy,  and  certifies  to  that  fact,  when  it  may  be  the 
incursion  of  some  febrile  disease,  where,  perhaps,  the  man  never  had  a  fit  previously.     *     *      * 

If  the  drafted  man  were  obliged  to  produce  testimony  that  he  has  had  a  lepetition  of  fits  ilur- 
ing  the  previous  year,  and  if  the  recruit  who  declares  he  never  had  a  lit  in  his  life,  should  be  retained 
in  service  until  the  surgeon  can  be  satisfied  as  to  the  non-existence  of  this  disability,  there  would 
be  fewer  discharges  on  this  account. 

Permauent  physical  disability  (section  9)  does  not  seem  to  cover  those  cases  of  debility  follow- 
ing,typhoid  fever,  dysentery,  diarrhoea,  and  diphtheria,  which  may  recover  in  months,  or  may  never 
recover,  but  which  clearly  incapacitate  the  man  for  service  for  months  to  come  ;  perhaps  this  sec- 
tion could  be  altered  so  as  to  include  such  cases. 

*  *  *  After  some  experience,  it  was  found  that  forty  or  fifty  men  were  all  that  could 
be  examined  in  a  day  and  Justice  be  done  to  all  parties. 

There  are  very  few  enrolled  or  drafted  men  who  do  not  claim  disability  of  some  kind,  and  of 
course  demand  exemption  ;  more  frequently  on  account  of  chronic  rheumatism,  or  disease  of  the 
heart  or  lungs,  or  the  man  says  he  has  "liver  complaint,"  weakness  and  pain  in  the  back,  or  some 
two  or  three  of  all  the  diseases  that  he  has  ever  heard  spoken  of.  Very  often  he  is  honest  in 
this;  he  does  not  suffer  much  now,  but  the  physician  has  told  him  that  he  is  not  well  yet,  and  he 
comes  armed  with  his  physician's  deposition,  certifying  that  the  man  never  made  a  good  recovery 
from  pneumonia,  or  disease  of  the  heart  or  kidneys,  and  that  the  least  exposure  will  bring  a  return 
of  his  disease,  which  will  endanger  the  man's  life,  and  that  he  is  entirely  unable  to  do  military  duty. 
Another  comes  forward  drawn  down  on  one  side,  with  short  cough   and  panting  breath,  declaring 


192  SUEGEOKS'    EEPORTS VERMONT FIRST    DISTRICT. 

tLat  be  lias  consuinptioii — flic. doctor  told  him  so;  another  comes  limping  over  a  ponderous  cane, 
Avitbout  wbicli  he  declares  he  has  been  unable  to  walk  since  he  had  rlieumatisui  in  his  knee,  or 
since  he  got  the  hurt  in  his  back  by  heavy  lilting  Ir.st  winter.  Armed  with  certificates  and  testi- 
monials, and  accompanied  by  his  physician,  who  is  going  to  put  him  through  for  t'.veuty-tive  dol- 
lars, he  and  his  Criends  are  personally. insulted  if  you  fail  to  see  the  case  as  they  represent  it,  and  the 
surgeon  is  called  wooden-headed  and  all  manner  of  flattering  epithets  as  soon  as  they  are  out  ol  his 
office;  or  perhaps  he  is  complimented  with  a  long  and  abusive  letter  from  a  lawyer,  who  says  he  was 
helping  the  poor  man  without  expectation  of  reward,  knowing  beforehand  that  the  man  would  be 
wronged,  but  who  had  been  careful  to  secure  to  himself  twenty-five  dollars  if  he  got  the  man  clear. 
Alter  a  decision  by  the  board  that  the  man  cannot  be  discharged,  he  pays  his  commutation,  and  iu 
a  short  time  is  seen  walking  without  a  cane  or  limp,  and  seeing  -without  glasses.  A  great  deal  of 
time  and  i)atience  is  required  by  the  surgeon  to  satisfy  himself  that  he  does  no  injustice  to  the 
drafted  man  nor  to  the  Government  iu  these  examinations. 

The  frauds  practiced  by  recruits  to  enter  the  service  are  such  as  are  calculated  to  hide  physical 
weakness  or  disease.  He  hops  and  jumps  upon  an  injured  limb  to  satisfy  you  that  it  is  sound  ; 
tries  to  deceive  you  as  to  sight  and  hearing;  applies  cold  to  a  hernial  tumor  to  produce  contraction 
of  the  parts  before  examination  ;  men  of  sixty  will  declare  they  are  but  forty,  and  boys  of  sixteen 
declare  they  are  twenty. 

A  v.ery  great  annoyance  to  the  surgeon  is  the  persistent  determination  of  selectmen  to  be  present 
at  the  examination  of  their  men,  or  the  men  whom  they  have  enlisted  for  their  town,  and  in  some 
cases  their  testimony  as  to  age  and  ability  is  less  reliable  than  that  of  the  recruits.  It  should  be 
made  a  rule,  not  to  be  departed  from,  that  only  the  examiuing-board  and  oue  clerk  should  be  preseut 
in  the  roouj,  and  that  but  one  subject  should  be  examined  at  ii  time,  for  the  drafted  man  learns  to 
leign,  and  the  recruit  to  hide,  what  he  sees  exi)osed  in  others.  The  substitutes  are  mostly  a  worth- 
less, unreliable  set  of  men,  and  should  never  be  paid  for  service  until  they  have  earned  it. 

The  only  nationalities  represented  here  in  numbers  sufhcieut  to  enable  me  to  form  an  opinion  as  to 
their  physical  ai)titnde  lor  military  service  are  tlie  Americaus,  the  Irish,  and  the  Canadian  French. 
The  American  of  this  State,  from  his  sober,  industrious,  and  cleanly  habits,  from  his  persistent 
determination  to  succeed  in  whatever  he  undertakes,  joined  to  a  high  tone  of  patriotism,  is  sure  to 
make  the  very  best  soldier.  The  Irish  are  pliysically  good  men  for  soldiers.  They  have  usually 
great  muscular  development,  capacious  chests,  tight  joints,  and  abundant  vitality.  The  Canadian 
French,  from  their  snug,  comi)act  forms,  their  healthy  and  hardy  appearance,  their  elasticity  of 
constitution,  and  cheerlulness  of  disposition,  I  should  expect  to  make  excellent  soldiers. 

There  are  so  very  few  of  the  colored  race,  iu  this  district,  ottered  for  soldiers,  that  I  can  form  no 
oi)inion  of  the  negro's  military  aptitude.  There  are  lew,  if  any,  pure  Africans,  but  a  mixed  race 
only.  They  probably-lose in  vitality  what  they  gain  in  symmetry  of  form  by  this  admixture;  they 
die  early  of  scrofula  or  tuberculosis,  and  in  our  cold  climate  would  not  be  relijible  as  soldiers. 

The  enrollment-law  has  in  its  operation  saved  this  nation;  then  how  can  any  one  but  speak 
well  of  it,  and  of  the  wisdom  that  trained  it  'I  The  dread  of  comi)ulsory  service  filled  our  armies  with 
volunteers  almost  iis  soon  as  called  for,  especially  in  this  district,  and  I  believe  there  would  have 
been  little  fault  tbunil  wiih,  and  no  resistance  made  to,  the  law,  had  it  not  been  lor  the  scandalous 
attacks  made  by  misei'able  party-demagogues  through  the  copperhead  presses  in  this  district;  and 
I  would  suggest  that  the  district  provost-marshal  be  directed  to  send  every  editor  who  attacks  the 
law  and  the  Government  lor  the  purpose  of  party  advantage,  to  headquarters.  The  operation  of 
the  enrollment-act  was  neither  generally  unequal  nor  oppressive.  There  were,  probably,  instances  of 
individual  hardship,  but  t,hcse  were  generally  soon  removed  through  the  assistance  of  fiieiuls  and 
the  munificence  of  the  commutation-clause  of  the  act. 

The  only  alteration  in  the  law  that  I  would  suggest  is  the  limiting  the  mililary  age  at  between 
twenty  and  forty.  At  forty  the  joints  begin  to  lose  their  mobility  ;  they  are  stittened  by  the  hard 
and  continuous  labor  of  men  in  this  country.  The  men  lose  their  elasticity  and  recui)erative  pow- 
ers; their  habits  are  fixed,  and  they  cannot  accommodate  themselves  to  their  new  condition. 
Although  able  to  do  as  much  hard  labor  at  home,  they  do  not  bear  the  hardshijis  ami  privations  of 
the  camp ;  they  soon  fall  sick,  and  if  they  do  they  rarely  recover.  The  expense  of  making  the  en- 
rollment, both  to  the  United  States  and  to  the  towns  of  the  different  districts,  would  be  very  much 


surgeons'   reports VERMONT SECOND    DISTRICT.  193 

lesseneil  if  the  enrolliug-officers  wore  directed  to  describe  the  disability  claimed  by  each  niau,  and 
the  surgeon  were  directed  to  visit  each  town  on  a  day  named  by  himself,  previous  to  the  draft,  then 
and  there  to  examine  those  only  whose  disability  had  been  described  by  the  euroUingotiicer.  This 
would  save  the  Government  from  paying  for  the  transportation  of  such  cases  as  drafted  men,  and 
the  towns  a  like  expense  in  getting  them  disenrolled. 

B.  F.  MORGAN, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  First  District  of  Vermont. 
Rutland,  Vt.,  June  9,  1SG5. 

VERMONT— SECOND  DISTRICT, 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  C.  P.  Frost. 

*  *  *         1  ins]K'cted  one-half  of  the  Third  Regiment  of  Vermont  Volunteers  previ- 

ously to  theii'  muster  into  the  United  States  service  in  July,  1801.  Subse(piently  I  examined  men 
as  they  were  presented  from  time  to  time  by  recruitingoflicers.  From  October  2,  ISOli,  till  May 
25,  1803,  I  was  surgeon  of  tlic  Fifteenth  Regiment  of  Vermont  Volunteers,  a  nine-mouths'  regiment, 
and  had  the  usual  amount  of  inspection  to  perform.  Since  I  entered  on  my  duty  as  surgeon  of  this 
board  of  enrollment,  I  have  examined  2,700  drafted  men,  about  3,500  recruits  and  substitutes,  and 
2,774  enrolled  men,  making  a  total  of  8,974  men. 

This  congressional  district  lies  upon  the  eastern  side  of  the  range  of  Green  Mountains.  It  ex- 
tends from  north  to  south  about  175  miles,  and  from  east  to  west  about  35  miles.  The  face  of  the 
country  is  very  uneven,  being  broken  into  hills  and  vallej's.  There  are  no  very  high  mountains  in 
the  district,  and  there  is  no  great  extent  of  level  land.  The  intervales  along  the  streams  are  narrow, 
and  the  hills  rather  steep.  The  district  lies  in  north  latitude  42°  to  45°.  The  diseases  are  those 
usually  incident  to  the  latitude.  We  have  no  miasmatic  diseases,  with  the  exception  of  typhoid 
fever.  Very  few  persons  have  enthetic  diseases.  Of  diathetic  diseases,  rheumatism  and  feebleness 
of  constitution,  the  latter  generally,  however,  due  to  some  previous  disease  of  the  digestive  or  cir- 
culatory or  respiratory  organs,  are  the  most  commonly  met  with.  Tubercular  disease  is  often  seen, 
altliough  I  think  pulmonary  i)hthisis  is  less  frequently  the  cause  of  death  than  formerly.  Diseases 
of  the  nervous  system  i)revail  considerably — more  generally,  however,  among  females.  Diseases  of 
the  resi)iratory  organs  prevail  during  the  winter  ami  early  spring  months.  A  good  many  cases  of 
disease  of  the  bones  and  joints  are  found.  Scarlatina  and  diphtheria  have  iirevailed  very  exten- 
sively during  the  last  five  years,  and  within  the  last  two  years  a  few  cases  of  cerebro-spinal  menin- 
gitis have  occurred  in  this  district.  Hernia,  and  varicose  veins  of  the  extremities,  particularly  the 
lower,  and  loss  of  teeth,  as  disqualifications  for  military  service,  are  very  frequently  found.  The 
causes  of  disease  are,  for  the  most  part,  atmospheric  and  accidental. 

The  inhabitants  are  industrious,  temperate  in  eating  and  drinking,  law-abiding  and  justice- 
loving  ;  economical  in  their  expenditures;  thoroughly  loyal  to  the  General  and  State  Governments; 
and  as  well  educated  and  generally  intelligent  as  any  people  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  They  are 
most  thorough  believers  in  universal  freedom,  and  the  equality  of  all  before  the  law.  Their  dwell- 
ings are  warm  for  winter,  neat  and  tidy  in  appearance ;  their  tables  are  provided  with  a  plenty  of 
well-cooked  and  substantial  food ;  and  in  general  they  are  comfortably  and  neatly  clad. 

Their  occupation  is  principally  farming.  In  this  district  the  farms  are  generally  small,  and  the 
soil  productive  under  good  tillage.  The  occujjation  of  those  drafted  in  1803  will  probably  give  a 
fair  view  of  the  occupations  of  the  people.  Of  2,045  men,  then  drafted,  1,900  were  farmers  or  farm- 
laborers  ;  53  were  professional  men  or  teachers ;  29  were  students ;  and  440  were  engaged  in  me- 
chanical labor. 

From  the  occupation  of  the  large  majority  of  our  people,  we  should  expect  to  find,  as  proves 
to  be  the  case,  that  hernia  and  varicose  veins  of  the  extremities  exist  as  causes  of  exemption  from 
military  service  to  a  large  extent.  Fraetures  and  dislocations  are  quite  frequently  met  with, 
thougli  not  more  frequently  than  in  manulacturing  districts.  lOxamination  of  2,774  enrolled  nu'u 
has  been  made  in  this  district;  1,272  were  exempted  for  manifest  permanent  physical  disability, 
2.'-. 


194  surgeons'  reports — Vermont — second  district. 

and  nearly  one-tliird,  or  404,  were  exempted,  or  bad  tbeir  names  stricken  from  tbo  rolls,  for  liernia. 
Tbis  disability  is  nndoubtedly  caused  by  the  labor  in  which  the  men  are  employed. 

In  my  opinion,  the  list  of  causes  for  exemption  contained  in  paragraph  85,  Revised  Regulations, 
Provost-Marsbal-General's  Bureau,  is  a  very  good  one  and  cannot  be  much  improved.  It  has 
seemed  to  me,  however,  that  confirmed  asthma  should  be  added  to  the  list  of  causes  for  exemption, 
as  it  is  a  cause  for  rejection  of  a  recruit.  The  organic  lesion,  if  any  exist,  iu  many  cases  of  asthma 
is  so  obscure  as  to  be  beyond  the  power  of  the  examiningsurgeon  to  detect  it.  Decided  myopia 
should,  it  seems  to  me,  be  added  to  the  list.  I  cannot  imagine  the  use  that  a  man  cau  be  put  to  in 
the  service  who  cannot  disUnguish  a  man  from  a  horse  at  ten  rods.  I  think  the  cause  for  rejection 
of  a  recruit,  and  exemption  of  a  drafted  man,  should  be  as  lUMrly  identical  as  possible,  as  it  would 
reduce  chances  for  deceiition.     Practice  will  enable  the  surgeon  to  detect  deception   very  readily. 

*  *  *         When  everything  has  been  properly  arranged,  and  the  men  were  ready  to 

appear  as  wanted,  I  have,  alone,  examined  ninety-five  men  iu  a  day,  working  seven  hours;  I  think 
JlJ'ty  nieu  i)er  day  is  as  many  as  a  surgeon  ought  to  examine,  and  six  hours  is  as  long  as  he  should 
be  couiined  to  the  bad  air  of  an  exaniiuing-room. 

The  diseases  most  frequently  claiuied  by  those  drafted  and  enrolled  men  who  desire  to  escape 
service  are  those  of  the  internal  organs,  as  of  the  liver  or  kidneys,  the  lungs  or  heart,  or  the 
stomach.  Fraud  has  been  attempted  by  pretending  deafness.  The  successful  perpetration  of  fraud 
is  much  more  diflBcult  in  the  countrj'  than  iu  the  city,  as  nearly  every  person's  antecedents  are  well 
knowu  by  his  neighbors,  and  many  are  interested  that  he  do  not  succeed  iu  escaping  his  duty. 
Recruits  and  substitutes  have  practiced  deception  in  regard  to  their  age  as  often  as  in  any  other 
way,  claiming  to  be  older  or  younger  than  they  really  were.  Gne  or  cwo  persons  suffering  from 
epilepsy  have  succeeded  iu  getting  into  the  service ;  others  have  failed  simply  because  they  had  a 
convulsion  while  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  office. 

If  the  law  were  vigorously  enforced  that  nieu  must  be  credited  to  the  subdistrict  in  which  they 
are  enrolled  or  iu  which  they  reside,  a  stop  would  be  i)ut  to  the  trade  in  men  by  substitute-brokers, 
and  most  of  tiie  chances  for  the  Government  to  be  swindled  by  untit  men  entering  the  service  for 
the  sake  of  the  bounties  would  be  avoided. 

No  better  class  of  men,  physically,  has  been  presented  to  this  board  for  examination  than  the 
natives  of  the  State.  The  active  and  laborious  o(!cu[)ations  to  which  they  have  been  inured  from 
childhood  have  given  them  fine  muscular  develoi)ment  and  great  endurance.  The  greatest  trial  they 
have  to  uudergo  Ls  in  becoming  acclimated.  The  Canadian  French  possess  great  physical  aptitude 
for  service,  being  generally  short,  closely  built,  and  inured  to  privation  and  hardshii).  The  Irish 
have  flue  [)hysical  development. 

My  experience  with  colored  men  has  been  quite  limited  ;  not  more  than  one  huiulredhave  been 
presented  at  this  office  for  examination.  Some  of  these  were  very  good  men  for  the  service,  hav- 
ing a  flue  physical  development,  while  others  were  of  the  poorest  material,  broken-down  men  who 
had  been  the  rounds  of  i)rovost-marshals'  offices,  and  had  been  rejected  everywhere. 

I  believe  the  present  enrollment-law  to  be  very  well  devised  for  the  end  proposed.  Iu  this 
State,  it  has  acted  as  a  powerful  stimulus  to  recruiting,  and  the  draft  has  not  been  required  to  any 
great  extent ;  but  without  the  law  very  few  men  would  have  been  obtained.  Some  changes  may 
be  desirable ;  it  seems  to  me  that  it  would  be  quite  as  well  if  the  board  consisted  simply  of  two 
membeis,  the  provost-marshal  and  the  surgeon.  I  see  no  occasion  for  a  commissioner ;  until  within 
a  few  mouths  he  lias  beeu  without  any  res])onsibility,  and  it  has  been  Ibund  very  difficult  to  de- 
termine what  his  })owers  were.  *  #  # 

In  country  districts  of  large  extent,  I  believe  the  examination  of  enrolled  men  should  be  made 
at  several  points  iu  the  district.  It  is  of  quite  as  much  consequence  to  the  Government  that  men 
permanently  disabled  should  not  stand  upon  the  roll  as  it  is  to  the  indi\iduals  themselves.  Fre- 
quently those  persons  who  are  sure  they  have  some  disability  that  would  exeuqjt  them  if  diatted 
will  not  take  the  trouble  or  incur  the  expense  of  a  trip  to  the  provost-marshal's  office,  especially 
if  it  be  seventy-five  miles  away.     Many,  too,  cannot  aftbrd  the  expense  of  time  or  money. 

I  believe  it  to  be  for  the  interest  of  the  Government  to  secure  the  services  of  medical  men  as 
surgeons  of  boards  of  enrollment  who  are  possessed  of  as  great  professional  ability  as  is  required  of 


surgeons'    KEPOKTS VERMONT THIRD    DISTRICT.  195 

ii  surgeon  in  tlie  army.  If  such  a  man  is  rciiniroil  and  bis  entire  linic  connnandeil,  he  should  bave 
tbe  same  rank  and  pay  as  a  surgco'i  in  tlie  army.  Ee  sbonld  not  ranlv  on  the  board  below  acivil- 
jiiu  who  has  no  responsibility,  and  whose  qualilicatious  are  not  exactly  defined. 

C.  V.  FROST, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  (Second  District  of  Vertnont. 
Windsor,  Vt.,  June  14,  1865. 

VERMOISIT— THIRD  DISTRICT. 

Rrtrdcts  from  report  of  Dr.  ,1.  S.  OiiANDLER. 

*  *  *  Tbe  number  of  men  examined  in  this  district,  as  nearly  as  can  be  ascer- 
tained, comprising  conscri|)ts,  substitutes,  and  recruits,  is  3,(i()!t.  *  *  * 

The  third  district  ot  Vermont,  comi)rising  six  counties,  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Con- 
necticut River;  on  the  north  by  Canada  liast;  west  by  Lake  Champlain;  and  south  by  the  counties 
of  Addison,  Washington,  and  Caledonia.  It  is  divided  by  the  Green  Mountains  nearly  midway 
between  Connecticut  River  on  the  east,  and  Lake  Cliamplain  on  the  west,  and  is  traversed  by  con- 
siderable rivers  on  each  side;  those  on  the  west  emptying  into  Lake  Champlain,  and  on  the  east 
into  the  Connecticut  River.  The  width  of  the  district  on  the  north,  comprising  the  whole  width  of 
the  State,  is  about  ninety  miles  ;  its  extent  from  north  to  south  may  average  forty  miles.  The  soil 
consists  of  clay,  sand,  and  loam,  in  greatly  varying  proportions,  constituting  a  strong  and  produc- 
tive soil.     Lime  abounds  west  of  the  mountains;  on  the  east  side  1  think  little  is  found. 

I  am  not  aware  of  the  predominance  of  any  disease  or  class  of  diseases  that  should  dis- 
tinguish this  district  from  New  England  generally.  Rheumatism,  catarrh,  pleurisy,  pneumouia, 
l)eritonitis,  and  perhaps  enteritis,  are  of  frequent  occurrence,  doubtless  as  a  consequence  of  our 
very  variable  climate,  which  displays  great  and  sudden  changes  of  temperature.  The  different 
forms  of  fever  are  of  Irequent  occurrence,  typhoid  predominating.  We  are  liable,  in  common  with 
other  sections,  to  the  sweeping  epidemics  of  the  country,  but  suffer  less  from  them,  I  think,  than 
other  sections  of  higher  average  temperature,  and  which  are  less  favored  with  an  admirable  pro- 
portion of  /(///  and  dale. 

The  inhabitants  are  probably  fully  equal  in  hardiness  and  enterprise  to  those  of  any  other 
district  in  New  England.  In  the  mechanic  arts  less  has  been  attempted  than  in  some  other  dis- 
tricts, though  enterprise  is  rapidly  advancing  in  this  direction.  Agriculture  is  the  main  pursuit. 
Few  districts  in  the  country  are  better  supplied  with  good  common  schools,  academies,  &c.,  which 
are  well  improved.  In  connection  with  the  University  of  Vermont,  a  medical  college,  in  flourishing 
condition,  is  located  in  this  district. 

*  *  *  In  regard  to  changes  in  paragraph  85,  I  would  suggest  that  instructions 
should  be  made  more  definite  in  regard  to  a  class  of  rejected  men  that  swells  the  ninth  section  in 
our  reports;  or  that  three  sections  be  added,  one  for  deficient  age,  one  for  excess  of  age,  and  one 
for  deficient  amplitude  or  expansive  power  of  chest. 

In  regard  to  (juestion  G,  the  number  of  men  that  can  be  jiroperly  examined  in  one  day  depends 
so  nuich  on  the  condition  of  the  men  examined,  and  on  the  facilities  associated  with  the  work,  that 
it  is  difiicult  to  specify.  One  lot  of  men  might  be  examined  satisfactorily  in  half  the  time  required 
by  another  lot  of  equal  number.  If  a  thorough  examination  of  thirty  men  a  day  be  made,  taking 
them  as  they  average  under  the  present  condition  of  the  enrollment,  and  also  with  the  present 
average  of  substitutes  and  recruits,  I  think  the  Government  should  be  satisfied.  It  should  be 
remembered  that  many  cases  are  such  as  require  time  for  investigation.  *  *  * 

In  paragraph  88,  Revi.sed  Regulations,  we  have  certainly  implied  instructions  to  receive  affi- 
davits, "duly  atfirmed,"  &c.,  and  to  give  them  all  the  weight  they  migiit  justly  claim.  Medical 
inspectors,  in  one  or  two  instances,  have  instructed  us  to  ignore  them  entirely.  May  it  not  be  well 
to  add  a  section  to  i)aragrai)li  S5  that  will  be  unmistakably  clear  on  that  point  ? 

*  *  *  I  can  suggest  nothing  new  in  relation  to  frauds  attempted  by  men  under  exami- 
nation. These  have  all  come  to  be  pretty  well  understood.  I  may  be  excused  for  alluding  to  the 
frauds  perpetrated  by  substitute  and  recruit  brolcers,  which,  in  various  ways,  have  done  the  country 


196  surgeons'  reports — Massachusetts — first  district. 

more  barm  thau  all  other  matters  connected  with  the  recruiting-service.  All  the  blunders,  negli- 
gences, and  frauds  of  the  members  of  all  the  boards  during  their  whole  term  of  service  will  not 
amount  to  a  tithe  of  the  mischief  to  the  country  wrought  by  rapacious  and  unscrupulous  sul)stitute- 
brokerage.  A  provision  which  may  prove  an  effectual  safeguard  against  this  enormity  in  any 
future  action  of  the  Government  is  a  desideratum.  Perhaps  a  section  on  that  point  added  to  the 
regulations  might  fticilitate  the  action  of  boards  of  enrollment  in  the  right  direction. 

Inquiry  8.  My  attention  has  not  been  directed  to  this  subject.  The  average  of  the  men  ex- 
amined in  this  office  during  the  last  two  years  exhibits  a  result  that  Vermouters,  at  least,  need  not 
be  ashamed  of. 

Inquiry  9.  On  this  subject  I  have  had  no  opportunity  to  gain  information,  excepting  such  as 
common  report  has  given  to  all,  and  which  I  regard  as  indicative  of  fair  qualifications  for 
military  service  in  the  "colored  race." 

The  fact  that  so  many  drafted  men  are  yet  found  unfit,  trtdyvvft,  for  military  service,  satisfies 
me  that  some  more  equitable  method  of  mahirKj  the  enrollment  is  veiy  desirable.  My  own  opinion 
has  long  been  a  settled  one  that  no  boy  should  be  enrolled  before  fully  attaining  the  age  of  twenty 
years,  but  we  are  allowed  to  aecei)t  as  recruits  or  substitutes  those  who  are  only  eighteen  years  old. 
This  1  have  regarded  as  a  great  error  in  all  nations  where  it  is  permitted,  and  the  records  of  every 
war,  since  records  of  war  were  made,  will  prove  both  its  impolicy  and  its  inhumanity.       *       *       • 

J.  L.  CHANDLER, 
Sicrgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Third  District  of  Vermont. 

Burlington,  Vt.,  May  31, 1865. 

MASSACHUSETTS— FIEST  DISTRICT, 

Extracts  from  report  of  Y>u.  P.  H.  IIooper. 

•  *  *  The  number  of  men  examined  at  this  office  Irom  the  time  of  the  organization 
of  the  board  of  enrollment  to  Ai)ril  14,  18Ci;;,  when  the  examinations  were^closed  by  order  of  the 
Acting  Assistant  Provost-Marshal-General,  was  as  follows: 

Drafted  men li,  6C8 

Substitutes  and  recruits 1, 044 

Total 3, 712 

This  district  is  nearly  a  peninsula,  lying  between  the  Narragansett  and  Massachusetts  Bays, 
embracing  the  cape  towns  and  the  islands  of  Nantucket,  Martha's  Vineyard,  and  several  others 
along  the  coast.  It  is  deejily  indented  with  bays  and  inlets,  and  studded  with  fresh-water  ponds 
and  rivulets.  It  is  generally  low,  much  of  it  marshy  where  bordering  on  the  bays  and  inlets,  and 
quite  a  portion  of  it  sandy.  None  of  it  rises  to  an  elevation  of  more  than  500  feet  above  high 
water.  About  two-thirds  of  the  district,  embracing  the  northwest  portion,  is  of  primitive  forma- 
tion, the  granite  cropping  out  iu  serai-form  ridges,  while  the  other  third,  including  Cape  Cod  and 
most  of  the  islands,  is  of  diluvial  formation. 

The  climate  is  exqeedingly  variable.  The  Gulf  stream  being  about  sixty  miles  distant  on  the 
one  side,  iind  the  pole  of  extreme  cold  but  about  six  hundred  miles  off  on  the  other,  it  is,  as  it  were, 
placed  between  a  furnace  and  an  iceberg,  renderiiig  the  changes  of  temperature  exceedingly  violent 
and  extreme,  though  somewhat  modified  by  sea-breezes.  But  very  little  snow  falls  on  this  district, 
and  it  is  rare  to  have  a  week  of  good  sleighing. 

The  diseases  are  such  as  might  be  expected  in  such  a  climate,  the  various  forms  of  scrofula 
prevailing,  and  phtiiisis  taking  the  lead  in  the  bills  of  mortality.  Zymotic  diseases  and  those  of 
childhood  are  about  the  same  here  as  in  other  j)arts  of  the  State;  typhoid  is  the  most  prevalent 
form  of  fever.  The  iidiabitants  are  a  hardy  and  industrious  peoi)le  generally.  They  are  divided 
by  occupation  into  three  great  classes,  viz  :  agriculturists,  machinists,  (embracing  the  large  variety 
of  manufacturers,)  and  sea-faring  men.  The  nu'cliaiiical  class  is  very  liable  to  injuries  disqualifying 
for  military  duty.  About  two-fifths  of  the  men  drafted  were  seamen,  and  about  one-third  of  all 
those  exempted  were  of  the  same  class.    This  arises  lloin  the  fact  that  a  large  number  of  invalids 


surgeons'    reports — MASSACHUSETTS — SECOND    DISTRICT.  197 

came  into  tbe  district  from  all  ])arts  of  the  country  to  engage  in  sea-faring  pursuits,  such  as  fisbing, 
whaling,  coasting,  &c.,  for  the  benefit  of  their  health. 

*  *  *  In  my  judgment,  paragraph  85,  Revised  Regulations,  could  not  be  much 
improved. 

Tlie  number  of  men  that  can  be  physically  examined  per  day  depends  very  much  upon  whether 
or  not  they  are  drafted  men  or  substitutes  and  recruits.  The  former  relate  all  the  diseases  they 
have  ever  experienced,  to  which  account  the  surgeon  has  to  listen  attentively  and  courteously,  to 
follow  out  the  whole  change  of  symptoms,  and  explain  why  they  are  or  are  not  sufiQcient  to  exempt. 
On  the  other  hand,  substitutes  and  recruits  invariably  assure  you  they  have  never  been  ill  or 
received  any  injury.  I  am,  therefore,  disposed  to  say,  as  the  former  are  over  anxious  to  be  exempted 
and  the  latter  to  be  accepted,  that  the  number  of  drafted  men  that  can  be  examined  per  day  with 
accuracy  is  sixUj,  while  with  substitutes  and  recruits  1  would  place  the  uumber  as  high  as  eighty. 

Tbe  frauds  were  of  every  description,  each  individual  endeavoring  to  deceive  as  he  thought  he 
could  best  succeed.  The  only  remedy  I  can  suggest  is  the  tact  and  expertness  of  the  examiuing- 
surgeon. 

The  aptitude  of  the  different  nationalities  can  be  best  determined  in  the  field.  I  have  no  data 
on  which  to  form  an  opinion  on  the  subject. 

In  relation  to  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service,  I  would  say 
that  the  number  examined  has  been  comparatively  small,  and  a  great  proportion  has  been  rejected 
on  account  of  scrofula,  varicose  veins,  and  splay  feet. 

The  ])resent  enrollment-law  and  the  Revised  Regulations  of  the  Provost-Marshal-General's 
Bureau  seem  to  uie  admirable  in  every  particular,  and  I  therefore  have  no  suggestions  to  make  for 
their  improvement. 

F.  H.  HOOPER, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  First  District  of  Massachusetts. 

New  Bedford,  Mass.,  Jnly  1, 18G5. 

MASSACHUSETTS-SECOND  DISTRICT. 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  H.  B.  Hubbard. 

*  *  .  *  i  examined  about  five  hundred  men  before  the  establishment  of  this 
PMU-eau,  and,  as  surgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment  for  this  district,  I  have  investigated  about  two 
thousand  cases  of  "manifest  i)ermanent  i^hysical  disability,"  and  examined  three  thousand  six 
hundred  and  forty  recruits,  drafted  men,  and  substitutes — in  all,  5,600  men. 

*  *  *  For  the  details  of  my  exjjerience,  I  would  respectfully  refer  to  the  several 
replies  which  follow  ;  adding  only  the  general  statement  that  I  found,  in  a  great  majority  of  cases,  a 
most  unexpected  disregard  of  personal  cleanliness;  which  fact  deserves  to  be  noted  and  carefully 
weighed  in  any  calculations  affecting  the  sanitary  condition  of  this  district,  and  of  the  arms-bearing 
capacity  of  its  population.  It  is  doubtless  due  to  their  modes  of  life  and  employment,  which  will 
be  explained  hereafter. 

That  section  of  the  State  lying  between  the  Atlantic  on  the  east  and  south,  and  the  Narra- 
gansett  Bay  and  Blackstone  River  on  the  west,  is  known  as  Southern  Massachusetts,  and  includes 
the  first  and  second  congressional  districts.  In  shape  it  is  a  wide  peninsula,  terminating  east- 
wardly  in  the  long  projection  of  rock  and  sand  known  as  Cape  Cod. 

The  second  district  occupies  its  northern,  central,  and  western  portions,  touching  the  sea  only 
at  its  northeastern  and  southwestern  extremities. 

A  high  granite  ridge  traverses  its  northern  section,  which  breaks  the  violence  of  the  winds, 
and,  with  the  vicinity  of  the  Gulf-stream  on  the  south,  decidedly  modifies  its  climate,  which  is  warmer 
by  several  degrees  than  the  region  to  the  north  and  west. 

From  this  ridge,  seaward,  the  land  is  flat,  with  alternate  swamps  and  sandy  plains;  while 
ponds  and  small,  sluggish  streams  are  far  more  numerous  than  elsewhere  in  the  State.  The  county 
of  Bristol  alone  contains  more  than  one  hundred  and  twenty  of  these  ponds  within  an  area  averag- 
ing thirty  miles  in  length  by  fifteen  in  width.    Hence  arises  a  constant  moisture  decidedly  preju- 


198  surgeons'  reports — Massachusetts — second  district. 

ilicial  to  the  healtli  of  the  locality,  which  is,  also,  not  improved  by  the  prevalence  of  damp  and 
chilly  southwest  winds.  As  might  be  expected,  its  ordinary  diseases  are  phthisis  and  other  de- 
rangements of  the  organs  of  respiration,  rheumatism,  and  low  forms  of  fever.  There  is  a  scrofu- 
lous taint  in  almost  every  household. 

The  inhabitants  iu  most  of  the  towns  are  mainly  descended  from  the  original  families,  though 
some  villages  contain  a  large  Irish  element.  Being  the  earliest-settled  region  in  the  State,  and 
means  of  communication  being  for  a  long  period  greatly  restricted,  intermarriages  were  frequent, 
especially  among  the  better  classes,  which  fact,  with  the  peculiarities  of  climate  before  referred  to, 
has  undoubtedly  induced  a  feebleness  of  constitution  which  has  been  made  very  apparent  by  the 
statistics  of  my  examinations. 

With  the  exception  of  a  few  localities,  the  people  of  this  district  are  intelligent,  industrious, 
and  moral.  Almost  all  have  received  a  good  common  school  education,  and  possess  a  very  fair  un- 
derstanding of  their  form  of  government,  municipal.  State,  and  national,  and  their  duties  in  these 
several  relations. 

*  *  In  fact,  so  general  was  the  rush  to  aims  of  the  flower  of  our  youth  and  the 

vigor  of  our  manhood,  at  that  early  iieriod,  as  most  seriously  to  ali'ect  the  ratio  of  the  able-bodied 
to  the  disabled  through  the  remainder  of  the  rebellion.  Large  numbers  absent  from  home,  with- 
out waiting  to  return,  enlisted  iu  regiments  from  the  Middle  and  Western  States.  Very  many  ab- 
sentees promptly  enlisted  in  the  Navy.  Before  any  draft  was  contemplated,  the  town  of  my  resi- 
dence had  furnished  from  its  own  inhabitants  an.  able-bodied  fighting  force  exceeding  one-half  ils 
voting  population.  This  was  doubtless  the  proportion  throughout  the  district.  From  these  facts  it  is 
obvious  that  the  actual  arms-bearing  capacity  of  this  district  cannot  be  calculated  till  all  these 
elements  are  accurately  ascertained  and  taken  into  account,  and  that  any  judgment  of  this  capacity, 
based  on  the  results  of  my  examinations  exclusively,  must  be  erroneous  and  delusive. 

So  sterile  is  our  soil  that  agriculture  is  seldom  remunerative.  Ilence  our  people  have  in  part 
availed  themselves  of  the  abundant  water-power  to  engage  in  numerous  kinds  of  manufactures,  and 
have  also,  in  great  numbers,  resorted  to  shoemaking  as  a  partial  or  entire  means  of  support.  The 
confinement  of  the  shop  and  factory  only  tends  to  increase  and  develop  the  peculiar  diseases  of 
the  locality.  Especially  is  this  true  of  the  shoemakers,  who,  on  approaching  for  examination,  could 
at  once  be  detected  by  their  stooijing  shoulders,  hollow  chest,  cadaverous  couii)lexion,  and  feeble 
extremities.  It  is  also  true  that  this  calling  aggregates  to  itself,  from  the  convenience  of  its  ex- 
ercise, multitudes  of  cripples  and  persons  disabled  from  more  active  labor.  In  fact,  this  class 
migrate  to  the  shoe-districts  from  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  seriously  affect  the  ratio  of  the  able- 
bodied  to  the  disabled  in  a  section  where  nearly  one-half  of  the  populatiou  is  maintained  by  that 
interest.  On  the  other  hand,  we  have  extensive  machine-shops  and  iron-works,  from  whose  opera- 
tives our  best  material  has  been  furnished;  but  this  was  largely  drawn  upon  iu  the  early  part  of 
the  rebellion,  and  the  remainder,  employed  mostly  on  Government  work,  could  not  be  si)ared  for 
the  Army,  and,  if  drafted,  either  paid  commutation,  or  were  I'epresented  by  substitutes  ft-om  abroad. 

"  Reasons  why  any  particular  diseases  or  disabilities  have  disqualified  a  greater  ratio  per  thou- 
sand from  military  service."  Au  answer  may  be  found  to  this  question  in  what  has  been  already 
stated  :  First,  the  dampness  of  the  climate ;  second,  the  employment  of  so  many  iu  shoemaking, 
an  occupation  disabling  in  itself,  and  inviting  the  disabled  from  the  agricultural  districts;  third, 
the  prompt  enlistment  of  so  many  thousands  of  our  best  men,  at  home  and  abroad,  betore  my  du- 
ties commenced;  fourth,  the  employment  of  so  many  of  the  able-bodied  on  Government  labor,  and 
their  necessary  exclusion  from  the  examination.  Their  substitutes  were  generally  non-residents  of 
the  district,  many  of  whom  were  rejected  for  causes,  and  others  provided,  when  their  principals 
could  have  readily  passed. 

*  *  I  have  nothing  to  offer  iu  regard  to  paragraph  85,  believing  that  the  Revised 

Regulations  have  been  efficient  and  equitable  in  their  working.  Under  ordinary  circumstances,  I 
am  confident  that  a  draft  so  conducted  would  furnish  a  sufdcieucy  of  men. 

''  The  number  of  men  that  can  be  physically  examined  per  day  with  accuracy,"  I  should  say,  is 
from  thirty-five  to  forty. 

The  attempted  frauds  which  have  come  under  my  notice  are  as  follows :  1st.  One  case  of  pre- 
tended chronic  inflammation  of  the  eyes.    The  inflainmatiou  was  evidently  of  recent  origin,  and  very 


surgeons'    reports MASSACHUSETTS — THIRD    DISTRICT.  199 

acute.  Cause:  api>liciition  of C;ivenne  popper.  2d.  Preteiuhul  incoiitiiieiice  of  urine.  Tlie  follow 
ciiMie  for  examination  with  -shirt  wet,  and  exhaling  strong  amuKiniaeal  odor  ;  he  confessed  tiie  impos- 
ture. 3d.  Two  cases  of  simulating  skin-disease,  one  from  the  application  of  crotoa  oil.  This  man 
brought  certificates  to  the  effect  that  he  was  troubled  with  chronic  skin-disease,  and  exhibited  both 
legs  covered  with  the  eruption  from  the  knee  to  the  ankle,  as  coi loborating  evidence.  The  other 
case  was  evidently  caused  by  an  application  of  acid — probably  sulphuric.  Several  men  presented 
themselves  wearing  trusses,  and  handing  in  eertiticates  that  they  had  hernia.  Finding  in  eadi 
instance  the  ring  of  natural  size,  and  the  tendinous  structure  surrounding  it  of  natural  firmness,  I 
passed  them  as  sound,  telling  them  that  $300  was  a  small  a«iount  to  i)ay  for  the  relief  they  must 
experience  in  finding  they  had  been  needlessly  alarmed. 

As  to  "  what  nationality  presents  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  military  service,"  my  expe- 
rience lias  not  been  sufficient  to  enable  me  to  form  an  oi)inion  satisfactoiy  to  myself.  The  Germans 
and  Frenchmen  presented  as  substitutes  have  been  superior  men,  but,  of  course,  cannot  be  taken 
as  standards  of  their  races,  as  they  were  specially  selected  tor  this  purpose.  In  mere  jjhysique, 
perhaps  tlie  Irish  might  be  adjudged  to  have  the  adviintage  of  such  Americans  as  we  have  in  thi.«. 
district ;  but  as  regards  aptitude  for  arms  in  all  its  relations,  1  should  by  no  means  deem  the  Celtic 
race  superior  to  the  Saxon  or  Anglo-Norman. 

In  answer  to  the  question  as  to  the  "  physical  qualifications  of  the  coloied  race  for  military  serv- 
ice," I  will  say  that  the  number  of  colored  men  presented  for  examination  was  not  sufficient  to  Justify 
an  o[)inion  ;  but  an  experience  of  some  months'  practice  among  this  class,  some  years  since,  in 
Demerara,  enables  ntvto  give  a  decided  opinion  that  the  negro  is  generally  of  good  jihysique,  and,  in  a 
climate  suited  to  his  constitution,  not  more  liable  to  acute  attacks  of  disease  than  the  white  man,  and 
fully  as  able  to  support  fatigue  and  endure  hardship.  I  think  the  negro  has  every  physical  quali- 
fication for  military  service.  I  refer  to  the  pure,  or  nearly  pure,  black  ;  for  although  I  have  known 
some  muscular  and  healthy  mulattoes,  I  am  convinced  that,  as  a  general  rule,  any  considerable 
admixture  of  white  blood  deteriorates  the  physique,  impairs  the  powers  of  endurance,  and  almost 
always  introduces  a  scrolulous  taint.  *  *  #  *  *  * 

H.  B.  HUBBAED, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Second  District  of  Massachusetts. 

Taunton,  Mass.,  June  15,  1SG5. 

MASSACHUSETTS— THIRD  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  V>ii.  JosEPn  II.  Streeter. 

*  *  *  Including  the  recruits  for  the  Veteran  Reserve  Corps,  (of  the  estimated 

number  of  whom  there  is  norecortl,)  there  has  been  examined  in  this  office,  from  July  14,  18C3,  to 
April  12,  1805,  a  total  number  exceeding  10,000  men.         *  #  *  ^ 

This  district  comprises  the  Fourth,  Seventh,  Eighth,  Tenth,  Eleventh,  and  Twelfth  wards  of 
Boston,  the  city  of  Roxbury,  and  the  town  of  Brookline.  The  largest  portion  of  territory  included 
in  this  district,  viz,  tlie  Fourth,  Seventh,  and  Twelfth  wards  of  Boston,  the  towns  of  Roxbury  and 
Brookline,  presents  an  uneven  surface,  with  abrupt  elevations.  The  soil  is  extremely  porous,  in  some 
portions  overlying  an  extensive,  stratum  of  rock  formation,  insiuiiig  good  surface-drainage. 

The  marshy  portion,  bordering  upon  the  water-line,  is  constantly  being-reclaimed  for  the  erection 
of  dv.-eIling-houses  and  manufactories  by  an  admirable  system  of  grading  with  clean  gravel  and  loam, 
which  are  brought  a  distance  of  several  miles  from  the  city,  over  a  railroad- track  constructed  ex- 
pressly for  that  purpose.  Suitable  portions  of  this  new-made  land  are  reserved  for  public  squares. 
This  diversified  surface,  in  connection  with  a  good  system  of  underground  sewerage,  cleanliness  of 
public  thoroughfares,  and  the  reclamation  of  marsh-land  constantly  in  progress,  secures  immunity 
from  miasmatic  diseases,  or  the  extensive  visitations  of  epidemics,  such  as  i^revail  in  other  popu- 
lous communities  where  these  favorable  conditions  do  not  exist. 

The  diseases  most  prevalent  among  the  adult  population  are  tuberculosis,  acute  diseases  of  the 
resjiiratory  organs  and  abdominal  viscera,  and  rheumatism.  The  prevalence  of  these  afl'ections 
is  mainly  due  to  the  peculiar  characteristics  of  the  climate,  viz,  alternations  of  temperature  in 


200  surgeons'  reports — Massachusetts — third  district. 

Miuter,  sin-ing,  and  summer,  when  we  often  have  cold  easterly  winds  and  storms  supervening  sud- 
denly upon  very  mild  weather.  Atmospheric  changes  in  autumn  are  less  frequent.  Notwithstand- 
ing these  apparently  unfavorable  conditions  of  climate,  such  is  the  general  attention  to  preventive 
and  protective  measures  in  the  appointments  of  dwelling-houses,  coniforta.ble  clothing,  and  other 
sanitary  regulations,  that  it  is  believed  the  general  health  of  the  people  will  compare  with  that  of 
any  community  of  equal  population  in  the  country. 

In  regard  to  the  general  character  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  district,  it  may  with  jiropriety  be 
said  of  them  that  they  are  intelligent,  industrious,  thrifty,  and  sober,  and  temperate  in  their  habits 
and  modes  of  life.  Their  occupations  are  those  of  merchants,  professional  men,  mechanics,  and 
laborers,  the  two  latter  classes  being  largely  represented.  Very  few  of  the  adult  population  are 
classilied  as  having  no  occupation. 

*  *  *  In  this  district  are  many  extensive  mechanical  establishments,  as  machine- 
shops,  founderies,  India-rubber,  carpet,  and  cordage  manufactories,  employing  large  numbers  of 
men,  who,  from  the  nature  of  their  occupation,  are  peculiarly  liable  to  the  occurrence  of  hernia, 
large  varicose  veins,  chronic  rheumatism,  and  serious  injuries  from  accidents  resulting  lu  per- 
manent delormities  and  lameness.  Another  class,  quite  numerous  in  the  district,  are  clerks  in 
mercantile  houses,  banks,  and  ofQces,  many  of  whom,  in  consequence  of  their  sedentary  habits,  are 
predisposed  to  the  occurrence  of  various  ibrms  of  cachexia,  usually  terminating  either  in  tuber- 
culosis or  contirmed  feebleness  of  constitution. 

Defective  teeth,  or  entire  loss  of  them  in  one  or  both  jaws,  is  a  disability  quite  prevalent. 
Why  this  defect  should  so  generally  prevail  among  our  native  population  is  a  subject  upon  which 
there  is  difference  of  opinion  between  authorities.  Unquestionably  neglect  of  cleanliness  and  use 
of  deleterious  preparations,  falsely  claimed  as  the  "  best  teeth  cleansers,"  are  instrumental  in  depriv- 
ing our  people  of  these  important  and  useful  appendages  to  the  animal  economy.  These  disabili- 
ties add  largely  to  the  percentage  of  disqualifications  for  military  service. 

*  *  *  The  different  sections  of  paragraph  85,  Eevised  llegidations,  Provost- 
Marshal-Geueral's  Bureau,  iu  my  opinion  cannot  be  further  restricted  or  modified  unless  with  a 
certainty  of  impairing  the  efficiency  of  the  Army  for  active  field-operations.  In  carefully  examin- 
ing those  sections  of  paragraph  85  which  refer  to  other  than  positive  disqualifications,  such  as 
epilepsy,  hernia,  &c.,  1  do  not  see  one  that  should  be  dispensed  with.  1  have  found  them  invalu- 
able as  a  guide  iu  the  discharge  of  the  duties  devolving  upon  me.  The  proper  application  of  the 
difl'erent  sections  depends  upon  the  accuracy  of  judgment  of  the  examining-surgeon  iu  estimating 
the  degree  of  disability  arising  from  a  given  cause.  Perversities  of  human  nature  which  lead  men 
to  attempt  deception  cannot  be  foiled  by  any  formal  regulation,  but  must  be  met  by  the  tact  and 
experience  of  the  surgeon. 

*  *  *  If  the  i^rescribed  regulations  for  examining  men  are  strictly  observed, 
I  think, the  maximum  number  of  drafted  men  that  can  be  carefully  examined  by  one  surgeon  is 
fifty  per  day.  Much  time  is  necessarily  occupied  in  listening  to  their  statements,  and  in  examin- 
ing certificates  of  physicians.  Especially  is  this  the  case  with  those  who  endeavor  to  procure  ex- 
emption for  causes  which  are  not  clearly  manifested.  It  is  important  that  the  surgeon  should 
devote  a  reasonable  portion  of  time  to  each  man,  that  none  may  have  cause  to  complain  of  not 
being  allowed  opportunity  to  state  a  claim  for  exemption,  or  of  not  being  carefully  examined. 

*  *  *  Many  drafted  and  enrolled  men  exaggerate  the  effects  of  previous 
attacks  of  disease,  old  fractures  and  injuries,  or  claim  that  they  are  afflicted  with  obscure  diseases 
of  various  organs,  as  the  kidneys,  liver,  lungs,  &c.,  requiring  patient  investigation,  and  all  the  tact 
and  shrewdness  of  the  surgeon  that  he  may  not  be  deceived.  A  frequent  claim  for  cxemi)tion  is 
impaired  vision,  for  which  with  drafted  and  enrolled  men  (iu  doubtful  cases)  no  satisf;ictory  test  of 
the  degree  of  impairment  has  as  yet  been  devised.  If  a  man  is  determined  he  will  not  see,  it  is 
impossible  to  make  him  do  so.  We  cannot  retain  drafted  and  enrolled  men  under  observation,  as 
the  regimental  or  hospital  surgeon  does  the  soldier  whoiu  he  suspects  to  be  a  malingerer;  conse- 
quently we  gain  nothing  iu  these  cases  by  applying  the  usual  tests  of  vision.  The  surgeon  must 
decide  such  claims  for  exemption  almost  irrespective  of  any  test  he  may  be  able  to  apply.  In  this 
district  there  were  honorable  exceptions  among  drafted  and  enrolled  men,  who  did  not  claim  ex- 
emption by  reason  of  disability  or  other  cause,  but,  if  declared  fit  for  service,  met  the  requirements 


SUKGEONS'    RKPORTS — MASSACHUSETTS — THIRD    DISTRICT.  201 

of  the  enrollment-act,  either  by  personal  service,  snbstitute,  or  coininutatioii.  An  inijiortaut  sub- 
ject in  connection  with  the  draft  is  the  large  number  of  men,  drafted  or  liable  to  a  draft,  who  igno- 
miniouslj-  left  the  country  while  a  draft  was  pending  or  after  it  bad  been  made.  To  prevent  su(!h 
a  disgraceful  stampede  in  case  of  any  future  draft,  a  strict  enforcement  of  the  i)assport-regulations 
of  the  Government,  for  a  reasonable  time  prior  to  the  enforcement  of  the  draft,  woidd  seem  to 
aflbru  a  feasible  protection  against  this  cowardly  method  of  evading  the  highest  and  most  sacred 
duty  of  a  citizen  to  his  country  in  her  time  of  greatest  need. 

In  the  examination  of  drafted  and  enrolled  men,  I  have  rigidly  adhered  to  the  i)rovisions  of  the 
different  sections  of  paragraph  85,  Revised  Regulations,  Prcvost-Marshal-General's  Bureau,  and 
found  them  admirably  to  answer  the  iiurpose  for  which  they  were  intended.  With  tlieaid  of  these, 
and  a  careful  attention  to  traits  of  character  and  peculiarities  of  each  individual,  the  cases  of  suc- 
cessful fraud  in  evading  the  claims  of  military  service  sbould  be  rare. 

Substitutes  and  recruits,  if  any  disqualifying  infirmity  exists,  are  as  desirous  of  concealing  it 
as  the  drafted  man  is  of  exhibiting  it.  If  quite  desirous  of  enlisting,  whatever  the  motive  influ- 
encing them,  whether  the  expectation  of  receiving  a  large  bounty,  or  an  honorable  feeling  of  patri- 
otic duty,  they  are  tempted  to  resort  to  any  artifice  to  conceal  a  disability.  In  doubtful  cases  a 
more  than  usually  rigid  enforcement  of  the  method  of  examination  is  quite  certain  to  develo])  the 
disability.  The  professional  "  bounty  jumper"  is  not  so  easily  detected,  as  he  is  almost  invariably 
free  from  disqualifying  infirmities,  but  practices  bis  artful  devices  for  evading  military  service,  in 
most  cases  successfully,  after  his  arrival  at  the  rendezvous  or  regimental  headquarters,  first  making 
sure  of  a  liberal  bounty. 

I  am  not  aware  of  any  sure  method  by  which  these  scoundrels  can  be  detected.  It  appears  to 
be  an  evil  fostered  by  the  vicious  system  of  paying  large  bounties  for  volunteers  in  order  to  avoid 
a  draft,  and  the  consequent  employment  of  brokers,  many  of  whom  are  irresponsible  parties,  to  fill 
the  quotas  of  towns  and  cities. 

In  comparing  the  aptitude  of  the  natives  of  different  countries  for  military  service,  the  degree 
of  intelligence,  as  well  as  average  physical  development  and  capacity  of  endurance,  should  be  in- 
cluded in  the  qualifications  required.  In  these  elements  combined,  I  am  of  opinion  that  our  native- 
born  population,  including  in  this  class  native  colored  men  and  those  born  in  this  country  of  foreign 
parentage,  is  decidedly  supsrior  to  the  average  of  other  nationalities.  A  large  miijority  of  those 
I  have  examined  were  natives  of  this  country. 

The  Germans  are  intelligent,  and  many  of  them  finely  and  symmetrically  developed,  but  they 
presented  quite  a  large  proportion  of  disabilities.  In  all  the  essentials  of  good  soldiers  they  arc 
next  to  our  native  population. 

In  the  single  point  of  physical  development,  the  Irish  recruits  were  not  inferior  to  either  of  the 
preceding  classes;  in  intelligence,  they  were  below  the  average. 

Nearly  every  other  European  nationality  was  represented,  and  a  few  Asiatic,  but  not  in  suffi- 
cient numbers  to  warrant  an  opinion  as  to  their  qualifications. 

I  have  not  examined  a  very  large  number  of  colored  men,  (not  exceeding  three  hundred,)  con- 
sequently cannot  speak  from  large  experience.  Those  I  have  examined  compare  favorably  in  intel- 
ligence and  aptitude  for  military  service  with  white  recruits.  In  muscular  development  and  free- 
dom from  physical  disqualifications  they  are  superior  to  the  average  of  the  white  men  I  have 
examined.  The  finest  specimens  of  physical  develoi>ment  I  have  seen  were  among  the  colored 
recruits.  I  am  not  aware  of  any  reason  why  the  colored  race  should  not  furnish  as  eflicieut  soldiers 
as  were  ever  in  service. 

The  present  enrollnientlaw,  if  faithfully  executed,  is  all  that  can  be  desired  to  make  available 

the  military  strength  of  the  nation.     If  the  arms-bearing  population  of  the  country  recognize  to 

the  full  extent  the  authoritative  claim  of  the  Government  to  their  services  in  any  future  exigency, 

there  should  be  no  dissatisfaction  with  the  provisions  of  the  enrollment  law.     The  23d  section  of 

the  enrollment  gives  them  the  opportunity  of  responding  either  by  volunteers  or  by  submitting  to 

a  draft,  thus  leaving  it  optional  with  those  most  interested  which  course  shall  be  adoi)led.     I  do 

not  perceive  that  the  enrollment-law  as  it  now  exists  can  be  amended  to  improve  it.    The  subject 

of  reexamination  of  recruits  and  substitutes  at  reudezvous„-camps  is  important,  inasmuch  as  there 

is  liability  of  grave  injustice  being  done  to  examiuiug-surgeons  in  ascribing  to  them  carelessness  and 
20 


202  surgeons'  reports — Massachusetts — fourth  district. 

waut  of  (lisci-iniinatioii  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties.  No  one  can  question  the  propriety  of  the 
Array  regulation  requiring  the  re-examination  of  all  accepted  recruits  upon  arrival  at  the  rendezvous. 
Yet  I  do  not  think  it  possible  for  any  two  surgeons,  of  equal  skill  and  experience  in  examining  re- 
cruits, acting  separately,  to  agree  in  opinion  as  to  the  acceptance  or  rejection  of  any  three  hundred 
or  one  liundred  recruits,  even  if  no  fraud  is  attempted  on  the  part  of  the  recruits;  and  this  disagree- 
ment should  not  impugn  the  accura(;y  of  judgment  of  either  surgeon.  If  the  numbers  are  reck- 
oned by  thousands,  as  has  been  the  case  the  past  two  years,  this  difference  of  opinion  between 
surgeons  is  more  likely  to  occur. 

When  large  numbers  of  men  are  to  be  recruited,  frauds  are  successfully  practiced  by  brokers 
and  recruits.  Prominent  among  those  resorted  to  by  brokers  has  been  the  substitution  of  un- 
sound men  for  recruits  who  had  been  accepted  by  the  surgeon.  This  has  been  .effected  probably 
through  collusion  with  the  guard  having  the  recruits  in  charge.  These  meu,  upon  arrival  at  the 
rendezvous,  are  very  p'operly  rejected,  but  tlie  examiuing-surgeon  is  gravely  charged  with  having 
accepted  recruits  "  totally  unfit  for  service."  No  opportunity  is  aflbrdcd  the  surgeon  charged  with 
dereliction  of  duty  to  verify  a  well-founded  suspicion  he  may  have  that  fraud  has  been  practiced, 
as  the  men  are  summarily  discharged  from  the  rendezvous,  and  in  many  cases  repeat  the  same  trick 
in  another  district. 

"  Bounty -jumpers,"  and  recruits  who  repent  of  having  enlisted,  have  it  in  their  power  to  de- 
ceive surgeons  at  rendezvous  or  regimental  headquarters,  and  are  discharged.  Again  is  the  exam- 
ining surgeon  pronounced  derelict  in  accepting  a  recruit  "totally  unfit  for  service."  Other  causes 
lor  disagreement  between  surgeons  nwght  be  referred  to,  but  these  are  sufficient  to  show  some  of 
the  embarrassments  under  which  surgeons  of  boards  of  enrollment  have  labored  in  the  discharge 
of  a  portion  of  the  duties  devolving  upon  them.  In  view  of  the  causes  thus  briefly  presented,  there 
would  seem  to  be  a  propriety,  in  any  future  exigency  requiring  the  examination  of  large  numbers 
of  men,  that  in  cases  of  rejection  the  examining-surgeon  charged  with  dereliction  of  duty  should 
have  an  opportunity  to  re-examine  the  recruit  prior  to  the  report  upon  his  case.  If  tliis  is  not 
feasible,  a  full  personal  description  of  the  rejected  recruit  should  be  transmitted  to  the  examining- 
surgeon,  in  order  that  he  may  compare  it  with  his  record.  If  such  a  course  could  have  been 
adopted  two  years  since,  many  cases  of  successful  fraud  would  have  been  exposed,  and  the  parties 
propefly  punished. 

JOS.  H.  STREETER, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Third  District  Mansaclmsetts. 

Boston,  June  15,  1SC5. 


MASSACeUSETTS— FOURTH  DISTRICT. 

Extracts  from  report  of  Du.  II.  J.  Bowditoh. 

*  *  *  Whole  number  examined  (drafted  men,  substitutes,  and  recruits) 

between  the  dates  of  July,  1863,  and  May,  1865 5, 816 

The  statistics  of  the  draft  were — 

Number  examined  1863,  (first  draft) 1, 303 

Number  examined  18G4,  (second  di'aft) 402 

.Number  examined  1865 10 

Total V 1,  7;5 

Average  chest-measurement  at  inspiration S^i^g  inches. 

Average  chest-measurement  at  expiration 32^^^^    inches. 

Maximum  girth,  inspiration  and  expiration,  (Massachusetts) 13  and  39       inches. 

Minimum  girth,  inspiration  and  expiration,  (Massachusetts) 28  and  26       inches. 

(Three  of  these  were  from  New  Hampshire,  Pennsylvania,  and  Vermont.) 


SURGKONS'   REPORTS — MASSACHUSETTS FOURTH    DISTRICT.  203 

Number  of  chest  measuremeuts 1, 92G 

Average  age 30=}       years. 

Average  height (57^      inches. 

Greatest  height,  (native  of  Irehuid) 74        inclies. 

Least  height 59        inches. 

(Three  of  tliese  from  Massachusetts,  England,  and  New  BriinswicJv.) 

The  iourth  district  of  Blassachnsetts  embraces  five  wards  in  Boston  jjroper,  also  East  Boston, 
Chelsea,  North  Chelsea,  Winthrop,  and  Cambridge.  Save  one  ward  in  the  center  of  the  city,  all 
these  idaces  are  bathed  by  the  salt-water  coming  iu  from  Massachusetts  Bay,  or  by  rivers  flowing 
toward  the  ocean.  All,  without  exception,  experience  the  full  influence  of  the  cast  winds  and  of 
the  inevitable  changes  that  arise  from  the  clashing  of  the  land  and  ocean  climates. 

Thoracic  diseases  undoubtedly  prevail  extensively  in  all  New  England.  Phthisis  is  said  by 
Keith  Johnston*  to  be  endemic  in  New  England  to  so  great  an  extent  that  he  marks  the  spot  for 
this  peculiarity ;  but  it  has  been  proved  by  Dr.  C.  W.  Parsons  t  and  myself  |  that  iu  proportion  to 
the  moisture  in  the  soil  on  which  a  village  is  situated  will  be  the  prevalence  of  consumption.  Dr. 
A.  A.  Gould,  of  Boston, §  1ms  added  another  element,  which  he  deems  indispensable,  viz,  coldness, 
and  this  is  severer,  perhaps,  in  our  district  than  in  most  others.  It  is  found,  moreover,  that  a  resi- 
dence near  the  coast  is  somewhat  more  liable  to  cause  consumption  than  a  residence  in  the  interior.!! 
Hence  it  will  be  perceived  that  this  district  might,  a  priori,  be  considered  peculiarly  liable  to  con- 
snmptive  tendencies. 

Iu  Massachusetts,  20.69  per  cent.H  of  all  the  deaths,  annually,  are  from  consumption.  Iu  this 
district  we  have  exempted  4.45  per  hundred,  or  44.50  per  thousand,  from  military  service  during  the 
existence  of  the  board  of  enrollment,  (August,  1863,  to  May,  1SC5,)  in  consequence  of  their  having 
some  pulmonary  disease  of  a  chronic  nature;  a  large  majority  having  tubercular  disease.  In  Table 
5,  of  Report  from  Provost-Marshal-Geueral,**  the  rate  of  rejection  is  44  50  per  thousand,  or  4.45  per 
cent.  This  does  not  seem  to  me  a  large  ])roportioii,  when  we  take  into  consideration  the  various 
influences  at  work  iu  our  district  tending  to  diminish  the  powers  of  life,  viz,  the  position  of  the 
district  above  alluded  to,  and  the  fact  that  a  very  large  proportion  of  our  recruits  and  drafted  men 
have  come  from  our  ill-ventilated  workshops,  and  have  been  subject  to  the  generally  bad  hygienic 
influences  of  the  city.  • 

It  is  true  that  the  city  of  Cambridge  has  more  of  the  advantage  of  country  life.  Never- 
theless, its  situation  is  low,  ami  it  is  washed  by  the  Charles  River  iu  its  sinuous  course  to  the  sea; 
and,  moreover,  a  very  hirge  number  of  the  inhabitants  transact  their  daily  work  within  the  limits  of 
this  city,  returning  to  their  suburban  homes  only  at  night.  Hence  they,  too,  are  much  influenced 
by  the  same  causes  of  disease  as  those  to  which  city  residents  are  subjected. 

Epilcpsii. —  From  Table  5,  it  appears  that  there  has  been  a  less  proportion  exempted  in  Mass- 
achusetts than  in  the  States  generally ;  8.38  per  thousand  belonging  to  the  States,  and  7.02  per 
thousand  from  Massachusetts.  Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  in  one  of  my  former  reports  I  drew 
the  attention  of  the  Provost-Marshal-General  to  what  I  deemed  an  unusual  number  of  exemi)tions 
in  this  district,  from  this  cause,  I  again  call  his  attention  to  the  tact  that  the  whole  number  exempted 
during  the  war  sustains  the  statement.  During  the  jieriod  of  the  existence  of  the  board,  10.90  per 
thousand  have  been  sufferers  from  this  complaint,  and  hiive  been  exempted  for  that  cause. 

Acute  and  ovfjanio  diseases  of  the  brain  or  spinal  cord,  heart,  lunejs,  liver,  spleen,  kidneys,  or  blad- 
der.— The  fact  that  a  vast  proi)ortion  of  our  population  whence  the  dralt  is  made  are  mechanics, 
working  in  ill-ventilated  apartments  and  living  in  the  most  crowded  and  filthy  parts  of  our  city; 
iu  a  word,  the  fact  that  they  and  their  families  are  crowded  iijto  the  worst  district  in  the  State, 
must  be  tiie  reason  for  the  large  pro()ortion  exemi)ted  for  acute  and  oiganic  internal  disease.     I 

'The  Physical  Atlas,  by  A.  KiciTii  Jounstox.  Folio,  Ediuburtjli,  1856:  Map  35,  The  geoijraphival  distribution  of  disease. 
iBhode  Island  ref/istralion  of  births,  deaths,  and  marriages. 

iConsuiiq/tion  in  Alaasuchusctts  ;  on  locality,  one  of  its  chief  causes.  Annual  adUiess  before  the  Massachusettsi  Medical 
Society,  18G2. 

estate  rcyistration  of  births,  deaths,  and  marriayes. 

Wlbid.,  la(J3,jiO(7(;03. 

H/ftid. 

"Annual  vejwrt  of  the  rrorost-Marxhal-General,  November  15,  1804. 


204  surgeons'  reports — Massachusetts — fourth  district. 

leiirn  from  Mr.  Ai)i)olonio,  our  able  and  well-skilled  city  registrar,  that  the  death-rate  in  these  same 
parts  is  fearful,  and  quite  equal  to  any  in  the  worst  jwrtions  of  New  Tork  City.  For  1863  the  pro- 
portion of  exeiuptious  from  these  causes  in  one  thousand  men  was  86.72.  Taking  the  whole  period 
of  the  board's  existence,  we  find  90.33  per  thousand,  or  9.63  per  cent. ;  in  other  words,  one  third 
more  than  the  average  of  the  State  for  1863,  and  a  still  higher  proportion  for  the  whole  period. 

Chronic  rheumatisni. — The  ratio  per  thousand  of  exemptions  in  this  district  from  rheumatism 
(which  I  never  allowed  as  a  cause  for  exemption  except  under  the  fullest  proof)  has  been  large.  I 
know  of  nothiug  to  cause  this,  except  the  exposure  to  northern  and  easterly  winds  and  the  hy- 
gienic influences  already  described.  Table  5  makes  the  proportion  for  all  the  States  reported  from 
only  i.GT  per  thousand  ;  for  Massachusetts,  8.01.  For  this  district  in  1863  it  was  21.69,  and  for  the 
whole  time,  21.10  per  thousand.     Whole  number  exempted  for  this  disability  was  thirty-eight. 

Partial  loss  of  the  sight  of  both  eyes,  serious  permanent  disease  of  the  eyes  or  eyelids. — Although 
jii  this  district  the  number  exempted  for  these  causes  falls  far  below  the  average  of  the  States  gener- 
ally, and  of  Massachusetts,  the  returns,  compared  as  per  table  below,  become  interesting.  For  1863 
we  exempted  only  4.32  per  thousand.  For  the  whole  period  of  service  of  the  board,  8.45  was  the  pro- 
portion ;  whereas,  for  1863,  it  was,  for  all  the  States  reported  on,  12.45,  and  for  Massachusetts  at 
large,  18.30  per  thousand.  From  Table  5,  Provost  Marshal-General's  report,  I  make  the  following 
table : 

Table  shoicing  the  number  of  men  per  thousand  exempted  for  the  above  disabilities. 

Maine 14.  54 

New  Hampshire 15.  48 

Vermont 8.  04 

Massachusetts IS.  36 

Ehode  Island 14.  64 

Connecticut 13.  87 

New  York 14.  54 

Michigan 12.  64 

•Total  average - 14.  01 

Pennsylvania 8.  55 

Delaware 8.  28 

Maryland 7.  05 

District  of  Columbia _ 8.  62 

Wisconsin 7.  68 

Total  average 8.  03 

Is  there  any  reason  why  this  difference  should  exist  ?  It  would  seem  that  this  disability  would 
be  more  likely  to  exist  where  reading  and  printing  were  most  flourishing ;  and,  on  the  contrary, 
where  heavy  mechanical  and  out-of-door  pursuits  were  carried  on,  there  would  be  less  of  the  same 
disability.  Whether  the  former  part  of  this  statement  may  be  predicated  of  those  States  in  the 
first  half  of  the  table,  and  the  latter  of  it  be  applicable  to  the  latter  half  of  the  table,  I  leave 
others  to  judge.  The  curious  exception  of  Vermont  to  the  usual  average  is  remarkable,  while  it  is 
equally  strange  that  in  exemptions  from  hernia,  an  affection  peculiarly  liable  to  occur  in  a  labor- 
ing community,  Vermont  goes  vastly  ahead  of  the  average  from  the  States,  and  still  more  in 
advance  of  all  its  sister  New  England  States,  save  Maine. 

Loss  of  teeth. — We  exempted  for  this  cause  much  more  than  the  average,  as  will  be  seen  by  the 
following  statement; 

Esemi)tioiis  i)er  thousand  from  all  the  States  noted , 20.  55 

Exemptions  per  thousand  from  Massachusetts 33. 19 

Exemptions  per  thousand  from  fourth  district  Massachusetts,  (1803) 59. 09 

Exemptions  per  thousand  from  fourth  district  Massachusetts,  (whole  time) GO.  28 


surgeons'   reports — MASSACHUSETTS — FOURTH   DISTRICT.  205 

To  exi)liii)i  tliis  fiict  tliere  are  several  reasons.  In  the  early  reriods  of  tbe  drafting  it  was  con- 
sidered tliat  a  uian  unable  to  "tear  a  cartridge"  should  be  exempted.  Hence,  I  have  no  doubt 
that  men  were  often  exempted  who  would,  later,  Lave  been  held  to  service.  But  this  will  not 
explain  the  difficulty,  because  I  find  that,  although  I  really  examined  afterward  with  great  care, 
and  am  not  aware  of  exempting  any  save  those  who  were  totally  unfit  to  be  soldiers  from  want  of 
teeth  sufficient  even  for  mastication,  yet  I  find  that  during  1864  I  exempted  in  the  proportion  of 
60.27  per  thousand,  or  about  in  the  same  proportion  as  at  the  previous  time. 

I  would  suggest  the  following  as  perhaps  explaining  in  part,  at  least,  these  proportions: 
(«)  The  average-  age  of  our  exempted  men  was  35  years  ;  whereas,  according  to  Table  20,  (Pro- 
vost-Marshal-General's report,)  the  average  age  in  sixty-two  districts  was  30.59  years. 

(b)  The  hygienic  conditions  named  as  characteristic  of  our  climate. 

(c)  At  a  meeting  of  the  Suttbliv  District  Medical  Society,  it  was  stated  by  respectable  dentists 
that  the  large  number  of  irresponsible  and  unscrupulous  dentists  was  producing  a  very  deleterious 
influence  in  persuading  many  persons  to  have  imperfect  teeth  extracted  in  order  that  the  dentists 
migiit  themselves  liave  business.  How  far  this  cause  may  have  any  influence,  or  whether  it  has 
any,  I  cannot  say. 

Hernia.— This  cause  of  exemption  rated  higher  than  in  the  districts  in  general,  and  in  Massa- 
chusetts as  a  State.  The  proportions  are  as  follows :  For  1863,  53.72  per  thousand  were  exempted- 
for  the  whole  time,  08.73  per  thousand  were  exempted  in  our  district ;  while  in  the  States  gen- 
erally, and  in  Massachusetts  alone  in  1863,  we  have  30.93  and  26.35  respectively,  or  about  twice  as 
many  in  our  district  as  elsewhere.  The  only  explanation  to  be  suggested  is  the  laboring  and 
mechanical  kinds  of  work  performed  by  our  citizens.  I  am  quite  sure  no  one  was  exempted  unless 
on  the  fullest  proof  of  the  existence  of  the  difiBculty.  In  1804  the  varieties  of  hernia  ran  as  fol- 
lows :  Eight  inguinal  and  scrotal  hernia  occurred  thirty-three  times  to  eighteen  of  the  left  side, 
and  one  umbilical. 

"  The  general  character  of  the  inhalitants  of  the  district.''''  Some  idea  has  been  given  of  the 
proper  answer  to  this  part  of  the  question  when  alluding  to  the  ill-ventilated  workshops  and  the 
crowded  residences  of  the  northern  wards  of  Boston.  We  have  many  foreigners  resident  there  •  in 
East  Boston  they  are  chiefly  Irish.  The  American  element  prevails  at  Cambridge  and  Chelsea,  but 
a  very  large  number  of  the  male  inhabitants  of  both  of  these  places  daily  come  to  the  city  to 
engage  in  their  various  employments,  and  return  to  their  suburban  homes  at  night.      #     •    * 

Under  the  various  sections  of  paragraph  85,  we  have  been  able  to  range  all  the  disabilities  we 
have  met  with.        #  #  #         Section  5  should  be  divided  and  classified  into  the  various 

heads  appropriate  for  the  various  diseases.  The  fact  that  a  certain  number  are  exempted  for  acute 
or  chronic  diseases  of  the  various  organs  in  the  three  cavities,  or  of  the  extremities,  may  be  of 
value,  but  of  very  little  scientific  importance,  compared  with  what  might  be  obtained  by  classifi- 
cation. All  these  defects  in  the  paragraph  would,  however,  be  obviated  if  accurately  prepared 
tables  should,  vhen  any  future  draft  occurs,  be  sent  out  early  to  the  various  district  surgeons,  in 
accordance  with  which  they  should  be  directed  to  make  up  their  returns;  this  plan,  thoughtfully 
jjrepared,  should  be  steadily  adhered  to  during  the  various  drafts. 

With  such  a  plan,  and  if  a  corps  of  able  surgeons  faithfully  performed  their  task  of  examina- 
tion, very  curious  results  might  be  obtained.  Statistics  bearing  npon  the  actual  state  of  health  in 
any  community  are  of  great  value,  and  by  them  perhaps  some  additional  knowledge  of  the  causes 
of  disease  might  be  obtained.  *  *  » 

"  The  number  of  men  that  can  be  physically  examined  per  day  with  acetiracy.^ 

It  is  difficult  to  answer  this  question  accurately.  The  undressing  and  examination  of  any 
single  man  would  occupy  at  least  7  or  8  minutes.  If  examined  in  squads  of  three  or  four  at  a 
time,  who  can,  of  course,  go  through  the  prescribed  motions  all  at  the  same  moment,  the  time 
would  be  somewhat  lessened.  This  lessening  of  time  is  not  so  much  as  one  would  suppose,  for 
I  am  obliged  to  look  at  each  person  and  observe  how  he  performs  his  work,  and  I  must  auscult 
his  chest,  examine  his  eyes,  teeth,  ears,  abdomen,  &c.,  &c.  Five  minutes  is,  therefore,  the  least 
possible  amount  of  time  that  ought  to  be  given  to  the  thorough  examination  of  each  man.  Hence 
we  could  examine  12  in  one  hour,  or  00  persons  between  9  a.  m.  and  2  p.  m.  This  was  the  usual 
time  of  session  of  this  board.    It  could  not  be  longer  and  do  all  other  necessary  duties  in  reference 


20G  SURGEONS'    REPORTS MASSACHUSETTS — FOURTH    DISTRICT. 

to  clothing',  &c.,  of  the  recruits.  In  examining  even  CO,  the  surgeon,  if  he  go  througli  any  "  drill" 
like  that  given  above,  would  be  •well  tired  before  fiuishiug.  I  have  no  doubt  that  any  one  with  less 
care,  and  perhaps  less  physical  labor,  might  '■'■scanorer^  twice  or  three  times  as  many,  but  I  have 
thought  to  do  my  dut>-  to  the  Government  ircU  rather  than  ipucily.  »  *  * 

The  actual  feigning  of  diseases,  or  the  undue  coniidaining  of  the  efl'ects  of  simi^le  ailments,  was 
not  uncommon.  The  actual  feigning  of  blindness  of  the  right  eye,  or  of  some  other  disability 
mentioned  in  the  list  in  paragraph  85,  was  not  so  frequent  as  complaints  of  severity  of  diseases  and 
disabilities  actually  existing.  The  troubles  about  the  eye  were  submitted  to  an  expert  who  was 
able  to  detect  the  malingerer.  In  regard  to  all  disabilities,  I  required  the  sworn  testimony  of  ac- 
quaintances and  attfrding  ]ihjsicians  before  exempting.  Ey  pursuing  this  course,  I  think  few 
dralted  men  t^ciijcd  unl(ss  tin  y  deserved  to  do  so.  Though  the  following  occurrence  did  not 
hiijipen  in  this  distri(  t,  I  was  inCoimed  of  it  by  the  surgeon  on  whom  the  deception  was  tried, 
and  the  tact  shown  by  that  officer  was  so  good  that  the  anecdote  deserves  record:  A  man  com- 
l>lained  of  being  stove-dicf.  He  could  not  hearthe  slightest  sound.  The  surgeon  remarked  that  he 
must  examine  the  man  naked.  When  strip])ed,  the ofiicer  bent  down  as  if  to  examine  the  knee,  and, 
appai-ently  soliloquizing,  said  in  an  undertone,  as  he  w-as  feeling  of  one  knee :  "  It  is  surprising  this 
knee  has  never  caused  lameness;  if  the  man  had  mentioned  this  there  would  have  been  no  doubt 
about  my  ability  to  exempt  him."  The  man's  ears  were  unclosed,  and,  forgetting  his  previous 
deceit,  he  eagerly  said,  "  Well,  sir,  it  is  true  that  I  cannot  walk  at  all,  or  for  any  distance,  without 
lameness."  "  Ah,"  replied  the  surgeon,  "as  you  have  recovered  your  hearing  so  suddenly,  I  think 
your  lameness  will  disappear  with  equal  ease  when  you  are  in  the  Array.  As  for  your  knees,  they 
are  both  alike,  and  healthy,  so  far  as  I  can  see.     My  soliloquy  was  simply  to  test  your  hearing." 

Sharpness  of  wit,  accurate  and  careful  examinations  on  the  part  of  the  surgeon,  and  the  sworn 
testimony  of  others,  and,  if  possible,  of  indifferent  persons,  will  enable  the  examining-officer  to 
clear  up  almost  all  difficulties. 

*  *  *  My  conviction  is  that  no  nationality  can  be  better  for  a  soldier's  life 
than  the  honest,  intelligeni,  law-abiding  yeomanry  of  Massachusetts  and  New  England.  This 
war  has  ettectually  exploded  the  time  honored  erior  that  an  ignorant  brute,  a  half-dog  specimen  of 
man,  is  better  for  a  soldier  than  a  reader  and  a  thinker  uiion  the  cause  he  is  fighting  for.  Obedience, 
but  not  blind  obedience,  is  better  than  slavish  fear  of  an  oflScer.  *  #  *  Hence, 
soldiers  from  the  North  and  West  are  to  be  preferred  to  any  other  "nationality."  As  to  "phy- 
sique," I  doubt  whether  any  "  nationality  "  ever  presented  more  splendid  and  finer  formed  men-at- 
arms  than  were  to  be  found  in  some  of  the  regiments  from  Maine.  #  *  #  Next 
to  the  American,  I  should  class  the  Germans  for  their  moial,  intellectual,  and  physical  qualities. 
Their  fine,  compact  muscle,  honest-looking,  intelligent  faces,  were  very  striking.  The  two  whom  I 
deemed  the  most  perfectly-formed  soldiers  I  examined  during  my  two  years  of  service,  (in  which 
time  no  less  than  5,816  men  passed  under  my  eye,)  were  German  youths  just  from  their  fatherland. 

*  *  *  Next  to  the  German  I  would  place  the  negro.  Those  of  this  race  that 
I  examined  were  lithe  of  limb  and  strong.  Finally,  I  should  place  the  Irish  lowest  of  the  four. 
Strong,  stout,  impulsive,  undisciplined,  and  unpolished,  Ireland  has  sent  many  men  to  this  war; 
not,  however,  by  any  means,  in  proportion  to  its  quota  of  population,  as  I  think.  Their  total  want 
of  cleanliness  and  their  indisposition  to  strict  discipline  I  should  think  grave  blemishes.  Never- 
theless, their  fearless  impulsiveness  and  undaunted  bravery  in  many  a  fight  prove  their  ability  to 
be  true  soldiers. 

*  *  *  The  enrollment-law  as  it  now  stands  is  comprehensive  enough,  and  by 
it  we  can  hold  all  who  really  ought  to  be  soldiers,  and  exempt  all  others. 

I  think  section  22  should  be  so  altered  as  to  allow  the  surgeon  of  the  board  to  employ  at  times 
an  expert  to  help  him  to  decide  upon  certain  doubtful  cases  where  the  diagnosis  is  impossible,  per- 
haps, with  the  means  at  hand  at  the  office.  In  snch  cases,  of  course,  the  man  examined  would  pay 
for  the  consultation ;  hence,  no  extra  expense  would  accrue  to  the  Government,  nor  do  1  think 
there  would  be  any  real  risk  of  collusion  between  the  examiner  and  the  drafted  man. 

HENRY  J.  BOWDITCH, 

iSurgcon  of  Fourth  Diatrict  of  Massachusetts. 
Boston,  June  lili,  18G5. 


SUKGEONS'   KEPOETS — MASSACHUSETTS FIFTH   DISTRICT.  207 

MASSACHUSETTS— FIFTH  DISTRICT. 
Extract H  from  report  of  Dr.  Daniel  Peelet. 

•  ♦        The  number  of  men  examined  as  conscripts,  volunteers,  substitutes,  and  enrolled 

men  applying  for  exemption,  was,  as  near  as  I  can  determine,  about  5,000.  These,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  few  of  the  volunteers  and  substitutes,  were  residents  of  this  district,  which  consists  of 
three  small  cities  (neither  uf  them  exceeding  25,000  inhabitants)  and  twenty-three  smaller  towns. 
The  population  is  not  in  any  part  alarmingly  dense,  nor  very  sparse  in  the  rural  portions. 

About  one-fourth  of  the  men  are  engaged  in  shoemaking  ;  a  few  in  the  towns  of  Swampscott, 
Marblehead,  Gloucester,  and  Ro(!kport  are  fishermen  or  sea-faring  men,  and  the  rest  are  found  dis- 
tributed in  a  great  variety  of  occupations,  as  factory-operatives,  carpenters,  blacksmiths,  masons, 
machinists,  tanners,  teamsters,  clerks,  und  professional  men.  With  few  exceptions,  they  are  active, 
enterprising,  and  industrious;  neither  relaxed  by  excess  of  luxury  nor  pinched  by  extreme 
poverty.  *  *  * 

It  would  not  be  right  to  s.iy  that  we  had  awy  prevalent  disease  among  us.  Tweutj'  per  cent, 
of  our  deaths  are  from  consumption  ;  but  all  New  England  has  the  same  complaint  to  make. 

The  occupations  of  a  large  part  of  our  men  have  been  unfavorable  to  health.  The  shoemaker 
of  former  years,  and,  indeed,  until  verj-  recently,  did  his  work  in  a  small,  crowded,  and  unventi- 
lated  room,  sitting  constantly  and*for  many  hours  in  a  cramped  position.  He  thus  became  of 
necessity,  and  jjroverbially,  a  feeble  man,  and  the  effects  remain  to  this  day,  although  the  causes 
are  now  for  the  most  part  removed.  *  * 

Of  the  whole  number  exempted  from  the  draft  of  1863,  the  shoemakers  numbered  403,  or  at 
the  rate  of  338  per  thousand. 

Tlje  most  renmrkable  prevalent  disability  among  us  was  feebleness  of  constitution.  By  this 
I  understand  permanent  debility,  whether  congenital  or  induced  by  manner  of  living.  The  ratio 
of  discharges  for  this  disability  was  105  per  thousand.  For  loss  of  teeth  there  were  exempted  91 
per  thousand.  The  frequency  of  both  these  disabilities  I  refer  to  the  unhealthy  occupations  of  a 
large  part  of  our  men.  The  remarkable  loss  of  teeth  cannot  arise,  as  the  popular  prejudice  would 
have  it,  from  excessive  medication;  for  we  have,  during  the  last  thirty  years,  been  swallowing  a 
less  and  less  amount  of  powerful  drugs,  until  we  almost  seem  to  have  met  the  followers  of  Hahne- 
mann half-way;  nevertheless,  decay  of  the  teeth  has  been  on  the  increase. 

In  further  explanation  of  the  large  proportion  of  exempts  in  this  district,  I  would  call  atten- 
tion to  the  fact  of  a  very  large  emigration  of  our  young  and  able-bodied  men  to  the  new  States  and 
Territories,  and  to  the  thoroughness  of  our  enrollment  of  all  who  were  found  among  us  within  the 
specified  ages,  however  manilestly  unfit  for  military  duty.  #  #  # 

It  is  doubtful  whether  any  great  improvements  can  be  made  in  the  regulations.  In  a  few  in- 
stances I  have  felt  i>ained  to  find  a  umn  who  honestly  desired  to  enlist,  butr  was  rejected  for  some 
disability,  and  wUo  afterward  was  unable  to  get  exemi)ted  from  the  draft  or  the  enrollment,  not- 
withstanding the  existence  of  the  same  disability.  1  do  not  refer  to  those  numerous  cases  of  men 
wiio  make  a  pretense  of  coming  to  enlist,  and  at  the  same  time  make  such  complaints  as  to  insure 
their  rejection.  These  we  enter  on  the  record  as  "  rejected  on  their  own  complaints,''  which  are 
not  considered  for  a  moment  as  being  any  ground  of  discharge  from  the  draft. 

Extreme  myopia  is  a  real  disability,  but  it  is  not  easy  to  describe  in  words  the  degree  oi  myopia 
tiiat  ought  to  exem])t.  External  piles  are  souu'times  so  large  as  to  be  a  constant  and  severe  disa- 
bility to  the  soldier,  yet  it  is  dillicidt  to  say  how  huge  and  troublesome  they  must  be,  in  order  to 
exempt.  l*erhai)s  in  both  these  cases  it  should  be  allowable  to  receive  testimony  that  the  man  was 
seriously  tlisabled  in  his  oidiuary  work  or  occupation.  *  *  * 

In  regard  to  the  number  of  men  that  can  be  physically  examined  pcM-  day  with  accuracy,  I 
think  that  the  examination  of  sixty  volunteers  or  thirty  conscripts  would  be,  with  the  other  duties 
incidental  to  the  surgeon  of  the  board,  a  fair  day's  work,  *  #  # 

Among  the  numerous  frauds  practiced  by  drafted  men,  should  be  noticed  the  claim  that  a 
present  disability  was  a  permanent  one,  the  best  illustration  of  which  was  in  two  cases  of  men 
who  presented  themselves  when  under  the  indueuce  of  some  drug.     The  pulse  was  small,  feeble, 


208  surgeons'  reports — Massachusetts — fifth  district. 

and  irregular.  I  suspected  them,  and  told  them  bluntly,  "  You  are  not  well,  but  will  be  better  in  a 
day  or  two."  I  held  them  to  the  draft,  and  heard  no  complaint  afterward.  Many  complained  of 
imperfect  vision,  and  when  I  could  not  verify  the  defect,  I  .sometimes  referred  them  to  some  dis- 
tinguished oculist,  and  in  every  such  instance  they  obtained  the  desired  affidavit,  until  I  began  to 
think  that  the  uuboiight  testimony  of  their  neighbors  would  be  worth  more  than  the  paid  certifi- 
cate of  an  expert.  But  the  greatest  difficulty  I  had  to  contend  with,  in  regard  to  the  draft,  arose 
from  the  sympathy  of  physicians  and  other  infinential  friends.  I  claim  that  our  physicians,  in 
general,  are  as  honorable,  liberal,  and  high-minded  as  any  class  of  uieu;  but  among  two  hundred 
there  must,  of  necessity,  be  some  exceptions. 

Tlie  history  of  a  man  from  his  family  physician  was  frequently  of  great  weight  in  my  mind, 
but  sometimes  we  fonnd  it  colored  a  little,  and  sometimes  colored  a  good  deal.        #        *        # 

I  would,  however,  mention  one  difficulty  which  we  often  met  with,  and  which  existed  entirely 
outside  your  Bureau,  in  the  military  practice  of  appointing  boards  of  inspection  to  examine  recruits 
after  being  mustered  in,  with  a  view  to  their  discharge  from  the  service.  Large  numbers  of  able- 
bodied  men  recruited  in  this  commonwealth,  and  a  fair  share  of  them  in  the  fifth  district,  have 
been  summarily  discharged  from  the  place  of  i-endezvous  for  various  pretended  disabilities.  One 
declares  before  the  board  of  inspection  that  be  is  but  sixteen  or  seventeen  years  old,  though  a  few 
weeks  before  he  declared  himself  to  be,  and  his  parents  swore  that  he  was,  eighteen  years  old, 
which  statement  his  ap[)earance  confirms.  The  board  of  inspection  at  Galloupe's  Island  can  have 
no  means  of  information  but  the  boy's  declaration,  yet  will  discharge  him  upon  it.  In  several 
instances  they  have  in  their  report  made  an  error  of  a  year  or  more,  according  to  the  town  or  city 
records.  Another  soldier  is  discharged  for  general  debility  or  defective  vision,  who  was  unmis- 
takably known  at  our  office,  by  sure  tests,  to  be  of  good  physique  and  to  see  well.  Another  is 
discharged  for  epilepsy  who  never  had  a  fit  in  his  native  place,  where  he  had  resided  for  years 
before  his  enlistment.  Another  was  discharged  for  a  deformity  of  the  collar-bone  resulting  from 
fracture,  although  the  deformity,  if  it  might  be  so  called,  was  no  greater  than  is  ordinarily  found 
in  the  re-union  of  the  broken  ends  of  that  bone,  and  which  is  not  generally  supposed  to  disable  a 
man  for  any  kind  of  service.  And  thus,  for  blemishes  of  the  most  tritiing  description,  or  for  disa- 
bilities which  were  proved  only  by  the  declaration  of  the  recruit,  who  had  just  received  a  hand- 
some bounty,  have  our  soldiers  been  thrown  out  of  the  service,  yometimes  they  were  men  who 
had  served  out  acceptably  a  previous  term  of  service,  and  were  recommended  to  us  by  their  former 
captains;  some  of  them,  within  our  knowledge,  went  afterward  to  some  other  State,  enlisted,  and 
were  duly  mustered  in.  Such  men  as  these,  being  thus  summarily  discharged  to  go  where  they 
pleased,  the  surgeon  who  i»assed  them  in  as  recruits  is  afterward  called  upon  to  show  cause,  if  any 
he  have,  why  he  should  not  pay  the  incidental  expenses  of  enlistifig  them. 

However  faithful  he  may  have  been  in  the  discharge  of  his  duty,  or  however  busy  in  other 
official  occupations,  he  is  obliged  to  set  about  hunting  up  evidence  to  defend  himself  from  this 
exjxirte  decision,  made  under  unfavorable  circumstances,  by  a  board,  appointed  perhaps  hastily,  and 
often  composed  of  one  young  post-surgeon  and  several  unprofessional  cfiScers,  who  have  not  the 
same  means  of  knowing  all  the  facts  to  be  considered  and  decided  upon  as  the  board  of  enroll- 
ment before  whom  these  soldiers  were  enlisted.  I  beg  leave,  therefore,  to  suggest  "  to  whom  it  may 
concern"  that  soldiers  should  not  under  like  circumstances  be  re-examined  and  discharged  hastily, 
without  an  opportunity  being  given  to  the  surgeon  accountable  for  their  enlistment  to  appear  and 
be  heard  at  the  time  of  the  investigation.  It  would  then  most  likely  appear  that  tlie  soldier  had 
either  deceived  the  board  of  enrollment,  or  was  attempting  to  deceive  the  board  of  inspection. 

The  very  small  number  of  French,  Italians,  Swiss,  and  Russians  examined  at  our  office,  pre- 
cludes us  from  forming  an  opinion  as  to  the  physical  aptitude  of  the  men  of  these  nations  for  military 
service.  A  large  percentage  of  our  native  Americans  are  rejected  for  some  positive  disability, 
but  those  that  arc  accepted,  while  they  may  not  come  up  to  the  average  of  Irishmen  and  Germans 
in  mere  strength,  seem  to  me  to  more  than  compensate  for  any  such  deficiency  by  their  superior 
readiness,  activity,  and  agility. 

Tbe  negroes  do  not  appear  on  our  records  as  a  separate  class,  being  arranged  with  others 
according  to  their  several  ])laces  of  nativity.  My  recollection  of  them  is  that  they  are  generally 
sound,  strong,  active,  and  quick  to  apprehend  any  direction  that  may  be  given  them  ;  and,  judg- 


surgeons'    reports MASSACHUSETTS SIXTH    DISTRICT.  20f) 

iiig  only  from  tlicir  ni)i)carni)ce  in  the  cxauiiiiing  room,  I  sliouUl  expect  tliem  to  make  good 
sokliers.  1  liave  not  hail  occasion  to  reject  a  colored  recruit  tor  any  delect  in  teeth,  eyes,  ears, 
or  heart.  #  »  » 

Tile  draft  is  truly  a  severe  infliction,  ajul  must  be  so,  however  managed.  Ifeominntations  are 
allowed,  it  becomes  a  tax  by  lot,  to  which  the  poor  as  well  as  the  rich  are  liable,  and  thereloie  not 
an  e(iuitable  tax.  It  seems  to  me,  upon  a  review  of  the  whole  matter,  that  if  our  Government  liad 
given  to  tlie  soldiers  from  the  first  very  large  monthly  i)ay  for  actual  service,  without  any  boun- 
ties, it  would  have  saved  us  from  most  of  the  frauds  from  which  we  have  sutfered.  I  would  dis- 
card altogether  the  wheel  of  fortune;  and  if  we  should  fail  to  secure  a  sufficient  army  by  this 
nn  aus,  and  very  large  numbers  should  be  necessary  in  coining  years,  (from  which  calamity  we 
jiray  the  good  Lord  to  save  us,)  it  might  be  better  to  take  from  the  enrollment  all  between  certain 
ages,  say  twenty  and  twenty-one  years,  to  serve  for  one  year,  when  they  would  be  discharged  and 
theii  places  filled  by  the  same  rule  of  age;  and  this,  besides  meeting  a  present  want,  would  make 
us  a  military  nation.  »  *  * 

DANIEL  I'ERLF.Y, 
iiurgcon  Board  of  Enrollment  Fifth  District  of  Musmvhusetts. 

Salem,  Mass.,  June  12,  18G5. 

MASSACHUSETTS— SIXTH  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  Report  of  Dr.  John  L.  Sullivan. 

The  sixth  congressional  district  of  Massachusetts  embraces  eight  cities  and  towns  lying  in  the 
county  of  Essex  and  seventeen  cities  and  towns  lying  in  the  county  of  Middlesex. 

On  the  north  are  Haverhill  and  Bradford  ;  on  the  east,  Uradford  and  Saugus  ;  Charlestown 
and  Somerville  lie  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  district ;  ou  the  west  are  VValtham,  Burlington, 
Billerica,  &c.  The  district  contains  two  cities  of  considerable  size  and  importance,  viz,  Charlestown 
and  Lawrence.  Haverhill,  situated  about  ten  miles  from  Lawrence,  is  a  compact  town  of  nearly  ten 
thousand  inhabitants,  most  of  whom  are  engaged  in  the  manulacture  of  shoes.  These  three  towns 
have  a  joint  iiopulation  of  over  fifty  thousand  inhabitants,  or  more  than  one-third  of  the  entire  popu- 
lation of  the  district. 

The  surface  of  the  district  is  agreeably  diversified  throughout.  It  is  watered  by  several  large 
and  by  numerous  smaller  rivers,  and  abounds  in  small  lakes  or  ponds,  the  largest  of  which,  sit- 
uated in  the  town  of  Andover,  called  Long  Pond,  covers  nearly  five  hundred  acres.  Portions  of 
the  district  are  extremely  hilly,  and  somewhat  densely  wooded.  In  many  places,  the  rivers,  hikes, 
and  elevations  conspire  to  render  the  scenery  romantic  and  picturesque.  Several  of  the  streams 
atlord  excellent  water-power.  The  Merrimack,  which  flows  through  the  northern  part  of  the  dis- 
trict, furnishes  the  city  of  Lawrence  with  an  immense  water-i)ower. 

The  soil  is  generally  unfertile  ;  some  portions,  however,  have  been  brought  under  high  cultiva- 
tion. In  Andover  and  Boxford,  there  are  tine  farms.  In  the  vicinity  of  Charlestown  and  Boston, 
within  the  limits  of  the  district,  the  business  of  horticulture  receives  considerable  attention,  and 
tlie  contiguous  gardens  supply  the  city-markets  with  fruit  and  vegetables.  There  are  but  three 
towns  in  the  district,  however,  and  these  the  least  important,  in  which  agriculture  forms  the  prin- 
cipal occupation.     Tlie  mechanical  and  manufacturing  interests  everywhere  predominate. 

The  climate  is  disagreeable,  from  the  sudden  vicissitudes  of  heat  and  cold  for  which  it  is 
remarkable.  In  the  spring  and  autumn,  easterly  winds  prevail,  which  are  damp,  chilling,  and 
peculiarly  trying,  especially  to  invalids.  The  variations  in  temperature,  even  in  the  pleasantest 
season,  a.re  sudden  and  violent.  Khennuitism,  cousumption,  bronchitis,  and,  in  general,  disease.s 
of  the  respiratory  and  intestinal  mucous  membranes  are  of  frequent  occurrence,  and  sometimes 
prevail  epidemically.  It  must  not  be  inferred,  however,  that  the  climate  of  the  district,  or  of  New 
England  as  a  whole,  cheerless  and  uncongenial  as  it  is,  compared  with  more  favored  sections  of 
the  country,  is  especially  prejudicial  to  health  and  longevity,  or  that  its  sharp  meteorological 
changes  carry  disease  and  death  into  every  household  and  family.     Ou  the  contrary,  the  chances 


210  SURGKONS'    REPORTS MASSACHUSETTS SIXTH   DISTRICT. 

of  living  to  old  age  in  New  England  are  excellent.  TLere  are  few  spots  on  tbe  face  of  tlie  earth 
better  in  this  respect.  The  trnth  is,  that,  on  the  broad  scale  and  in  the  long  iiin,  there  is  health 
rather  than  disease  in  its  biting  winds  and  decisive  changes.  The  atmosphere  is  pnritied  and  the 
system  toned  np  by  the  operation  of  causes  which  seem  to  us  at  tlie  time  "  not  joyous,  but  griev- 
ous." To  New  England  belong  the  rugged  soil  and  climate  which  tend  to  develop  the  vigor  of 
body  and  hardihood  of  spirit  so  desirable  in  the  soldier — qualities,  indeed,  in  which  recruits  from 
this  section  of  the  country  have  not  been  surpassed. 

The  population  of  the  district  is  mixed  and  heterogeneous,  embracing  a  large  proportion  of 
foreigners,  among  whom  the  Irish  are  the  most  numerous  class.  Tbe  natives  of  the  soil  are,  of 
course.  New  Englanders.  I  might  content  m^,  self  with  this  statement,  since  the  peculiarities 
of  Yankee  character  are  so  well  known  as  scarcely  to  require  description.  #  *  #  ij^g 
descendants  of  the  Pilgrims  still  retain  many  of  the  traits  which  characterized  their  Puritan  ances- 
tors. This  is  true,  despite  tbe  lapse  of  more  than  two  centuries,  the  copious  admixture  in  their 
veins  of  foreign  (not  Anglo-Saxon)  blood,  the  combined  influences  of  a  different  and  more  lib- 
eral form  of  government,  and  of  geological  and  meteorological  agencies,  so  potent  in  modifying 
physical  and  mental  organization.  Tlie  latter  class  ot  causes,  operating  surely,  though  impercepti- 
bly, through  centuries,  imjiress  radical  changes  upon  the  organism,  remodeling  not  only  tbe  form 
of  the  solter  structures,  but  even  of  the  bony  skeleton.  Tbe  Anglo-American  approximates  grad- 
ually to  the  Indian  type  of  physiognomy.  Thus,  his  jaws  are  narrower  than  the  European's,  and 
cannot  accommodate,  without  crowding,  tbeliormal  complement  of  teeth  ;  wbence  one  reason  why 
this  country  is  tbe  "  paradise  of  dentists.'' 

Tbe  average  height  of  Anglo  Americans  is  found  to  be  greater  than  that  of  the  European 
races  from  wbicb  they  are  descended,  and  tbe  vital  caj)acity  of  the  tliorax  less;  a  deficiency  par- 
tially comi)ensated  for  by  a  greater  expansive  mobility.  In  this  respect,  also,  tbe  physical  con- 
formation of  the  Anglo-American  resembles  that  of  the  aboriginal  inhabitants.  The  latter  were 
agile,  slender,  and  litbe,  though  musciilar,  and  their  movements  unimpeded  by  superflons  adipose 
tissue.  As  a  race,  the  New  Englanders  are  s])are  in  habit,  angular  in  figure,  law-boned,  and  sal- 
low. They  are  not  so  "juicy"  as  the  Englishman — have  not  tbe  ruddy  complexion  and  portly 
embonpoint  characteristic  of  tbe  latter.  Tbe  Anglo-American  skin  is  finer  and  smoother,  less  like 
saddle  leatber.  These  physical  changes  are,  of  course,  not  unaccompanied  by  corresponding 
mental  difl'erences.  Tbe  drier  atmosphere  of  New  England,  tbe  sudden  and  violent  alternations  in 
tenijierature,  from  which  no  season  is  exempt,  have  wrought  their  effects  upon  tbe  nervous  system 
of  tbe  inhabitants.  The  New  Englander  is  a  restless  and  excitable  being,  ever  "  on  the  drive." 
The  speed  of  the  locomotive  and  the  electric  telegraph  hardly  satisfy  him.  In  England,  on  the 
contrary,  occupation  produces  no  excitement,  because  it  is  felt  to  be  irregvhtr.  This  equable  tem- 
perament of  tbe  people  is  fostered  by  the  bracing  island  air,  tempered  as  it  is  by  tbe  prevailing 
moist  southwest  winds.  But  the  New  Englander,  like  bis  native  climate,  is  given  to  extremes  and 
contrarieties.     He  is  by  nature  an  ultraist,  or,  in  popular  language,  a  ratlical. 

Descended  from  tbe  Anglo-Saxon,  mentally  and  pbysically  the  most  vigorous  of  modern  races, 
the  natives  of  New  England  inherit  qualities  of  mind  and  body  wbicb  admirably  fit  them  for  the 
twofold  task  of  develoiiing  tbe  resources  of  an  unexplored  continent,  and  of  conducting  on  a  grand 
scale  tbe  experiment  of  popular  or  democratic  government.  As  managers  of  tbe  material  forces 
of  the  earth,  or  as  exi)lorers  of  tbe  region  of  abstract  ideas,  tillers  of  tbe  soil,  ]iioneers  of  new  set- 
tlements, orof  philantbro[iic  enterprises,  they  arealike  pre-eminent.  Their  industry,  enterprise,  and 
mechanical  ingenuity  and  skill  are  i)roverbial ;  so  also  their  frugality  and  success  iu  "  making  both 
ends  meet."  With  tbeni,  economy  is  a  virtue  practiced  as  olten  by  the  wealthy  as  by  tbe  poorer 
classes.  All  the  qualities  implied  in  tbe  word  ihrijty  find  their  fullest  development  in  New  England. 
*  *  *  The  New  Englander  isarden  tly  attached  to  liberty,  proud  of  the  republican  institutions  inher- 
ited from  bis  fathers,  and  unshaken  in  his  loyally  to  tbe  Union,  even  tliough  he  may  be  opi)osed 
to  the  policy  of  tbe  government,  or  to  the  measures  advocated  by  the  miijority. 

There  is  no  region  of  tbe  globe  whither  tbe  New  Englander  has  not  wandered,  lured  by  tbe 
love  of  gain  or  adventure,  or  impelled  by  his  roving  disposition  ;  no  habitable  clime  whither  be  has 
not  migrated  and  may  not  be  found  naturalized.     Yet,  altbougb  accommodating  himself  readily  to 


surgeons'   RKPORTS — MASSACHUSETTS — SIXTH    DISTKICT.  211 

tlie  inanners  and  customs  of  foreign  countries,  he  never  loses  bis  individuality,  and  wherever  he 
may  tix  his  habitation  is  still  the  New  Englauder. 

The  Great  West  has  been  settled  chiefly  by  emigrants  from  New  England.  New  England 
ideas,  traditions,  institutions,  religious  faith,  and  political  principles,  transi)lantcd  thither,  have  been 
incorporated  into  the  politics  of  our  new  commonwealths,  which  already  dictate  the  policy  and  con- 
trol the  destinies  of  the  republic.  Thus,  directly  and  indirectly,  New  England  exerts  a  paramount 
influence  upon  American  civilization.  To  ber  the  country  is  indebted  for  much  of  the  national 
])rosperity  and  glory  ;  for  much  of  its  mental,  moral,  and  material  wealth  and  resources.  Amid 
her  bleak  hills  were  nurtured  those  principles  of  civil  aiul  religious  liberty  in  whose  defense  so 
much  blood  and  treasure  have  been  lavisiied.  Tlie  part  New  England  has  borne  in  the  war  for  the 
Union  is  no  less  glorious  and  memorable  than  the  part  she  sustained  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 
To  her  inventive  genius  niankiud  -ne  indebted  for  the  electric  telegraph  ;  to  her  aptitude  for  philo- 
sophical pursuits  and  scientiHc  investigations  for  that  most  beneticent  boon  to  suflering  humanity, 
the  employment  of  autesthetic  agents  for  the  relief  of  pain.  It  will  be  seeu  that  the  physical  and 
mental  qualities  with  which  the  New  Englander  is  endowed  are  those  most  desirable  in  the  soldier; 
and  in  the  people  who  possess  them  the  martial  spirit  is  easily  aroused. 

The  rebellion  has  proved  that  New  England  troops  are  surpassed  by  none  in  the  world.  In 
them  the  fiery  impetuosity  of  the  tropical  nature  is  united  with,  and  attempered  by,  the  cool,  deter- 
mined valor  and  bull  dog  tenacity  of  purpose  for  which  the  northern  races  are  distinguished. 
Such  a  union  of  opposite  qualities  might  be  predicted  of  a  race  sprung  from  the  fusion  of  so  many 
distinct  nationalities. 

The  physical  condition  of  the  enrolled  population  of  the  district  is  such  as  is  usually  found  in 
manufacturing  communities;  according  to  my  observation  comparing  unfavorably  with  that  of 
otiier  portions  of  the  State  where  the  prevailing  occupations  are  more  healthful.  The  shoe-bench 
and  the  factory  furnish  employment  for  many  who  have  become  incapacitated  for  hard  labor.  These 
persons  naturally  congregate  where  they  can  find  work  suited  to  their  physical  condition,  an 
additional  cause  for  the  large  proportion  of  the  draftable  population  of  manufacturing  regions 
found  unfitted  for  military  service. 

Purtkular  diaeaneH  and  disahiUlics  that  have  disqualified  a  ijrcater  ratio  per  thousand  for  mili- 
tary service,  and  the  reasons  therefor. — The  total  number  of  men  examined  at  these  headquarters, 
enrolled  and  drafted  men,  recruits  and  substitutes,  as  nearly  as  can  be  estimated,  is  upward  of 
ten  thousand,  and  probab  y  exceeds  rather  than  falls  short  of  these  figures.  The  particular  dis- 
eases and  disabilities  that  have  disqualified  a  greater  ratio  per  thousand  for  military  service,  stated 
in  the  order  of  their  relative  frequency,  are  as  follows  : 

Injuries,  surgical  diseases,  and  malformations  of  upper  and  lower  extremities  ....  874 

Teeth,  loss  of 487 

Hernia 453 

Feebleness  of  constitution,  general  debility,  permanent  physical  disability,  &c  ..  453 

Heart,  diseases  of 376 

Eyes,  injuries  and  diseases  of -61 

Lungs,  diseases  of ^''^ 

Varicocele,  cirsocele,  sarcocele,  and  diseases  of  testicles 115 

Deafness,  including  purulent  otorrhcea 1^8 

Brain  and  mind,  affections  of,  including  insanity,  epilepsy,  idiocy,  &c 93 

Injuries  and  surgical  diseases  and  malformations  of  the  upper  and  lower  extremities.— In  this 
district,  according  to  the  statistics  obtained  at  this  oHice,  8.74  per  1,000  of  the  male  population  jtf 
suitable  age  to  bear  arms  are  disqualified  therefor  by  injuries,  diseases,  or  malformations  affect- 
ing the  integrity  of  the  upper  or  lower  extremities;  attections  of  the  latter,  however,  exceeding 
greatly  in  number  those  of  the  former.  This  circumstance  is  attributable  partly  to  the  fact  that 
varicose  veins  and  chronic  ulcers  are  much  more  common  in  the  lower  than  in  the  upper  extremi- 
ties, aud  that  the  .joints  of  the  foriiu'r,  large  and  small,  are  more  frequently  the  seat  of  chronic 
rlieumatism,  chronic  synovial  inflammation,  &c.;  and  partly  to  tne  fact  that  malformations  of  the 
lower  extremities  are  found  more  lr<'<juently  than  of  the  upper. 


212  surgeons'  reports — Massachusetts — sixth  district. 

Loss  of  IcctJi. — Reference  having  aliendy  heeii  niacle  to  the  fact  that  Americans  snffor  from 
caries  and  couseijiient  loss  of  tlie  teeth  earlier  in  life  and  to  a  greater  degree  than  Europeans,  and 
a  possible  cause  assigned  therefor,  no  further  comment  is  needed.  That  48.7  ]ier  1,000  of  the 
enrolled  population,  otherwise  able-bodied,  should  be  found  unfitted  for  military  duty  on  account 
of  this  disqualification,  must  certainly  be  regarded  as  a  national  calamity,  the  more  so  from  the 
irremediable  nature  ol  fhe  difficulty. 

Hernia. — 45.3  per  1,000  suffered  fiom  this  inlirmitj'.  A  large  proportion  of  the  enrolled  popu- 
lation are,  or  have  at  some  period  in  their  lives  been,  engaged  in  laborious  avocations  iu  which 
there  is  a  liability  to  contract  hernia.     *     *     * 

Shoemakers  occupy  the  front  rank.  It  must  not,  however,  be  too  hastily  inferred  that  the 
occupation  of  shoemaking  tends  to  produce  hernia.  Among  the  men  examined,  shoemakers  were 
much  more  largely  represented  than  any  other  class  of  mechanics.  As  I  learned  by  inquiry,  a  very 
large  proportion  had  formerly  been  otherwise  employed,  often  in  very  laborious  callings,  iu  w'hich 
hernia  was  coutracted,  and  in  consequence  of  which  they  were  compelled  to  seek  other  employ- 
ments. The  same  statement  is  applicable  to  clerks  and  other  persons  engaged  in  sedentary  occu- 
pations not  requiring  muscular  exertion.  In  fact,  the  choice  of  such  occui)afion  in  individual  cases 
may  often  have  been  determined  by  the  existence  of  hernia.  Hence  no  reliable  deduction  can  be 
drawn  from  the  frequency  of  hernia  occurring  in  those  who  follow  a  ])articnlar  occtupation,  except 
the  general  one,  that  occui)ations  which  rc(juire  lifting  and  straining  are  most  liafile  to  cause  this 
disability. 

FeMcness  of  constitution,  natural  or  acquired;  general  debility;  permanent phusical  disabiUt!/, 
d'c. — 45.3  per  1,000  were  rejected  on  ac^count  of  the  above-named  causes.  In  a  region  where  con- 
sumption, scrofula,  and  kindred  diseases  are  rife,  it  must  be  expected  that  an  indiscrimin:ite 
enrollment  will  include  many  persons  naturally  of  delicate  and  feeble  constitution,  and.  therefore, 
unfitted  to  endure  the  fatigues  and  hardships  incident  to  military  service.  In  every  community,  as 
I  have  before  observed,  there  will  be  found  a  class  of  persons  who  enjoy  a  species  of  health  with- 
out being  able-bodied,  but  who  are  not  more  cakuilated  to  do  good  service  in  the  field  than  sapling 
pines  for  the  ribs  of  a  seventy-four.  Others,  originally  robust,  become  debilitated  from  intemj)er- 
ance,  solitary  vice,  sedentary  or  unhealthy  occupations,  or  from  theefl'ects  of  wasting  or  protracted 
disease,  and  are  conse(]neutly  unfitted  for  hard  labor  in  or  out  of  the  army.  To  put  such  persons 
into  the  ranks  would  be  to  impose  a  burden  upon  the  Government,  and  to  inflict  cruelty  and 
injustice  upon  them. 

Diseases  of  the  heart. — Diseases  of  the  heart  figure  largely  in  the  list  of  infirmities,  for  which 
certificates  of  exemption  were  issued  at  this  office;  37.6  per  1,000  of  exemptions  ou  account  of 
permanent  physical  disability  having  been  granted  under  this  head.  The  number  being  so  large, 
a  sus|>icion  may  arise  as  to  the  correctness  of  the  diagnosis.  It  may  be  proper,  therefore,  to  state 
that  the  examinations  in  all  these  cases  were  very  carefully  made.  Tiiose  whicli  seemed  doubtful 
were  referred  to  the  most  reliable  auscultators  in  the  vicinity,  and  their  opinions  carefully  com- 
pared with  my  own,  previously  recorded. 

Subsequently  to  the  first  draft,  it  became  my  duty  to  re-examine,  with  reference  to  striking 
their  names  from  the  lists,  a  majority  of  the  drafted  men  examined  thereunder,  ou  account  of  dis- 
eased hearts.  A  good  opi)ortunity  was  thus  afforded  for  correcting  or  confirming  my  previous 
diagnosis,  with  this  result,  that  the  parties  re-examined  were  almost  without  exception  drop])ed 
from  the  enrollment.  In  the  majority  of  such  cases,  altliough  the  [)hysical  signs  of  disea.sed  heart 
were  strongly  marked,  the  constitutional  .symptoms  were  not  severe ;  in  others,  the  countenance  was 
strikingly  expressive  of  organic  disease,  and  the  muscular  system  of  the  sufferei-s  was  weak  and 
flabby.  Several  of  the  parties  exemi)ted  deceased  suddeuly  before  the  term  of  n:y  official  service 
had  expired. 

The  frequency  of  diseases  of  the  heart  in  this  district  admits  I  thiidc  of  easy  and  satisfactory 
explanation,  arising,  in  my  judgment,  from  the  following  causes:  1st.  The  prevalence  of  acute 
rheumatism,  and  the  frequency  with  which  that  disorder  attacks  and  irreparably  injures  the  val- 
vular apiiaiatus  of  the  heart;  2d.  The  mechanical  and  manufacturing  interests  largely  predomi- 
nating in  the  district,  and  affording  a  variety  of  what  are  termed  "light"  occupations,  persons 
prevented  by  diseased  heart  from  earning  a  livelihood  at  hard  labor  naturally  flock  hither  in  search 


surgeons'    RErORTS — MASSACHUSETTS — SIXTH    DISTRICT.  213 

of  employments  suited  to  their  ])Iiysical  condition,  eonj^regatiiiLT  \vliei'e  tliey  enn  find  work  ;  3d.  A 
propoition  of  the  male  poi)nlatiou  are  engaged  in  very  Ijboiions  eallings,  demanding  powerful 
muscular  exertion.  The  injurious  practice  of  "running  for  the  cars"  until  completely  out  of  breath, 
into  which  [)ersons  who  depend  constantly  on  this  mode  of  conveyan(;e  are  a])t  to  fall ;  and  with 
firemeu  the  running,  olten  for  long  distances,  to  lires,  with  tlieir  subse(|uent  etiorts  to  extinguish 
them,  may  be  noticed  as  predisposing  causes  of  heart-disease  common  in  this  district. 

Injuries  and  diseases  of  eyes. — The  exemptions  in  tliis  district  for  these  disabilities,  26.1 
per  1,000,  were  perhai)s  larger  than  in  many  others,  owing  to  the  number  of  mechanics  enrolled, 
as  the  loss  of  the  sight  of  an  eye  is  an  accident  frequently  occurring  to  this  class,  especially  to 
blacksmiths  and  workers  on  stt^el  and  iron.  Of  the  persons  who  were  exempted  for  total  loss  of 
sight  of  right  eye,  a  large  majority  informed  me  that  the  indrmity  arose  from  injuries  received 
while  pursuing  their  avocations. 

Diseases  of  Uukjs. — The  exemptions  for  this  cause  were  17.7  per  1,000.  Of  these,  122  only  were 
for  phthisis  pulmonalis  ;  a  small  number  compared  with  those  for  several  of  the  preceding  diseases, 
but  large  when  we  consider  the  extreme  fatality  of  consumption. 

Varicocele,  cirsocele,  sarcocele,  and  diseases  of  the  testicles. — 11.5  per  1,000  were  exempted  for 
these  iutirmities.  The  cases  of  varicocele  and  cirsocele  were  either  complicated  with  atrophy  or 
other  affections  of  the  testicle,  or  were  so  severe  as  to  be  in  themselves  unmistakably  disqualifying. 
A  degree  of  varicocele  or  cirsocele  was  the  most  common  disability  on  account  of  which  exemption 
was  claimed.  I  think  there  were  not  more  than  25  per  cent,  of  those  who  presented  themselves 
for  examination  in  whom  this  affection  did  not  exist  to  some  extent.  Several  veteran  volunteers 
presenting  themselves  for  re-enlistment  had  enormous  cirsocele,  but  they  assured  me  that  they 
experienced  no  inconvenience  therefrom.  Cirsocele  affecting  the  rigbt  spermatic  vein  was  found 
but  in  one  instance  ;  a  proof  of  its  extreme  rarity  in  that  situation. 

Deafness,  including  purulent  otorrhea. — 10.8  per  1,000  were  exempted  for  decided  deafness,  &c. 
I  have  been  unable  to  trace  the  connection  of  the  occurrence  of  dealness  in  the  persons  exempted 
therefor  with  the  occuiiatious  in  which  they  were  severally  engaged. 

Affections  of  brain  and  mind,  including  insanity,  epilepsy,  idiocy,  &c. — Cerebral  diseases  and 
affections  of  the  mind  were  not  nnmerous.  This  may  be  attributable  to  the  fact  that  a  large 
majority  of  the  persons  examined  were  engaged  in  mechanical  occupations,  or  such  as  do  not 
ordinarily  tax  the  mental  faculties  severely.  The  number  of  eXemi)tions  for  mental  unfitness  were 
9.3  per  1,000.  #  *  * 

The  number  of  men  that  can  be  accurately  iuspecte<l  in  one  day  by  an  examining- surgeon, 
(without  the  aid  of  an  assistant,)  I  may  state,  as  the  result  of  my  experience,  ought  not  to  exceed 
si.vty,  or  an  average  of  eight  for  each  working-hour.  Should  this  number  seem  small,  it  must  be 
borne  in  mind  that,  although  in  many  cases  a  correct  opinion  of  a  recruit's  ability  to  perform  mili- 
tary duty  can  be  formed  at  a  glance,  as  where  there  is  loss  of  a  hand  or  foot,  yet  time  is  con- 
sumed in  taking  the  man's  description,  ascertaining  his  height,  weight,  girth,  expansive  mobility, 
&c.,  and  in  filling  his  certificate  of  exemption ;  so  that,  when  a  record  of  these  particulars  is 
required  to  be  made,  from  five  to  eight  minutes  must  necessarily  be  occupied  even  by  the  most 
casual  and  rapid  examination.  #  *  # 

In  general,  it  is  easier  to  examine  drafted  men  than  voluntary  recruits  and  substitutes.  The 
former  are  only  too  anxious  to  display  their  infirmities  to  their  full  extent,  and  are  prone  to 
exaggerate  them.  1  have  known  but  one  case  where  a  drafted  man,  i>hysi(!ally  unfitted  for  the 
service,  has  atteaipted  to  conceal  a  disability.  A  drafted  man  will  sometimes  attempt  one  of  the 
deceptions,  which,  in  the  hands  of  the  practised  malingei'er,  too  often  ])rove  successful,  but  I  have 
never  found  an  instance  in  which  the  artifice  was  not  so  clumsy  as  to  be  readily  detected.  The 
chance  that  in  the  examination  of  a  volunteer  recruit  an  artfully-concealed  defect  may  escape  the 
surgeon's  scrutiny  is  greater  than  the  i)rol)ability  of  his  being  deceived  by  the  unskillful  portraiture 
of  disease  drawn  by  a  novice  in  the  art  of  simulation,  and  such  the  dratted  man  must  be,  except 
iu  rare  cases  where  the  lot  has  fallen  upon  some  veteran  impostor. 

Of  course,  the  surgeon  will  be  doubly  upon  his  guard  when  called  to  examine  a  drafted  man 
who  has  once  been  in  the  service,  and  who  may  have  served  an  api)renticeship  at  malingering. 
The  voluntary  recruit  during  exaniiuation  usually  maintains  a  discreet  silence,  at  least  until   lie 


214  surgeons'   KEPOBTS^MASSACHUSETTS SIXTH   DISTRICT. 

sees  bis  rejection  probable.  He  may  then  becoine  vobible  in  his  protestations  of  being  a  "  sound 
man."  The  ihat'teil  luau,  ou  the  con;rary,  has  a  dolelul  history  to  lecouut  of  the  iuliniiities  which 
unfit  him  for  military  service,  and  usually  appears  armed  with  a  certificate  to  that  effect  from  his 
family  or  attending  physician.  In  i)roving  an  opinion  of  his  physical  condition,  the  surgeon  will 
often  derive  assistance  from  the  drafted  man's  own  statements,  since,  in  his  anxiety  to  make  out  a 
good  case  against  himself,  he  is  apt  to  overshoot  the  marlc.  In  short,  as  a  rule,  the  drafted  man 
may  be  assumed  to  be  able-bodied  until  proved  otherwise.  The  volunteer  recruit,  ou  the  other 
baud,  may  be  presumed  to  labor  under  a  concealed  di.squalilication,  which  it  is  the  surgeon's  busi- 
ness to  search  lor,  and,  if  possible,  detect ;  to  do  which  will  require  the  exercise  of  all  iLe  skill  and 
acumen  be  may  possess.  *  *  * 

There  are  many  cases  of  hernia,  the  diagnosis  of  which  for  the  time  being  may  be  rendered 
difficult,  if  not  impossible,  by  the  employment  of  certain  precautionary  measures  familar  to  those 
^ho  make  a  business  of  preparing  recruits  for  inspection.  In  such  cases,  when  the  disqualifica- 
tion is  suspected,  its  detection  can  be  accomplished  only  by  great  care  ou  the  part  of  the  examining 
surgeon,  and  often  at  no  small  expenditure  of  time. 

For  the  reasons  given,  1  have  been  able  to  conduct  the  examination  of  drafted  men  more 
expeditiously  than  that  of  volunteer  recruits  or  substitutes.  The  surgeon  who  properly  examines 
Jifty  of  the  latter  class  i)er  diem,  for  weeks  and  months  consecutively,  will  find  his  physical  and 
mental  energies  fully  taxed,  and  will,  1  think,  have  accomplished  all  that  may  reasonably  be  lequired 
of  him. 

Frauds  attempted  hy  drafted  men  to  escape,  and  by  substitutes  and  recruits  to  enter  the  service. — 
These  were  few  in  number,  seldom  attempted,  the  artifices  employed  clumsy,  aud  the  detection  of 
them  easy. 

Several  specimens  of  urine,  which  had  been  sophisticated,  were  brought  by  drafted  men  on 
pretense  that  they  were  suffering  from  disease  of  the  kidneys.  The  microscope  repealed  the 
extianeous  character  of  the  deposit,  and  a  comparison  of  the  urine  voided  in  my  presence  with  that 
previously  ottered  aided  in  exposing  the  deception.  In  one  instance,  a  draltcd  man  ]>rocured  a 
specimen  of  urine  voided  by  a  person  dying  of  Bright's  disease,  warmed  it  in  the  sun,  and  presented 
it  to  me,  stating  that  it  was  his  own,  passed  a  few  moments  before  entering  the  inspection-room. 
I  directed  him  to  micturate  in  the  ofitlce  ;  he  declared  his  inability  to  do  it  so  soou  after  having 
emptied  his  bladder.  Finding  that  he  would  be  detained  until  he  succeeded  in  uriaating,  in  a  few 
moments  he  discharged  a  pint  of  healthy  urine,  confessed  the  obvious  attempt  at  fraud,  and  was 
held  to  service. 

Partial  anchylosis  of  one  of  the  large  joints  was  occasioually  pretended.  These  cases  pre- 
sented no  difficulty,  except  in  one  instance,  in  which  the  joiut  had  actually  been  fractured.  This 
occurred  on  the  first  day  of  tlie  inspection  of  drafted  men  at  these  headquarters,  ou  which  day  l.JO 
men  had  been  ordered  to  report  for  examination.  Finding  that  the  admiui-stration  of  aether  would 
be  required  in  order  to  arrive  at  a  correct  opinion,  I  referred  the  case  to  the  provost-marshal,  who, 
to  avoid  delay,  i)ut  the  man  upon  his  oath.  He  swore  to  a  disability,  which,  by  the  following 
morning,  was  proved  not  to  exist ;  he  was  arrested  and  held  to  personal  .service. 

Ifl  the  case  of  recruits  and  substitutes,  extreme  vigilance  was  sometimes  necessary  to  detect 
a  concealed  hernia.  One  man  was  passed  with  this  disability  upon  him,  (although  subjected  to  rigid 
examination,)  who  doubtless  had  been  treated  by  those  means  which,  when  skillfully  employed, 
render  the  detection  of  hernia  temporarily  impossible.  *  *  * 

My  own  views  in  reference  to  the  difterent  sections  of  paragraph  85,  Revised  Regulations,  Pro- 
vost-Mar.shal  (leneral's  Bureau,  coincide  entirely  with  tlio.se  of  the  Chief  INledical  Officer  thereof, 
as  stated  in  the  Appendix  to  the  Annual  Report,  dated  November  15,  1SG4,  and  I  shall  venture  to 
express  them  nearly  in  his  own  language. 

I  do  not  recommend  any  change  in  the  list  of  diseases  and  infirmities  governing  boards  of 
enrollment  in  the  exemptiou  of  drafted  men,  believing  that,  with  a  proper  construction  and  under- 
standing of  the  list  as  now  given  in  the  paragraph  mentioned,  all  drafted  men  who  are  really  unlit 
for  military  service  can  be  exenqited  in  accordance  with  its  provisions.  *  »  « 

To  the  inquiry,  "  What  nationality  presents   the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  military  ser- 


surgeons'   REPOllTS MASSACHUSETTS — SEVENTH   DISTEICT.  215 

vice?"  I  bave  the  honor  to  reply,  in  my  ojiiiiion,  "The  fused  European  Tiationalities,"  constituting 
what  is  now  known  as  the  Xorth  AmcricdH  Race. 

I  entertain  this  opinion,  not  because  our  native  recruits  are  oji  the  whole  more  capable,  physi- 
cally, than  the  foreigners  enlisting  in  our  service,  but  becniise  to  a  physictal  development,  little  if 
at  all  inferior  to  that  of  other  races,  is  united  an  intelligence  superior  to  tliat  of  the  aliens  with 
whom  they  have  been  compared  ;  and  because  to  the  distinct  and  homogeneous  nationality  result- 
ing from  the  fusion  of  many  dissimilar  races,  the  latter,  as  I  believe,  have  contributed  each  some 
quality  or  qualities  of  mind  or  body  desirable  in  those  who  bear  arms,  and  to  be  found  combined 
nowhere  so  perfectly  as  in  the  citizen-soldiers  of  our  own  land. 

That  the  Irish  are  most  cai)able,  physically,  of  all  tlie  recruits  presenting  for  enlistment  in  our 
service  is,  I  believe,  generally  conceded.  Nevertheless,  of  the  foreigners  in  our  army,  the  Scotch 
have  proved  the  most  efticient  soldiers.*  *  •  #  The  Germans  are  considered  the  least  desirable 
recruits  en'isted  from  our  foreign  population,  partly  because  they  are  subject  in  greater  degree  to 
bodily  infirmities,  partly  because  more  addicted  to  malingering. 

In  estimating  the  essential  characteristics  of  the  best  soldiers,  much  more  should  be  considered 
than  mere  physique.  Splendor  of  i)hysical  ap[)earance  and  development,  however  gratifying  to  the 
eye,  are  of  secondary  importance  corajtared  with  the  mental  and  moral  qualities,  which  outweigh 
the  merely  physical,  and  which  tit  their  possessor  for  military  purposes  better  even  than  the  most 
abundant  vitality. 

The  number  of  colored  recruits  inspected  by  me  does  not  exceed  twenty-four,  of  whom  nearly 
one-half  were  rejected  on  account  of  physical  disability.  From  this  limited  experience,  I  have  been 
unable  to  form  an  opinion  as  to  the  physical  qiialitications  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service. 
The  few  recruits  enlisted  compared  favorably  with  those  of  Caucasian  blood;  in  fact,  two  of  them, 
mulattoes,  presented  the  finest  exami)les  of  such  developmeiit  I  remember  to  have  seen.  Each  was 
over  six  feet  in  height:  one,  a  man  of  prodigious  muscular  strength,  a  very  Hercules,  whose  thews 
and  sinews  would  have  done  credit  to  a  horse  ;  the  other,  although  of  less  athletic  frame,  displayed 
a  grace  and  symmetry  of  form  hardly  surpassed  by  the  finest  models  of  antiquity.  Both  were 
remarkably  well  proportioned,  notwithstanding  their  unusual  stature,  and  I  doubt  if  their  sujieriors 
iu  manly  strength  and  beauty  could  have  been  found  among  our  white  troops.        »        #        * 

JOHN  L.  SULLIVAN,  M.  D., 
Surgeon  Board  of  Eiwollment  Sixth  District  Massachusetts. 

Lawrence,  Mass.,  June  14,  1805. 

MASSACHUSETTS  — SEVENTH  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  David  S.  Fogg. 

The  total  number  of  men  examined  was  10,569.        »        *        # 

The  seventh  district  of  Massachusetts  is  situated  in  the  eastern  section  of  the  State;  Concord, 
its  headquarters,  being  eighteen  miles  west  of  Boston.  The  surface  is  generally  uneven,  and  quite 
hilly  in  the  western  part ;  soil  various,  and,  though  generally  hard  and  rocky,  it  is  highly  cultivated. 
Its  northeastern  boundary  is  on  the  Merrimack  Eiver,  by  the  affluents  of  which,  including  the 
Nashua  and  Concord  Elvers,  the  district  is  crossed  from  southwest  to  northeast.  On  the  southeast 
is  the  Charles  River,  flowing  into  Boston  Harbor.  On  the  western  pai't  is  the  Assabet,  and  in  the 
southern  the  Sudbury,  which  unite  to  form  the  Concord  River.  Along  the  borders  of  the  Sudbury 
and  Concord  Rivers  are  extensive  tracts  of  meadows,  which  are  overflowed  several  months  in  the 
year. 

Prevalent  diseases  are:  1st.  Zymotic;  particularly  measles,  scarlatina,  croup,  typhus,  erysipe- 
las, influenza,  dysentery,  diarrhea,  cholera-int'autum,  and  rheumatism,  lid.  Diseases  of  respiratory 
organs;  bronchitis,  pleurisy,  pneumonia,  and  asthma.  3d.  Diseases  of  digestive  organs;  gastritis, 
enteritis,  peritonitis,  hepatitis,  and   jaundice.     4th.  Constitutional  diseases ;  scrofula  and  phthisis. 

Among  the  prominent  causes  conducive  to  the  general  prevalence  of  these  diseases  may  be 

"Count  Mausll'ldt,  tht)  famous  leader  of  "  free  lances"  in  the  ttiirty  years'  war,  preferred  Scotch  soldiers  to  any  of 
the  various  nativities  which  found  representatives  in  his  ranks. — B. 


216  SUKGEOKS'   EEPORTS MASSACHUSETTS EIGHTH   DISTRICT. 

mentioued  the  sudden  cliauges  in  tbe  temperature  and  humidity  of  the  atmosphere ;  luiasira 
exhaled  from  sluggish  rivers  aud  the  esteusive  meadows  upou  their  borders,  and  the  many  suiall 
lakes  that  dot  the  suriaceof  the  district.  To  these  natural  causes  1  would  add  the  occupation  ot  a 
large  portion  of  the  laboriue-class  iu  cotton,  shoe,  woolen,  aud  paper  manufactures,  as  tending  to 
produce  feebleness  of  constitution,  and  to  develop  scrofula,  phthisis,  and  other  tubercular  diseases. 
About  seveuty-iive  per  cent,  of  all  deaths,  registered  from  1850  to  ISCO,  were  from  diseases  in  two 
classes  :  zymotic  and  tubercular. 

The  occupation  of  tbe  inhabitants  of  the  district  embraces  almost  every  branch  of  industry 
known  to  civilized  nations.  About  one-third  are  engaged  in  agriculture.  Tiie  gjeat  manufactories 
of  cotton,  wool,  and  iron  in  Lowell;  tbe  extensive  manufactories  of  shoes  in  Natick,  Ilopkinton, 
Holliston,  Marlborough,  and  mauy  other  large  towns  of  the  district ;  the  large  paper,  cabinet,  and 
straw-works  iu  others,  together  with  other  branches  of  mechanical  industry,  give  occupation,  in 
whole  or  in  part,  to  the  other  two-thirds  of  the  populatiou.  *  *  *  In  general  intelligence, 
mental,  moral,  and  religious  culture  aud  refinement,  the  people  of  this  district  are  probably  not 
surpassed  by  any  iu  the  State. 

Locality  aud  occupation  have  a  marked  effect  ou  physical  developmeut,  health,  aud  disease; 
hence,  iu  any  district  where  a  large  proportioti  of  its  iuliabitants  are  engaged  iu  the  sedentary 
occupation  of  shoemaking,  iu  cotton  manulactures,  aud  kindred  employments,  a  large  ratio  per 
thousand  will  be  disqualified  for  military  service  by  reason  of  feebleness  of  constitution,  tubercu- 
losis, varicose  veins,  bicmorrhoids,  aud  chronic  ulcers.  Of  the  whole  number  exempted  (1,013)  in 
tliis  district  under  tbe  draft  of  18G3,  307  were  rejected  for  the  above  causes. 

I  have  found  no  difficulty  in  classing  all  cases  of  exemptions  under  the  list  given  in  paragraph  85, 
Revised  Kegulations.     i>fo  change  occurs  to  me  as  necessary  to  be  made.         *         «         * 

SeiTiiti/Jice  meu  per  day  is,  I  think,  about  tbe  average  number  that  can  be  examined  with 
accuracy. 

Three  cases  only  occurred  to  me  where  fraud  was  evidently  intended  by  drafted  meu.  Two  of 
them,  by  application  of  some  irritant,  probably  crotou-oil,  to  the  flexures  of  joints  and  calves  of 
tbe  legs,  had  tried  to  imitate  scrofula,  or  salt-rheum.  Tbe  other  mau  pretended  deafness.  Tbe 
fraud  iu  each  case  was  easily  detected.  Many  others  attempted  to  influence  the  decision  of  tbe 
surgeou  by  exaggerating  slight  defects  and  infirmities  that  really  existed,  aud  by  presenting  certifi- 
cates of  physicians  who  had  examined  or  attended  them  at  some  [irevious  time;  but  all  such  cases 
were  so  transparent,  with  the  subject  before  me,  as  to  aflbrd  but  little  or  no  embarrassment  iu  the 
discharge  of  my  duty. 

The  data  obtained  from  the  draft  and  recruiting  iu  this  district  are  so  limited  that  tbe  com- 
parison of  i)bysical  aptitude  for  military  service  between  ditfeient  nations  can  hardly  be  made. 
JMost  of  those  representing  other  nationalities  than  American  were  exempted  on  account  of  alien- 
age, aud  the  few  that  have  been  examined  as  recruits  and  substitutes  do  not  fairly  represent  the 
general  mass  of  their  countrymen.  * 

But  very  few  colored  men  have  been  examined  at  this  office  ;  but  so  far  as  my  experience  goes 
I  am  able  to  speak  in  high  terras  of  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  race  iu  this  country  for  mili- 
tary service.        ♦        *        * 

DAVID  S.  FOGG, 
Sun/eon  Board  of  En  roll  in  cut  ISeccnth  District  Mannachunctts. 

CONCOKD,  Mass.,  June  14,  1805. 

MASSACHUSETTS— EIGHTH  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Db.  Oramel  Martin. 

The  total  number  of  examinations  made  by  me  was  7,797.        *        »        » 
This  district  is  rich  iu  soil  and  abundant  iu  agricultural  productions.     The  streams  are  swift 
and  large,  whirling  all  kinds  of  wheels  of  industry.     Its  iuliabitants  manufacture  uuicbinery,  agri- 
cultural implements,  guns,  pistols,  cannon,  cars,  railroad-iron,  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  carriages, 
and  almost  everything  that  adds  to  the  convenience,  comfort,  or  luxury  of  man. 


surgeons'   reports MASSACHUSETTS NINTH    DISTRICT.  217 

Tliere  are  scliooMiouscs  iu  every  iieigliborliootl,  and  a  eliiircli  in  every  village  and  hamlet. 
The  iieciiniaiy  resources  and  wealth  are  unequaled  by  any  inland  district  iu  the  United  States. 
The  intellijieiice  and  inloiination  of  its  people  are,  according'  to  ])<)])nlation,  unsurjiassed  in  any 
part  of  the  j;lobe.  The  voters  are  loyal,  with  scarcely  au  exception  ;  in  tavor  of  rree(h)ni  and  equal 
rights  to  every  member  of  the  hunian  family,  regardless  of  nationality,  rank,  condition,  or  color. 

The  ])revailing  diseases  are  those  of  whose  (causes  we  know  but  little,  and  over  the  existence 
of  which  science  has  exerted  but  slight  control ;  namely,  tyi)hoid  fever,  consumption,  scarlatina, 
diphtheria,  cerebro  spinal  meningitis,  &c. 

I  do  Tiot  thiidv  paragraph  85  of  our  instructions  can  be  essentially  imjjroved.  Section  9  should 
be  carefully  used,  the  surgeon  giving  a  full  de.scrii)tiou  of  the  condition  of  the  drafted  mau 
exempted  under  it.        *         *         * 

From  forty  to  Jifty  men  per  day  may  be  accurately  examined,  on  an  average. 

The  best  way  to  prevent  frautlulent  entries  and  exits  from  the  army  is  to  have  honest,  truly 
loyal,  well-educated,  active,  and  intelligent  surgeons  to  examine  recruits;  men  perfected  and 
sharpened  by  personal  and  professional  intercourse  with  the  world.  To  this  should  be  added 
authority  to  have  every  man  arrested,  tried,  and  punished  who  gets' in  or  out  of  the  service 
fraudulently. 

The  first  great  hinderance  to  a  faithful  discharge  of  duty  here  was  the  improper  intermeddling 
of  the  surgeon-general  of  this  State  in  giving  accepted  drafted  men  certificates  of  disability  on 
their  or  their  Iriends'  interested  statement,  without  a  proi)er  carelul  personal  examination  for  him- 
self; the  second,  the  selection  of  surgeons  to  re-e.iaminc  recruits  who  had  never  done  a  sufficiently 
large  daily  business,  before  entering  the  army,  to  pay  for  one  i)erson's  daily  bread.  Our  pro- 
fessional decisions  in  this  State  were  reviewed  by  three  contract  surgeons,  selected,  ai>parently, 
because  they  had  nothing  else  to  do,  and  recommended,  I  jiresume,  by  one  who  seemed  to  lose 
sight  of  the  great  cause  in  which  we  were  engaged,  in  his  anxious  desire  to  relieve  every  needy, 
ecnnplaining  individual  w'ho  a|)[)lied  to  him.  We  needed  to  be  very  good  natured  men  to  .sub- 
mit to  have  our  verj'  best  recruits,  men  about  whom  we  frequently  knew  as  well  as  about 
our  own  children,  discharged  for  myopia,  inveterate  stammering,  chronic  inflammation  of  the 
eyes,  permanent  contraction  of  the  mouth,  and  other  easily  feigned  and  as  easily  detected  diseases, 
on  the  mere  statement  of  the  recruit,  with  his  three  or  four  hundred  dollars'  bounty  iu  his  pocket, 
and  the  knowledge  in  his  head  that  as  soon  as  he  was  discharged  he  could  re-enlist  and  get  as 
much  more.  I  do  not  think  these  surgeons  meant  or  intended  to  do  wrong;  but  they  were 
strangers,  and  these  recruits  took  them  in.         *         *         * 

I  think  Americans  i>resent  the  greatest  aptitude  for  military  life;  among  them  I  should  include 
the  colored  race.  Next  in  order  of  capacity,  judging  Irom  those  in  this  country,  I  should  place  the 
Irish. 

It  is  my  opinion  we  should  have  failed,  in  k  "eping  the  army  full  without  the  enrollment-law, 
and  the  fear  of  a  draft  behind  it,  and,  as  a  consequence,  should  have  failed  to  subdue  the 
rebellion.        #        *        # 

ORAMEL  JIAKTIN, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Ehjiith  District  Massachusetts, 

WoECESTEB,  Mass.,  June  12,  1SC5. 

MASSACHUSETTS— NINTH  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  reiiort  of  Dr.  E.  C.  Riohardson. 

The  whole  number  of  men  examined  in  the  ninth  district  of  Massachusetts,  aecoiding  to  the 
records  of  this  office,  is  4,;"i50.         »         #         * 

The  ninth  district  of  Ma.ssachusetts,  iu  area,  is  about  one  hundred  and  fifteen  miles  long  by 
fifty  in  width.  It  consists  of  the  counties  of  Franklin,  Hampshire,  and  a  part  of  Worcester,  and 
contains,  in  all,  seventy-two  towns.  The  surface  of  the  country  is  hilly.  Soil  in  the  eastern  part  a 
sandy  loam  ;  in  the  western,  clay  and  loam;  and  fertile  on  the  banks  of  the  Connecticut  River, 
which  runs  through  the  western  part  of  the  district. 


218  surgeons'  reports — Massachusetts — ninth  district. 

This  part  of  the  country  is  usually  healthy,  and,  with  the  exception  of  inflammatory  affections 
of  the  lungs,  has  no  prevailing  diseases  but  what  are  common  everywhere.  There  is  no  doubt  that 
the  dampness  of  spiing  and  autumn  is  conducive  to  inflammatory  aflections.  Tubercular  diseases 
are  not  as  common  as  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State,  near  the  sea  shore. 

The  inhabitants,  as  a  class,  are  intelligent,  active,  and  enterprising.  Their  occupation  in  the 
hill-towns  is  jirincipally  farming ;  in  the  valley-towns,  manufacturing  and  farming.  Among  the 
farmers,  a  man  is  esteemed  according  to  the  amount  of  physical  labor  he  is  able  to  perform,  and  it 
is  plainly  to  be  seen  that  too  much  labor  has  produced  among  this  class  its  sad  effects,  as  seen  in 
the  young  men  from  twenty  to  forty  years  of  age,  who  often  show  by  their  stiflened  joints  and 
general  disabilities  the  marks  of  premature  old  age. 

In  my  report  of  the  examinations  of  drafted  men  in  186.3,  I  mentioned  that  the  examinations 
showed  a  much  larger  proportion  of  both  physical  and  mental  disabilities  in  hill-farming  districts 
than  in  valley-manufacturing  towns.  Thus,  in  hilly  farming  towns  there  was  one  case  of  mental 
imbecility  in  every  Ibrty-tive  examined,  while  in  valley-towns  there  was  only  one  case  in  every  one 
hundred  and  twenty-two  examinations.  This  may  be  partly  owing  to  a  large  share  of  the  healthy 
and  enterprising  removing  from  the  hill  to  the  valley  towns,  while  the  physically  and  mentally  dis- 
abled remained  at  home. 

The  number  of  cases  of  epilepsy  and  other  head-diseases  show  about  the  same  relative  pro- 
portion.       *        *        « 

I  believe  section  5,  "  Organic  diseases  of  internal  organs,"  covers  too  much  ground,  and  that 
valuable  medical  statistics  are  lost  if  no  record  is  kept  of  special  organs,  as  the  heart,  liver,  kid- 
neys, &c.  It  seems  to  me  that  the  number  and  kind  of  organic  diseases  of  the  heart  are  of  quite 
as  much  importance  as  any  others;  and  when  the  field  of  observation  is  so  large,  and  when  scientific 
facts  can  be  gathered,  nothing  important  should  be  left  out.  I  would  therefore  respectfully  recom- 
mend an  alteration  of  section  5,  so  as  to  have  a  separate  heading  for  each  internal  organ.  With 
regard  to  the  other  sections,  I  would  not  recommend  any  alteration.         #         #         » 

I  find  the  average  time  required  to  examine  a  recruit  to  be  six  minutes.  I  believe  a  thorough 
examination  cannot  be  made  much,  if  any,  short  of  that  time.  Tliis  would  give  us,  for  six  hours' 
work,  SM-ty  examinations,  which  is  as  many  as  the  surgeon  can  make  and  do  justice  to  the  Govern- 
ment or  himself. 

Eelative  to  the  frauds  practiced  by  drafted  and  enrolled  men  to  escape  military  service,  the 
most  common  is  feigning  diseases  of  the  joints,  chronic  rheumatism  being  most  frequently  alleged. 

*  #  »***»» 

With  substitutes  and  recruits,  it  is  no  uncommon  thing  for  those  who  have  no  teeth  to  go  to  a 
dentist  and  have  a  set  made  on  vulcanized  rubber,  the  color  of  which  nearly  corresponds  with  the 
color  of  the  gums,  and  when  they  are  covered  with  tobaccojuice  they  are  well  calculated  to 
deceive.  Hernia,  which  has  been  kept  back  by  a  truss,  will  often  remain  up  several  hours 
without  the  truss,  and  is  liable  to  deceive  the  surgeon  without  a  careful  exploration  of  the  inguinal 
canal. 

As  to  what  nationality  presents  the  greatest  aptitude  for  military  service,  I  think  I  can  safely 
say  Americans.         *         *         # 

My  experience  as  to  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service  being 
very  limited,  having  made  but  very  few  examinations  of  this  class,  I  am  not  prepared  to  give  an 
opinion,  but  from  what  I  have  seen  should  think  them  not  inferior  to  the  whites. 

Finally,  as  to  the  operation  of  the  enrollment-law  as  it  now  exists,  I  will  say  the  new  state  of 
things  brought  on  by  the  war  required  anew  order  of  things;  and  this  law,  although  in  some 
res[)ects  contrary  to  the  spirit  of  our  people,  has  been  growing  more  and  more  in  popular  favor, 
and  I  believe  its  practical  working  has  been  as  perfect  as  its  authors  could  have  reasoucably 
expected.        »        •        # 

E.  C.  EICHARDSON, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Ninth  District  of  Massachusetts. 

Greenfield,  Mass.,  June  10, 18G5. 


surgeons'    reports — MASSACHUSETTS — TENTH    DISTRICT.  219 


MASSACHUSETTS— TENTH  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dk.   Samuel  Duncan. 

The  draft  in  the  tenth  districtof  Massachusetts  took  place  at  the  eit.v-hall,  Springfield,  July  14, 
1803,  and  was  continued  in  the  same  i)ublic  uianner  from  day  to  day  till  the  nunilier  riMinui'd 
(.jjo'Jj)  was  drawn.  Gieatly  to  the  credit  of  the  district,  it  passed  off' quietly  and  orderly,  though 
emissaries  of  the  New  York  mob  were  present,  as  was  afterward  ascertained,  to  inaugurate  a  riot 
had  an  opi)ortunity  offered.  Perhaps  the  precautions  used  contributed  somewhat  toward  so 
desirable  a  result. 

The  board,  misapprehending  the  number  which  would  report  immediately  on  receiving  their 
notifications,  issued  too  manj'  at  first,  and  the  result  was  that  those  who  supposed  they  had  surfi- 
cient  grounds  for  exemption  came  at  once  to  procure  it,  and  for  two  or  three  days  the  crowd  around 
the  provost-marshal's  office  was  greater  than  could  be  examined,  much  to  the  annoyance  of  the 
board,  and,  I  doubt  not,  of  the  drafted  men.  As  soon,  however,  as  we  could  ascertain  the  working 
capacity  of  the  office,  the  men  were  notified  to  appear  in  such  numbers  each  day  as  could  well  be 
examined,  and  thereafter  there  was  no  conii»laint  of  delay. 

Meanwhile,  paragraph  85,  Regulations  of  tlie  Provost-Marshal-General's  Bureau,  had  found 
its  way  into  the  newsi)apers,  and  it  afforded  drafted  men  an  excellent  opportunity  for  studying 
the  causes  of  exemption  and  of  jireparing  certifl(;ates  of  disability.  Of  thirty  drafted  men  from 
one  town,  twenty-seven  had  certificates  of  disability  from  one  surgeon. 

The  tentb  enrollment-district  of  Massachusetts  is  made  up  of  the  counties  of  Berkshire  and 
Hampden.  Berkshire  has  the  larger  area — namely,  950  square  miles — and  its  greatest  length  is 
about  fifty  miles,  reaching  across  the  entire  State  on  its  western  border.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Vermont,  soutli  by  Connecticut,  and  west  by  New  York,  and  embraces  that  portion  of 
the  State  included  between  the  Taconic  and  Green  Mountains. 

These  mountain-ranges,  often  rising  into  peaks,  ranging  in  height  from  2,000  to  3,500  feet  above 
tidewater,  and  still  clothed  in  |)rimeval  forests  of  fir  and  maple,  possess  many  points  of  rare 
beauty  and  grandeur,  ;ind,  from  their  real  or  fancied  resemblance  to  the  Juras,  have  given  to  the 
country  the  appellation  of  the  Switzerland  of  America.  There  are  two  systems  of  rivers,  which 
drain  the  surface-waters:  one  flowing  northward  and  emptying  into  the  Hudson,  the  other  soutli 
into  Long  Island  Sound.  These  rivers  have  given  their  names  to  the  two  principal  valleys,  the 
Hoosac  and  Housatonic,  of  which  the  latter  has  the  longer  slope,  extending  to  the  Connecticut 
line  and  from  thence  to  the  Sound.  The  valleys  are  again  divided  in  their  length  by  detached 
mountains,  of  which  Gnyloisk,  the  highest  peak,  is  3,515  feet  in  altitude.  Throughout  the  county, 
there  are  many  narrow  valleys,  mostly  at  right  angles  with  the  mountain-ranges,  through  which 
the  smaller  branches  of  the  rivers  flow  to  their  juuctiou  with  the  main  channels,  furnishing  motive- 
power  for  the  multitude  of  manufacturing  establishments  which  everywhere  meet  the  eye  along 
the  streams. 

The  rock  of  the  Taconic  Mountains  is  mainly  talcose  slate,  of  no  value  for  mechanical  pur- 
poses ;  but  the  fragments  distributed  through  the  soil  by  continual  disintegration  aflord  valuable 
nutriment  to  grain  and  grasses. 

The  Green  Mountains,  which  form  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  county,  are  principally  made  up 
of  talcose  and  mica  slates,  quartz,  and  gneiss.  The  Hoosac  tunnel,  now  in  the  process  of  construc- 
tion on  the  line  of  the  Troy  and  Greenfield  Railroad,  pierces  this  mountain  through  the  talcose 
slate  for  the  distance  of  four  miles  and  a  half.  The  mineral  wealth  of  the  county  is  principally 
iron,  marble,  lime,  white  quartz,  and  sand  of  fine  quartz,  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  glass. 
There  are  thirty-one  towns  in  the  county,  containing,  according  to  the  census  of  1860,  55,136 
inhabitants. 

The  county  of  Hampden  lies  along  the  southern  border  of  the  State,  on  the  line  of  Connecticut, 
and  at  right  angles  to  the  county  of  Berkshire.  Its  length  is  about  fifty-five  miles,  and  it  contains 
nearly  six  hundred  and  fifty  square  miles  of  territory.  That  portion  boidering  on  Berkshire  County, 
and  lying  on  tlie  top  and  eastern  slope  of  the  Green  !\Iountains,  is  much  broken  by  sharp  ridges 
and  ravines,  and  is  noted  for  the  abrupt  boldness  and  picturesque  beauty  of  its  scenery.    The  land 


220  surgeons'  eeports — Massachusetts — tenth  district. 

slopes  gradually  down  from  the  mountaius  to  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut,  whose  river  is  the  cen- 
tral depression  and  drain  for  the  surface-waters  of  the  county.  From  the  river,  the  land  gently 
rises  eastward,  and  finds  its  greatest  elevation  beyond  tlie  limits  of  the  county  at  (Jharlton,  where 
it  is  some  six  hundred  feet  above  tide -water.  The  Connecticut  River,  wliich  divides  the  countj' 
into  equal  parts,  receives  but  two  tributaries  worth  noticing,  the  Agarian  or  Westfield,  and  tlie 
Chicopee.  These  afford  a  never-failing  supply  of  water  for  the  numerous  manufactories  which 
have  been  established  along  the  streams.  Tlie  area  of  Hampden  County  is  about  six  hunched  and 
fifty  square  miles,  and  is  divided  into  twenty  towns,  exclusive  of  the  city  of  Springfield.  The  whole 
number  of  inliabitauts,  by  the  census  of  1800,  was  57,392,  giving  as  the  total  for  the  tenth  district 
112,5l.'S  inhabitants. 

Tlie  soil  upon  the  mountainous  portions  of  the  district  is  unsuited  for  tillage,  but  aflbrds 
excellent  pasturage  for  cattle  and  sheep  of  unproved  breeds,  which  are  kei)t  in  large  numbers  and 
found  highly  remunerative.  In  the  valleys,  the  soil  is  fertile,  and  in  productiveness  is  hardly 
excelled  by  any  portion  of  our  country.  Tobacco,  maize,  and  the  cereals  flourish  here  in  great 
lierfectiou. 

The  prevalent  diseases  in  the  district  are  phthisis,  typhoid  fever,  pneumonia,  and  rheumatism. 
I  have  no  data  for  determining  their  relative  frequency;  but  the  necrological  tables  show  that  24 
per  cent,  of  deaths  is  from  phthisis,  9  per  cent,  from  typhoid  fever,  5  per  cent,  from  pneumonia, 
and  2  per  cent,  from  rheumatism.  At  least  three-fourths  of  the  area  of  the  district  is  made  up  of 
mountains  and  hills,  often  separated  from  each  other  by  narrow  and  deep  valleys.  The  climate 
for  two-thirds  of  the  year  is  cold,  damp,  and  subject  to  great  alternations  of  temperature.  The 
prevailing  winds  are  from  the  northwest,  east,  and  southeast.  The  average  yearly  temperature 
is  from  44°  to  40°  Fabrenheit.     The  average  yearly  amount  of  rain  is  from  38  to  42  inches 

The  climate  and  topograi)hy,  which  are  intimately  related,  are  unusually  favorable  for  the 
development  of  these  diseases;  and  the  sanitary  reforms  which  might  mitigate  these  evils  are 
adopted  by  the  people  but  slowly.  If  to  the  natural  causes,  which  we  cannot  control,  we  add 
ignorance  or  willful  violation  of  hygienic  rules,  there  is  little  hope  that  their  frequency  will  be 
lessened. 

Typhoid  fever  of  a  dangerous  type  is  oftener  met  with  on  the  hills  and  in  the  narrow  valleys 
than  where  the  country  is  more  open.  The  miasm  is  carried  by  the  winds  from  the  lower  grounds 
upon  the  hill  sides,  which  oi)pose  a  barrier  to  its  further  progress,  and  it  is  there  condensed  (prob- 
ably) along  with  the  vapor  by  the  cooler  air  of  night,  and  as  mist  or  fog  it  finds  its  way  into  the 
valleys.  Possibly  the  amount  disseminated  through  the  atmosphere  and  inhaled  may  account  for 
the  increased  severity  of  the  disease  in  certain  localities. 

The  general  character  of  the  inhabitants  is  above  reproach ;  they  are  industrious,  frugal,  tem- 
perate.       *        *        # 

At  the  date  of  the  enrollment  in  18C3,  not  less  than  seven  thousand  persons  were  already  in 
service  from  this  district,  wliich  was  a  very  large  deduction  from  our  able-bodied  population  ;  and, 
again,  the  enrollment  was  sweeping  in  its  character,  every  human  being  wearing  male  apparel 
within  the  prescribed  ages  was  enrolled.  If  we  still  add  to  this  the  large  number  of  aliens  drafted, 
it  will  be  understood  wliy  tiie  exem[)tions  by  the  board  must  have  been  necessarily  large. 

The  attempt  at  revision  of  the  enrollment-list  between  the  first  and  the  second  drafts  was  only 
])artially  successful.  The  enrolled  men  who  lived  at  a  distance  from  headquarters,  and  who  had 
disabilities  for  which  they  felt  sure  they  would  be  exempted  if  drafted,  were,  as  a  general  rule, 
reluctant  to  incur  the  expense  of  travel  and  the  loss  of  time  to  have  their  names  stricken  from  the 
list.  The  aliens,  however,  improved  the  opportunity  to  present  their  claims  for  exemption  from 
enrollment,  which  greatly  increased  the  number  of  physical  exempts  in  the  second  draft.  As  the 
board  had  no  i)ower  to  compel  men  to  present  themselves  for  examination,  their  invitation  was  in 
a  great  measure  unheeded,  and,  as  a  consequence,  at  the  second  draft  the  list  was  relatively  as 
imperfect  as  at  the  first. 

Before  the  rebellion,  there  was  a  strong  tide  of  emigration  setting  westward  from  this  district, 
invited  by  the  superior  fertility  and  cheapness  of  the  land,  and  the  thousand  avenues  opened  to 
eiiter[)rise  in  young  and  growing  States ;  and  as  the  emigrants  were  mostly  able-bodied,  and  of  a 
military  age,  they  have  found  their  way  into  the  service  in  such  numbers  that  hardly  a  regiment 


surgeons'    reports MASSACHUSETTS TENTH    DISTRICT.  221 

from  the  Western  States  hut  lias  in  it  more  or  fewer  of  Massaclmsetts  men.  Tiie  witlidrawal  of  such 
a  elass  of  men  from  our  eomniunity  increases  our  ratio  of  excuii)ts,  and  correspondingly  lessens  the 
ratio  of  States  wliere  they  are  enrolled. 

Again,  a  large  portion  of  the  enjjjloves  in  our  manufacturing  establishments  are  men  of  foehle 
health — men  who  have  broken  down  under  severe  outdoor  labor,  and  have  sought  reluge  from  want 
in  the  lighter  labor  of  the  mills. 

It  will  be  found,  as  a  general  rule,  that,  in  every  section  of  our  country  where  the  soil  is  natu- 
rally unproductive,  the  great  amount  of  labor  necessary  to  secure  even  a  moderate  return  is 
injurious  to  the  physical  well-being  of  the  farmer.  This  is  eminently  the  case  in  this  district;  and 
if  I  were  called  upon  to  name  the  fault  most  conducive  to  their  physical  degeneration,  I  would  say 
they  labor  too  much.         #         «         # 

"  Loss  of  teeth"  is  a  disability  for  which  many  have  been  exempted,  and  it  has  often  happened 
in  this  wise:  that  drafted  men  bad  more  than  one  cause  of  exemption,  and  as  both  could  not  be 
recorded  under  the  difi'erent  sections  of  paragraph  8.5,  if  this  was  one  it  was  very  common  to  ex- 
empt for  it.  It  will  be  seen  that  by  using  one  cause  of  exemption  frequently,  when  others  might 
have  been  named  with  equal  propriety,  the  number  exempted  under  that  section  would  at 
length  appear  disproportionate;  and  so  of  section  9.  In  all  instances,  paragraph  85,  as  it  stood  at 
the  time  of  the  examination,  was  adhered  to. 

"  It  is  the  object  of  Government  to  secure  the  services  of  men  who  are  effective,  able-bodied, 
and  free  from  disqualifying  disease."  This  is  the  language  of  paragraph  91,  and  it  tersely  sets 
forth  all  the  requirements  necessary  for  a  good  soldier;  all  who  do  not  possess  these  are  an  injury 
to  the  service,  whether  dratted  men,  recruits,  or  substitutes. 

It  has  been  the  invariable  rule  at  this  oflice  to  examine  drafted  men  in  strict  conformity  with 
paragraph  85;  but  in  the  examination  of  all  others,  more  especial  relerence  was  had  to  paragraph 
90,  iirst  edition.  Regulations  of  the  Provost  Marshal-General's  Bureau. 

As  there  is  not  the  slightest  probability  that,  in  the  event  of  war,  the  enrollment-list  in  a  single 
district  would  be  exhausted  before  its  termination,  and  as  1  am  asked  what  changes  I  would  rec- 
ommend in  paragraph  85,  I  would  imhesitatingly  say,  "Adopt  but  one  standard  of  .examination  for 
all  men  alike!"  I  am  fully  satisfied  that  the  tingerless,  myopic,  obese  recruit  or  substitute  would 
aflord  just  as  valuable  service  to  Government  as  though  he  were  a  drafted  man.  The  diseases  of 
canq),  the  hardships  and  exposure  of  military  life,  and  the  accidents  of  battle  will  furnish  the 
needed  recruits  for  the  Veteran  Reserve  Corps  without   resorting  to  a  draft  for  that  purpose. 

By  adopting  a  more  rigid  examination  for  substitutes  than  for  drafted  men,  we  do  the  latter 
an  injustice.  For  instance,  a  man  is  drafted  who  has  lost  the  index-finger  of  his  right  hand;  by 
the  regulations  he  cannot  be  exempted;  he  proposes  to  furnish  a  substitute,  and  actually  presents 
a  better  man  than  himself,  but  with  the  same  disability,  yet  we  are  obliged  to  reject  his  substitute 
for  the  loss,  while  we  hold  the  principal  to  service.  The  same  occurs  with  obesity,  myopia,  and 
some  other  defects.  Drafted  men  frequently  fail  to  see  the  fairness  of  such  decisions,  and  I  much 
doubt  whether  I  ever  succeeded  in  assigning  a  satisfactory  reason  to  them  for  demanding  a  greater 
perfection  in  the  substitute  than  in  the  principal ;  but  so  I  undeistood  the  instructions  and  followed 
them.  A  case  in  point  is  illustrative:  a  soldier,  who  h^^d  lost  the  index-finger  of  his  right  hand  at 
the  second  articulation  in  the  assault  on  Fort  Hudson,  and  had  been  honorably  discharged  by  rea- 
son of  expiration  of  term  of  service,  offered  himself  as  a  volunteer  at  this  office;  and  as  he  was  of 
good  report  and  had  no  other  disability,  and  was  anxious  to  re  enlist,  the  acting  assistant  provost- 
marshal  general  of  Massachusetts  was  written  to  for  information,  whether,  under  the  circumstances, 
he  was  not  an  acce[)table  recruit.  He  decided  in  the  negative,  properly,  no  doubt ;  but  these  nice 
distinctions  were  hard  for  the  jiublic  to  understand. 

Section  9  in  the  last  revision  of  paragraph  85  is  not  an  improvement  on  the  corresponding 
section  in  circular  100.  "Feebleness  of  constitution"  is  common  to  plants  and  animals:  and  if  the 
botanist  or  pathologist  had  time  and  patience,  he  might  possibly  determine  the  cause  of  the  abnor- 
mal condition  in  a  given  case.  But  the  surgeon  is  cal  ed  upon  to  decide  i)romptIy  and  summarily 
ill  his  examinations,  and  a  single  glance  of  the  eye  is  often  siiflicient  to  discover  a  man's  unfitness 
for  service,  while  laborious  resear<'h  might  be  necessary  to  determine  the  lesion  on  which  it  (lepvnds. 
Both  "feebleness  of  constitutiou"  and  "permanent  physical  disability"  will  need  to  be  pretty  lib- 


222  surg'eons'  eepoets — massachdsett^ — tenth  district. 

erally  nsed  by  the  surgeon  if  it  is  expected  be  will  comply  with  an  order  like  tbe  following,  which 
was  received  at  tbisoflice:  "You  (the  surgeon)  are  expected  to  examine  at  least  120  men  daily 
until  tbe  draft  is  comi)leted."  I  know  of  but  one  addition  to  paragraph  85,  as  amended  in  circular 
100,  which  I  would  suggest:  I  would  restore  "excessive  myopia"  to  section  10,  and  then  approve 
tbe  paragraph  as  a  whole. 

From  my  experience  as  surgeon  in  this  ofBce,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  not  a  single 
section  of  that  circular  (100)  can  be  omitted  without  detriment  to  tbe  service. 

*  *  *  Tbe  good  of  the  service  should  be  tlie  highest  ambition  of  the  surgeon  in  the  exam- 
ination of  men;  but  neither  this,  nor  the  impending  threat  to  take  from  the  scanty  pittance  which 
Government  allows  for  his  service,  the  expense  of  recruiting  Kichard  Eoe  can  save  him  from  the 
imputation  of  carelessness,  if  others,  as  incompetent  or  negligent  as  himself,  should  happen  to 
differ  from  him  in  oi)iniou  as  to  his  titness  for  military  service.  A  case  in  point,  and  the  only  one 
of  volunteer  or  substitute  examined  by  me  personally,  in  which  1  have  been  called  upon  to  report, 
is  cited  in  proof.  A  volunteer  was  examined  and  accepted  by  me  at  this  office  and  delivered  at 
the  rendezvons  on  Galonp's  Island;  shortly  thereafter  I  was  called  upon  to  re])ort  "  why  be  was 
accepted,"  as  it  was  alleged  that  be  "had  hernia  at  the  time  of  bis  examination,  which  might  have 
been  easily  detected  with  proper  care  on  part  of  the  surgeon."  The  whereabouts  of  tbe  volunteer 
being  discovered,  be  was  brought  before  tbe  board  for  re-examination.  I  carefully  examined  the 
man  in  presence  of  the  board,  with  the  assistance  of  two  eminent  surgeons,  and  it  was  most  con- 
clusively shown  that  hernia  did  not  exist.  The  volunteer  had  followed  before  bis  enlistment  and 
since  bis  discbarge  a  laborious  occupation,  and  had  never  worn  a  truss  or  suspected  a  hernia.  Had 
tbe  man  not  been  found,  I  might  have  suffered  mortification  and  loss  of  pay  without  an  oiiportunity 
of  vindication. 

*  *  *  I  think  seventy  about  tbe  number  of  men  wbicb  I  should  fix  upon  that  could  be 
" physically  examined  with  accuracy  in  a  day."  I  have  often  examined  more  than  one  hundred; 
but  this  requires  an  amount  of  labor  wbicb,  if  continued  day  after  day,  would  soon  render  most 
sui-geons  unfit  for  duty.         *         *         * 

In  the  examination  of  drafted  men,  it  might  as  well  be  taken  for  granted  at  tbe  outset  that 
they  have  all  the  diseases  and  disabilities  mentioned  in  paragraph  85,  and  more,  if  possible. 

These  simple  claims  for  exemption  cannot  be  considered  "  frauds;"  they  are  mere  pretensions 
and  the  surgeon  can  judge  of  their  truth  or  falsity  with  little  hesitation. 

The  attempts  at  actual  fraud  by  drafted  men  to  escape  service  were  for  the  most  part  weak 
inventions  and  hardly  in  keei)ing  with  tbe  proverbial  shrewdness  of  the  people.  They  generally 
consisted  in  tbe  application  of  blisters  and  plasters  to  the  surface;  in  irritating  the  rectum  to  sun- 
ulate  hemorrhoids;  exciting  conjunctival  inflammation;  and  occasionally  in  the  application  of 
trusses.  These  were  the  principal  devices,  the  acute  and  recent  appearance  of  which  rendered 
them  harmless  for  the  purpose  of  deception,  and  tbe  most  common  result  was  to  plague  the  inven- 
tor. When  it  was  claimed  that  there  was  "total  loss  of  sight  of  right  eye,"  or  "partial  loss  of 
sight  of  both  eyes,"  if  they  gave  no  very  positive  indication  of  it  on  inspection,  such  cases  were 
continued  till  evening,  and  then  examined  with  the  ophthalmoscope. 

The  provost-marshal's  office  was  a  very  Pool  of  tSiloam  for  drafted  men  :  the  blind  have  been 
made  to  see,  tbe  deaf  to  hear,  and.the  lame  lo  walk.  I  have  known  men  too  lame  to  run  if  threat- 
ened by  Mosby's  guerrilbis  to  improve  at  once  when  told  that  the  attenipt  at  deception  was  well 
understood  and  appreciated. 

Occasionally  a  drafted  man  would  mutilate  himself  to  escape  service  by  cutting  off  his  fingers, 
or  having  his  teeth  extracted.  What  would  be  the  value  of  such  men  to  the  service  ?  All  substi- 
tutes were  required  to  wash  their  persons  perfectly  clean  before  presenting  themselves  for  examina- 
tion, and  to  be  absolutely  sober;  these  rules  were  never  departed  Irom  at  this  office. 

There  might  have  been  an  occasional  fraud  practiced  upon  this  otfice,  (indeed,  it  would  have 
been  strange  bad  none  succeeded;)  but  no  system  would  long  escape  detection  by  a  thorough,  care- 
ful, miuute  insi)eotion.  Certain  liabilities  and  tendencies,  which  would  unfit  a  man  for  service  when 
developed,  might  not  always  be  detected,  nay,  sometimes  could  not  be,  however  careful  the  exami- 
nation ;  as,  for  example,  the  liability  to  ei)ilepsy,  and  the  tendency  to  certain  forms  of  rheumatism, 
when  the  <liseuse  had  left  no  visible  trace  of  a  former  attack. 


SUEGEONS    KEPORTS — MASSACHUSETTS TENTH    DiStRICT.  223 

Substitutes  and  recruits,  by  inaliiigeiiiig,  ])ractipe};ieater  frauds  toprocnretbeiidiscbaijieiVoiu 
service  tbau  to  enter  it.  Tins  is  euiiiieiitly  true  of  diatted  men,  wlio  liave  neitber  stoniaeb  nor 
bounties  for  fighting.  Forced  to  render  compulsory  service,  they  take  every  opportunity  to  avoid 
it ;  and  by  persistently  shirking  duty,  and  by  always  complaining  to  the  surgeon  of  ills  for  wbich 
there  is  uo  possible  cure,  at  length  they  exbaust  bis  skill  and  llie  patience  of  oElJceis,  and  a  dis- 
charge is  recommended,  often  on  the  most  frivolous  grounds,  as  the  easiest  method  of  ridding  them- 
selves of  their  presence.  This  is  not  all ;  the  rei)ort  on  wliicb  the  discharge  is  recommended  often 
having  been  "  referred,"  at  lengtb  reaches t be  suigeon  of  tlie  board  wliere sucb  persons  were  accepted, 
and  he  finds  bimself  charged  with  ignorance,  carelessness,  negligence,  and,  in  short,  with  ;•.  general 
unfitness  for  his  ofhce,  and  is  politely  called  upon  to  justify  himself  for  having  strictly  followed  tbe 
regulations  to  the  best  of  his  ability.        *         #         * 

Tbere  are  obstacles  and  annoyances  incident  to  tbe  draft,  wliich  grow  out  of  tbe  altered  relation 
of  tbe  citizen  to  tbe  Government,  which  no  suggestion  can  remedy,  but  wbich  must  be  borne  tor 
the  good  of  the  service,  or  be  overcome  tbrough  the  tact  and  skill  of  the  surgeon.        *        *        » 

In  view  of  the  late  astonishing  and  glorious  results,  I  sbould  be  wanting  in  i)atriotism  if  I 
indulged  for  a  moment  the  tbougbt  tbat  any  nationality  possessed  bigiier  qualifications  formilitaiy 
service  than  ours.  I  believe  tbat  uo  other  people  could  have  fought  this  rebellion  to  its  utter 
extiuction,  inaugurated  as  it  was  under  circumstances  so  favorable  to  success;  and  tbis  happy 
result  bas  been  achieved  by  American  ofiicers  and  soldiers  almost  exclusively.  Foreign  otbcers 
and  soldiers,  as  a  general  rule,  have  failed  to  meet  public  expectation ;  they  have  done  well  on 
occasions,  but  the  real  bard  work  of  crushing  tbe  rebellion  has  been  done  by  "  uatives  to  the  man- 
ner born." 

Next  in  order,  I  would  put  the  Canadian  French,  the  Irish  next,  and  tbe  German  last.  *  *  • 
Tbat  tbe  negro  can  and  will  fight  has  already  been  demonstrated.  Most  of  tbe  negroes  presented 
at  tbis  office  as  volunteer  recruits  or  substitutes  were  tine  specimens  of  the  race,  well  foimed, 
active,  muscular,  and  remarkably  free  from  dis(|ua!ifying  disease.  Many  of  tbem  bad  been  slaves, 
and  seemed  to  have  quite  intelligent  ideas  of  tbe  nature  of  tbe  obligations  they  were  about  to 
assume,  and,  judging  from  their  pbysical  condition  alone,  I  see  no  reason  why  they  might  not 
become  respectable  as  soldiers.         *         #         # 

I  would  respectfully  suggest  tbat,  in  the  future,  before  quotas  are  assigned  to  districts  or 
sub-districts,  the  enrollment-list  be  made  to  couform  to  section  1  of  tbe  enrollment-law  by 
excluding  therefrom  all  persons  not  s[)ecial]y  mentioned  as  constituting  tbe  national  forces.  To 
tbis  end,  tbe  board  of  enrollment  sbould  be  directed  to  publish  lists  of  i)ersons  enrolled  in  each 
sub-district  as  soon  as  completed,  and  to  appoint  meetings  at  convenient  points  in  tbe  district 
wbere  tbe  commissioner  and  surgeon  could  examine  the  claims  of  enrolled  men  to  bave  their  names 
struck  from  the  list;  in  tbis  way  only  can  quotas  be  equitably  assigned. 

I  would  also  suggest  tbe  propriety  of  exempting  from  enrollment  and  draft  all  regularly 
ordained  ministers  of  the  Gospel.  I  think  it  impolitic  in  any  nation  to  force  its  clergy  into  tbe  ranks 
of  war.  Their  vocation  is  eminently  one  of  peace,  and  the  triumph  of  right,  which  sbould  be  the 
end  of  all  contests  and  tbe  prayer  of  all  Christian  nuMi,  is  more  surely  secured  through  their  influence 
at  borne  as  teachers  of  truth  than  tbrough  their  aid  as  instruments  of  war.  The  excitement,  irrita- 
tion, and  ill-will  engendered  in  a  community  over  tbe  drafting  and  holding  to  service  of  clergymen 
cannot  be  compensated  for  by  their  service  as  soldiers.  The  dictates  of  policy  and  religion  are 
alike  against  it;  and  the  noble  stand  taken,  and  the  generous  aid  rendered  by  tbem  in  the  Sanitary 
and  Christian  Commissions,  plainly  indicate  wbere  their  field  of  usefulness  lies. 

I  would  respectfully  sufigest  that  in  time  of  war  two  years  be  made  tbe  minimum  of  volunteer 
enlistments  for  the  Army.  Tbe  cost  of  raising  and  ecpiipping  a  regiment  lor  six  months  or  a  year 
is  about  equal  to  that  for  three  years.  I  think  the  uniform  testimony  of  tliose  competent  to  judge 
is  that  men  enlisted  for  a  less  period  than  that  luoiiosed  are  nearly  or  quite  useless.  Their  term 
of  service  scarcely  ever  exceeds  a  single  campaign,  and  is  altogether  too  short  for  tbem  to  ac-cus- 
tom  themselves  to  the  wholesome  restraints  of  military  life,  or  to  form  correct  habits  as  soldiers. 
They  leave  tbe  service  with  all  the  faults  and  prejudices  of  half-disciplined  men  ;  and  the  records  of 
tbis  office  show  that  fewer  numbers  of  this  class  reenter  than  of  those  who  have  won  the  honor- 
able distinction  of  veterans. 


224  surgeons'  beports — riiode  island — first  district. 

It  was  the  common  report  in  this  district  tlmt  thon\ne-mouth>i  \o\i\iite('rn  j^rerenicd  enlistments; 
of  the  truth  of  this  I  have  not  the  least  doubt. 

I  woukl  also  recommend,  for  the  better  protection  of  Government  and  people  against  the 
intolerable  horde  of  vampires  spawned  by  the  war  iu  sbai)e  of  substitute-brokers  and  bouiity-,jnm[t- 
ers,  that  tbe  payment  of  all  bounties  to  volunteer  recruits  be  regulated  and  controlled  by  the 
General  Government,  and  that  States  and  localities  be  prohibited  from  ottering  bounties  for  that 
purpose. 

The  pay  and  bounty  should  be  liberal.  Tbe  man  who  accepts  a  dangerous  employment  should 
be  well  rewarded  for  the  risks;  but  let  it  come  after  the  service  is  rendered. 

Volunteer  recruits  and  substitutes  should  only  be  allowed  to  enlist  iu  the  district  where  they 
bad  a  residence  at  the  time  of  the  call ;  for  the  Navy,  thej'  might  with  propriety  be  accepted  from 
any  source. 

If  that  nuisance  had  been  averted,  the  efficiency  of  our  Army  would  have  been  greater,  and 
the  calls  for  trooi)s  less  earnest  and  frequent.  I  caunot  refrain  fiom  quoting  a  portion  of  the 
report  of  Colonel  Cogswell,  of  the  Second  IMassachusetts  Infantry,  on  this  point:  "  During  the 
year  (1804)  about  eight  hundred  and  seventy-live  men  (if  some  of  them  can  be  called  men)  have 
been  recruited  m  Boston  for  this  regiment.  Out  of  this  number,  three  hundred  and  forty  have 
joined  for  duty  ;  the  remainder  haviug  deserted  en  route.  Out  of  this  number  of  three  hundred  and 
forty,  one  hundred  and  twelve  have  deserted  from  the  regiment.  These  men  never  intended  to  go 
as  far  as  they  did,  but  probably  found  no  opportunity  to  desert  until  they  reached  the  regiment; 
and  when  uien  will  desert  from  the  picliet-liue  to  the'  enemy,  as  many  of  them  have  done,  no  dis- 
cipline or  restrictions  of  camp  will  hold  them.  It  needs  no  suggestion  as  to  the  proi)riety  or  i)rac- 
ticability  of  tilling  a  quota  with  such  men.  It  is  Ibrtunate  for  the  regiment  that  such  men  did  not 
join  us,  or  did  not  remain  with  us,  for  such  me;i  will  not  and  do  not  intend  to  tight  or  do  their  duty, 
and  the  sooner  they  are  separated  from  those  that  intend  to  remain  and  become  soldiers  the  better. 
These  deserters  have  been  confined  entirely  to  recruits,  a  majority  of  them  Dutchmen,  though 
many  of  them  were  Americans  and  New  York  City  ruffians." 

'  The  above  statement  needs  no  comment.    The  money  squandered  by  way  of  bounties  on  those 
worthless  rascals  wouhl  have  raised  and  equipped  two  or  three  regiments  of  eflicient  men. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  huge  numbeis  of  these  bounty -jumpers  were  recruited  by  rebel 
agents  iu  the  provinces,  and  transferred  to  their  army  through  our  recruitiug-offlces,  with  the 
additional  bounties.         #         *         # 

SAMUEL  DUNCAN, 
Surgeo7i  Board  of  Enrollment  Tenth  District  2Iassachtisetts. 

Springfield,  Mass.,  May  12, 1SC5. 

RUODE  ISLAND— FIEST  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  C.  G.  ISIcKnight. 

*  •  *  My  experience  in  examining  men  for  military  service  commenced  with  the  First 
Regiment  Rhode  Island  Volunteer  Infantry.  Tlie  whole  number  examined  by  me  is  not  far  from 
G,()(H)  men. 

Rhode  Island,  i)articularly  the  first  district,  is  admirably  located  for  health,  being  situated 
ui)on  the  shores  of  Narragansett  Bay  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  There  is  no  assignal)le  cause  for 
l)revailing  diseases,  excepting  the  sudden  changes  of  tem])erature  and  the  prevalence  of  easterly 
winds,  which  cause  consumption  to  jirevail.  Indeed,  this  disease  is  almost  a  scourge  to  the  entire 
region. 

The  inhabitants  are  mainly  divided  into  merchants,  manufacturers,  and  operatives;  and,  as  a 
whole,  are  industrious,  enterpiising,  and  energetic. 

The  cause  of  so  many  exemptions  from  the  service  is  the  large  number  presenting  themselves, 
who  have  been  disabled  by  the  accidents  aud  diseases  incident  to  the  life  of  operatives  and  workers 
iu  fa(!tories,  machine-shops,  &c.  #  •  • 


SURGEONS'    REPORTS RHODE    ISLAND SECOND    DISTRICT.  225 

Tlio  number  of  iiioii  that  ciiii  be  i)li,vsifally  examined  in  six  working  lioiiis,  under  the  system 
adopted  by  me,  is  tVoniyi'>r^(/ to/(»*-^,i/-^ir('.  #  #  # 

Tile  nationality  wliich  presents  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  military  service  would  almost 
always  be  conceded  to  be  tijc  Irish;  but  my  experience  leads  me  to  believe  that,  in  their  capacity 
for  adapting  themselves  to  circumstances,  ingenuity  in  construction,  and  ability  to  take  care  of 
themselves,  the  native  born  Americau  excels  all  others;  and  of  these  it  is  my  opinion  that  a  real 
Yankee  combines  the  greatest  number  of  soldierly  requisites. 

My  experience  in  regard  to  the  colored  race  is  so  limited,  that  I  hardly  dare  to  express  a  posi- 
tive opinion.  I  can  say,  however,  that  1  believe  a  genuine  black  man  to  be  far  superior  in  physical 
endurance  to  the  mulatto  or  yellow  negro ;  the  last  named  are,  with  lew  exceptions,  scrotulous  or 
consumptive. 

In  regard  to  the  eurollmentlaw,  as  it  now  exists,  it  appears  to  me  to  be,  on  the  whole,  fair  and 
just  to  the  drafted  man.  Oases  of  individual  hardship  were  occasionally  to  be  met  with,  but  no 
oftener  than  is  found  under  any  general  law. 

I  would  suggest  the  following  amendu.eut,  which,  if  it  had  been  a  part  of  the  original  law, 
would  have  saved  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  to  the  Government,  viz:  That  hereafter  any 
man  claiming  a  discharge  for  a  disability, /cwow/i  by  him  to  have  existed  previous  to  kin  enlistment, 
shall  be  held  in  State  prison,  or  af  work  on  fortifications,  during  the  full  term  of  said  enlistment, 
without  pay  or  bounty. 

The  result  of  such  an  amendment  to  the  law  would  be  twofold :  first,  it  would  prevent  a  man 
with  a  disease  like  epilepsy,  or  any  other  likely  to  deceive  the  surgeon,  from  offering  himself;  and, 
S(^condly,  from  trying  to  obtain  a  discharge  on  account  of  the  same  after  he  was  enlisted. 

One  case  as  an  illustration:  A  man  enlisted  at  this  office  went  to  New  Haven,  had  a  tit, 
(epileptic,)  aiul  was  discharged;  his  brother  took  him  to  Boston  in  the  first  train,  and  again  enlisted 
him,  only  to  be  again  disc^harged.  In  this  way,  thousands  and  tens  of  thousands  of  dollars  were 
stolen  from  the  Government. 

c.  G.  Mcknight, 

Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment,  First  District  of  Rhode  Island,   ' 
Providbnck,  It.  I.,  July  1,  1865. 

KHODE    ISLAND.— SECOND    DISTKICT. 


Extracts  from  report  oy"  Dr.  F.  II.  Peokham. 


*  *  *  My  labors  in  examining  men  for  the  military  service  commenced  with  the 
outbreak  of  the  rebellion,  and  continued  during  its  existence,  in  one  capacity  or  another.  The 
number  I  have  examined  is  about  0,000.         *         #         # 

The  "State  of  llhode  Island  and  Pjovidence  Plantations"  has  the  smallest  area  of  territory 
and  the  largest  name  of  any  of  the  United  States.  It  has  but  two  districts.  The  first  district 
embraces  the  eastern  half  of  the  State,  and  includes  the  greater  part  of  the  population.  The 
second,  or  western,  district  is  larger  in  area,  but  not  so  densely  populated.  The  most  prominent 
geographical  feature  of  the  State  is  Narragansett  Bay,  a  sheet  of  water  about  thirty  miles  long  and 
twelve  miles  wide  in  its  broadest  [lart.  This  bay  forms  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  second  district, 
which  is  about  forty  miles  in  length  from  north  to  south,  and  averages  about  seventeen  miles  in 
width.  The  distririt  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Massachusetts,  on  the  west  by  Connecticut,  on  the 
south  by  Long  Island  Sound,  and  on  the  east,  as  before  stated,  by  Narragansett  Bay. 

This  district  is  distinguished  by  granite  rocks,  mostly  gneiss,  forming  hills  of  moderate 
elevation,  of  which  the  general  direction  is  from  north  to  south.  The  whole  district,  from  Western 
Coiuiecticut  to  Narragansett  Bay,  has  this  general  character.  The  larger  streams  for  the  most  part 
run  east  ward  ly  in  their  course,  emptying  into  Narragansett  Bay;  but  in  the  southern  towiishii)s  they 
flow  southwestwardly,  parallel  to  the  general  trend  of  the  coast,  and  empty  into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  The  small  streams,  however,  often  show  the  influence  of  the  prevailing  north  and  south 
course  of  the  hills.  The  district  is  generally  blessed  with  plenty  of  good  pure  water.  It  is  not 
generally  densely  populated.  The  mast  populous  ))ortion8  are  the  manufacturing  villages  lining 
29 


22G  surgeons'  reports — uuode  islam) — second  district. 

the  sticiims  wbicli  funiisb  water-power,  aud  tbeir  situations  are  uot  as  healthy  as  aie  the  surround- 
ing higher  lands.  The  dampness  aud  mists  that  hang  about  these  valleys  in  certain  seasons  of 
the  year,  when  the  dajs  are  sultry  and  the  nights  cool,  are  often  productive  of  dysentery  and 
typhoid  fever,  which  iire  the  prevalent  diseases.  The  wells  belonging  to  these  villages  are  often 
fed  by  tbe  river,  which  contains  organic  matter  fiom  vegetable  and  other  decomposition,  thus 
adding  to  the.  cause  of  sickness.  As  we  approach  the  bay  from  the  western  part  of  the  district,  a 
new  geological  character  changes  tlie  soil  and  scenery.  A  basin  occupied  by  the  coal-bearing 
rocks  dips  uudvv  the  bay,  reaching  a  part  of  each  side.  Near  the  western  boundary  of  the  basin 
are  many  maiks  of  geological  disturbance,  dislocated  strata,  metamorpbic  locks,  and  beds  of  iron 
and  lime.  There  are  no  alluvial  tracts  in  this  district,  nor  very  high  hills;  neither  are  there  any 
large  rivers.  It  is  doubtful  if  the  highest  elevation  of  land  reaches  over  five  hundred  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  The  streams  are  narrow  aud  rapid,  luruishing  excellent  water-power,  which 
has  had  a  material  influence  on  the  growth  and  population  of  the  district,  as  well  as  ou  its  social 
and  sanitary  condition.  The  soil  is  uot  exceedingly  fertile,  but  averages  with  that  of  Massachu 
eetts  and  Connecticut.  The  population  of  this  district  will  not  vary  far  irom  seventy-tive  thousand, 
and  as  regards  health  will  compare  favorably  with  any  like  section  in  JSew  England.  Pulmonary 
consumption,  the  great  scourge  of  New  England,  prevails  here,  and  more  die  yearly  fiom  it  than 
from  any  other  disease,  and,  I  thiuk  I  might  add  with  truth, 'than  from  all  other  diseases.  The 
usual  zymotic  diseases  i)revail  to  a  greater  or  less  exteut,  the  most  prevalent  of  which  are  typhoid 
or  autumnal  fever,  dysentery,  diarrhoea,  aud  scarlatina. 

The  inhabitants  of  this  district  are  of  a  mixed  character.  The  Americans  predominate,  and 
are  the  chief  owners  of  the  soil.  Next  are  the  Irish,  with  a  mixture  of  Germans,  French,  and  Nor- 
wegians. The  people  are  industrious  and  enterprising.  The  agricultural  and  mauufactuiiug 
interests. are  about  equal  in  importance;  many  are  engaged  in  domestic  commerce,  lu  respect  to 
education  and  manner  of  living,  they  compare  favorably  with  almost  any  portion  of  New  England. 
The  opportunities  of  obtaining  a  common-school  education  are  good,  and  attainable  by  all.      *      * 

The  diseases  and  disabilities  which  have  disqualified  the  largt  st  number  of  men  in  this  district 
are  tuberculosis  and  accidental  consumption;  next,  injuries,  such  as  fractures,  mutilations,  and 
ankylosis  of  the  large  joints.  The  cause  of  the  prevalence  of  tuberculosis  may  be  found  in  the 
variableuess  of  the  climate,  and  the  location  of  the  manufacturing  villages  in  the  valleys,  which 
latter  a.re  damp,  and  experience  great  changes  of  temperature  between  midday  and  midnight;  also 
in  tbe  emjjloymeut  and  confinement  in-doors  of  the  operatives.  Accidental  consumption  occurs 
(piite  as  frequently  as  hereditary  cousumption.  It  arises  from  neglected  broncbial  diseases  aud 
iini)erfectly-cured  pneumonia.  The  other  disabilities  are  such  as  are  incidental  to  a  manufacturing 
community,  and  require  no  special  description. 

"  Vieioi  in  reference  to  the  different  sections  of  paragraph  85,  Revised  Regulations  Provost-Marshal- 
GeneraVs  Bureau,  and  ichat  changes  to  he  recommended.^^ — I  think  the  provisions  in  question  are  just, 
and  that  they  give  to  the  Government  what  it  has  a  right  to  claim,  while  they  secure  to  the  indi- 
vidual all  the  rights  that  are  reasonably  due  him.  Holding  this  oijinion,  I  would  not  recommend 
any  change,  believing  that  by  a  proper  construction  and  understaudiug  of  the  lists  as  now  given 
all  drafted  men  who  are  really  unfit  for  the  militai-y  service  can  be  exempted  in  accordance  with 
its  provisions. 

The  number  of  men  who  can  be  accurately  examined  per  day  is  about  thirty,  allowing  six 
hours  to  work  in,  and  the  proper  assistance  being  furnished.        #        #        # 

The  frauds  to  be  most  guarded  agaiust,  which  are  practiced  by  drafted  and  enrolled  men,  consist 
in  the  lies  they  them.selves  tell,  and  get  their  relatives,  neighbors,  and  physicians  to  tell  for  them.  In 
illustration  of  this  i)oiut,  I  wish  to  record  this  fact :  in  the  draft  of  1SC3,  in  this  district,  thirteen 
hundred  aud  fifty  men  were  drawn,  while  nine  hundred  and  fifty  was  the  number  required  to  be 
furnished.  Of  the  whole  number  drawn  as  they  appeared  before  the  board,  (and  nearly  all  did 
so  ai)pear,  except  such  as  were  in  the  service  or  at  sea,)  there  was  barely  one  person  who  thought 
himself  able  to  do  military  service,  aud  was  willing  to  take  an  oath  to  that  effect!  It  is  very 
doubtful  if  lie  would  have  thought  so,  had  uot  the  agent  of  the  town  been  present  ready  to 
[)Ut  in  a  substitute  if  he  was  held.  Therefore,  in  my  judgnuMit,  it  is  better  to  tnust  to  no  outside 
testimony  that  is  not  corroborated  by  the  physical  condition,  as  ascertained  by  a  thorough  exami- 


SURGEONS'   KEPOKTS — CONNECTICUT FIRST   DISTRICT.  227 

nation.  In  case  of  those  diseases  of  wbieb  epilepsy  or  rheumatism  are  the  latent  causes,  1  would 
have  it  distiuctly  understood  that  any  recruit  or  substitute  who  concealed  such  an  infirmity, 
knowing  it  to  have  existed  prior  to  bis  enlistment,  should  be  held  to  service  without  pay,  as  long 
as  it  was  the  pleasure  of  the  Government  to  retain  bini,  and  be  employed  as  would  best  subserve  the 
Interests  of  the  couutry  be  wished  to  defraud.  A  Government  workshop,  where  such  worthless 
fellows  Ironi  the  army  might  be  employed,  would  be  an  excellent  institution. 

I  might  as  well,  here  as  anywhere,  say  what  I  desire  to  express  about  "  boards  of  inspection 
at  military  rendezvous."  Such  boards,  in  my  opinion,  should  be  composed  only  of  those  who  have 
had  expeiicuce  iu  the  field,  and  are  fully  acquainted  with  all  the  tricks  and  dodges  of  the  old 
noldier.  1  found  that,  after  the  most  minute  and  careful  examinations,  men  would  nevertheless  be 
rejected  at  the  military  rendezvous  by  the  board  of  inspectors.  In  every  case  of  rejection,  1  think  . 
the  recruit  or  substitute  should  be  immediately  sent  back,  with  the  cause  of  rejection  stated,  for  a 
re-examination  and  a  statement  of  the  facts  in  the  case.  There  is  a  vast  difference  iu  the  recruit  or 
substitute  when  before  a  surgeou  for  examination  to  enter  the  service  and  when  before  a  board  of 
insi»ection  hoping  to  escape  from  the  same.  Some  men,  to  my  knowledge,  who  were  rejected,  and 
the  rejection  confirmed,  came  back  and  enlisted  in  the  regular  service ;  thus  iu  the  short  space 
of  four  or  five  weeks  receiving  two  bounties.  The  large  bounties  were  the  great  inducements  for 
the  practice  of  this  decepliou,  and  both  enlistments  counted  in  the  quota  of  the  State.  Some 
remedy  ought  to  be  devised  to  prevent  this  wrong  to  the  State  and  to  the  Geueral  Government. 
A  person  reeulisting,  who  has  been  discharged  for  a  disability  or  dishonorably,  should  not  count 
on  the  quota  of  any  town,  county,  or  State.  Such  a  person  enlisting  should  serve  with  or  without 
pay,  at  the  option  of  the  Government. 

What  nationality  fresents  the  greatest  phy>ikal  aptit^ide  for  the  military  service.— The  Americans, 
English,  Irish,  Germans,  and  French  all  make  good  soldiers.  The  same  may  be  said  of  the  Swedes, 
Italians,  and  Norwegians.  I  have  had  most  experience  of  the  Americans  and  Irish,  with  a  good 
deal  also  of  the  Germans  and  English.  From  all  I  have  seen,  in  the  field  and  elsewhere,  I  am  of  the 
opinion  that,  all  in  all,  no  nation  e(pials  the  Anglo-Saxon,  more  especially  the  genuine  American, 
in  a  military  point  ol  view.  His  ingenuity  enables  hun  to  live  better  on  the  same  means  ;  he  has 
thevigor,  the  courage,  the  endurance,  and  the  quickness  of  perception  that  make  him  unequaled 
as  a  soldier.  He  is  easily  disciplined,  without  being  cowed;  he  is  obedient  without  losing  his 
individuality  ;  he  is  prompt  and  fearless,  and  his  national  pride  keeps  up  his  viorale.        * 

My  experience  in  regard  to  the  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service  is  quite 
limited.  I  presume  I  have  not  examined  more  than  a  hundred.  From  such  observation  as  I  have 
bad,  I  think  that  for  physical  soundness  they  will  equal,  if  not  excel,  the  white  race.  I  have  not 
the  least  doubt  that  they  will  make  efficient  soldiers.  They  are  imitative,  and  their  powers  ot 
endurance  are  good.         *         *         # 

After  witnessing  its  operations  in  the  last  enrollment  of  this  district,  I  am  unable  to  ofler  any 
suggestion  of  alteration  of  the  enrollment-law.  It  seems  to  be  wise  and  just  iu  all  its  provisions, 
and  operates  on  all  with  that  impartiality  which  precludes  all  fault-finding.        #        *        * 

F.  H.  PECKHAM, 
Surgeon  of  the  Board  of  Enrollment  Second  District  of  Rhode  Island. 
Pkovidence,  R.  1.,  August  1,  18G5. 

CONNECTICUT— FIRST  DISTRICT. 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  J.  S.  CURtis. 

»  ♦  «  The  whole  number  of  men  examined,  as  near  as  an  estimate  can  be  made, 

since  the  organization  of  this  board,  is  about  5,057  recruits  and  about  4,G05  men  exempted, 
making  a  total  of  9,G62  examinations. 

*  #  #  The  Connecticut  River  runs  in  a  southerly  course  through  nearly  the 

center  of  this  district.  Its  valley  is  fertile,  undulating,  and  well  drained.  The  eastern  and  western 
portions  are  hilly  and  well  supplied  with  streams.  Most  of  the  latter  are  useful  for  manufacturing 
purposes. 


228  SUKGEOKS'    REPORTS CONNECTICUT FIRST    DISTRICT. 

Tlic  prevaleut  chronic  diseases  of  tliis  section  aie  chiefly  tbose  of  the  respiiatoiy  and  digestive 
organs;  the  piepondeianie  being  of  the  ioimer.  The  prevailing  acute  diseases  are  pneumonia, 
typhoid  fever,  and  rheumatism.  The  causes  of  these  are  jjlainly  traceable  to  the  character  of  our 
climate  and  the  occuiiation  of  the  people.  We  have  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold,  with  the  sudden 
changes  which  appeitain  to  the  northeastern  latitudes  of  our  country;  hence  proceeds  much  rheu- 
matism and  diseases  of  the  lungs.  The  told  nights  and  warm  days  of  autumn  tend  to  the  develo]) 
ment  of  continued  lever. 

The  industrial  pursuits  of  onr  people  are  chiefly  agriculture  and  manufacture. 

The  disability  which  has  given  the  greatest  number  of  exemptions  is  hernia,  and  it  occurs 
chiefly  among  hard-working  men,  viz,  farmers,  machinists,  and  carpenters,  and  arises  from  lifting 
large  weights. 

I  have  attempted  to  discover  imperfections  in  the  diflereut  sections  ol  paragraph  85.  I  think 
of  only  one  or  two  suggestions.  1st.  There  are  many  very  small  hernias,  which  the  fortunate  i>os- 
sessors  were  hardly  aware  of  until  something  was  wanted  to  juocure  exemption  ui)on.  A  little 
inguinal  or  umbilical  bunch,  which  has  never  given  the  man  a  day's  discomfort,  is  the  sought-for 
l>rize,  and  exemption  is  the  result.  Manj  of  these  cases  occur  among  the  hardest-working  men  in 
the  community,  who  never  have  worn  a  truss,  aud  have  never  had  trouble  with  their  "  rupture."  It 
is  my  belief  that  three-fourths  of  the  exemptions  for  this  cause  should  not,  in  the  great  necessity  for 
men,  be  granted.  Discretion  might  be  given  the  examining  surgeon  in  such  cases.  2d.  The  loss 
of  teeth,  with  the  present  perfection  of  dentistry,  is  in  many  cases  hardly  a  loss  at  all.  It  has 
seemed  to  me  that  a  man  who  is  in  good  vigorous  health,  and  has  a  set  of  false  upper  teeth  which  . 
he  has  used  for  years,  is  able  to  perform  military  duty.  Fewer  exemptions  for  these  causes  are 
all  the  changes  I  would  suggest. 

In  the  examination  of  a  man,  I  first  phii'j  him  erect,  about  twenty  feet  distant  from  me.  This 
gives  me  a  good  view  of  the  bearing  of  the  man,  and  furnishes  me  an  opportunity  to  test  the  acuteness 
of  his  hearing.  It  has  been  my  custom  to  put  the  man  upon  oath  to  answer  every  questiou  correctly. 
He  is  then  interrogated  as  to  his  name,  birthplace,  age,  occupation,  residence  in  different  climates 
and  their  effect  upon  his  health,  life  or  death  of  parents,  constitutional  diseases,  and  any  other  ques- 
tions which  may  be  suggested  by  the  appearance  of  the  individual-.  He  is  also  examined  as  to 
whether  he  has  before  been  in  the  military  service.  If  so,  his  discharge  must  be  exhil)ited,  and  the 
reason  for  his  discharge  ascertained.  His  eyes  and  teeth  are  next  examined.  If  anywhere  in  this  part 
of  the  examination  doubts  of  the  man's  fitness  for  military  service  are  entertaiued,  he  is  rejected.  If 
not,  he  is  then  stripped,  and  his  height  and  measurement  of  chest  at  expiration  and  inspiration 
taken.  1  then  begin  with  the  fingers,  and  examine  every  joint  in  the  body.  I  require  him  to  open 
and  shut  the  fingers  rapidly,  to  flex  and  extend  the  thumbs  and  wrists,  rotate,  flex,  aud  extend  the 
foKi-arm,  raise  the  arms  perpendicularly  above  the  head  and  throw  them  to  the  side.  While  hold- 
ing the  liaiKls  above  the  head,  he  is  made  to  cough  violently,  and  the  inguinal  rings  and  umbilicus 
are  examined  for  hernia.  These  various  motions  are  repeated  .several  times.  I  then  examine  the 
head;  then  thechest,  b,>  auscultation  and  percussion ;  aud  look  for  blemishes  generally.  He  is  then 
started  upon  the  "  double  quick"  in  a  circle  of  about  thirty  feet;  then  hops  upon  each  foot  over  the 
saiiH^  course.  If  there  is  any  constraint  in  any  of  these  movements,  the  suspected  joint  or  limb  is 
thoroughly  examined.  After  the  exercise,  the  lungs  and  heart  are  again  auscultated.  The  scrotum 
receives  attention  ;  fistula,  varicose  veins,  syphilis,  and  gonorrhoea  are  looked  for.  Whenever 
doubts  of  the  man's  fitness  for  the  service  exist,  I  have  given  the  Government  the  advantage  of 
them,  and  rejected  him.        *  *  * 

It  is  almost  impossible  to  designate  special  frauds  to  be  guarded  against  in  the  examination 
of  men.  J\len  anxious  to  join  the  service  resort  to  every  art  to  hide  disabilities,  and  those  drafted 
are  frequently  unscrupulous  in  their  efforts  to  secure  rejection.  I  think  the  brokers  have  succeeded 
more  frequently  in  leinporaiily  curing  small  hernias  tlian  in  any  of  their  other  attempts  to  patch 
up  disabled  men.  This  is  done  by  keeping  the  parts  packed  in  ice  for  a  day  or  two,  and  before 
ri'hixation  takes  place  the  men  are  presented  for  examination.  Then,  too,  there  are  many  cases  of 
liability  to  hernia  in  which  there  is  no  apparent  relaxation  of  the  inguinal  rings  at  the  time  of 
examination.  8iic1j  men  are  liable  to  be  accepted,  aud  then,  upon  the  least  appearance  of  the  hernia, 
obtain  tiieir  discharge.    And  just  here  comes  the  very  great  evil  of  the  "  boards  of  inspection,"  which 


surgeons'    reports — CONNECTICUT SECOND   DISTRICT.  229 

hiive,  iu  my  opinion,  been  tbe  cause  of  niucli  unnecessary  trouble  to  boards  of  enrollment,  and  have 
deprived  tbe  Army  of  many  good  men.  This  system  of  inspection  and  easy  discbarge  seems  to  me 
to  have  been  bad  in  every  partietilar. 

Tbe  Governments,  both  General  iind  State,  have  authorized  payment  of  large  bounties  to  a 
class  of  men,  many  of  whom  arc  devoid  of  honor,  principle,  or  the  least  regard  for  tbe  interests  of 
tbe  country.  They  perseveringly  and  with  apparent  bonesty  ])resent  themselves  to  boards  of 
enrollment,  learning  the  arts  of  avoiding  rejection  until  success  results.  They  do  this  witii  the 
purpose  of  securing  t-heir  discharge  as  soon  as  they  re;ich  the  rendezvous.  A  mere  blemish,  that 
has  been  thoroughly  investigated  and  proven  to  be  of  uo  consequence,  is  magnified  to  a  very  severe 
disability,  and  the  impostor  receives  an  honorable  discharge,  witii  well-lined  pockets.  If  tberujirc 
any  men  who  deserve  at  the  hands  of  Government  severe  dealing  they  are  these.  1  would 
respectfully  suggest  whether  it  would,  uot  have  been  better  to  have  formed  battalions  of  such  men, 
and  used  them  for  fatigue  or  the  more  unpleasant  garrison-duty,  thus  relieving  better  men. 

From  my  limited  observation  in  camp  and  field  life,  as  well  as  my  ex|)erience  in  my  present 
office,  I  would  give  prefereuce  to  Americans  as  soldiers  over  other  nationalities.  Perhaps  there  is 
but  little  difference  physically  between  Americans  and  Irish  ;  but,  when  considered  physically  and 
mentally,  I  wonld  prefer  the  former. 

The  colored  race,  so  far  as  I  have  had  to  do  with  them  iu  examinations,  would  rank,  I  should 
think,  after  Americans  and  Irish.  It  has  been  a  question  with  me  whether  they  would  bear  the 
exposure  and  hardships  of  lield-life  as  well  as  others,  but  I  believe  experieuce  is  settling  tliis  matter 
iu  tbeir  favor. 

I  believe  the  eurollmentlaw,  as  it  now  is,  is  as  t)erfect  as  it  can  be.        *  *  * 

J.  S.  CURTIS, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  First  District  of  Connecticut, 

Habtfoed,  Conn.,  Jime  8,  1865. 

CONNECTICUT— SECOND  DISTRICT. 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dk.  E.  A.  Park. 

*  *  *  I  have  examined  at  this  oflBce  about  9,760  men.    This  is  the  extent  of 

my  experieuce  in  the  examination  of  men  for  military  service. 

This  district  covers  in  territorial  extent  nine  hundred  and  forty-flve  square  miles,  and  contains 
a  population  of  about  one  hundred  and  forty  thousand.  Its  surface  is  generally  hilly,  especially  in 
its  northern  portions,  and  more  level  in  the  southern  section,  approaching  the  waters  of  Long  Island 
Sound.  The  central  valley  of  Connecticut  commences  in  this  district,  between  East  and  West 
Haven,  and,  runuing  in  a  northeasterly  direction,  intersecting  the  Connecticut  River  near  Mid- 
dletown,  furnishes  the  geologist  the  idea  that  it  may  have  been  at  some  period  the  natural  bed  of 
that  river,  before  it  forcibly  broke  through  the  mountain  of  primitive  rock  below  Middletown  and 
made  for  itself  a  new  channel  in  a  southeasterly  direction  to  tiie  sound. 

The  district  is  drained  for  the  most  part  by  three  rivers  and  their  tributaries,  running  in  a 
southerly  direction,  and  emptying  tbeir  waters  into  Long  Island  Sound:  the  Connecticut  in  tbe 
eastern,  the  Housatouic  iu  the  western,  and  the  Quinnipiac  in  the  central  portion  of  tbe  district. 

The  soil  is  generally  better  adapted  to  grazing  tban  tillage,  with  patches  of  arable  land  ;  but 
on  the  margin  and  in  the  vicinity  of  its  rivers  and  streams  and  along  the  southern  border  is  more 
alluvial  in  its  nature,  easy  of  tillage,  and  quite  productive.  Agriculture  and  grazing  may  be  said 
to  be  the  chief  occupations  of  the  district.  At  Portland  and  on  the  east  are  extensive  quarries  of 
red  sandstone  or  freestone,  the  working  of  which  furnishes  employment  to  large  numbers  of  people. 

Tbe  cbief  city  of  the  district  is  New  Haven,  numbering  in  population  nearly  fifty  thousand, 
having  a  large  foreign  commerce,  and,  being  extensivel.\  engaged  in  manufactures,  it  furnishes  employ- 
ment, in  their  extent  and  variety,  to  nearly  one-half  its  population,  male  and  female.  Tbe  district 
also  contains  the  city  of  Waterbury,  with  a  population  of  eleven  thousand  ;  Meriden,  with  a  popula- 
tion of  eight  thousand  ;  and  Naugatuck,  with  a  population  of  three  thousand.  All  three  cities  are 
largely  concerned  in  manufactures.    Derby,  Ausonia,  Middletown,  and  Centerville  are  also  engaged 


230  surgeons'   reports— CONNECTICUT SECOND    DISTRICT. 

in  mauufacturing  to  a  considerable  extent.  Some  towns,  such  as  Guilford,  witli  a  population  of 
three  thousand,  and  Saybrook,  lying  upon  Long  Island  Sound,  sustain  commercial  relations  with 
New  York  City  and  the  coastwi.se  trade. 

The  climate  of  the  district  is  variable,  sudden  changes  taking  place  in  all  seasons  of  the  year, 
and,  from  its  proximity  to  Long  Island  Sound,  is  milder  thau  the  northern  parts  of  the  State,  but, 
having  a  large  extent  of  sea-coast,  is  subject  to  more  humidity  and  chilly  dampness  of  atmosphere 
thau  the  inland  districts. 

The  prevalent  diseases  in  the  district  are  phthisis,  pneumonia,  bronchitis,  typhoid  fever,  dysen 
tei'y,  diphtheria,  scarlatina,  and  cholera  infantum.        •  *  * 

/T?he  causes  of  the  prevalent  diseases  are  cold  and  variable  climate;  humidity  of  atmosphere, 
from  proximity  to  salt-water;  living  in  close  and  ill-ventilated  apartments.or  dwellings;  squalidity; 
imprudent  habits  and  accidents  of  dress,  (especially  of  females,  the  germs  of  disease  being  entailed 
upon  children  thereby;)  coufiuement  of  industrial  pursuits;  intemperate  use  of  intoxicating  drinks; 
insufficiency  of  healthy  food ;  illicit  commerce  of  sexes  ;  sexual  excesses ;  self-abuse,  &c. 

So  far  as  the  character,  modes  of  life,  and  occupations  of  the  peojjle  are  not  indicated  above,  it 
may  be  said  to  run  through  the  whole  circle  of  civilized  human  occupation  or  want  of  occupation. 
Professional,  literary,  mechanical,  mercantile,  agricultural,  horticultural,  Ashing,  mining,  marine, 
and  sea-faring  pursuits ;  sporting  and  idleness;  with  husbandry,  manufactures,  merchandising,  and 
the  various  trades,  form  the  chief  occupations  of  the  district. 

Pulmonary  diseases,  acute  and  chronic,  have  exempted  more  men  from  military  service  in  this 
district  than  any  of  the  causes  of  exemption  embraced  in  the  list  of  disqualifying  diseases  and 
infirmities  as  issued  from  the  War  Department.        *  *  * 

Among  the  causes  of  jjrevailing  disease,  are  all  those  which  tend  to  debilitate,  to  lessen  the 
energies  of  tlie  system,  and  to  impoverish  the  blood.  There  may  be  noted,  also,  as  somewhat 
peculiar  to  the  New  England  sea-coast,  variable  weather,  great  and  sudden  changes  of  temperature, 
attended  oftentimes  by  cijill  humidity  of  atmosphere.  These  changes  cannot  be,  or  are  not,  prop- 
erly g-uarded  against;  hence,  suppressed  secretions  and  deranged  circulation,  acting  upon  the 
organs  of  respiration.  The  effect  may  be  latent  for  a  while,  but,  in  lapse  of  time,  by  frequent  repe- 
tition of  such  disturbing  action,  results  become  more  marked,  and  the  disease,  thus  generated  or 
induced  by  slow  process,  develops  its  full  symptoms.  Again  may  be  noted  injurious  occupations, 
more  largely  operative  in  New  England,  such  as  mucl)  of  manufacturing  and  many  mechanical 
industries,  causing  excesssive  confinement;  sedentary  habits,  preventing  proper  exercise.  Often- 
times the  rooms  are  filled  with  dust  fi'om  the  work,  and  sometimes  with  the  most  irritating  kind  of 
dust,  as  where  mineral  and  metallic  substances  undergo  the  process  of  dry-grinding  upon  stone  or 
emery.  The  peculiar  occupations  of  many  females,  sedentary  in  their  character,  with  insufficient 
exercise  and  good  air  to  promote  muscular  vigor  and  nourishment  ot  the  body;  the  want  of  occu- 
pation of  other  females,  who  pass  their  time  in  delicate  in-door  idleness  or  so-called  gentility — what 
but  a  diseased  physique  can  females  of  either  class  give  to  their  offspring?-  A  farmer,  wishing  to 
grow  good  grain,  plants  and  sows  the  best  seed  he  cau  obtain  upon  the  best  soil.  To  raise  good 
cattle  or  horses,  the  best  breeds,  male  and  female,  are  in  requisition  ;  while  the  puny  and  the  sickly 
animals  are  otherwise  disposed  of.  But,  in  umrriage,  this  good  sense  is  laid  aside,  and  the  delicate 
and  wealthy  females  are  sought  too  often  merely  because  they  are  delicate  and  wealthy ;  hence 
children  are  born  diseased,  or  predisposed  to  disease,  and  consumption  terminates  their  existence. 

Youths  are  sometimes  encouraged  too  early  to  do  the  work  of  men.  Their  muscular  energy  is 
overtaxed ;  their  physical  constitutions  impaired  ;  and  they  become  subjects  for  military  exemption. 
Another  cause,  which  affects  indirectly  the  health  of  this  district  and  of  New  England  generally, 
is  the  emigration  to  other  States.  Emigrants  of  New  England  birth  and  education  are  found  scat- 
tered in  all  parts  of  the  country,  aiul  are  among  the  most  vigorous  and  thriviiig-  residents  of  the 
communities  where  they  are  settled.  *  *  * 

While  such  has  been  the  class  of  emigrants  from  these  older  States,  all  the  delicate,  the  puny. 
and  the  invalid  have  remained  behind,  deteriorating  the  aggregate  health  of  the  parent  community. 

It  is  true  that  this  emigration  has  been  greater  in  former  periods  than  during  the  last  decade ; 
but  the  effect  remains,  and  is  still  operative,  while  emigratiou  of  the  same  class  of  citizens  still 
continues  in  less  degree.  »  »  # 


surgeons'    reports— CONNECTICUT— second    DISTRICT.  231 

There  is  a  lar-e  class  of  nuMi  from  this  district  and  from  the   sea-coast  of  New  Englaud 

.n-.redTu  scr.fa?  no-  occupations.    These  are  the  best  i..  sinew  an.l  .nuscle,  and  are  possessed  ot 

e "mme  t  and  most^■obust  constitutions.    Many  of  these  men,  in  their  wanderings,  fiually  become 

tie     in  dmtrent  parts  of  tho  country,  and,  indeed,  of  the  world,  and,  being  thus  permanently 

Lit  to  the  i' rent  community,  subtract  so  much  from  the  average  health  and  longevity  ot  the 

^^^1tr:ndrS,r:?;hange: ihpariraphi,  section  ..:He.«.«no^ 
^s  a  cause  of  exenu-tton,  whether  it  be  incipient,  and  tiot  easily  detected,  or  otherwise;  ..  a  I ca  es 
o    hem  a' the  subject  must,  at  present,  be  exempted.    The  change  I  won  d  »-«---f  ^ J^^  ; 
That  the  section,  as  far  as  rdates  to  hernia,  be  qualified  ;  and  that  mc.pient  her.ua  =^'hI  case.  ^   «.  c 
Sie   i^or  s    as  ly  reducible  a.td  kept  i,i  position  by  the  use  of  a  truss,  and  tha   do  not,  and  prob- 
ablv  won  d  not     uterfere  with  the  individual's  perfornnng  any  ordinary  hard  labor,  should  be 
xepTedlom  the  causes  of  exemption.    Men  aiSicted  with  hernia  in  i^-'-^'V  1""    h.?t£v 
^ve  .  ese    ed  then.selves  at  this  office  as  volunteers,  and  were  rejected,  notwithstanding  that  the 
had  ,om    personal  knowledge,  performed  good  service  in  the  army  upon  ^1^'^/''  ^^  -d  were  lu  y 
competent    o  do  so  aaain.    These  men  were  veterans  in  the  present  war,  who  had  enlisted  m  its 
Tar  r    aU"  of  less  stringent  enlistment,  with  little  or  no  bounty  •,  had  served  out  their  pei-ioc  s  of 
en     tme't  to  the  acceptance  of  their  officers;  been  honorably  discharged;  and  now  were  desirous 
of  eSg  agai!.,  witl  the  bounties  others  were  receiving,  but  could  not  be  received  under  the 

""s^iuon^i^'This  section  excepts  incontinence  of  urine,  of  itself,  from  the  causes  of  exemption 
Such  ex  e,"t;n,  in  my  opinion,  is  wrong,  and  I  would  recommend  that  this  section  be  changed    o 
tas^      -"continence  of  'urine  in  the  list  of  exemptions.    I  cannot  well  ^-^  ^^   '.-J- 
nfirmity  more  depressing  to  the  feelings  and  pride  of  a  man,  and  one  more  calculated  to  make  him 
loatT  on  he  society  of  friends  and  comrades,  than  incontinence  of  urine  in  any  ot  i  s  stag  s ; 

and  Chsome  even  to  himself,  unless  by  the  use  of  appliances  and  care  not  practicable  in  the 


army 


My  examinations  of  men  for  the  military  service  took  place  in  a  large,  ^^'l^^f**^^  ;««•"' "J^"* 
twenty  feet  long  by  fifteen  feet  wide.  The  recruit  presented  for  examination  was  pu  under  oath,  then 
q«  stfonSl  aTt'  his  history,  his  birth,  age,  and  occupation  ;  if  he  ev^^  had  any  sickness,  it  so,  when 
S  where  and  of  how  long  continuance,  and  how  severe;  if  he  had  fits,  of  what  nature,  and  «hen  , 
if  Lwlslver  insane ;  if  he  ever  had  any  bones  broken,  dislocations,  or  sprains  causing  lameness; 
rv^^ha;  Le!:ori.hage,  and  whether  he  knew  of  anything  about  him,  -t-md  or  interna  to 
unfit  him  for  hard  labor  or  military  duty.  Then  I  proceeded  to  examine  strictlj,  in  each  pa. 
ti^u Hi  hi  accor  lane;  with  paragraphs  93,  94,  and  95,  Kevised  Regulations  Provost-Marshal-Gen- 
S;  Bu  eau  m  uired  the  recru/t  to  hop  the  length  of  the  room  in  three  hops,  first  on  one  foot 
Sen  on  thTother;  then  to  hop  across  the  room  on  tiptoe,  first  on  one  foot,  then  on  the  oth  r  and 
men  on  rue  ot  e  ,  f  directed  hi.n  to  rotate  one  arm  around  his  shoulde.  as 

::  •!r  T^^^t^^^X^^^^^^  ^^-  ^-ard .,  then  to  rotate  the  other  arm  in  like 
manner-  h'n  to  exteid  his  arms  both  at  once,  straight  above  his  head  with  open  palms;  then 
Txn  in^-  on  tb.toe  to  leap  up  as  high  as  he  could,  and  the.i  come  down  on  tiptoe,  ar.ns  sti  1  extended 
tJa'^t  «  mel  the  e  L  reLn  to  suspect  hernia,  the  subject  was  required  to  old  dmnb- 
ben  with  extended  arms,  and  to  cough  while  holding  them.  Then  he  was  made  to  stai  d  at  the 
Seme  end  o  the  room,  and,  with  one  eye  covered,  to  give  the  number  of  the  surgeon's  finger 
h^^ht  te  he  d  up ;  s  vera  trials  being  made,  each  eye  being  tested  separately,  and  afterward 


'"^In'Lard  to  the  time  required  to  examine  men  with  accuracy,  there  is  a  marked  difference 
physically,  with  accuracy,  at  the  rate  of  about  four  per  hour. 


232  surgeons'  reports — Connecticut — second  district. 

The  forcigii-boiii  inhabitants  of  the  United  States,  iTuder  the  proofs  now  requiietl,  undoubtedly 
commit  gTeat  frauds  to  escape  when  drafted,  such  as  false  swearing  and  false  aftidavits  of  alienage. 
It  would  be  no  great  hardship  to  require  such  men  to  submit  a  full,  detailed,  and  sworn  i)ersonal 
history  of  themselves  since  coming  to  this  country,  fortified  by  affidavits  of  persons  iu  the  several 
localities  where  such  foreigners  had  resided  since  their  arrival  in  the  United  States. 

Large  bounties  are  a  great  temptation  to  enlist  and  "jump  them,"  as  the  phrase  goes.  I  would 
recommend,  in  order  to  cure  this  evil,  that  the  law  should  be  so  modified  that  uo  State,  city,  county, 
or  town  should  offer  bounties  payable  otherwise  than  in  equal  annual  or  semi-annual  installments 
during  the  period  of  service.  The  greatest  frauds  have  been  committed  by  the  substitutes  using 
all  conceivable  falsehoods,  and  pretensions  having  show  of  truth  and  plausibility,  in  order,  first,  to 
get  into  the  service,  and  obtain  the  bounty,  and  then  to  get  away.  Connivance  has  often  existed 
between  the  substitute  and  his  principal.  It  is  uo  uncommon  thing  for  the  principal  to  agree  to 
aid  iu  the  desertion  of  his  substitute,  upon  an  agreement  that  a  part  of  the  sum  i)aid  should,  upon 
such  escape,  be  refunded  by  the  substitute  to  the  principal.  This  could  be  avoided  by  accepting 
no  substitute  unless  he  shall  actually  live  in  the  towu  from  which  the  jjrincipal  is  drafted.  The 
substitute  would  then  have  a  "local  habitation  and  a  name,"  and  the  restraints  of  fumily,  reputa- 
tion, relationship,  i)ast  probity  and  honor,  to  restrain  him  from  the  act  of  desertion.  Thus,  too,  one 
Slate  by  its  large  bounties  would  not  draw  from  the  population  of  others,  and  every  section  would 
be  equally  burdened.  Another  source  of  fraud  is  the  anxiety  of  sele<!tmen  of  towns  and  other  civil 
officials  rather  to  fill  quotas  than  to  increase  the  military  force  with  honest  and  able-bodied  men. 
Hence,  it  not  uiitiequently  happens  that  the  periodically  insane,  the  vicious,  the  lazy,  and  the  un- 
thrifty mendicant  are  foisted  by  fraudulent  statements,  false  oaths,  and  unfair  practices  of  city  and 
town  officials  upon  boards  of  enrollment.  To  cure  this  evil,  the  penal  enactments  of  the  statute 
should  be  severe  and  summary  upon  all  such  pioceedings.  The  disabilities  imposed  by  statute 
upon  desertions  from  the  draft  should  be  more  severe;  immediate  trial  by  court-martial  should  take 
place,  and  speedy  punishment  be  awarded.  In  dagraut  cases,  the  punishment  of  death  should  be 
inflicted.  One  or  two  executions  would  secure  the  good  faith  and  prompt  response  of  a  whole  dis- 
trict. 

If  substitute-brokers  are  to  be  considered  a  necessary  evil,  they  should  be  licensed  by  the  Gov- 
ernment, approved  by  the  Provost-Marshal-Geueral,  and  the  law  should  make  them,  by  the  very 
fact  of  receiving  such  appointment,  a  part  of  the  military  force,  subject  to  court-martial  and  pun- 
ishment; and  they  should  be  held  to  the  same  responsibility  as  are  the  regular  ofBcers  of  the  Army 
and  Navy  when  on  recruiliug-service. 

The  statute  should  also  provide  for  charging  against  every  locality  all  desertions  from  service, 
to  be  made  up  by  further  drafts.  In  this  way,  a  public  sentiment  ivould  be  created  in  favor  of 
honesty;  the  property-interests  of  the  community  would  be  eidisted,  as  all  sums  paid  for  bounties 
would  be  lost  to  the  town,  or  other  locality,  upon  the  desertion  of  the  recruit  or  substitute,  as  the 
case  might  be.  By  such  a  process,  the  public  would  be  taught,  from  self-interest,  to  desire  only  to 
strengthen  the  armies,  and  not  merely  to  fill  quotas.        *  #  * 

In  compiuing  the  first  three  nationalities,  the  American,  the  Irish,  and  the  German,  I  consider 
the  native  American,  tcithoiU  respect  of  color,  possessed  of  the  greatest  i)hysical  aptitude  for  military 
service.  In  the  purely  physical  elements  of  strength,  agility,  and  endurance,  the  native  American, 
whether  reared  upon  the  farm  or  taken  from  the  shop  of  the  artisan,  the  counter  of  the  merchant, 
or  from  manufacturing,  sea-faring,  professional,  or  literary  pursuits,  compares  favorably,  on  exami- 
nation, with  either  the  Irish  or  the  German.        •  *  » 

My  experience  as  to  the  phj'sical  qualification  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service  has' been 
limited  to  the  organization  of  the  Twenty-ninth  Kegiment  of  Colored  Troops  froni  this  State,  and 
the  partial  organization  of  the  Thirtieth.  The  several  companies  of  these  regiments  were  forwarded 
from  this  State,  a  large  proportion  of  them  having  been  recruited  here.  In  regard  to  these  regi- 
ments, I  have  to  say  that,  in  size,  weight,  and  well-formed  muscular  develoi)meut  of  the  men,  they 
were  superior  to  any  regiments  that  went  from  this  State.  They  were  men  constituted  of  the  best 
bone  atid  muscle,  of  superb,  healthy  organisms,  and,  for  strength,  agility,  and  apparent  power  of 
endurance,  unsurpassed  by  any  soldiers  from  the  State.        •  •  • 

"  Of  tlu^  o[KTati(m  of  the  enrollmentlaw  as  it  now  exists,"  I  have  to  say  that  experience  has 


surgeons'    reports — CONNECTICUT — SECOND    DISTRICT.  233 

shown  that  the  .vonn":  men  of  the  country,  between  the  ages  of  eigliteen  and  twenty  years,  are  as 
ready  to  enter  the  military  service  as  are  those  over  twenty  years  of  age;  many  between  eighteen 
and  twenty  years  of  age  have  enlisted  and  been  recruited  into  the  service;  and  the  testimony  of 
Army  officers  lias  been  that  such  young  men  have  made  hardy  and  effective  soldiers.  INlany  youths 
of  good  size  and  well-developed  physique,  even  un<ler  the  age  of  eigiiteeii  years,  have  also  enlisted, 
and  have  managed,  by  devices  and  statements  which  they  chose  to  make,  to  get  aduiitted  into  the 
military  service  of  the  country,  and,  having  rendered  gooil  service  in  the  national  cause,  are  now 
returning  home  with  the  conscious  dignity  and  bearing  of  veterans  of  tweniij  years  of  nye,  in  the 
glorious  armies  of  the  Uniou.  Had  we  been  aUowed,  we  could  have  recruited  by  enlistment,  at 
this  office,  almost  any  desirable  number  of  good-sized  ,\oung  men,  of  sixteen  and  seventeen  years 
of  age,  who,  I  am  of  opinion,  would  have  been  more  valuable  to  the  service  than  others  in  the  Army 
turned  forty  years  of  age.  Nonc^  however,  were  recruited  here  wiio  were  liiomi  to  be  under  eight- 
een years  of  age.  *  •  *  I  would,  therefore,  suggest  that  the  enrollment-law  be  so 
amended  as  to  make  the  extremes  eighteen  years  and  forty-live  years,  instead  of  twenty  and  forty- 
flve  years,  as  it  now  stands.         »  •  » 

I  must  remark  upon  the  impolicy  of  making  a  distinction  as  to  the  requisite  condition,  (jualilica- 
tions,  and  titness  of  a  man  for  entering  the  military  service  as  a  volunteer,  and  the  condition, 
(lualilications,  and  fltnessof  a  man  to  betaken  compulsorily  by  draft  into  the  same  service.  In 
other  words,  it  seems  unreasonable  to  allow  certain  defects  or  infirmities  (such  as  lack  of  stature, 
er  dimensions,  or  suspicion  of  incipient  disease)  to  be  sufficient  to  exclude  a  volunteer  who  is  desir- 
ous of  entering  the  military  service  of  his  country,  and  not  to  allow  the  same  delects  and  infirmities 
to  exempt  a  drafted  man  who  desires  to  keep  out  from  the  same  service.  I  think  it  is  imi)olicy  for 
the  Government  to  take  one  of  its  free  citizens,  against  his  will,  into  the  military  service,  when  it 
will  nut  take  the  same  free  citizen,  or  one  just  like  him  in  every  particular,  if  lie  comes  willingly. 

A  practice  has  obtained  of  applying  distinct  standards  of  military  efiiciency  i,i  the-  examina- 
tion of  men  for  the  same  military  service,  under  the  same  call  of  the  Government ;  one  standard 
being  employed  for  examining  drafted  men,  and  another  in  examining  volunteers  sind  substitutes. 
The  lower  standard  has  been  applied  to  the  drafted  man,  the  higher  standard  to  the  recruit,  so 
that,  logically,  it  would  be  true  that  a  man  would  be  taken  as  a  drafted  man,  when  the  same  man, 
in  the  same  health,  would  be  rejected  as  a  volunteer.  It  is  said,  "The  volunteers  are  seeking  to 
enter  the  service,  and  drafted  men  are  already  in,  and  examination  is  to  see  if  they  should  be  dis- 
charged." This  does  not  seem  to  me  to  be  correc-t ;  drafting  (as  well  as  volunteering)  is  but  one 
step  in  the  process  of  getting  men  into  the  service;  and  they  are  Tiot  in  till  all  the  steps  are  taken. 
In  the  light  of  barter,  officials  consider  drafted  free  citizens,  whether  actually  drafted  or  in  anticti- 
pation  of  being  drafted,  as  the  absolute  property  of  the  Goveinment,  and  will  not  exchange  an 
actually  drafted  man  for  a  substitute,  nor  a  man  drafted  in  anticipation,  for  a  volunteer,  without 
making  a  profit  to  the  Government.'  »  #  * 

But  while  this  has  been  the  object  and  purpose  of  the  system  of  enrollment  and  drartin<J,  in 
its  history  thus  far,  it  has  been  used,  and,  as  I  think,  wisely  and  prudently  so,  as  a  means  of  stimu- 
lating aud  encouraging  voluntary  enlistments;  and  the  wisdom  of  such  use  has  been  demonstrated 
by  the  fact  that  our  volunteer  (atizen  soldiery  (whatever  may  have  been  said  in  earlier  times  of 
their  leaders  and  officers)  have  proved  themselves  men  of  the  very  first  order  of  military  efiiciency. 
It  may  safely  be  predicted  that  volunteering  (even  if  under  the  stimulus  of  a  threatened  draft) 
will,  on  future  occasions,  be  the  source  from  which  the  Government  will  draw  its  supplies  of  mili- 
tary strength.  Hence,  the  importance  of  the  standard  of  military  efficiency,  api)licable  to  volun- 
teers, being  first  definitely  fixed  upon  a  proper  basis,  after  which  the  drafted  men  .should  be  examined 
by  it?  *  #  * 

'  This  idea  is  erroneous.  The  fact  is,  that  it  is  so  difficult  to  discover  the  real  physical  abilily  of  a  drafted  man  who 
not  only  claims  disability,  but  sustaius  his  statement  by  mtdical  certificates,  that  to  establish  the  same  medical  regula- 
tions for  drafted  men  as  for  recruits  and  substitutes  would   result  in  the  exemption  of  nearly  all  drafted  men. — B. 

-  It  is  much  easier  to  nuike  rules  as  to  what  shall  diaqnalifij  thau  to  enumerate  what  shall  qiialifij  a  man  physically 
for  the  Army.    It  is,  iudeed,  practically  Impossible  to  make   out  regulations  for  recruiting,  sijecifying  in  detail  all  the 
disqnalilicatious  for  a  recruit.    The  subject  must  be  treated  iu  a  general  manner,  the  details  being  left  to  the  discretion 
of  the  surgeon. — B. 
30 


234  SUROEONS'    REPORTS — CONNECTICUT THIRD    DISTRICT. 

1  would  further  submit,  thougli  to  some  extent  it  bas  been  aiiticipaled,  that  in  nothing  per- 
taining to  recruiting  for  the  Army  and  Navy  have  greater  abuses,  damage,  and  loss  obtained  than 
ill  the  matter  of  bounties. 

There  have  been  bounties  offered  by  the  General  Government,  which  have  been  paid  liy  install 
ments,  and  municipal  bounties,  ottered  by  States,  counties,  cities,  and  towns,  which  have  been  paid 
in  full  to  the  recruit  on  his  being  mustered  into  the  service.  In  some  instances,  where  State  laws 
have  prohibited  towns  from  paying  bounties  diiectly  to  the  recruit  aftei  a  suflQcient  bounty  (or  one 
deemed  suflicient)  had  been  offered  by  the  State,  the  law  has  been  evaded  in  the  following  manner: 
Towns  have  voted  to  pay  various  sums,  in  addition  to  the  State  bounty,  to  individuals  for  their 
expenses  in  furnishing  the  recruits  needed  to  fill  the  quota  of  the  town,  and  the  money  in  this  way, 
on  the  ninstering  of  the  men,  has  been  ])aid  to  substitute  brokers,  who  had  bargained  with  and 
brought  them  to  the  recruiting  ofBce.  Hence  towns,  in  voting  different  and  larger  sums,  have  been 
in  competition  with  each  other,  and  recruits  have  risen  in  the  market  to  fabulous  prices,  at  some 
times  readily  coamianding  thirteen,  fourteen,  and  even  tifteen  hundred  dolhirs  each;  and  the 
purlieus  of  all  the  dens  in  creation  have  been  scraped  by  substitute-brokers  to  find,  engage,  and 
prepare  the  men  to  meet  the  urgent  demand  of  the  crisis  for  recruits. 

Now,  what  I  have  to  suggest,  is  this :  that  the  General  Government,  so  far  as  it  has  the  j)ower. 
should  take  under  its  own  surveibance  and  control  all  bounties  paid  to  recruits,  whether  the  same 
be  oflereil  and  paid  by  the  General  Government,  or  by  States,  counties,  cities,  or  towns;  that  the 
whole  matter,  at  least  so  far  as  the  time  or  times  of  payment  is  concerned,  be  fixed,  limited,  and 
restricted  by  the  stric^test  regulations.  Furthermore,  I  think  that  the  payment  of  all  such  bounties 
should  be  postponed,  for  the  most  part,  and  as  far  as  practicable  and  equitable,  to  the  close  of  the 
time  of  service. 

*  *  *         Some  of  these  iniquitous  practices  it  may  be  proper  to  note.     In  the  first 

place,  the  recruit  is  cheated  by  the  broker,  who  has  induced  him  to  enter  the  service  by  false  repre- 
sentations of  the  bounty  really  offered  and  jiaid  ;  by  large  bills  at  exorbitant  rates  for  all  manner 
of  indulgences  sui)i)lied  him  by  the  broker,  and  which  the  recruit  agrees  to  pay  ;  and  by  winning 
his  confidence,  the  broker  nuiuages  to  hold  his  victim  faithful  to  the  iniquitous  agreement  and 
contract.  When  officials  have  interfered  by  statement  and  act  to  prevent  such  frauds,  money  has 
been  rolled  up  by  the  trusting  du|)es  and  thrown  into  the  streets  to  these  harpies  from  windows  of 
the  building  where  the  recruits  were  confined.  #  *  * 

The  principle  upon  which  payment  of  bounties  should  be  made  is  this  :  after  the  payment  of 
a  suitable  sum  down,  to  be  considered  as  payment  in  advance,  the  remainder  should  be  divided 
into  equal  installments  pioportioned  to  the  whole  term  of  service,  and  payable,  when  due,  to  the 
order  of  the  recruit.  Provision  should  be  made,  in  case  of  death,  that  the  entire  bounty  should  be 
paid  as  willed  by  the  recruit;  or,  if  no  will  had  been  made,  then  payment  of  the  balance  due  should 
be^made  to  the  heirs  "of  the  recruit,  as  in  the  case  of  other  personal  property.        ♦         *        » 

E.  A.  PAEK, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  of  Second  District  of  Connecticut. 

New  Haven,  Conn.,  June  10, 1865. 

CONNECTICUT— THIRD  DISTRICT. 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  R.  McC.  Lord. 

The  number  of  men  physically  examined  is,  as  near  as  can  be  ascertained,  8,627.  *  *  • 
The  third  congressional  district  of  Connecticut,  comprising  the  counties  of  New  London  and 
Windham,  is  situated  in  the  eastern  portion  of  the  Stnte.  It  is  seventy  miles  in  length  and  about 
twenty  in  breadth.  It  is  bounded  by  Massachusetts  on  the  north,  on  the  east  by  Rhode  Island,  on 
the  south  by  Long  Island  Sound,  and  on  the.  west  by  the  counties  of  Tolland,  Hartford,  and 
3Iiddlesex. 

It  is  watered  principally  by  the  river  Thames  and  its  tributaries,  which  runs  nearly  through 
the  center  of  the  district.  The  face  of  the  country  is  exceedingly  diversified  by  hills  and  valleys, 
but  is  nowhere  mountainous.     The  soil  varies  from  a  gravelly  loam  upon  the  former  to  a  fertile 


surgeons'    KEPORTS — CONNEGTICUT THIRD    DISTRICT.  235 

alluvium  in  tlio  lattor.  In  some  portions  of  the  district,  particularly  the  soutbern,  tbe  land  is  so 
excessively  rocky  as  to  l)e  suited  only  tor  i;'.aziii,s;'. 

The  climate  is  remarkably  salubrious.  There  are  no  diseases  wliicli  may  be  coUvSidered  endemic. 
Phthi.sis  pulmonalis  is  probably  the  most  prevalent  of  chronic  diseasi  s.  This  can  only  be  ascribed 
to  the  ordinary  existing'  causes  ;  the  vaiiable  weather  and  sudden  changes  of  temperature,  which 
occur  particularly  on  the  coast,  as  well  as  the  habits  and  occupations  of  the  inhal)ltants,  a  large 
portion  being  engaged  in  maiuifa<'turing,  both  alike  contribute  to  its  inducition 

Of  acute  diseases,  typhoid  fever  is  most  frequently  met  with.  It  generally  occurs  in  the  autumn 
or  early  part  of  winter.  It  is  more  prevalent  in  the  country-villages  tluiii  in  the  large  towns  and 
cities.  SouH'  cases  are  sporadic,  but  it  generally  i)revails  as  an  epidemic.  When  it  invades  a  house- 
hold, every  member  is  liable  to  an  attack,  varying  in  severity  according  to  the  individual  idiosyn- 
cracy. 

Like  tyi>hoid  fever  in  the  fall,  pneumonia  is,  of  acute  diseases,  most  common  in  the  si)ring. 
There  are  no  special  causes  conducive  thereto  other  than  those  which  exist  elsewhere. 

Remittent  and  intermittent  fevers  are  never  met  with  except  in  the  form  of  a  relapse  in  ]>ersons 
who  have  received  the  materies  morJii  into  their  systems  in  other  localities. 

Diarrhea  and  dysentery  prevail  to  a  limited  extent,  during  some  seasons,  In  the  summer  and 
early  part  of  autumn.  The  mortality  from  this  source  is  comparatively  small,  most  cases  yielding 
readily  to  appropriate  medical  treatment. 

Within  a  few  years  past,  diphtheria  hns,  in  some  parts  of  the  district,  particularly  in  the  country - 
towns,  occurred  as  an  epidemic.  Its  victims  have  been  ;ilmost  invariably  children  or  adolescents. 
Adults  are  occasionally  attacked,  but  in  general  readily  recover.  The  disease  is  unquestionably 
infectious  in  its  character.  The  therapeutical  measures  resorted  to  in  its  treatment  thus  far  have 
proved  of  little  avail.  The  severe  cases  generally  prove  fatal  under  the  most  approved  system  of 
medication ;  those  of  a  less  malignant  type  will  recover  under  a  pure  air  and  a  good  diet,  by  the 
unaided  eflorts  of  nature. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  district  are  intelligent,  industrious,  and,  for  the  most  part,  eminently 
moral  and  religious.  A  system  of  free  education  everywhere  exists,  and  but  few  persons  can 
be  found  umible  to  read  or  write.  By  far  the  greater  portion  are  engaged  in  agricultural  pur- 
suits; the  remainder  are  chiefly  manufacturers  aud  seamen,  the  former  being  more  numerous  than 
the  latter.  #  #  # 

My  experience  in  the  examination  of  drafted  and  enrolled  men  leads  me  to  the  opinion  that 
there  are  no  i)articular  diseases  or  disabilities  existing  in  this  region  which  disqualify  a  greater 
ratio  per  thousand  than  ordinarily  for  military  service. 

With  regard  to  recruits  and  substitutes,  but  few  of  whom,  especially  during  the  past  year,  have 
been  residents  of  the  district,  syphilis,  in  its  i)rotean  forms,  has  been  the  chief  disqualifying  cause. 
The  class  of  men  who  latterly  have  presented  themselves  voluntarily  for  enlistment,  prompted  by 
the  high  national,  State,  aud  local  bounties,  and  from  whom  I  have  bad  to  select  suitable  material, 
have  been,  for  the  most  part,  a  depraved,  uni)rincipled  set.  The  low  state  of  morals  of  these 
men  is  a  sufficient  explanation  of  tbe  prevalence  of  syphilis  among  them  to  such  an  inordinate 
extent.  #  #  # 

Paragra])h  85,  as  at  present  revised,  is  about  as  complete  a  .system  of  instructions  as  the  sur- 
geon can  have  to  guide  him  in  the  examination  of  drafted  men.  There  are  but  few  changes  that  1 
would  recommend. 

The  first  change  I  have  to  suggest  is  in  the  phraseology  of  section  3 — epilepsii.  In  determining 
whether  a  drafted  num  should  be  exemi)ted  for  this  disability,  the  surgeon  has  to  rely  mainly  upon 
the  affidavit  of  the  family-physician.  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  the  ])rivilcge  aflbrded  by  tbe  section, 
as  it  now  read.s,  is  open  to  abuse.  I  would  advise  that  the  physician  be  required  to  certify,  under 
oath,  not  only  that  he  has  attended  the  man  in  the  disease  within  tbe  i)rescribed  time,  but  also  to 
des(aibe  minutely  the  character  of  the  fit,  am}  all  the  symptoms  attending  it,  that  the  surgeon  may  be 
eiuibled  to  judge  for  himself  whether  the  disease  really  is  or  is  not  of  an  epileptic  nature. 

Section  12.  Total  loss  of  sight  of  right  eye.  I  would  change  this  to  total  loss  of  sight  of  either 
eye.  In  nearly  every  ca.se  which  has  come  belore  me,  the  left  eye  has  been  more  or  less  afi'ected, 
either  sympaXlu^tically  or  by  reason  of  the  additional  duties  im[)osed  upon  it. 


236  surgeons'  reports — Connecticut — third  district. 

Section  20.  Total  loss  of  all  the  front  teeth,  &c.,  deprives  the  Goveriiuieut  of  tlie  services  of 
thousands  of  able-bodied  men.  In  a  time  of  war,  and  during  a  great  demand  for  troops  like  that 
which  this  country  has  just  experienced,  I  would  not  exempt  persons  of  this  class  whose  bodies  are 
well  nourished  and  general  health  good.  I  would  form  them  into  regiments  and  brigades  by  them- 
selves, and  send  them  with  rations  adapted  to  their  imiterfect  power  of  mastication.  They  could  be 
used  to  advantage,  if  not  iu  the  field,  certainly  in  permanent  garrisons. 

Sections  .'Jl,  32,  and  34.  I  would  so  modify  these  as  to  hold  to  the  ser\ice  all  those  who,  though 
they  may  be  disqualitied  from  murvhing  by  reason  of  some  imperfection  iu  their  organs  of  locomo- 
tion, are  yet  rendered  thereby  in  no  wise  unfit  for  cavalry  duty.  JSumerous  cases  have  come  under 
my  observation  where  men  have  possessed  some  defect  of  the  lower  extremities  entitling  them  to 
exemption,  who,  in  the  cavalry  branch,  would  have  done  excellent  service.  *  *  # 

The  number  of  men  that  can  be  examined  each  day  of  course  depends  n))ou  the  number 
of  hours  the  surgeon  can  devote  to  this  particular  duty.  Sis,  oi,  at  most,  eight  hours  is  as 
many  as  he  can  safely  sjiend  in  the  physical  exanjinations  consistenily  with  his  other  duties. 
From  sixty  to  eighty  men  is,  therefore,  iu  my  opinion,  as  many  as  he  can  examine  with  accu- 
racy per  day.  *  *  * 

It  would  be  impossible  to  describe  all  the  devices  resorted  to  by  men  in  their  eflbrts  to  impose 
upon  the  surgeon.  The  most  common  subjects  of  fraudulent  attempt  on  the  part  of  dratted  and 
enrolled  men  to  evade  the  service  are  as  follows: 

1.  Vnsuituhleness  of  age,  (under  twenty  or  over  forty  five.)  In  deciding  these  eases  1  have 
relied  chiefly  ui)on  my  own  judgment,  lyiless  the  individual  could  bring  a  certified  coi)y  (under 
oath)  of  the  registry  of  his  birth.  The  affidavits  of  personal  Iriends  and  relatives  could  not  be 
depended  upon. 

2.  Deafness. — Of  this  infirmity,  whether  it  is  real  or  pretended,  the  surgeon  can  easily  judge, 
after  a  little  experience,  by  the  manners  and  actions  of  the  man. 

3.  Otorrhcea  is  sometimes  simulated  by  the  introduction  into  the  meatus  auditorius  of  sub- 
stances analogous  in  ap[)earance  to  the  ordinary  purulent  discharge.  By  a  thorough  cleansing  of 
tlie  parts  with  a  syringe  this  attempt  at  decei)tion  is  readily  exposed. 

4.  Lameness. — In  all  cases  of  this  kind,  unless  some  external  manifestation  exists  to  substan- 
tiate their  statements,  I  pay  no  regard  tlnieto. 

In  a  few  instances  men  have  presented   themselves,  after  being  drafted,  with   their  teeth  just ' 
extracted.     Under  the  regulations  I  could  do  no  more  than  exempt  them. 

In  one  instance  a  drafted  man,  on  hearing  the  fate  that  had  befallen  him,  cut  off,  with  an  ax, 
one  of  his  great  toes,  thus  disqualifying  himself  jiermauentiy  for  the  service.  Another  excised  the 
distal  phalanx  of  the  index  finger  of  his  right  iiand,  supposing  he  would  be  sufdcieutly  mutilated 
thereby  to  secure  his  exemi)tion. 

Defects  of  vision,  such  as  amaurosis,  myopia,  &c.,aie  often  simulated,  but  generally  the  fraud 
is  readily  detected. 

The  disability  most  likely  to. escape  observation  in  the  examination  of  recruits  aud  substitutes 
desirous  of  entering  the  service  is  hernia,  in  its  incipient  form.  In  many  cases  of  this  kind  the 
recruit  can  retain  or  force  down  the  knuckle  of  intestine,  at  ivill,  when  both  rings  are  patulous,  and 
the  inguinal  canal  is  dilated.  I  think  it  is  expedient,  as  a  general  rule,  to  reject  a  recruit,  even 
though  on  brisk  exercise  no  hernia  can  be  made  to  piotrude  and  no  impulse  can  be  felt  on  cough- 
ing, where  the  anatomical  conformation  of  the  parts  are  such  as  just  stated,  as  the  recruit  can 
easily  induce  a  hernia  on  his  arrival  at  camp. 

Eecruits  and  substitutes,  like  drafted  men.  attem])t  to  deceive  the  surgeon  with  regard  to 
their  age.  Men  over  forty  five  dye  their  hair,  shave  their  faces  smooth,  and  assume  the  firm  and 
elastic  gait  of  youth.  Half-growu,  beardless  boys  endeavor  to  palm  themselves  off  for  full-grown 
men.  The  surgeon,  with  a  little  care,  can  readily  decide  the  question  of  age.  I  have  been  more 
annoyed  with  boys  from  fourteen  to  eighteen  than  with  old  men.  In  both  cases  I  have  been  obliged 
to  waive  entnely  their  own  statements,  and  judge  of  their  age  solely  from  their  general  physical 
appearance. 

During  the  i)ast  year  1  have  been  greatly  annoyed  by  the  presentation,  by  substitute-brokers 
and  others,  of  men  who  have  been  pi-eviousjy  examined  and  rejected  elsewhere.     I  have  rijected, 


surgeons'    reports CONNECTICUT THIRD    DISTRICT.  237 

in  repeated  instances,  nine  out  of  ten  of  these  men  in  snecessiou,  and,  on  one.  occasion,  nineteen 
out  of  twenty.  This  gave  nie  a  great  deal  of  labor,  \vitli  no  ])ractical  results.  Tlu'  various  expe- 
dients lesorted  to  for  the  purpose  of  detecting  these  men  at  ouce,  and  thus  avoiding  a  thorough 
examination,  as  marking  them  with  caustic,  Sec.  have  proved  futile  as  well  as  hazardous  to  the 
surgeon.  I  cau  suggest  no  better  method  of  putting  a  stop  to  this  practice  of  going  from  one  othcc 
to  another,  in  the  hope  of  final  acceptance  somewhere,  than  of  subjecting  both  the  men  themselves 
and  the  brokers  who  travel  with  them  to  some  severe  ])unishment.  *  *  * 

Next  to  Aineiicans,  the  majority  of  the  recruits  and  substitutes  examined  by  me  have  been 
natives  of  Ireland.  Tlui  English  come  next  in  order  iiumeri(  ally,  then  the  Germans,  Scotch, 
French,  Italians,  Danes  ;  and  nearly  all  the  other  nations  of  EurojM'  have  each  contributed  a.  few. 

Tiie  native  Anjericans  have,  in  general,  jxissessed  more  ])hysical  stamina  than  aliens.  Of  the 
latter,  the  Irish  have,  I  think,  surpassed  all  others  in  physical  develoi>mcnt.  #  *  » 

The  African  race,  as  a  class,  are,  by  reason  of  the  peculiar  conformation  of  their  bodies,  less 
adapted  than  other  races  of  men  lor  infantry  duty.  Their  pelves  aie  liiiht  and  narrow ;  their  inferior 
extremities  slender,  lean,  and  elongated,  the  muscular  structure  ot  the  calves  of  the  legs,  a  full 
development  of  which  is  essential  to  the  performance  of  long  and  fatiguing  marches,  being  par- 
ticularly ill  developed;  while  the  excessive  flatness  of  their  feet,  (the  ordinary  arch  which  exists  in 
the  Europeau  being  almost  entirely  wanting,)  in  addition,  disqualify  them  for  this  branch  of  tlie 
service.  The  negro,  however,  possesses  in  general  a  sound  aiul  vigorous  body,  with  a  j)owerlul 
development  of  the  thorax  and  su|>erior  extremities,  and  is  in  every  way  physically  adapted  for 
garrison  duty,  assailing  earth-works,  as  well  as  for  short  marches,  or  charging  upon  the  field  of 
battle.  #  *  * 

.The  enrollment-law  as  it  now  exists,  I  think,  needs  little  revision,  and  I  have  but  one  sugges- 
tion to  make  in  reference  thereto,  viz,  the  insertion  of  an  additional  section,  empowering  boards 
of  enrollment  to  summon  before  them  peremptorily,  at  stated  times,  either  annually  or  seniiannu- 
aliy,  all  persons  enrolled  in  their  respective  districts  whose  names  do  notajjpearon  the  record-book 
of  the  surgeon  as  having  been  2)reiHoud!/  examined.  The  uu^n  might  be  summoned  by  lot,  and 
re(juired  to  appear  on  given  days,  in  the  same  manner  as  drafte<l  men.  My  reasons  for  recom- 
mending the  introduction  of  a  section  to  the  effect  above  mentioned  are  these  :  Under  the  present 
system  of  examining  enrolled  men,  it  being  optional  with  them  when  to  iipiiear  for  a  physical 
examination,  the  residt  is  that  the  great  majority  only  present  themselves  when  stimulateil  by  the 
tear  of  an  impending  draft,  and  then  they  come  in  such  large  mimhers  that  it  is  impossible  for  the 
surgeon  to  give  them  all  a  thorough  examination  on  the  day  of  their  appearance.  The  surgeon 
lias  less  time  to  devote  to  them  during  the  few  weeks  immediately  preceding  a  draft,  tor  the  reason 
that  his  duties  are  more  onerous  at  ihis  time  in  the  examination  oi  recruits  and  substitutes.  By 
mnnmoning  a  limited  number  per  day  until  all  have  been  examined,  at  such  sea.sons  as  the  surgeon 
has  the  most  time  to  devote  to  them,  the  duties  of  the  surgeon  would  lie  moie  thoroughly  ))er- 
formed,  yet  much  less  laboriouslj  ;  the  men  would  return  to  their  homes  much  better  satisfied,  and 
the  interests  of  the  Government  would  be  in  every  way  better  subserved. 

In  conclusion,  I  would  suggest  that,  if  again  in  the  history  of  this  country  the  emergency 
should  arise,  necessitating  the  organization  of  boards  of  enrollment,  the  surgeon  thereof  should  be 
subjected  to  a  rigid  examination,  jnior  to  his  appointment,  as  to  his  iirofessional  qualifications,  and 
that  he  receive  the  lull  rank',  pay,  and  allowances  of  a  surgeon  in  the  Army.  'I  he  gieat  responsi- 
bilities attached  to  the  |)osition  demand  the  services  of  men  of  j»((c^(«/  expeiieuce  as  well  as 
sound  theoretical  knowledge.  A  young  man  fiesh  from  his  studies,  with  his  newly-acijuired  diploma, 
can  easily  discharge  the  duties  of  an  assistant  surgeon  in  the  Army,  as  he  can  ap]>ly  to  his  superior 
medical  ofiBcers  in  all  cases  of  doubt.  The  surgeon  of  a  board  of  enrollment  has  no  one  to  ai)peal 
to  for  counsel,  he  must  act  for  himself,  and  it  is  of  paramount  iuqiortance  that  he  be  in  every 
respect  qualified  for  the  position  he  holds,  and  such  inducements  should,  therefore,  be  held  out  as 
would  secure  to  the  Government  the  best  talent  in  the  profession. 

R.  McC.  LORD, 
iSurgeon  Board  of  EnroUmmt,  Third  District  of  Connecticut. 


Norwich,  Jnuc  15,  180^ 


2i)8  surgeons'    REIMR'l'S CONNECTICUT FOURTH    DISTRICT. 

CONNECTICUT— FOURTH  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  W.  H.  Trowbridge. 

*  •  *        My  first  experience  in  the  examination  of  persons  for  the  military  service 

\v;is  in  the  physical  examination  of  abont  three  hundred  men  for  the  regiment  of  which  I  had  the 
honor  of  filling  the  position  of  surgeon,  which  men  1  had  the  opportunity  of  watching  through 
their  term  of  service.  My  next  experience  has  been  that  of  performing  the  by  no  means  pleasant 
duty  of  surgeon  of  a  board  of  enrollment  for  the  period  of  about  sixteen  months,  during  which 
time  I  have  examined  over  five  thousand  recruits,  substitutes,  drafted,  and  enrolled  men. 

Geographically,  this  district  comprises  the  counties  of  Litchfield  and  Fairfield,  extending  from 
Massachusetts  on  the  north  to  Long  Island  Sound  on  the  south ;  and  from  the  counties  of  New 
Haven  and  Hartford  on  the  east  to  the  State  of  New  York  on  the  west.  It  contains  an  area  of 
about  one  thousand  square  miles.  This  area  is  broken  and  undulating  as  you  proceed  north,  until 
in  the  more  northern  portion  it  assumes  a  decidedly  mountainous  character  ;  the  geological  forma- 
tion is  of  a  granitic  nature,  and  the  district,  as  is  usual  with  areas  of  such  formation,  is  admirnbly 
supplied  with  ]mie  water.  The  Housatonic  and  Naugatuck  Kivers,  with  their  numerous  tributaries, 
afford  an  abundance  of  water-power  for  mechanical  and  other  purposes.  The  inhabitants  number 
about  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  tliousand,  and  are  energetic  and  thrifty.  Of  this  number  a 
large  proportion  are  engaged  in  manufactures,  mechanical  occupations,  and  the  arts;  agriculture 
liohling  a  decidedly  inferior  position,  the  soil  of  .so  rugged  a  section  being  unequal  to  the  task  of 
furnishing  supplies  and  competence  to  the  number  of  its  inhabitants.  The  habits  of  the  people 
are  stirring  and  industrious. 

Overstudying.  overacting,  overthinking,  rapid  eating,  and  nervous  precipitancy  in  much  that 
they  do,  causes  indigestion  and  hepatic  derangements  to  be  common.  But,  owing  to  the  bracing 
and  salubrious  air  and  excellent  water,  the  habits  above  mentioned  rarely  culminate  in  fevers  of 
iiny  considerable  maUgnity,  while  epidemics  are  extremely  uncommon.  Typho-malaria  is  never 
indigenous,  but  tubercular  diseases  are  rather  common  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  district. 

As  a  whole,  I  deem  the  sections  of  paragraph  85  of  thie  Revised  Regulations,  Provost-Marshal- 
General's  Bureau,  excellent ;  still,  I  would  modestly  suggest,  relative  to  section  23,  that  when  a 
stalwart  man  of  splendid  physique,  with  no  physical  or  mental  fault  other  than  a  small  reducible 
hernia  which  has  never  cost  him  a  pang,  or  hindered  him  from  lulfilling  the  duties  of  a  laborious 
avocation,  and  who  was  unconscious  of  tlie  fact  of  its  existence  until  the  defect  was  shown  to  him 
by  the  examining  surgeon,  presents  himself  for  examination,  the  examiner  should  have  a  little 
discretionary  power  given  by  the  regulations.  He  might  then  accept  some  of  the  men  that  he  is 
now  i^omiielled  to  reject  in  accordance  with  the  unequivocal  language  of  the  section.  I  consider 
lailure  in  such  men  much  less  likely  to  occur  than  in  many  in  whom  we  can  discover  no  particular 
disqualification.  Section  30  appears  to  me  to  be  entirely  useless,  for  its  provisions  are  covered  by 
sections  33  and  34.  *  *  * 

In  a  thorough  manner,  I  cannot,  in  justice  to  myself,  continue  for  any  length  of  time  to 
examine  more  than  ivoiw  fifty  to  sixty  men  per  diem. 

Relative  to  frauds  practiced  by  drafted  and  enrolled  men  and  recruits  and  substitutes,  I  woidd 
say  that  but  few  drafted  men  have  come  under  my  inspection,  our  quota  having  been  mostly  filled 
by  ])urchased  volunteers  and  substitutes;  but,  as  far  as  my  limited  observation  has  extended, 
general  debility,  asserted  and  sustained  by  certificates  of  friends  and  neighbors,  is  the  disability 
that. has  been  most  resorted  to  for  purposes  of  fraud.  1  have  met  with  pretended  cases  of 
hernia  in  which  the  truss  was  «orn  backwards  or  bottom-side  up.  My  experience  with  enrolled 
men  has  been  confined  to  examining  them  for  exemption  fiom  enrolhudit,  and  as  I  have 
adhered  strictly  to  the  letter  of  the  instructions,  giving  the  G()vernment  in  all  cases  the  benefit 
of  doubt,  I  have  had  but  little  trouble.  I  have,  however,  tound  the  truss  dodge  tried;  also 
leigned  anchylosis  of  joints,  as  well  as  permanent  flexion  of  the  fingers,  and  a  variety  of  lame- 
:;c  sses;  but  these  attempts  at  fraud  were  easily  disposed  of  by  the  ajiplication  ot  siui])le  tests.  With 
substitutes  and  hireling  volunteers   I  have  had    much   to  do  and   much   to  contend  with,  for  the 


surgeons'  keports — conn:ctuit — fouktii  district.  -239 

tricks  lesorted  to  were  uumeious,  as  practiced  by  the  applicant  as  well  a^s  by  his  friends  and  the 

subs'Jtutebroker.  The  art  deceptive  was  studied  by  tlie  latter  as  a  science,  and  taught  to  their 
willing  i)upils  with  variable  success.  Hernial  tumors  were  iced  ;  discolored  cicatrices  were  ingeni- 
ously stained  ;  old,  stiffened  joints  were  rubbed  or  subjected  to  ecchyniosis  by  intentionally  inflicted 
blows,  to  give  the  ap])earance  of  recent  and  transient  injury;  drugging  was  frecjuently  detected, 
and  exhilaraut  intoxication  was  often  a  cause  for  sending  a  man  from  the  room.  Hubstitution  has 
been  inacticed,  I  fear,  in  many  cases,  some  of  which  have  been  detected.  For  instance,  two  men, 
not  unlike  in  general  appearance  but  differently  dressed,  would  present  themselves;  one  would  be 
accepted  and  the  other  rejected.  The  rejected  one  goes  out,  puts  on  clothing  similar  to  that  of  the 
accepted  man,  and  watches  an  opportunity  to  get  in  and  let  liis  friend  out;  the  impostor  succeeds 
in  obtaining  the  bounty  and  goes  to  the  dratt  rendezvous,  certain  to  be  discharged  in  a  few  days 
for  manifest  disability.  An  instance  of  deception,  more  curious  than  useful,  perhaps,  has  come  to 
my  notice.  A  mulatto  of  fair  physique  was  rejected  by  me  on  account  of  umbilical  hernia,  very 
manifest  and  formiug  a  tumor  of  the  size  of  a  hen's  egg.  The  next  day  he  was  discovered  in  camp, 
having  been  enlisted  at  another  office.  Upon  inquiry,  it  was  ascertained  that  the  broker  in  whose 
hands  he  was  had  bandaged  the  tumor  by  applying,  over  night,  a  compress  of  a  metallic  substance, 
and  a  bladder  of  ice;  on  the  following  morning  he  fed  him  largely  with  boiled  turniji,  thus  i)ro(lu(;- 
ing  a  general  distention  of  the  abdomen,  while  the  artificially  corrugated  region  of  the  tumor  was 
thus  brought  out  to  a  natural  evenness  and  smoothness. 

The  brokers  have  proved  to  be  the  greatest  obstacle  I  have  had  to  contend  with,  directly 
or  indirectly,  although  the  want  of  rank  in  position,  with  sufficient  authority  to  control  the 
surroundings  of  the  office,  and  power  to  make  arrests,  &c.,  has  been  no  inconsiderable  drawback, 
and  has,  I  think,  interfered  with  a  full  degree  of  efficiency.  But  of  all  the  miseralile,  ineflicicnt, 
and,  I  may  say,  maddening  methods  of  correcting  these  wrongs,  the  action  of  boards  of  inspection 
at  tije  camps  of  rendezvous,  as  organized  for  a  time,  was  singularly  flagrant.  For  instance,  an 
assistant  surgeon,  or  sometimes  two,  ])erhaps  of  no  experience  in  service,  were,  so  to  speak, 
stationed  at  the  outer  gate  to  cull  the  recruits  over,  selecting  such  as  could  make  out  a  case 
to  them  for  further  iuspection,  and  allowing  all  else  to  i)ass  on  with  the  general  accepted 
(!rowd.  These  selected  men  were  to  be  re-examined  by  a  board  of  inspection  nearly,  and  in 
some  cases  entirely,  composed  of  non-medical  members.  With  the  assistant  suigeon's  recom- 
mendation for  discharge  before  them,  they  discharged  men  Irom  the  service  who  had  fat  boun- 
ties in  their  possession — men  who  had  practiced  this  ott-repeated  swindle,  and  who  should  liave 
been  put  at  work  on  the  Dry  Tortugas.  Between  this  board  and  the  surgeons  of  the  boards 
of  enrollment  there  was  not  even  a  pretense  of  an  understanding,  or  a  shadow  of  concert  of 
action,  with  a  view  to  detect  and  punish  the  crimes  of  those  professional  swindlers,  the  im- 
maculate "  bounty -jumpers."  Tlie  board  of  inspection  treated  Ihe  surgeons  of  the;  enrollment- 
districts  as  if  they  were  necessarily  a  set  of  bribed  and  unprincipled  knaves,  thus  forcing  the 
surgeons  to  watch  the  work  of  the  boards  of  inspection  to  ascertain,  firstly,  wiiether  said  board 
was  not  in  the  paid  interest  of  some  one ;  and,  secondly,  whether  their  idea  of  patriotism  or 
their  opinion  of  disqualification  was  not  sometimes  modified  by  the  judicious  and  kindl.y  offer 
of  a  portion  of  the  munificent  bounty  that  the  sufferer  (?)  had  just  received,  it  was  soon  dis- 
covered that  men  who  on  one  day  could,  under  oath,  declare  that  they  knew  of  nothing  the 
matter  with  them,  as  per  questions  under  section  5,  could  a  few  days  later,  by  an  entirely 
different  set  of  tactics,  conxince  the  board  of  inspection  that  they  were  entitled  to  an  honorable 
discharge,  and,  behold,  they  stand  out  as  innocent  martyrs  to  tlie  incompetency  of  the  surgeons 
of  the  boards  of  enrollment,  and  go  scot-free,  with  no  inconsiderable  proportion  of  the  bounty 
in  their  possession;  these  innocent  victims,  it  should  be  borne  in  mind,  being  extremely  liable 
to  a  repetition  of  a  like  experience.  Surgeons  of  boards  of  enrollment  have  undoubtedly  been 
deceived,  and  it  cannot  be  considered  a  stretch  of  the  imagination  to  suppose  that  boards  o' 
insi)ection  may  have,  in  like  manner,  been  imposed  upon,  for  deception  and  errors  will,  at  best, 
occur.  *  #  * 

As  I  view  the  matter,  much  less  trouble  and  fraud,  much  less  expense,  much  more  efficiency 
much  mt)re  equality,  and  many  more  efficient  soldiers  would  be  the  result  of  a  proper  conscri|)tion 
rigidly  enforced,  than  is  attained  by  the  process  of  accepting  paid  substitutes  and  volunteers.    There 


240  surgeons'  reports — new  york — fourth  district. 

is  soiiietbiug  truly  glorious  in  a  nation's  springing  up  to  defend  its  honor  and  existence,  each  indi- 
vidual vying  with  the  other  to  make  sacritiees  for  the  common  cause  in  a  purely  voluntary  way. 
While;  on  the  contrary,  there  is  something  as  truly  shameful  and  humiliating  to  the  mind  of  a  true 
patriot  in  viewing  the  spectacle  of  a  professed  volunteer  enlisting  for  money  alone,  caring  nothing 
tor  the  feelings  of  honest  patriotism  and  only  looking  with  an  avaricious  eye  upou  the  dollars  he 
shall  receive,  at  the  same  time  planning  how  he  shall  manage  to  do  the  least  possible  service  for 
his  country. 

1  regard  the  Germans  as  possessing  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  military  service ;  my 
opinion  is  formed  from  my  own  experience  in  the  examination  of  men  of  different  nationalities. 

My  experience  has  been  that  the  African  race  presents  less  physical  aptitude  for  the  military 
service  than  any  of  the  nationalities  presented  for  my  examination. 

As  far  as  I  am  capable  of  judging,  the  enrollment-law  as  it  now  exists  is  good,  and  I  can 
devise  no  alterations  that  would  be  of  any  practical  utility,  or  would  be  likely  to  improve 
it.  *  *  * 

W.  H.  TROWBRIDGE, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment.,  Fourth  District  of  Connecticut. 

Bridgeport,  Conn.,  May  25,  1SG5. 


NEW  YORK— FODRTU  DISTRICT.' 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  James  O'Rorke. 

*  •  *        My  experience  in  the  examination  of  men  for  the  military  service  has  been 

limited  to  the  period  of  my  connection  with  this  Bureau,  commencing  May  1,  1SG3,  and  extending 
to  the  present  time. 

The  number  of  men  examined  by  me,  as  nearly  as  can  be  ascertained,  is  about  3,800.     «     #     * 

This  district  comjirises  the  lower  portion  of  Manhattan.  Island,  embracing  the  First,  Second, 
Third,  Fourth,  Fifth,  Sixth,  and  Eighth  wards  of  the  city  of  New  York.  Its  boundaries  are:  On 
the  east,  the  East  River;  on  the  west,  the  Hudson  River;  on  the  south,  the  Bay  of  New  York;  on 
the  uoi  th,  Houston  street  of  the  above-named  city.  It  is  the  oldest  and  most  thickly-builfportion 
of  the  city. 

The  diseases  most  prevalent  are  those  induced  by  rum,  syphilis,  and  bad  air;  with  which  latter 
the  numerous  damp,  under  ground  rooms,  unventilated  garrets,  and  filthy  tenement-houses  of  the 
district  are  infected. 

The  inhabitants  are  ot  a  mixed  character,  representing  aliiiost  every  known  nationality;  and, 
as  a  general  thing,  the  floating,  irresponsible  element,  which  enters  largely  into  the  composition  of 
a  city-jiopalation,  i)reduininates  here.  Their  modes  ot  life  and  their  occupations  are  such  as  are 
l»eculiar  to  the  poorei'  classes  of  all  large  commercial  and  crowded  sea-port  cities. 

It  is  noticeable  that  venereal  disease  has  disqualified  a  greater  proportionate  number  than 
other  disorders.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  New  York  is  notoriously  the  resoit  of  prostitutes,  and 
of  abandoned  characters  of  every  class  and  of  both  sexes. 

With  reference  to  the  examination  of  men,  I  do  not  recommend  any  departure  from  the  Regu- 
lations of  the  Bureau  a. ready  established.  I  consider  that  all  properly  disqualifying  diseases  and 
intirmities  are  embraced  in  the  several  sections  of  paragraph  So,  Revised  Regulations  Provost- 
Marshal-General's  Bureau;  and,  though  great  care  and  discretion  must  be  employed  in  adopting 
the  rules  therein  laid  down  as  a  guide  in  all  cases,  no  similar  code,  however  elaborate,  will  obviate 
the  necessity  of  i)er.sonal  accuracy,  critical  investigation,  and  the  exercise  of  sound  professional 
judgment. .  »  *  * 

With  reference  to  the  number  of  men  who  cau  be  examined  per  day  with  accuracy,  my  experi- 
ence does  not  affoidine  a  proper  basis  for  an  estimate  which  would  be  generally  applicable.  The 
number  who  presented  themselves  for  examination,  from  time  to  time,  varied  so  greatly  each  day, 


'  No  reports  were  received  from  the  first  three  districts  of  New  York. 


SURGEONS'    EEPORTS — NEW   YORK — FIFTH    DISTRICT.  241 

and  this  irregularitr  was  so  general,  alternating  between  a  crowd  and  a  scattered  few,  that  I  am 
unable  to  fix  an  average  wliich  would  serve  as  a  general  rule.  I  think,  however,  that  from  twenty-five 
to  thirty  cases  per  day  are  as  manj'  as  will  admit  of  an  accurate  and  careful  phy.sical  examination. 

As  regards  the  frauds  and  other  obstacles  with  which  I  have  had  to  contend,  they  have  been 
so  numerous  and  so  varied  in  my  experience,  in  common  with  that  of  all  surgeons,  and  members  of 
the  profession  are  so  familiar  with  them,  that  I  have  nothing  to  present  of  interest  in  this  respect. 
As  a  general  rule,  the  best  and  only  reliable  safeguard  against  fraud  is  a  careful,  rigid,  and 
thorough  examination.  A  competent  physician  will  rarely  fail  to  detect  misrepresentation  or 
deception. 

Of  the  physical  aptitude  for  military  service  of  any  particular  nationality,  I  can  give  no  opin- 
ion, as  the  course  of  my  examinations  has  not  furuished  any  correct  basis  from  which  to  accord  a 
preference.  The  foreign  representatives  have  been  generally  few  in  number  and  of  a  non-uational 
character;  and  the  natives  are  not  fair  specimens  of  their  race,  having  been,  for  the  most  part, 
reared  and  their  lives  spent  in  cellars  and  garrets. 

My  experience  as  to  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service  has  been 
limited,  but  I  have  never  beeu  led  to  doubt  their  aptitude  for  the  duties  of  private  soldiers. 

With  reference  to  the  enrollment-law,  its  operation,  &c.,  I  have  nothing  to  present;  nor  do  I 
make  any  recommendations  or  ofler  any  suggestions  in  reference  thereto,  believing  that  this  branch 
of  the  subject  will  receive  more  complete  attention  and  better  justice  at  the  hands  of  the  (late) 
provost-marshal  of  this  district,  who,  I  doubt  not,  will  express  the  views  of  the  board  on  this  sub- 
ject iu  his  final  report.  *  #  * 

JAMES  O'EOEKE, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Fourth  District  of  New  York. 

New  York  City,  June  17, 1865. 


NEW  YOEK— FIFTH  DISTEICT. 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  Joseph  Hilton. 

My  experience  in  making  medical  examinations  in  this  district  covers  a  period  of  a  little  over 
two  years,  and,  during  that  time,  1  have  examined  about  9,810  persons. 

This  district  is  composed  of  four  wards,  viz,  the  Seventh,  Tenth,  Thirteenth,  and  Fourteenth, 
of  the  city  of  New  York.  It  is  situated  in  the  lower  or  southerly  portion  of  the  city,  and  is  bounded 
on  the  easterly  side  by  the  East  Eiver.  The  greater  portion  of  its  inhabitants  belong  to  the  labor- 
ing class ;  a  considerable  portion,  however,  are  merchants,  mechanics,  artisans,  &c.  The  health  of 
this  district  will,  as  a  whole,  compare  favorably  with  any  iu  the  city.  There  arc  no  prevailing 
diseases  except  in  the  most  crowded  and  filthy  portions  of  it.  In  such  may  be  found  typhoid  and 
erujitive  fevers  at  almost  any  season  of  the  year. 

The  proportional  number  of  men  held  for  military  service  during  the  draft  of  18G3  was  about 
one  out  of  every  six  and  a  half  examined.  Hernia  was  the  cause  of  a  greater  number  of  exemptions 
than  any  other  disease.  A  result  like  this  might  be  readily  anticipated  on  taking  iuto  considera- 
tion the  exposure  and  fatigue  the  masses  of  this. district  endure.  Disabilities  resulting  from  acci- 
dental and  other  injuries  exempted  many,  probably  in  an  equal,  if  uot  greater,  ratio  than  in  any 
other  district  in  the  State. 

In  giving  my  views  on  paragraph  85,  I  wish  it  understood  that  the  sections  1  do  not  refer  to  I 
consider  to  be  good  and  proper.  I  think  section  3  should  be  altered  so  as  not  necessarily  to  requiie 
the  testimony  of  a  physician,  but,  instead  thereof,  to  require  good  and  satisfiictory  evidence  that 
the  person  drafted  had  suffered  from  an  attack  of  epilepsy  within  six  months  i>revious  to  his  exam- 
ination by  the  board  of  enrollment.  Every  practitioner  of  experience  knows  that  old  and  confirmed 
cases  of  epilepsy  are  apt  to  be  abandoned  as  incurable,  and  medical  aid  is  thenceforth  dispensed 
with  as  unavailing. 

Section  13  holds  persons  for  military  duty  who  are  afflicted  with  myopia.  I  cannot  say  1  wholly 
disagree  with  this  rule,  yet  I  do  not  think  a  person  laboring  under  this  disability  fit  for  ficUhservice, 
31 


242  surgeons'  reports — new  york — fifth  district. 

aud,  until  some  provision  is  made  to  assign  such  to  some  special  duty  fitted  for  them,  I  hold  this 
should  be  a  cause  for  exemption. 

Section  2'3  exempts  persons  afflicted  with  hernia  of  any  kind.  I  think  slijrht  and  recent  forms 
of  indirect  inguinal  hernia  should  be  held  an  exception.  lu  such  cases,  the  gut  is  easily  held  in  its 
place  by  a  proper  truss,  which  is  obtainable  at  a  slight  expense,  and  worn  with  little,  or  compara- 
tively little,  iuconvenience.  In  fact,  a  very  large  portion  of  our  most  hardy  laboring  population 
have  hernia  in  some  form,  and  yet  pursue  their  various  avocations  for  a  livelihood  with  little  or  no 
complaint. 

Section  25  forbids  exemption  on  account  of  external  haemorrhoids.  I  cannot  understand  why 
so  broad  a  distinction  should  be  made  between  them  and  internal  hemorrhoids.  As  a  general  rule, 
this  disease  should  not  exempt,  yet  there  are  many  cases  that  would  warrant  exemption. 

Section  28  holds  to  service  persons  afflicted  with  incontinence  of  urine.  I  can  hardly  imagine 
a  more  miserable  state  of  existence,  and  think  that  a  permanent  form  of  the  complaint  should  be 
held  as  a  cause  for  exemption  from  any  kind  of  military  duty.  *  *  # 

The  number  of  men  that  can  be  physically  examined  per  day  with  accuracy  is,  as  far  as  I  can 
learn,  a  disputed  point  among  surgeons;  and  I  am  somewhat  surprised  that  their  difference  of 
opinions  should  be  so  extreme.  Some  exultingly  declare  that  thej'  have  examined  as  many  as  two 
hundred  per  day,  while  others  assert  that  thirty  ax  forty  are  as  many  as  they  can  examine  accurately 
between  the  hours  designated  for  duty.  I  apprehend  that  these  discrepancies  arise  from  the  amount 
of  assistance  some  surgeons  have  had.  I  have  accepted  as  many  as  thirty  recruits  per  day,  exam- 
ining, perhaps,  sixty  or  seventy  persons,  taking  their  description  and  measurements,  besides  keep- 
ing the  records  thereof  and  signing  the  enlistment-papers,  all  without  any  as.sistauce  whatever.  It 
is  true,  I  had  an  assistant  for  a  period  of  six  weeks  during  the  first  draft,  and  ostensibly  so  for  one 
month  during  the  last  draft.  He,  however,  was  of  no  assistance  to  me  from  the  fact  that  another 
ofSce  was  established  in  the  district,  to  which  he  was  detailed.  I  was  overworked,  and  my 
impression  is  that  surgeons  should  not  be  expected  to  examine  over  Jiffy  persons  per  day,  in  addi- 
tion to  keeping  all  the  records,  unless  provided  with  competent  assistants. 

The  frauds  to  be  guarded  against  are  so  numerous  and  diversified  that  I  confess  myself  unable 
to  bring  to  mind  more  than  a  few  of  the  most  common  subjects  of  attempt,  viz,  defective  sight  aud 
hearing,  disease  of  chest,  general  debility,  and  hernia.  These  are  the  disorders  feigned  by  enrolled 
and  drafted  men.  I  am  of  opinion  that  a  careful  surgeon,  not  overtaxed  with  duty,  has  no  excuse 
for  being  imposed  on  hy  such  artifices.  The  frauds  most  likely  to  deceive  are  those  practiced 
by  substitutes  aud  recruits.  The  most  prominent  among  these  are  concealing  insufficient  age, 
rheumatism,  syphilis,  hernia,  ei>ilepsy,  and  prolapsus  ani.  IMany  at  sixteen  years  of  age  have 
physical  and  mental  development  equal  to  that  of  others  at  twenty.  Some  forms  of  rheumatism  and 
syphilis  are  not  easily  detected.  I  have  known  insj;ances  where  warm  and  vapor  baths  have  been 
resorted  to  by  men  immediately  prior  to  ofi'ering  themselves.  I  feel  satisfied,  however,  that  a  careful 
examination  will  seldom  fail  to  discover  defects.  Hernia  is  often  treated  with  ice  and  otlier  astrin- 
gents, with  results  calculated  to  deceive.  Epilepsy  is  a  disease  well  calculated  to  escape  discovery. 
Ordinary  cases  of  prolapsus  ani  may  be  skillfully  treated  so  as  to  deceive  the  surgeon.  The  only 
evidence  of  this  disease  is  protrusion  of  the  gut ;  and  this,  in  many  cases,  may  be  prevented  for  a 
time  by  the  use  of  powerful  astringents.  I  know  of  no  way  of  wholly  guarding  against  frauds.  I 
suggest  it  might  be  jnade  a  crime  for  physicians  or  others  thus  to  j)repare  persons  for  the  purpose 
of  deceiving  the  Government.  -Furthermore,  I  suggest  that,  after  examination,  the  man  might  be 
required  to  make  affidavit,  before  entering  the  service,  regarding  his  knowledge  of  any  defects  in 
his  health,  attaching  penalties  to  false  swearing  in  such  cases. 

In  this  district,  the.Irish  excel  in  physical  aptitude  for  military  duty. 

As  far  as  my  experience  goes,  I  consider  the  physical  qualifior.lions  of  the  colored  race  for  mili- 
tarj-  service  to  be  good. 

The  operation  of  the  enrollment-act,  as  it  now  exists,  is  decidedly  bad  in  both  city  and  country.' 

When  a  draft  is  ordered,  I  think  a  strict  passport-system  should  be  inaugurated.  The  experi- 
ence of  the  past  has  proved  that  disloyal  and  cowardly  men,  though  young  and  able-bodied,  left 

'  The  writer  refers  to  the  nniiiber  of  mmi  who  escaped  its  application. 


surgeons'   reports NEW   YORK — SIXTH    DISTRICT.  243 

tlioir  (li-stricts  citlier  before  or  iunnediately  after  being  drafted,  leaving  the  honest,  industrious,  and 
loyal  (and,  in  too  many  instances,  heads  of  dependent  families)  to  bear  the  brunt. 

In  large  cities,  it  is  impossible,  under  the  present  system,  to  get  anything  like  acorrect  enroll- 
ment of  the  inhabitants.  The  honest,  well-meaning  man  is  sure  of  being  correctly  enrolled,  while 
the  vagabond  and  disloyal  are  almost  as  sure  to  be  represented  by  some  false  name  or  to  evade  it 
altogether. 

I  am  of  opinion  that  the  only  way  to  get  a  correct  enrollment  or  census  is  to  have  it  done  in 
time  of  peace  by  district-boards,  similar  to  boards  of  enrollment.  Such  boards  inigiit  be  so  consti- 
tuted as  to  make  district  pension-examinations.  All  this  could  be  easily  done  with  a  tithe  of  the 
expense  now  incurred  by  the  Government  for  similar  services. 

JOSEPH  HILTON, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Fifth  District  of  New  Yorlc. 

New  York  City,  June  15, 1SG5. 

NEW  YORK— SIXTH  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  A.  L.  LooMis. 

My  experience  in  the  examination  of  men  for  military  service  commenced  on  the  17tli  of 
November,  1SG3,  with  my  appointment  as  surgeon  of  the  sixth  district.  The  number  of  men  exam- 
ined, as  near  as  can  be  ascertained,  is  3,GG0. 

The  sixth  district  comprises  the  Ninth,  Fifteenth,  and  Sixteenth  wards  of  the  city  of  New  York. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  south  by  Houston  street,  on  the  east  by  Bowei-y  and  Fourth  avenue,  on  the 
north  by  Twenty-sixth  street,  and  on  the  west  by  the  North  River. 

There  are  but  few  vacant  lots  in  the  district,  and  there  are  no  endemic  causes  of  disease  except 
the  over-crowding  of  badly-ventilated  tenement-houses,  the  filthy  streets,  and  the  abundance  of  low 
groggeries.  The  main  portion  of  the  district  is  occupied  by  dwelling-houses,  the  inhabitants'  of 
which  comprise  all  classes  of  society.  The  Fifteenth  ward  is  mostly  inhabited  by  merchants;  the 
Sixteenth,  by  mechanics;  and  the  Ninth,  by  both  merchants  and  mechanics. 

I  have  no  change's  to  recommend  in  paragraph  85,  except  that  sections  20  and  23  (it  seems  to 
me)  exempt  too  large  a  number  of  able-bodied  men.  #  *  * 

The  number  of  men  that  I  can  examine  with  accuracy  in  a  day  is,  fifty . 

The  claims  for  exemption  which  were  most  frequently  made  by  enrolled  men  were  founded  on 
general  debility  and  thoracic  disease.  The  frauds  most  frequently  practiced  by  recruits  and  substi- 
tutes were  in  relation  to  age.  Old  men,  from  fifty  to  sixty,  were  rejuvenated,  and  came  forward 
willing  to  make  their  afHdavit  that  they  were  between  the  ages  of  eighteen  and  forty-five;  while 
mere  boys  of  fourteen  and  fifteen  were  as  ready  to  swear  that  they  were  over  eighteen  years  of  age. 

The  nationality  that  presented  the  greatest  aptitude  for  military  service  was  the  American. 
My  examination  of  the  colored  race  is  limited.  Among  the  few  examined,  however,  I  found  the 
most  perfect  specimens  of  muscular  development. 

As  to  the  operation  of  the  present  enrollment-law,  in  my  district  it  was  a  failure.  It  is  impos- 
sible in  a  city  district  to  make  a  perfect  enrollment  during  a  time  of  war,  for  a  change  of  residence 
is  easily  made,  and  fictitious  names  were  in  very  many  instances  given  to  the  enrolling-ofTicer.  It  is 
impossible  to  arrive  at  the  number  of  able-bodied  members  of  a  family,  or  even  at  the  number  of 
families  occupying  a  house,  unless  the  information  is  a  free-will  offering  on  the  part  of  the  inhab- 
itants. The  only  way  to  obviate  this  would  be  to  make  an  enrollment  every  year  or  two  during  a 
time  of  peace ;  and  it  seems  to  me  it  would  be  wise  on  the  part  of  the  Government  to  establish 
a  bureau,  similar  to  the  Provost-Marshal's,  to  keep  up  a  perfect  enrollment  of  all  the  inhabitants 
of  each  congressional  district.  By  such  means,  frauds  on  the  ballot-box  could  be  prevented,  and, 
at  the  same  time,  we  should  in  a  "  time  of  i)eace  be  i)repared  for  war." 

ALFRED  L.  LOOMIS, 
Siirgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Sixth  District  of  Neio  Yorh. 

New  York  City,  June  15, 1865. 


244  SUEGEONS'   REPORTS— NEW    YORK SEVENTH   DISTRICT. 

NEW  YOEK— SEVENTH  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  J.  E.  Van  Kleck. 

*  *  *        My  comiectiou  with  this  office  dates  from  its  establishment,  in  the  year 

1863.  Operations  were  first  begun  in  May  of  that  year.  The  first  and  only  professional  duties  for 
three  or  four  months  were  the  examination  of  candidates  for  the  "  Invalid  Corps,"  a  very  gratifying 
duty,  as  showing  on  the  part  of  the  Government  a  desire  to  do  something  for  those  who  had  become 
disabled  in  the  service  of  their  country,  and  that  too  in  a  manner  far  more  honorable  than  to  make 
them  simply  the  recipients  of  bounty  or  pensions.  At  the  same  time  that  the  plan  was  commend- 
able on  the  score  of  economy,  it  also  showed  on  the  part  of  the  applicants  that  they  did  not  want 
to  eat  the  bread  of  charity,  but  were  still  desirous  of  doing  what  they  were  able  for  the  cause  of 
that  country  to  whose  service  they  had  dedicated  their  lives,  and  in  whose  behalf  they  had  thus 
far  toiled  and  suffered.  The  number  examined  for  this  purpose  in  the  first  year  reached  only  about 
fifty.  Afterward,  in  the  autumn  of  the  year  1864,  very  many  more  of  this  class  were  examined  at 
these  headquarters.  *  *  * 

All  operations  at  this  oflice,  as  at  all  the  offices  in  this  city,  were  suddenly  brought  to  a  stop  by 
the  disgraceful  and  lamentable  drama  of  July,  1SG3,  when,  for  the  wicked  and  insane  purpose  of 
thwarting  the  Government  in  the  prosecution  of  the  draft,  New  York  was  made  a  scene  of  anarchy, 
of  riot,  and  bloodshed,  leaving  a  stain  upon  us  as  a  city  which  years  will  not  efface.  Quiet  being  at 
length  restored  by  the  strenuous  and  well-directed  efforts  of  the  General  Government,  and  peace  and 
security  being  insured  by  the  presence  of  troops,  the  draft,  which  was  about  to  have  taken  place 
at  the  time  of  the  riot,  and  of  which  it  was  supposed  to  be  the  cause,  was  now  resumed  It  took 
place  in  this  district  on  the  26th  day  of  August,  1863.  The  quota  called  for  was  2,050  men,  to 
obtain  wLich  50  per  cent,  was  added,  so  that  3,075  names  were  drawn.  Of  these  very  many  were 
never  found,  a  result  which  was  inevitable,  and  which  must  ever  o»cur  in  large  cities  like  this, 
where  the  poiKilation  is  of  so  varied  and  shifting  a  character,  and  where  the  enrollment  was  con- 
ducted as  it  was  bere,  with  full  scope,  namely,  for  the  ignorance  and  liability  to  deception  of  the 
euroUingofiicers.  Of  those  who  did  appear  when  summoned,  2,238  came  under  my  observation ; 
of  these,  638  were  examined  and  were  exempted  for  the  various  reasons  set  forth  in  the  report  of 
the  result  of  the  draft  of  1863  ;  those  who  were  held  to  service  furnished  substitutes,  procured  for 
them,  for  the  most  part,  through  the  iustrumeuta'.ity  of  the  supervisors'  substitute  fund,  and  a  few 
paid  commutation.  *  *  * 

This  district  is  made  up  of  the  Eleventh  and  Seventeenth  wards  of  tbe  city  of  New  York,  being 
a  compact  district,  definitely  bounded  by  the  Fourth  avenue  on  the  west  and  the  East  Eiver  on 
the  east,  lying  between  Eivington  and  Fourteenth  streets;  it  covers  au  area  of  about  two  square 
miles.  Tbe  locality  itself  is,  in  the  main,  healthy,  save  in  the  easternmost  part,  where  a  good  deal 
of  the  ground  is  made  or  filled  in.  There  is  nothing,  however,  in  the  character  of  tbe  district  likely 
to  be  productive  of  disease,  but  much  in  the  character  and  habits  of  its  population.  In  this  small 
locality  is  pent  up  a  larger  foreign  population  than  in  any  similar  district  in  the  United  States, 
(in  the  Seventeenth  ward  alone  there  are  nearly  100,000  Germans.)  They  are  packed  in  dense 
masses  in  the  immense  tenement-houses,  sometimes  to  the  number  of  four  hundred,  or  even  six 
hundred,  in  a  house.  Many  of  these  are  new-comers  in  the  country ;  they  are  very  slow  to  change 
the  habits  they  have  brought  with  them,  and  they  retain  to  a  very  great  degree  the  heedless  and 
filthy  modes  of  life  of  such  classes  in  all  foreign  countries.  Most  of  them,  it  is  true,  are  not  indis- 
possd  to  industry — indeed,  they  have  always  worked,  and  must  work  to  live — but  a  large  propor- 
tion is  of  the  class  of  judoor  operatives;  and  confessedly  objectionable  as  their  occupations  must 
always  be,  even  under  favorable  circumstances  as  to  air  and  ventilation,  it  will  be  readily  seen  how 
injurious  must  be  the  effect  if  they  are  pursued  under  the  less  favorable  hygienic  influences  which 
prevail  in  the  district  described.  A  very  large  part  of  the  male  population  is  made  up  of  tailors, 
shoe-makers,  cigar-makers,  and  cabinet-makers,  while  ''  lager-bier"  shops  abound  in  every  block  ; 
hence,  the  dise<ises  peculiar  to  this  class  of  operatives,  increased  by  unfavorable  hygienic  condi- 
tions of  indoor  life,  and  by  irregular  habits  of  the  individual,  show  themselves  in  a  marked 
ratio.  #  *  * 


surgeons'  reports — NEW  YORK SEVENTH  DISTRICT.  245 


/ 


In  reply  to  the  fourth  inquiry  of  the  circular,  the  uudersigned  desires  to  say  that  paragraph 
85  of  the  Eegulations  of  the  Provost-Marshal-GeneraPs  Bureau  has  ever  commanded  his  respect 
and  his  admiration,  as  having  been  compiled  with  a  great  deal  of  care  and  sagacity.  The  under- 
signed was  invited  by,  and  met  with,  a  committee  of  surgeons  of  this  city,  in  1803,  who,  at  the 
request  of  the  Surgeon-General,  assembled  to  revise  and  suggest  alterations  in  the  different  sec- 
tions. It  was  remarkable  how  much  they  found  to  admire,  and  how  little  to  alter.  Some  changes 
w^ere  suggested  ;  these,  and  other  changes  since  made,  have  not  materially  modified  the  paragraph 
in  its  workings.  In  the  application  of  its  formulas  I  have,  as  have  doubtless  all  who  have  beea 
engaged  under  it,  encountered  difficulties,  though  what  were  the  precise  points  of  all  the  occasions 
does  not  now  recur  to  my  mind.  I  think  that  the  limit  of  time  as  apidied  to  th(!  certificate  in  the 
case  of  epileptic  patients  is  unjustly  and  needlessly  stringent ;  for  epilepsy  is  precisely  that  disease 
which,  after  continuing  three,  five,  or  more  years,  until  it  has  exhausted  the  patience  and  the  means 
of  the  subject,  and  the  skill  and  resources  of  the  profession,  still  remains,  and  while  paroxysms  may 
occur  every  month,  yet  the  patient  may  not  be  seen  by  a  medical  man  for  years. 

I  would  strike  off  the  last  clause  of  section  25,  as  would  any  one,  I  think,  who  has  witnessed 
the  horrible  sufferings  of  the  man  compelled  to  be  about  with  inflamed  and  tender  pile-tumors. 

Sections  27  and  28  I  would  have  somewhat  modified,  and  I  would  alter  the  phraseology  of  the 
last  clause  of  section  29.  I  cannot  see  the  use  of  the  word  "  total,"  which  so  frequently  occurs ; 
at  any  rate  as  qualifying  the  word  "  loss."  *  *  * 

The  sixth  question  is,  "  How  many  men  can  be  examined  in  a  day  with  accuracy?"  Greatly 
differing  answers  will  be  returned  to  this  inquiry.  I  would  say  that  if  the  regulations  were  strictly 
complied  with,  the  men  taken  singly,  thoroughly,  and  carefully  examined,  and  the  examination 
recorded,  each  man  should  be  allowed  from  eight  to  ten  minutes;  this  would  make  nhont  fifty  per- 
sons per  diem,  and  that  is  as  large  a  number  as  can  be  carefully,  thoroughly,  and  justly  exam- 
ined, according  to  my  opinion. 

The  seventh  query  calls  irp,  of  course,  a  great  many  expedients  that  were  resorted  to  by  two 
classes  of  men,  those  anxious  to  keep  out  of  the  service,  as  well  as  those  desirous  to  get  iu.  The 
enumeration  of  these  attempts  at  deception  would  have  little  of  novelty,  and  I  can  only  suggest 
for  remedy  the  prompt,  careful,  and  patient  scrutiny  of  each  and  every  case. 

I  cannot  clearly  answer  as  to  the  superiority  for  military  capacity  of  any  nationality.  My 
record  shows  the  best. physical  averages  of  Irish;  yet  I  am  not  clear  to  say  that  they  arebetter 
than  our  own  countrymen.  In  a  city  like  this,  the  proportion  of  foreign-born  must  always  be  larger, 
and  the  character  of  the  native  recruits  always  poorer  than  in  other  towns,  and  especially  iu  rural 
districts. 

As  to  the  capacity  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service  and  efficiency,  my  experience  is  veiy 
limited.  I  was  called  to  examine  very  few  in  number,  and  those  few  were,  for  the  most  part,  not 
of  such  a  character  as  to  give  any  favorable  impression  of  their  physical  character  or  capabilities. 

Next,  my  views  are  asked  as  to  the  operation,  efficiency,  &c.,  of  the  enrollment-act  as  it  now 
exists.  I  can  onlj-  speak  of  its  operation  in  large  cities  like  this ;  perhaps  in  the  country,  where 
almost  every  person  in  the  community  knows  all  bis  neighbors  and  fellow-citizens,  an  enrollment 
as  ordered  under  this  law  might  be  eflected  with  some  degree  of  perfection,  but  in  a  large  city  this 
is,  iu  the  very  nature  of  things,  absolutely  impossible.  All  sorts  of  devices,  subterfuges,  and  false- 
hoods are  resorted  to,  and  such  us,  in  very  many  cases,  it  is  quite  out  of  the  power  of  the  enrolling- 
officer  to  avoid  or  to  detect.  Even  jf  an  enrollment  could  by  any  possibility  approach  anywhere  near 
correctness  to-daj^,  such  is  the  migratory  character  of  a  large  share  of  our  population  that  in  three 
mouths  it  would  have  become  almost  useless.  Perhaps  an  enrollment  in  time  of  existing  war  will 
ever  be  unattainable  with  any  great  degree  of  accuracy ;  but  it  may,  perhaps,  be  effected  in  some 
such  way  as  this ;  that  a  self-enrollment  should  at  all  times  be  demanded — compulsory  and  uniuter- 
mittiug — and  when  not  completely  kept  up,  that  the  party  should  forfeit  his  rights  of  citizenship. 
To  more  fully  secure  the  end,  it  should  be  enacted  that  whenever  the  parties  changed  their  location 
or  residence,  in  addition  to  their  own  duty  of  re-registering  themselves,  the  responsibility  of  their 
landlords  should  be  involved — that  every  landlord  of  a  house  rented,  or  of  a  house  containing 
boarders  or  lodgers,  should  be  made  responsible  for  an  immediate  registration  of  each  and  every 
per.sou  who  came  under  his  observation  and  supervision  in  that  manner.     And  as  the  maxim, 


24G  SUKGEONS'   REPORTS — NEW   YORK — EIGHTH   DISTRICT. 

\ 
althongb  trite,  has  lost  iiono  of  its  truth  or  force  by  our  experience  of  tlie  h\st  four  years,  namely, 
"  In  time  of  peace  prepare  for  war,"  I  would  suggest  the  creatiou  of  a  bureau  of  tke  War  Depart- 
ment which  should  have  complete  control  and  supervision  lOf  this  whole  matter.  It  should  have 
under  its  care  the  census  of  every  district,  the  enrollment  and  examination  of  all  men  liable  to  mil- 
itary service,  together  with  a  supervision  and  care  of  all  such  as  were  or  had  been  in  any  way  con- 
nected with  the  war-service  of  the  Government;  and  thus  a  lull  and  complete  registration  and 
record  would  be  had  of  those  who  bad  served,  and  of  those  fit  to  go  into  the  service  of  their  coun- 
try in  time  of  need. 

JOHISr  E.  VAN  KLECK, 

Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Seventh  District  of  Ifcw  Yorlc. 
New  Yokk  City,  June  14, 1865. 

NEW  YORK— EIGHTH  DISTRICT. 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  William  C.  Roberts. 
*  *  *        The  total  number  of  men,  enrolled   and   enlisted,  examined  by  me,  is 


* 


3,064.  * 

The  eighth  congressional  district  embraces  the  Eighteenth,  Twentieth,  and  Twenty-first  wards 
of  the  city  of  New  York.  It  is  intersected  by  that  great  thoroughfare,  the  Sixtii  avenue,  to  the 
east  of  which  lies  the  Eighteenth  ward,  extending  from  tlie  splendid  long  and  wide  Fourteenth 
street  to  Twenty-sixth  street;  it  embraces  a  large  portion  of  the  aristocratic  Fifth  avenue,  with  its 
magnificent  hotel ;  Broadway,  the  Fourth  avenue,  and  Irving  Place,  and  then  downward  toward 
the  East  River,  a  series  of  smaller  streets  intersected  by  numeroits  avenues,  the  Third,  Second,  First, 
and  avenues  A,  B,  C,  and  D,  containing  dwellings  and  shops  of  various  kinds,  and  thickly  popu- 
lated by  people  of  the  lower  orders,  of  all  countries  and  denominations ;  the  Germans,  perhaps, 
predominating. 

As  we  approach  the  East  River,  we  come  u])on  an  immense  pauper  population  ;  among  these, 
of  course,  intemperance,  poor  diet,  filth,  and  overcrowding  are  prolific  sources  of  disease  and  death; 
but  this  is  not  peculiar  to  the  district. 

The  watei'-edges  of  our  city  very  much  resemble  each  other  both  as  to  the  business,  character, 
habits,  &c.,  of  the  population  ;  only  that  the  east  side  is  the  more  densely  peopled,  the  streets  are 
dirtier  and  narrower,  the  inhabitants  more  closely  crowded  together,  and  that  there  is  i^robably 
more  sickness.  As  we  ascend  on  either  river-side,  the  circumstances  alter  for  the  better.  The 
Twenty-first  ward,  lying  to  the  north  of  Twenty-sixth  street  as  far  as  Fortieth  street,  contains,  also, 
portions  of  our  most  splendid  thoroughfares — Broaidway,  the  Fifth  avenue  east  of  Broadway, 
Madison,  Fourth,  and  Lexington  avenues — the  homes  of  the  wealthy  and  luxurious ;  and  to  this 
fact  we  are  indebted  for  the  very  large  number  of  substitutes  furnished  by  our  district,  which,  it 
was  at  one  time  believed,  had  more  than  supplied  its  quota.  Below  the  Third  avenue,  the  features 
of  each  ward  are  the  same. 

The  Twentieth  ward  extends  from  the  Sixth  avenue  to  the  North  River,  (west,)  and  includes 
the  Seventh,  Eighth,  Ninth,  Tenth,  and  Eleventh  avenues,  all  important  thoroughfares  and  quite 
densely  populated.  It  contains  fewer  haudsomedwellings,  but  more  shops,  groceries,  and  liquor-stores, 
(from  which  the  condition  of  the  inhabitants  may  be  inferred,)  and,  as  we  approach  the  water's 
edge,  manufactories  abound  ;  but  I  repeat  that  the  general  features  of  the  city  upper  districts  along 
the  water-lines  do  not  materially  difi'er. 

I  can  say  no  more  respecting  the  prevalent  diseases  and  their  causes  than  tliat  I  suppose  them 
to  be  similar  to  those  elsewhere  met  with.  No  particular  endemic,  perhaps,  exists  ;  aiul  yet  typhus 
and  typhoid  fevers,  scarlatina,  small-pox,  measles,  dysentery,  cholera  morbus,  and  cholera  infantum 
prevail.  Congestive  diseases,  as  apoplexy,  delirium  tremens,  &c.,  dependent  on  causes  too  pali)ably 
incident  to  a  large,  crowded,  immoral,  and  ill-cleaned  city  to  need  specification,  are  nnnw-'ronsly 
met  with.  It  is  only  wonderful  how,  amid  the  decomposing  accumulations  of  the  matcrics  morhi, 
constantly  existing  among  us,  we  escape  the  occurrence  of  those  wide-spreading  and  destructive 
endemics,  of  zymotic  origin,  to  which  the  large  cities  of  Europe  are  so  often  a  prey. 


surgeons'    KEPOKTS — NEW   YORK — EIGHTH    DISTRICT.  247 

The  most  frequeutly-urged  reasons  for  exeiuptiou  in  enrolled  men,  and  tLe  most  common  dis- 
qualifications met  with  in  men  desirous  of  enlisting,  were,  1st,  defective  nsjoM,  cbielly  nearsighted- 
ness (myopia)  in  the  former,  and,  2d,  hernia  and  varicosity  of  veins  in  tlie  latter.  Among  the  enrolled 
men,  however,  whatever  was  their  station  in  life,  these  same  disqualilicatious,  in  a  greater  or  less 
degree,  were  numerous.  Next  in  the  order  of  frequency  of  occiuTeuce  may  be  enumerated,  loss 
of  teeth;  lameness  in  either  extremity;  deafness,  with  or  without  discharge  from  the  ear;  deformity 
of  person;  physical  disability,  with  or  without  hypertrophy  of  the  heart;  asthma;  epilepsy ;  chronic 
rheumatism  ;  and  secondary  syphilis. 

To  assign  the  reason  why  any  one  of  these  particular  diseases  or  disabilities  disqualifies  from 
military  service  would  seem  to  any  one  acquainted  witli  their  nature  wholly  superlluous ;  but,  if  it 
be  intended  to  ask  the  causes  of  the  diseases  themselves,  as  occurring  in  a  greater  ratio  than 
others,  a  response  may  be  given,  from  which,  however,  little  novelty  can  be  expected. 

Defective  vision  results,  in  many  instances,  from  accident;  we  frequently  met  with  cases  of 
corneal  aflection  arising  from  scrofulous  inflammation,  and,  in  some  instances,  from  syphilitic  taint. 
Miiopia,  which  constitutes  so  frequent,  and,  formerly,  so  readily-admitted  a  claim  for  exemption,  is 
often  cougenital,  as  shown  by  its  frequency  in  young  people,  or  it  is  found  to  depend  on  organic 
changes  in  the  transparent  media,  the  retina,  or  choroid,  or  the  sclerotic  coat  of  the  eye.  Such 
were  the  results  of  all  the  examinations  of  myopic  persons  whom  I  submitted  to  inspection  by  the 
ophthalmoscope ;  and,  on  the  faith  of  the  affidavits  of  distinguished  oculist.",  and  in  accordance 
with  paragraph  85,  section  13,  General  Uegulations,  I  exempted,  at  first,  many  who  could  easily, 
and  would  willingly,  have  furnished  substitutes.  Afterward,  receiving  the  Kevised  liegnlations 
of  1801,  and  finding  there  explicity  stated  that  ^hiear-sif/htedncss  did  not  exempt,'"  I  refused  (much  to 
the  chagrin  of  the  applicants  and  that  of  my  oculistio  brethren,  who  were  reaping  (piite  a  little 
harvest  from  their  examinations)  to  exempt  any  nearsighted  persons  whose  eyes  presented  no 
external  appearance  of  injury.  Many  substitutes  were  thus  obtained,  and  I  have  often  wished  that 
the  duty  of  the  surgeon  of  the  board  could  have  been  more  frequently  defined  with  equal  positive- 
ness.  Exhibiting  the  regulation  suspended  all  argument,  and  obtained  a  ready  acquiescence ; 
right  or  wrong,  the  surgeon  at  least  was  not  responsible  for  the  order.  That  myopia,  if  not  wholly 
dependent  upon,  is  considerably  influenced  by,  profession,  is  clearly  shown  by  the  frequency  of 
its  occurrence  among  professional  and  literary  men,  and,  as  such,  among  the  upper  classes  of 
society  and  among  persons  who  make  much  and  steady  use  of  their  eyes  by  gas  or  day  light ; 
whereas,  among-  our  volunteers,  it  was  rarely  met  with,  save  in  some  few  foreigners  of  education ; 
but  among  the  humbler  classes  almost  never. 

Hernia,  a  very  common  cause  of  exemption  and  rejection,  has  its  origin  in  congenital  laxity  of 
the  abdominal  walls  at  tLe  point  of  egress  of  the  spermatic  cords  of  one  or  both  sides.  In  such 
cases,  an  openness  at  the  external  rings  will  often  be  felt,  and  a  fullness  in  the  inguinal  canals  noticed, 
without,  perhaps,  actual  protrusion.  Under  these  circumstances,  even  a  slight  muscular  effort, 
which  iuvolves  the  descent  of  the  diaphragm  and  the  contraction  of  the  abdominal  muscles,  will 
protrude  the  intestine.  While  not  exemptiug  an  enrolled  man  for  this  supposed  hernial  tendency,  I 
was  chary  of  it  in  the  volunteer,  and  rejected  for  it  in  the  substitute  when  very  marked. 

Tbat  the  teeth  suffer  decay  in 'the  progress  of  age,  and  that  such  evidences  of  senility  are 
opposed  to  military  eflicieucy  as  impeding  mastication  and  due  nutrition,  are  well-known  facts. 
Why  there  should  occur  such  frequent  and  extensive  deterioration  of  the  teeth  among  young  people 
of  both  sexes,  as  is  so  commonly  met  with  in  this  country,  more  than  in  those  of  any  other  whom 
I  have  examined,  1  am  unable  to  determine.  The  fact  is  a  striking  one,  and  I  may  add,  as  a 
general  rule,  that  the  teeth  of  the  colored  races,  foreign  and  domestic,  are  singularly  good,  and  less 
liable  to,  or  affected  by,  decay. 

Lameness  in  either  extremity  is  always  either  cougenital,  or  the  result  of  disease  or  accident, 
and  needs  no  comment. 

Deafness  has  frequently  its  origin  in  the  development  of  a  congenital  (probably  hereditary) 
scrofulous  diathesis  iu  youth,  consequent  upon  the  action  on  the  .system  of  impaired  nutrition,  the 
action  of  various  morbid  poisons,  such  as  small-pox,  measles,  scarlatina,  &c.  These  cases  are 
generally  attended  with  chronic  otorrhea,  which  is  often  incurable.  Deafness  is  again  often  the 
result  of  certain  occupations,  such  as  boiler-making,  where  the  auditory  nerves  are  subjected  to 


248  surgeons'  reports — new  york — eighth  district. 

excessive  aucl  long-coutiiiued  irritation  ;  it  is  said  to  bo  cotuuion  iu  artilleryuieu,  from  tlie  firing  of 
heavy  cannon.     It  often  conies  on  gradually  ami  spontaneously.  *  *  * 

Personal  deformity  is  often  congenital,  the  result  of  accidental  injury,  and  oftenest,  as  in  caries 
and  curvature  of  spine  and  other  bones,  the  result  of  a  scrofulous  cachexia,  [rachitis  and  osteo- 
malacia.) The  same  may  be  probably  affirmed  of  2)htMsis puhnonalis,  andof  thej;%6ic«i  clisabiUfy, 
to  be  hereafter  alluded  to,  associated  with  simple  (or  compound)  hypertrophy  of  the  heart,  with 
tendency  to  haemoptysis,  which  constitutes,  in  my  experience,  a  frequent  cause  for  exemption  and 
rejection,  as  disqualifying  from  the  fatigues  and  exposures  of  a  military  life.         *         «         * 

Paragraph  85,  as  a  whole,  appears  to  me  compreheDsive  and  ably  and  accurately  constructed. 
Iu  spite,  however,  of  the  clearness  of  expression  and  definition  which  pervades  it,  there  is  still, 
and  there  must  be,  much  left  to  the  judgment  of  the  surgeon.  His  duties  are  twofold  :  to  himself, 
as  a  conscientious  man  and  as  desirous  of  being  just  to  the  applicant  for  examination  ;  and  to  the 
country  which  employs  and  confides  iu  him. 

It  was  not  my  lot  to  hold  to  service  any  drafted  man  ;  but  in  examiniug  men  prior  to  the  draft, 
and  with  a  view  to  their  being  removed  from,  or  retained  upon,  the  enrollment-list,  I  never  knew 
what  amonut  of  responsibility  I  should  incur  iu  case  any  of  those  refused  exemption,  and  held  by 
me  to  service  should,  on  subsequent  reexamination  at  headquarters,  be  deemed  unfit  for  service ; 
and  I  tkinlc  this  should  he  explained.  In  a  circular  I  received,  I  was  told  that  my  decision  was 
"  final ;"  I  do  not  perfectly  understand  the  meaning  of  this,  further  than  that  if  I  refuse  a  drafted 
man  exemption,  he  must  be  enlisted,  equipped,  and  sent  forward.  But  what  responsibility  do  I 
incur  if  that  man,  whom,  in  the  exercise  of  my  best  judgment,  I  have  held  to  service,  be  rejected 
as  unfit  fty  oi/iers— possibly  less  qualified  than  I  am  myself  to  decide  1  Do  the  same  rules  apply  as 
in  the  enlistment  of  a  recruit? 

Another  circular  informs  me  that  "  ttiere  must  be  no  doubt  existing  as  to  a  man's  total  unfitness 
for  military  service."  ShoiM  it  not  sny,  of  any  Icind?  No  language  could  then  be  stronger.  *  *  * 
The  difiQculty  seems  to  me  to  be  to  exempt  a  man  at  all,  unless  for  some  palpable  and  indis- 
putable disqualification,  as  blindness,  lameness,  deafness,  or  the  like.  Many  apply  in  person  to  the 
surgeon,  who,  in  many  respects,  yet  not  in  all,  come  under  sections  .|J  and  9 ;  ailing  men,  yet  not 
totally  incapacitated  for  some  kind  of  military  service,  say  of  the  Invalid  Corps.  These  men,  if  held, 
would  make  very  poor  soldiers,  and  might  ultimately  be  discharged  ;  if  refused  exemption,  they 
would,  many  of  them,  procure  substitutes.  What  is  the  responsibility  incurred  by  holding  them? 
The  difQculty  consists  in  the  question  of  the  totality  of  the  incapacitation.  Who,  in  reading  sections 
5,  8,  9,  and  10,  and  comparing  them  with  the  men  before  him,  shall  be  able  to  decide  upon  the 
exact  amount  of  disease  under  either  which  totally  incapacitates  ?  What  two  medical  men  would 
agree  upon  this  point  in  some  cases'?  This  must,  then,  it  seems  to  me,  be  left  to  the  judgment  of 
the  examining-surgeon,  who  is  cautioned,  however,  in  regard  to  section  9,  not  to  abuse  his  privilege. 
For  myself,  I  can  only  say  that  a  clearer  understanding  on  this  head  would  be  more  satisfactory. 
Whether  I  .should  have  held  more,  or  refused  more,  1  cannot  now  determine. 

The  words  ^^  equally  lahorious  occupation,''^  in  section  5,  if  read  to  the  applicant,  instantly  sug- 
gests to  him  a  doubt  whether  there  can  be  any  duties  equally  laborious  as  the  military,  which  he 
so  eagerly  endeavors  to  avoid. 

Section  3.  Epilepsy.  Many  have  epileptic  fits  who  do  not  see  a  physician  within  six  months. 
I  suggest  that  in  such  cases  other  testimony  sufdce,  if  reliable. 

Section  5.  Many  men,  oftenest  young  ones,  present  themselves,  bringing  certificates  of  the 
existence  oi phthisis  iu  their  cases  from  their  family-physician;  they  speak  of  repeated  hemoptysis, 
cough,  sense  of  fatigue,  shortness  of  breath,  emaciation,  «S:c.,  and  the  subjects  are  deemed,  perhaps 
justly,  to  be  incapable  of  active  military  service.  In  such  cases,  the  lungs  are  often  sound,  the 
heart  is  simply  hypertrophied,  its  apex  striking  one  or  two  inches  below  the  proper  spot,  and  its 
pulsations,  on  exercise,  plainly  visible  and  audible  all  over  the  prjecordium.  Few  of  these  persons 
can  i)ursue  any  very  laborious  occupations,  and  they  present  an  amount  of  "  permanent  physical 
disability"  which,  when  well  marked,  should,  iu  my  opinion,  more  than  most  other  ailments,  dis- 
quali  y  the  drafted  man  or  recruit  from  service,  and  exempt  the  enrolled. 

Section  6.    If,  as  I  suppose,  section  6  refers  to  phthisis  pulmonalis,  rather  than  to  any  other 


SUEGEONS'   REPORTS — NEW   YORK — EIGHTH   DISTRICT.  249 

form  of  tubercnlosis,  aud  as  section  10  embraces  scrofula,  I  suggest  tbe  additiou  of  tbc  words  "  of 
the  luugs."    Section  5,  however,  covers  the  grouud. 

Section  8.  "  What  skiu-disease,  and  what  amount  of  it,  necessarily  totally  incapacitates  from 
service?"  Very  few,  I  suspect.  Eczema  might,  if  severe  and  extensive;  itch  would;  lepra  and 
psoriasis  would  not.  Would  not  the  wording  of  section  10,  thus,  "  Scrofulous  or  secondary  sypliilitic 
cachexia,  which,"  &c.,  be  better?  At  present,  it  is  difUcult  to  say  what  amount  of  scrofula  or 
secondary  syphilis  suffices  to  exempt  or  reject ;  but  scrofulous  or  syphilitic  cachexia  is  apparent, 
even  to  a  bystander. 

Section  11.  Lumbago,  which  I  shall  call  here  neuralgic  (muscular)  rheumatism,  is  by  the  people 
invariably  considered  as  disease  of  the  kidney.  There  is  such  a  thing  as  chronic  sciatic  lumbago 
embitteriTig  life.  1  suggest  that  the  section  read,  "  Neuralgia,  not  organic  or  excessive;  chronic 
rheumatism,"  &c. 

Section  20.  I  would  read,  "Total  loss,  for  all  useful  purposes  of  mastication,  of  all,  or  of  eight 
consecutive,  front  teeth  in  either  jaw."  *  «  # 

Section  22.  Caries  of  the  S2)iuc,  if  marked,  is  always  of  scrofulous  origin,  causes  deformity,  and 
may  be  progressing.  It  must,  anyhow,  produce  disability;  and  I  suggest  that  the  words  "attended 
with  ulceration"  be  omitted.  This  disease,  as  well  as  fistula  in  ano,  seems  to  me  to  demand  exemp- 
tion without  qualification  ;  so,  also,  do  some  cases  of  real  external  hmnorrhoids,  the  distress  and 
disability  from  which  often  equal  or  excel  those  from  strictly  internal  ones,  as  I  know  from  my  own 
observation  in  several  cases.  Many  cases  of  apparent  external  haemorrhoids  are  returnable  by 
pressure  within  the  sphincter,  and  mistakes  may  thus  arise. 

Section  27.  Permanent  organic  stricture,  admitting  the  passage  of  only  a  small  bougie,  and 
not  necessarily  incurable,  would,  it  seems  to  me,  justify  exemption.  The  condition  specified  in 
section  27  is  scarcely  compatible  with  existence,  and  of  rare  occurrence. 

Section  32.    For  "iirevent"  say  "impede." 

Section  33.  I  should  read,  "  Permanent  contraction  or  extension  of  all  or  any  two  fingers  of 
either  handP   "What  can  a  man  do  as  a  soldier  if  two  of  the  fingers  of  his  left  hand  arc"  disabled? 

Section  35.  Varicose  'veins,  if  large  and  numerous,  and  accomiyanied  icith  chronic  dwellings  or 
M/cerrt^<07i  of  the  legs,  are  so  rare  that  I  should  read  "or  accompanied"  for  "and  accompanied;" 
otherwise,  very  few  would  be  exempted  under  the  section.  By  no  other  cause  are  so  many  good 
men  really  disqualified  from  service  as  by  this.  Moderate  varicosity  need  not  exempt  from  the 
duties  of  the  reserved  corj^s;  and  a  recruit  in  whom  the  varicosity  is  simple,  even  if  it  be  numerous 
and  large,  but  unattended  with  erythema,  ulcerations,  or  cicatrices  of  ulceration,  and  who  denies 
suft'ering  any  iucouvenience,  ought,  in  my  opinion,  to  be  accepted,  and  not  allowed  afterward  to 
shirk  from  his  duty.  Hundreds  of  men  perform  the  daily  laborious  duties  of  life  with  varicose  veins, 
and  suffer  from  them  little  or  no  inconvenience.  It  is  only  the  enrolled  man,  desirous  of  avoiding 
the  draft,  too  unpatriotic  to  serve  in  person  and  too  parsimonious  to  procure  a  substitute,  that  com- 
plains of  them.    I  would  be  glad  to  have  this  subject  reconsidered  and  the  law  defined. 

I  conclude  my  remarks  on  the  sections  of  paragraph  S5  by  saying  that  I  think  excessive  obesity, 
or  a  weight  of  over  200  pounds,  is  a  sufficient  cause  for  exemption  ;  -also,  that  no  lad  should  be  held 
or  enlisted  (and  juany  are  presented  as  recruits)  unless  he  be  over  18  years  of  age,  weighing  over 
110  pounds,  measuring  at  least  30  inciies  in  circumference  of  chest,  standing  at  least  5  feet  3 
iuclies,  of  good  muscular  development,  and  exhibiting  manifest  signs  ofimhcrty.  Many  such  prove 
to  be  efficient  soldiers ;  more  so  than  even  larger  adults.  I  do  not,  therefoi'e,  coincide  in  the  eighty- 
sixth  section  of  i)aragraph  85.  *  *  * 

As  regards  re-examination  at  rendezvous-camp,  I  beg  to  say  that  I  think  it  would  be  more  just 
toward  the  surgeon  who  enlists  the  men,  and  facilitate  his  exculpation  when  complaint  is  made,  if 
he  were  to  be  informed  ivhat  was  the  supposed  disqualification  which,  in  the  letter  from  Washing- 
ton, it  is  assumed  that  he  has  overlooked  for  want  of  sutiicient  care.  At  the  same  time,  in  the 
hurry  of  business,  such  inadvertence  is  very  likely  to  occur,  and  should,  I  think,  be  leniently  dealt 
with,  unless  often  repeated.  *  *  * 

I  would  advise  that  the  filling  up  of  a  ^'■Formfor  examining  recruits,"  for  each  man  enlisted,  be 
made  obligatory  on  the  surgeons,  and  kept  on  file  in  the  office.  No  better  guide  to,  or  record  of, 
accuracy  could  be  desired.  *  »  * 


250  SUKGEONS'    REPORTS NEW    iTORK EIGHTH    DISTRICT. 

1  Lave  already  stated  that  ia  oue  day  Dr.  Derby  and  1  examined  sixty  recruits;  but  we  worked 
from  9  a.  m.  till  i  p.  lu.,  and  examined  no  men  for  exemption.  While  I  was  iu  the  front  room,  pay- 
lug  bounties  and  signing  papers,  Dr.  Derby  conducted  the  examinations.  Some  of  the  rejections 
are  quickly  made  from  mere  external  inspection. 

I  would  suggest  that,  iu  times  of  great  business  activity,  a  sm-geoii's  assistant,  of  good  proles- 
sional  acquirements,  should  be  ap[)ointed  to  attend  with  the  surgeon  during  the  whole  icorling-hours 
of  the  day — not  as  now,  coming  at  his  leisure — to  keep  the  record  of  medical  examinations,  to  relieve 
the  surgeon  when  fatigued,  and  to  take  his  place  in  the  few  and  brief  absences  which  are  necessary 
to  enable  him  to  retain  his  private  practice,  and  which  it  would  be  unfair,  however  paramount  his 
oflicial  duties,  to  expect  him  wliolly  to  reliuquish. 

A  special  clerk  to  the  surgeon  should  be  appointed,  charged  only  with  making  out  enlistment- 
papers,  entering  on  the  record  the  names  and  examinations  of  enrolled  or  drafted  men,  and  making 
out  the  monthly  reports.  This  is  work  enough  for  him.  Thus  provided,  and  with  such  other  cleri- 
cal aid  as  might  be  occasionally  needed,  and  with  steady  attendance,  on  the  x^^rt  of  the  two  sur- 
geons and  the  clerks,  I  suppose  that  sixty  recruits,  or  one  hundred  or  more  enrolled  men,  or  tico  hun- 
dred drafted  men  (which  is,  1  believe,  the  number  specified  a«  the  rate  at  which  the  examinations 
per  diem  should  be  made)  might  be  examined  with  suflicieut  accuracy.  To  do  this,  however,  little 
or  no  time  must  be  spent  idly.  The  delay  is  in  recording  the  examinations.  More  than  three  men, 
I  think,  ought  not  to  be  stripped  and  examined  together,  as  confusion  and  error  might  arise.  Ex- 
aminations of  enrolled  men  cause  the  most  delay;  much  talking  is  to  be  done  to  convince  or  recon- 
cile them  to  an  adverse  decision ;  much  appeal  and  argument  to  be  heard,  so  as  not  to  appear 
harsh  or  uncivil,  or  give  unnecessary  offense  in  an  unpopular  duty.  I  have  recorded  the  examina- 
tion of  cighty-seren  iu  one  day,  with  partial  attendance  only  ot  my  assistant,  and  the  intermingling 
of  some  other  duties  of  substitutes  and  recruits;  and  on  three  separate  days  the  number,  respect- 
ively, of  forty-seven,  fifty-four,  and  sixty. 

Deliberate  frauds  among  enrolled  men 'to  escape  draft  were  rare.  Their  complaints,  I  think, 
were  honestly  made  for  the  most  part.  I  had  some  difliculty  with  those  who  had  hernia  and  wore 
trusses,  which  they  were  not  always  willing  to  remove,  and  could  not  Mways  make  their  hernias 
protrude  if  they  did.  I  did  not  exempt  in  these  cases.  Excessive  complaints  of  slight  varicose 
veins,  of  haimorrhoids,  not  discoverable  at  the  time  of  examination;  chronic  rheumatism  or  lum- 
bago, generally  attributed  to  disease  of  the  kidney;  deafness,  not  decided;  insufficient  loss  of 
teeth ;  varicocele,  corns,  tender  feet,  &c.,  were  of  common  occurrence,  but  availed  little,  though 
honestly  pleaded.  Lastly,  and  one  of  the  most  difficult  to  encounter,  a  firm  conviction  on  the  part 
of  the  applicant,  based  on  some  supposed  ailment,  or  physician's  certificate,  or  some  real  degree  of 
slight  physical  debility,  that  he  was  totally  unfit  for  military  service,  and  would  break  down  on  the 
shortest  march,  and,  in  no  time  at  all,  beiu  hospital.  Nothing  gave  more  offense  than  to  tell  these 
parties  that  active  service  would  probably  benefit  their  health,  or  that  they  might  do  ser\  ice  iu 
the  Eeserve  Corps;  and  this,  iu  men  of  wealth,  abundantly  able  to  provide  substitutes,  coming  to 
plead  their  cause  in  person,  attending  to  their  business,  enjoying  their  pleasures,  with  little  or  no 
external  evidence  of  disability,  and  with  no  idea  of  standing  the  draft,  if  not  exempted  from  it,  or 
going  to  the  front  themselves. 

It  is  difficult  to  satisfy  these  parties  without  giving  offense,  and  such  cases  ai-e,  I  think,  among 
the  most  troublesome  which  are  brought  under  the  notice  of  tlie  surgeon  of  the  board,  and  require 
the  very  strictest  expression  and  clearest  possible  written  definition  of  his  duty — those  in  which  it 
is  desirable  that  he  should  have  to  repose  the  least  possible  reliance  on  his  own  judgment,  and  be 
able  to  exhibit  the  legal  "  litera  scripta  ipsissimap  A  few  glass  eyes,  false  sets  of  teeth,  over  age, 
a  hernia  stealthily  pushed  back  at  the  moment  of  examination,  are  a  few  of  the  clumsy  devices 
practiced  by  men  seeking  to  enlist  to  deceive  and  "  pass  the  doctor,"  but  which  ought  no  more  to 
succeed  with  a  man  of  ordinary  sagacity  and  ol)servation  than  the  bribes  offered  by  men  and  brokers 
should  infiuenccan  honest  one.  Tlie  strict  investigation  I  have  described  detects  all  these  defects 
certainly  and  (juickly  ;  and  when  the  character  of  the  surgeon  for  acumen  and  honesty  is  known, 
they  will  not  olten  be  attempted.  Few  good-for-nothing  men  were  brought  to  me  of  late,  and  bribes 
ceased  to  be  offered.  I  have  heard  of  gray  hair  being  dyed,  and  one  man  substituted  for  another; 
but  nothing  of  the  kind  occurred  under  my  observation.  *  *  * 


surgeons'   KEPORTS NEW    YORK EIGHTH    DISTRICT.  251 

I  tbiiilc  till)  fliiost  men  I  examined,  taking  tliem  for  all  in  all,  were  Germans.  We  examined  of 
tliesc  501 ;  many  of  tliem  were  recent  iinmigranls,  and  several  of  tlieni  men  of  great  stature,  strength, 
and  muscularity.  The  greatest  heights  (G  feet  3  inches)  were  common  to  Irish,  Germans,  and 
English.  The  average  height  was  a  little  in  favor  of  the  English  (British  Americans)  and  Scotch. 
The  Germans  gave  the  greatest  chest-measurement  at  inspiration  and  expiration,  (43-11,)  followed 
by  the  Irish,  (42-39 ;)  English,  (41-39;)  the  Swedes,  of  whom  four  were  examined,  (40-38 ;)  the 
French,  of  whom  we  examined  forty-six,  (42-40;)  and  the  Americans,  (40-37.)  Of  these  latter,  we 
enlisted  several  fine  specimens;  but  the  i)redominance  of  height,  size,  strength,  and  muscular 
development,  with  adaiitability  for  actual  service,  lay  with  the  Europeans — Germans,  French,  Irish, 
English,  Scotch,  Poles,  and  Swedes — in  the  order  as  written.  Most  of  these  (Irjsh  excepted)  had 
served  in  the  militia  of  their  native  countries  or  in  the  Oeld.  To  this,  their  active  lives,  and 
temiieratc  habits,  their  superiority  was  perhaps  due.  Some  of  the  Irish  and  English  had  been  in 
the  British  army  in  India  and  the  Crimea.  Of  Americans,  we  examined  347 ;  of  Irish,  500 ;  of 
English,  Scotch,  and  natives  of  the  British  provinces,  230;  of  French,  46;  Poles,  3;  Swiss,  5 ; 
Swedes,  4;  Danas  and  Norwegians,  11. 

Many  colored  men  enlisted  by  us,  though  of  short  stature,  were  long-armed,  muscular,  and 
healthy;  and,  unless  any  moral  deticiency  annuls  their  physical  vigor,  they  ought  to  make  good 
soldiers.  "We  enlisted,  on  one  day,  four  black  Louisiana  field-hands,  the  finest  young  men  I  almost 
ever  saw  ;  escaped  slaves,  sent  on  here  from  New  Orleans  by  some  steamship-company,  whose  sailor- 
uniform  they  wore. 

Drafts,  however  indispensable  in  times  of  need  in  countries  where  standing  armies  are  not 
maintained,  are,  uevertheless,  extremely  uniiopular,  oi)posed  to  the  spirit  of  our  republican  institu- 
tions, and,  by  both  upper  and  lower  classes  of  society,  every  possible  obstacle  is  thrown  in  the  way 
of  the  officers  as  to  getting  a  full  and  accurate  enrollment.  These  should  be  men  of  education, 
intelligence,  zeal,  courtesy,  and  firmness,  otherwise  many  will  be  enrolled  who,  from  over  age, 
alienage,  or  physical  disability,  need  not  to  have  been;  many  not,  who  ought  to  have  been  ;  names 
misspelt  taken  twice  over,  wrong  addresses  obtained,  and  other  blunders  made  which  are  not  all 
inevitable.  I  do  not  think  that  sufficient  care  was  generally  observed  in  this  respect.  And  when 
we  reflect  how  many  exemptions  are  granted  before  and  after  a  draft,  how  many  drafted  men  never 
report  and  can  never  be  found,  and  the  kind  of  men  who  are  held  to  service,  in  so  small  a  propor- 
tion, I  cannot  say  that  I  think  that  a  draft,  in  a  large  city  like  this,  although  it  may  prove  useful 
in  procuring  good  men  as  substitutes  for  the  wealthy,  aftbi'ds  any  very  precious  material  for  an 
efficient  army.  In  rural  districts,  the  result  would,  of  course,  be  different;  it  is  in  such,  I  believe 
that  the  armies  of  Europe  are  raised  and  recruited  by  conscription.  I  have  only  to  suggest  that 
if  an  enrollment  be  made,  it  be  thoroughly  done  by  competent  persons. 

A  word  or  two  more,  only,  in  conclusion.  The  office  of  "  commissioner"  of  the  board  of  enroll- 
ment is  almost  a  useless  sinecure.  I  know  that  its  duties  are  often  almost  entirely  neglected,  are 
of  very  little  real  importance,  and  can  be,  and  are,  quite  as  eliiciently  performed  by  the  provost- 
marshal  and  his  deputy. 

As  to  couducting  the  medical  examination  of  drafted  men  "in  the  presence  of  the  buard,^^  as 
prescribed  in  section  93,  it  is,  in  view  of  the  pressure  of  the  du.ies  of  the  other  members,  I  should 
say,  impossible.  How  arc  they  to  be  ])erformed  while  the  "  board"  is  in  conclave,  watching  the 
surgeons  examine  drafted  men  at  the  rate  of  200  per  diem  ? 

As  to  its  being  done  in  their  presence  "  onhj,^''  the  oflice-arrangements  must  bo  on  a  larger  scale 
than  at  present  to  allow  of  this.  Ours  consisted  of  a  second  floor  of  two  rooms;  six  or  eight  clerks, 
working  at  the  enrollment-lists,  sat  in  it  with  me  during  nearly  my  whole  time  of  service.  There 
was  no  privacy  for  my  examinations  of  the  enrolled  men,  who  filled  the  apartment  daily,  together 
with  the  recruits  and  substitutes ;  and  when  the  portion  of  the  room  curtained  oft'  for  examining 
naked  recruits  was  occupied  by  one  or  two  of  these,  the  applicants  for  exemption,  many  of  them 
men  of  the  first  respectability,  conversed  with  me,  in  an  undertone,  at  the  head  of  the  same  long 
table. 

There  was  often  so  much  noise  and  talking  at  the  table  that  it  was  almost  impossible  fo 
auscultate  the  heart  and  lungs  accurately.  \A'e  had  only  one  rickety  bench  to  aeconunodate  all, 
many  of  whom,  of  course,  had  to  stand;  a-  paucity  of  chairs;  the  water  not  let  on,  and  very  few 


252  SUEGEONS'    KEPORTS — KEW    VOKK NINTH   DISTRICT, 

panes  of  glass  in  the  u  jiidows.    Such  were  tbe  (lacking)  accommodatious  iu  the  provost-inarsbal's 


*  * 


ofiBce  of  tbe  eigbtb  congressional  district  of  the  cit^-  of  New  York. 

WM.  0.  ItOEERTS, 
Suryion  Board  of  Enrollment  EhjUth  District  of  Neic  York. 
New  York  City,  June  28,  1865. 

NEW  YOEK— NINTH  DISTRICT. 

Extracts  from  reiwrt  of  Dr.  W.  H.  Thomson. 

The  number  of  persons  subjected  to  my  inspection  siuce  I  assumed  the  duties  of  surgeon  of 
the  board  of  enrollment  on  May  1,  1863,  is,  accordiug  to  my  records,  6,758.  Of  this  number,  1,251) 
were  drafted  men;  1,674,  enrolled  men  who  claimed  exemption  from  military  service  on  the  ground 
of  physical  disability;  and  3,825  were  volunteers  or  substitutes. 

My  experience  as  examining-surgeon,  however,  embraces  also  similar  duties  to  the  above  per- 
formed by  me,  under  an  appointment  by  the  governor  of  the  State  of  New  York,  iu  the  year  1862, 
when  I  examined  8,700  voluuteers  and  1,550  persons  claiming  exemption  from  the  draft.  This 
makes  a  total  of  17,008  persons  inspected  by  me  as  surgeon  during  the  war. 

My  district  comprises  that  part  of  New  York  City  lying  north  of  Fortieth  street,  and  consisting  of 
the  Twelfth,  Nineteenth,  and  Twenty-second  wards ;  it  contains  a  little  more  than  one-half  the  area 
of  Manhattan  Island.  Over  a  considerable  portioi!  of  this  district  intermittent  fever  of  a  mild 
type  prevails.  The  population  in  some  parts,  along  both  the  North  and  East  Elvers,  is  very  dense, 
and  composed  mostly  of  Irish,  who  live  crowded  iu  close  and  filthy  tenement-houses.'  Further  up, 
in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Central  Park,  is  also  a  numerous  Irish  population,  living  in  huts  and 
shanties  among  the  rocks,  iu  the  future  aristocratic  quarter  of  the  city  ;  and  tbe  health  of  these 
people,  owing  to  their  habits,  the  absence  of  drainage,  and  prevalence  of  malaria,  is  no  better  thau 
in  the  tenement-houses.  North  of  them  is  a  considerable  population  of  Germans,  engaged  iu 
vegetable  and  truck-farm  cultivation.  The  middle  of  tbe  island,  between  Third  and  Seventh 
avenues,  contains  the  best  population  of  the  city  :  aud  the  same  may  be  said  of  the  extreme  north, 
on  tbe  Bloomingdale  road,  at  Manbattanville,  and  Fort  Washington,  neighborhoods  composed 
largely  of  the  suburban  villas  and  residences  of  tbe  rich. 

Tlie  floating  character  of  the  greater  part  of  tbe  poor  population  of  our  district  rendered  the 
operations  of  tbe  draft  among  them  almost  nugatory.  So  soon  as  they  saw  their  names  among  tbe 
drafted  in  tbe  evening-paper,  hundreds  of  them  promptly  removed,  and  it  would  have  taken  many 
months  to  find  them  again,  owing  to  tbe  facility  with  which  they  could  exchange  their  shanties 
and  tenement-lodgings  for  places  in  Brooklyn,  Staten  Island,  New  Jersey,  as  well  as  down  town 
and  yet  iu  each  case"be  no  further  removed  from  the  business-sections  thau  when  above  Forty- 
second  street. 

For  reasons  probably  connected  with  tbe  feeding  of  their  animals,  a  great  many  of  tbe  carmen 
of  the  city  live  in  this  district,  besides  porters  and  laborers  on  the  Central  Park.  There  is,  likewise, 
a  large  body  of  Irish  quarry  men  employed  in  blasting  stone  at  Weeba  wken,  for  the  Russ  Pavement 
Company,  and  who  were  prominent  in  tbe  riots  of  1SG3.  There  is  also  the  part  of  tbe  island  where 
most  of  the  building  is  going  on,  so  that  many  carpenters  and  masons  are  to  be  found  residing  iu 
tlie  district.  The  depots  of  all  the  city-railroads  arc  also  above  Fortieth  street,  and  there  are^ 
besides,  several  large  foundries  and  stone-cutting  works. 

The  common  character,  therefore,  of  heavy  work  iu  the  pursuits  of  the  laboring  population 
brought  to  my  notice  as  surgeon  may  account  for  what  I  considered  a  large  proportion,  among  the 
causes  of  exemption  or  rejection,  of  cases  of  hernia  and  liactures  or  injuries  of  limbs.  Cut,  on  the 
other  hand,  I  have  been  struck  with  tlie  uumber  of  persons  among  tbe  better  classes,  and  native 
Americans,  with  weak  constitution,  deficient  girth  of  chest,  aud  slender  jjAysigjfc,  especially  among 
the  younger  meu.  Tiie  contrast,  in  this  respect,  with  what  I  had  noted  in  American  country- 
recruits  in  lS(i2  is  so  marked  that  I  have  been  led  to  consider  city -life  in  New  York  as  exerting  an 
unfavorable  inliuence  on  i»hysical  development,  especially  in  children;  lor  tbe  results  iu  my  experi- 


surgeons'   reports — NEW   YORK — NINTH    DISTRICT.  253 

eucc  have  beeu  too  uiiifoiiu  to  ascribe  tlieni  to  such  exceptional  causes  as  the  excesses  or  vicious 
indulgences  of  city-life.  #  »  * 

I  found  in  some  cases,  especially  among  the  poor,  that  the  third  section  of  paragraph  So  was 
difficult  to  follow  literally  in  the  ca.ses  of  patients  who  had  been  subject  to  epilepsy  for  many  years, 
but  who,  on  account  of  their  circumstances  and  despairing  of  cure,  had  not,  for  more  tiian  six 
mouths  previously,  sought  medical  advice.  These  cases  would  be  manifestly  unfit  for  service,  and 
some  were  exempted  for  mental  imbecility.  In  the  reports,  however,  for  the  sake  of  accuracy  in 
medical  statistics,  I  have  classed  them  as  epilepsy.  This  section  I  would  amend  thus :  "  The  existence 
of  this  disability  shall  be  established  by  satisfactory  evidence,  including  the  affidavits  of  persons  who 
have  witnessed  the  man  in  a  convulsion  within  four  months  immediately  preceding  his  examination 
by  the  board,  and  who  have  personal  knowledge  of  his  being  subject  to  repeated  attacks;  and,  in 
addition  thereto,  such  other  evidence  as  the  board  may  require.''  The  characters  of  an  epileptic 
seizure  are  usually  so  marked,  that  the  account  of  unprofessional  observers  ought  to  satisfy  a  careful 
surgeon  who  personally  examines  the  testimony,  about  as  well  as  the  affidavit  of  a  physician. 

With  section  4,  I  would  recommend  that  the  different  divisions  of  each  section  be  noted  by 
letters  in  italics,  for  the  sake  of  future  statistics.  For  example,  the  surgeon  should  report  on  the 
exemptions  of  section  4  thus:  "a  (paralysis)  No.  — ;  b  (chorea)  No.  — ;  c  (atrophy)  No.  — ;"  &c. 

Section  10, 1  would  recommend  to  read,  "  Scrofula  («)  and  secondary  syphilis  (?^),"  with  instruc- 
tions to  note,  in  cases  of  constitutional  syphilis,  the  proportion  of  those  who  present  cicatrices  of 
buboes. 

In  section  27,  I  would  add  the  word  "chronic"  before  "stricture  of  the  urethra,"'  «S-c.  When 
urine  is  passed  f/uttatim,  it  is,  even  in  old  cases,  owing  to  a  spasmodic  narrowing  supervening  on  an 
organic  stricture.  A  permanent  stricture,  to  such  a  degree  as  to  prevent  emptying  the  bladder 
except  in  drops,  would  be  almost  incompatible  with  life.  *  #  » 

That  this  board  has  ever  passed  a  man  who  was  intoxicated  I  deny.  I  have  temporarily 
rejected  many  for  this  cause,  as  I  know  other  surgeons  of  this  city  have  done;  and  yet  frequent 
assertions  are  made  by  men,  with  a  view  to  get  out  of  the  service,  that  they  were  enlisted  in  a  state 
of  intoxication,  or  when  wholly  deprived  of  their  senses  by  being  drvyged.  These  statements  have  not 
only  been  frequent  in  the  papers,  but  were  even  made  by  General  Dix  in  an  official  letter  to  the 
Provost  Marshal-General.  Having  never  had  any  case  of  the  kind  reported  to  me  for  explanation, 
I  feel  entitled  to  ask  the  question,  What  drug  is  there  which,  administered  to  a  man,  will  abolish 
his  senses  so  that  he  is  no  longer  conscious  of  his  acts,  without  its  abolishing,  at  the  same  time, 
his  powers  of  locomotion '?  As  a  medical  man  and  a  teacher  of  materia  medica  in  this  city,  I  should 
be  obliged  for  this  information ;  for  I  do  not  know  of  any  agent  with  such  properties.  The  nearest 
to  it  are  alcoholic  stimulants;  but  assuredly  it  will  not  be  difficult  for  a  surgeon  to  discover  that  a 
man  is  drunk!  No  one  connected  with  a  New  York  office  can  be  ignorant  of  the  frauds  perpetrated 
or  attempted  by  brokers  through  recruits,  and  at  our  own  office  a  great  many  arrests  have  been 
made  on  this  account;  but  many  absurd  statements  gained  currency  among  the  public,  such  as 
that  the  recruits  were  intoxicated  and  drugged  when  the  Government  officials  put  them  into 
service.  Affidavits  were  even  published  by  military  authorities,  in  which  the  recruits  represented 
that,  at  such  a  time,  they  passed  into  a  state  of  unconsciousness,  from  which  they  awoke  to  find 
themselves  in  uniform;  whence  it  Ibllowed  that  they  had  been  passed  by  the  surgeon  while  in  a 
state  of  trance,  so  that  it  was  beginning  to  be  a  stigma  to  be  a  surgeon  at  all!  It  ought  to  be 
known  that  there  is  no  mode  of  disturbing  a  man's  faculties  so  easy  as  by  liquor ;  but,  as  intoxica- 
tion is  easily  recognized.  Government  officials  should  hold  the  whole  board  of  mustering  officers 
accountable  for  passing  such  cases,  if  any  occur,  rather  than  throw  the  blame  on  the  surgeon 
alone.  *  *  * 

The  number  of  men  who  can  be  accurately  examined  per  day  by  one  surgeon  can  hardly  exceed 
s/.r^,)/.  The  time  consumed  in  taking  the  notes  of  name,  birthplace,  &c.,  along  with  the  siiecial 
medical  notes  of  each  case,  is  always  considerable,  apart  from  the  time  taken  in  the  surgical  exam- 
ination. The  better  the  physique  of  the  man,  the  quicker  his  examination ;  but  there  are  many  who 
will  have  about  them  certain  points  (especially  in  inspection  of  the  thorax)  to  determine  and  decide 
upon  which  cannot  be  well  done  in  a  moment:  for  1  consider  it  as  nnicli  the  duty  of  the  surgeon, 
in  the  exigencies  of  the  present  war,  not  to  lose  a  good  recruit  for  a  <loabt  which  a  careful  investi- 


254  SURGEONS'    REPORTS — NEW   YORK — NINTH    DISTRICT. 

gation  might  reniovo,  as  to  be  careful  tbat  no  unfit  man  shall  pass  him.  Claimants  for  exemption 
need  still  more  time,  for  with  most  of  them  it  is  impossible  to  make  their  story  short;  besides  that, 
many  bring  certificates  to  be  read  with  reference  to  their  infirmities.  The  duty  of  Government 
officials  to  guard  against  increasing  the  ordinary  dissatisfaction  with  an  unpopular  law  by  a  want 
of  courtesy  will  oblige  the  surgeon  to  waste  many  minutes  with  them  which  could  be  better  devoted 
to  examining  recruits.  The  time  taken  in  signing  his  name  four  or  five  times  for  every  man  he 
passes  will  consume  about  an  hour  and  a  half  for  sixty  men,  if  be  can  write  fast. 

Simulated  disease  I  have  not  found,  on  the  part  of  drafted  and  enrolled  men,  as  often  as  might 
be  expected.  Most  claimants  seemed  honestly  to  consider  their  alleged  causes  of  disability  as 
genuine.  A  great  many  come  up  for  chronic  rheumatism,  and,  in  not  a  few  cases,  there  can  be  no 
doubt  that  they  are  unfit  for  the  service  from  their  extreme  liability  to  that  disease  uuder  slight 
exposure,  though  they  may  present  neither  pufQness  nor  distortion  of  the  joints.  The  lai'gest  ratio 
of  attempted  fraud  among  drafted  or  enrolled  men  to  a  given  disease  was  for  affections  of  the 
kidneys  and  bladder;  but  a  very  cursory  series  of  questions  would  suffice  to  dispose  of  their  pre- 
tensions. Strictures  of  the  urethra,  likewise,  frequently  dilated  of  themselves,  when  it  was  under- 
stood that  the  passage  of  a  sound  was  necessary  to  determine  whether  the  water  could  come  only 
by  drops. 

Frauds  attempted  by  recruits  and  substitutes,  on  the  other  hand,  are  common.  The  first  I 
would  mention,  for  its  frequency,  is  disguise  of  over  age.  This  may  seem  to  be  easily  discoverable; 
but  some  men  ovei  forty-five  are  strong-bodied,  and,  with  dyed  hair  and  rouged  skin,  do  not  seem 
half  so  decrepit  as  many  au  enrolled  mau  of  thirty,  while  their  movements  are  brisk  and  elastic 
till  they  get  Into  the  service,  wheu  they  turn  into  feeble  hoary-heads,  who  have  suffered  froifl 
rheumatism,  as  they  claim,  for  twenty  years.  Attempts  to  hide  false  teeth  with  a  large  quid  of 
tobacco  are  very  common.  I  have  met  with  cases  of  men  who  have  had  ice  applied  to  their  legs  to 
diminish  varicose  veins;  and  this  trick  I  once  discovered  had  been  employedto  conceal  a  hernia 
also,  a  bladder  of  ice  having  been  applied  over  the  inguinal  canal.  The  effects  of  cold  in  the  exam- 
ining-room,  in  winter,  in  contracting  varix  of  the  leg,  varicocele,  and  hernia,  should  be  watched. 
There  are  so  many  cases  of  persons  with  very  dilatable  inguinal  rings,  and  yet  who  have  never  had 
hernia,  that  a  surgeon  will  often  be  in  doubt,  after  the  usual  tests,  whether  a  recruit  be  ruptured 
or  not. 

The  chief  difficulty  in  the  discharge  of  my  duties  has  been  want  of  a  suitable  examining-room. 
The  pi'ovision  in  the  law  requiring  recruits  to  be  stripped  iu  the  presence  of  the  board  led  to  the 
examining-place  being  divided  only  by  a  curtain  from  the  rest  of  the  headquarters'  room.  The 
noise  inseparable  from  such  an  office,  especially  during  the  proceedings  after  a  draft,  when  drafted 
men,  substitutes,  brokers,  &c.,  crowded  in,  often  made  it  nearly  impossible  to  hear.  The  surgeon 
should  be  provided  with  two  rooms,  one  for  the  recruits  to  strip  in,  and  the  other  for  his  examina- 
tions, where,  also,  he  should  have  his  special  clerk.  A  danger  has  to  be  guarded  against  of  dis- 
honest officials,  or  guards  in  collusion  with  brokers,  substituting  a  rejected  man  for  au  accepted 
one  who  has  personated  him,  and  who  then  escapes  after  the  surgeon  has  examined  him.  A  case 
of  this  kind  was  fortunately  detected  at  our  office,  but  the  only  punishment  that  could  be  inflicted 
was  dismissal  of  the  clerk,  who  stated  afterward  that  he  had  made  all  he  wanted  out  of  the  office 
anyhow. 

My  opinion  with  reference  to  the  nationality  best  qualified  for  military  service  is  that  it  is  the 
American.  Mj'  statistics,  however,  have  varied  considerably  in  this  respect.  In  my  examinations, 
in  1SG2,  of  8,700  i-ecruits,  nearly  4,G0O  were  native  Americans,  and  70  per  cent,  of  these  recruits  were 
from  the  country.  At  that  time,  I  found  the  American  physique  rated  as  "  prime"  in  49.00  per  cent. ; 
the  Germans,  in  43.25  per  cent.;  and  the  Irish,  in  30.50  per  cent.  In  the  draft  of  1SG3,  however, 
uuder  a  somewhat  different  notation,  which,  therefore,  is  of  use  only  for  comparison,  the  relation  of 
these  nationalities  is  reversed,  thus:  Germans,  j)rime,  61. G  per  cent.;  Irish,  GO.G  ;  Americans,  58.2. 
This  change  is  partly  ascribable  to  the  inferiority  of  city  to  country  recruits,  above  referred  to;  but 
also  to  the  natural  workings  of  the  dratt.  Volunteers  are,  so  to  speak,  a  picked  class,  as  only  those 
wiio  consider  themselves  healthy  come  forward.  The  draft-wheel,  on  the  other  hand,  brings  to  the 
surgeon  many  weakly  persons,  or  persons  who  have  lived  in  sedentary  pursuits,  and  who  would 
never  have  come  otherwise.     The  foreigners,  on  the  other  hand,  who  made  \\\^  the  majority  of  the  sub- 


REPORTS — NEW    YORK — TENTH    DISTRICT.  255 

stitutes  from  this  city,  were  mostly  laborers,  and  would,  therefore,  show  more  generally  a  full  bodily 
development.  This  view  is  borue  out  by  the  experience  of  lS(i4,  when  we  had  no  draft,  but  only 
volunteers;  for  my  statistics  for  that  year  stand  as  to  physique:  Americans,  {good physique,)  50.05 
per  cent. ;  Germans,  do.,  50.00  per  cent. ;  Irish,  do.,  49.05  per  cent. 

The  Americans  on  my  books  prove  to  be  the  smallest-chested  of  all  the  nationalities  as  well 
as  the  tallest.  The  direct  inference,  however,  from  tbis  comparison,  I  think,  would  be  fallacious, 
because,  first,  as  above  mentioned,  the  Americans  are  largely  from  sedentary,  and  the  foreigners 
from  laboring,  occupations;  and,  secondly,  by  far  the  largest  ratio  of  persons  examined  under  the 
age  of  tice7ity-one  were  Americans.  As  d  general  deduction  from  an  experience  of  17,000  exam- 
inations, I  would  pronoimco  our  American  male  population — rural  and  maritime — to  be  the  best 
material  of  any  of  the  three  nationalities  when  compared  for  first-rate  soldiers. 

My  experience  with  colored  recruits  in  New  York  is  not  very  extensive.  In  muscular  develop- 
ment, they  are  fully  equal  to  the  white  recruits,  but  inferior  to  the  latter  in  osseous  symmetry. 
Their  percentage  of  good  physique  I  found  to  be  like  the  Germans,  above  noted,  viz,  exactly  50 
per  cent.  Phthisis,  however,  appears  as  a  commoner  cause  of  rejection  of  colored  men  than  of 
others,  according  to  my  record. 

The  creation  of  boards  of  enrollment,  I  think,  has  proved  by  the  result  to  have  been  one  of  the 
wisest  and  most  practical  measures  of  the  war.  That  measure  should  be  judged  by  the  objects 
which  it  was  proposed  to  effect,  namely,  by  its  means  to  render  available  the  whole  military  strength 
of  a  republican  country.  A  people  who  boasted  that  their  rulers  were  their  servants  had  to  bo 
suddenly  reconciled  to  being  forced  into  the  ranks,  by  the  half  million  at  a  time,  on  the  call  of  their 
Chief  Magistrate.  The  manner  of  doing  this  could  hardly  have  been  better  than  by  the  creation  of 
these  boards,  which  fell  in  with  the  local  instincts  of  our  people;  for,  while  the  members  were 
officials  of  the  Central  Government,  they  were,  at  the  same  time,  citizens  of  the  district,  cognizant 
of  all  its  circumstances  and  conditions,  aiid  identified  with  its  interests.  Nothing  could  have  been 
better  adapted  to  have  kept  up,  in  every  part  of  our  wide  country,  tLe  volunteering  which  caused 
our  vast  armies  to  be  filled  to  the  last,  as  well  as  to  carry  out  the  draft  when  it  became  necessary. 

That  our  Government  was  able  to  do  as  much  as  it  did  without  the  employment  of  enforced 
military  service  is  to  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  gracious  providences  of  our  time ;  and  it  is  no 
more  than  justice  to  say  that  this  result,  occurring  in  spite  of  the  discontents  and  discouragements 
•which  followed  the  disastei-s  of  the  first  years  of  the  wax-,  was  largely  owing  to  the  efficient  and 
widespread  working  of  the  Provost-Marshal-Generars  Bureau. 

The  only  recommendation  I  would  at  present  make  in  reference  to  the  enrollment-law  would  be 
to  construct  the  board  of  a  provost-marshal  and  two  surgeons;  the  first  with  the  rank  of  a  full  army 
surgeon,  and  the  secoud  with  that  of  an  assistant  surgeon.  A  board  should  consist  of  at  least  three 
members,  and  such  a  board  as  the  one  indicated  would  consist  of  more  efficient  oificers  than  as 
organized  by  the  conscription-act,  where  the  commissioner  represented,  aud  generally  performed, 
no  duty  in  particular. 

W.  H.  THOMSON, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Ninth  District  of  New  York. 

New  York  City,  June  28,  18G3. 

NEW  YORK— TENTH  DISTEICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dk.  L.  F.  Pelton. 

Upon  the  15th  of  October,  1SG3,  I  received  the  appointment  of  assistant  surgeon  to  the  board 
of  enrollment  of  this  district,  aud  served  as  such  for  two  months.  At  that  time,  no  record  of 
recruits  and  substitutes  rejected  for  physical  disability  was  kept,  and  I  am  able  only  to  give  a 
proximate  estimate  of  the  whole  number  examined.  I  received  August  -!S,  1804,  the  appointment 
of  surgeon  to  the  board  of  enrollment.  The  whole  number  examined  at  this  office  I  estimate  at 
fifteen  thousand,  of  which  number  four  thousand  were  examined  since  the  1st  September,  18G4. 

The  tenth  congressional  district  of  New  York  comprises  the  counties  of  Westchester,  Putnam, 
and  Rockland. 


256  surgeons'  reports— new  york— tenth  district. 

The  two  first  mentioned  are  washed  upon  their  western  boundary  by  the  Hudson  Eiver, 
and  reach  easterly  to  the  Connecticut  line.  The  southern  portion  of  Westchester  lies  upon 
Long  Island  Sound.  The  general  surface  of  these  two  counties  is  mountainous  and  irregular ;  the 
luontitain-ranges  from  the  Highlands  running  through  the  northerly  portions,  and  gradually 
bec.oiiiiiig  more  undulating  toward  the  central  and  southern  extremity.  The  general  direction  of 
the  hills  is  north  and  south,  the  watercourses  following  that  conformation.  The  rock-formation 
is  a  granitic  gneiss,  with  the  dip  to  the  west.  Bowlders  of  primary  rock  are  abundant ;  many 
of  large  size,  and  some  remarkable  from  the  peculiar  manner  in  which  they  have  been  deposited. 
In  the  northern  section,  iron  of  an  excellent  quality  abounds.  In  the  southern  section  of  West- 
chester, salt-marshes  of  very  considerable  extent  are  formed  by  the  tide-waters  of  the  sound. 

Very  many  lakes  and  ponds  are  interspersed  over  the  surface  of  this  district;  and  the 
Croton  Eiver,  rising  in  the  upper  portion,  becomes  a  stream  of  .'^ome  size  where  the  aqueduct 
receives  its  waters  to  convey  them  to  New  York. 

The  county  of  Rockland,  with  the  Hudson  Eiver  forming  its  eastern  boundary  and  Orange 
County  and  the  State  of  ISIew  Jersey  its  northern  and  eastern  line,  is  mountainous  and  broken 
upon  its  river-front,  becoming  more  rolling  and  uneven  toward  the  central  and  southern  portions. 

Throughout  the  central  and  southern  portions  of  Westchester,  malarial  and  paludal  fevers 
prevail  to  a  considerable  extent,  varying  very  much,  in  different  years,  in  their  frequency  and 
severity.  Tliis  miasmatic  influence  has  a  tendency,  slowly  and  irregularly,  to  extend  itself 
northerly ;  cases  of  malarial  fever  having  recently  been  developed  in  localities  where  it  was 
unknown.  This  specific  poison  is  often  manifest  in  endemic  dysentery,  and  even  in  pneumonia. 
Typhoid  fevers  are  more  prevalent  in  the  northern  sections.    Tuberculosis  is  of  common  occurrence. 

The  proximity  of  this  district  to  New  York,  with  constant  and  easy  access,  both  by  boat  and 
rail,  causes  the  importation  of  many,  cases  of  infectious  and  contagious  diseases.  Thus,  variola, 
scarlatina,  febris  typhus,  &c.,  are  being  constantly  introduced,  and  act  as  centers  from  which  to 
diffuse  their  contagious  influences.  As  a  whole,  the  district  has  always  been  considered  healthful, 
and  will  compare  very  favorably  with  any  other  section  of  the  State. 

The  contiguity  of  the  southern  portion  of  the  district  to  New  York,  its  beautiful  scenery  and 
healthful  climate,  has  I'endered  it  a  suburb  of  that  city.  The  merchant  and  artisan,  the  gentleman 
of  leisure  and  the  scholar,  the  artist  and  professional  man,  alike  seek  its  abrupt  shores  and  quiet 
valleys  for  a  pleasant  home.  With  the  exception  of  the  brick  and  iron  interests,  the  population  of 
the  other  sections  of  the  district  is  chiefly  devoted  to  a  remunerative  system  of  agriculture. 

By  reference  to  the  re[iorts  from  this  office,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  greatest  ratios  per  thousand 
exeuipted  were  under  sections  5,  9,  20, 23,  and  32,  of  paragraph  S5,  Revised  Regulations ;  the  largest 
being  under  section  23.  Inasmuch  as  this  compares  with  the  statistical  tables  compiled  from  the 
various  offices  in  the  States,  I  can  give  no  especial  reason  for  this  greater  ratio,  further  than  the 
general  laws  which  affect  communities  and  nations  similar  in  their  habits,  modes  of  lile,  and 
occupations. 

Paragraph  85  having  been  carefully  prepared  by  those  whose  experience  and  qualifications 
entitled  them  to  the  highest  respect,  it  is  with  no  little  diflQdence  that  this  portion  of  the  report  is 
entered  upon.    The  only  sections  I  propose  to  mention  are  Nos.  3,  C,  20,  and  25. 

Sections.  It  is  a  fact  well  known  to  every  physician,  particularly  to  those  practicing  in  the 
country,  that  a  patient  may  have  very  nianj^  epileptic  seizures  without  the  attending  physician 
being  able  to  see  him  during  the  paroxysm.  Again,  many  epileptic  patients,  having  undergone 
treatment  for  a  considerable  length  of  time  without  apparent  benefit,  forego  any  treatment  save 
that  of  a  domestic  nature.  By  a  strict  adherence  to  the  section,  it  will  be  impossible  to  exempt 
some  epileptics  concerning  whose  iuaptitude  for  military  service  there  can  be  no  doubt.  I  would, 
therefore,  respectfully  suggest  that  the  section  be  modified  so  that  the  attested  affidavit  of  a  physi- 
cian may  be  dispensed  with,  and  other  sufficient  evidence  be  deemed  satisfactory  to  exempt. 

Section  G.  There  are  many  young  men  with  a  scrofulous  diathesis  strongly  marked,  who,  with 
the  advantages  of  regular  habits,  generous  diet,  exercise,  and  habitual  care,  may  keep  tuberculosis 
in  abeyance  for  years.  I  think  every  examining-surgeon  has  had  such  men  present  themselves  for 
examination,  and,  in  his  mind,  there  was  not  a  doubt  but  that  the  exposure,  fatigue,  and  hardships 


surgeons'    reports NEW    YORK TENTH    DISTRICT.  257 

iiic,i<k'iit  to  ii  military  life  would  (jiiiokly  dovi'lop  niid  contirm  tbe  disease.  I  would  respectfully 
suf;y;est  that  sueli  cases  be  left  somewhat  to  tUe  discretion  of  the  examining  surgeon. 

Section  L'O.  There  are  soldiers  now  in  the  Army,  imperfectly  examined  at  the  time  of  tlieir 
enlistnient,  who  have  served  three  years,  and  jet  have  scarcely  a  natural  tooth — the  want  being 
admirably  sui)plied  by  the  art  of  the  dentist.  The  excellent  purpose  wbijih  artificial  teeth  fulfill 
should,  I  think,  operate  against  exempting  those  jierfectly  qualified  in  every  othei'  resjject,  and  who 
arc  often  abiindanrly  able  to  send  a  icpresentative  recruit. 

Section  25.  External  li;emorrhoids  are  Irequeutly  of  very  considerable  size,  cause  extreme  suf- 
fering, and  totally  unlit  for  ordinary  duty.  When  they  have  existed  for  a  long  time,  and  do  not 
seem  amenable  to  treatment,  it  would  seem  that  they  should  entitle  to  exemption.       «       *       * 

In  the  mouth  of  September,  1SG4,  some  one  thousand  three  hundred  recruits  and"  sub.stitutes 
were  examined  at  this  office,  giving,  as  an  average,  about  fifty  i)er  day.  Of  that  number,  about  33 
per  cent,  were  accejited.  Were  it  not  that  in  a  large  number  of  eases  the  disabilities  were  apparent 
at  a  glance,  it  would  have  been  simjily  impossible  to  have  examined  that  number  in  the  given  time. 
I  do  not  think  that  a  surgeon  can  examiiK?  over  tirenti/Jivc  men  per  diem  thoroughly  and  satis- 
factorily. 

The  drafted  man  obeys  his  summons  to  ai)|iear  before  the  board  of  enrollment  unwillingly;  he 
shreivdly  revolves  in  his  mind  all  the  probable  avenues  of  escape  ;  and,  after  a  day's  work  of  exam- 
ination, the  surgeon  is  led  to  exclaim  with  Falstafif,  "Lord  !  how  this  world  is  given  to  lying  !"  The 
dratted  man  wears  a  truss  for  an  imaginary  hernia  :  he  complains  of  pain  in  the  side  and  haemoptysis 
in  a  chest  where  the  respiratory  murmur  is  as  distinct  as  the  rustling  of  the  leaves  of  autumn  in  a 
windy  day.  He  has  kidney  disease,  but  his  complexion  is  ruddy  and  his  muscles  are  as  hard  and 
elastic  as  those  of  a  gymnast.  He  is  deaf,  or  was  so  last  week  or  last  year,  and  is  fearful  of  a 
relapse.  His  poor  liver  (if  he  but  knew  the  technical  names,  it  would  be  fatty,  cirrhosed,  or  hepa- 
tized)  is  diseased,  and  yet  he  supports  a  large  family  by  his  daily  toil.  He  has  rheumatism  in 
every  joint ;  has  weak  eyes,  dyspepsia,  asthnni ;  and  even  confesses  himself  a  degraded  onanist  from 
his  youth  up,  in  order  to  evade  the  i)ereniptory  mandate.  To  substantiate  these  claims  by  cor- 
roborative evidence,  he  produces  long  and  wearisome  affidavits  from  his  good  natured  family-physi- 
cian and  his  sympathizing  friends.  He  stands  before  you  forswearing  his  strength,  his  virility,  his 
man'hood,  and,  with  a  countenance  more  expressive  of  fear  than  that  of  many  a  gallows-sentenced 
knave,  he  endeavors  to  evade  the  just  ser\  ice  which  fealty  and  loyalty  demand  of  hiufi  in  his  coun- 
try's cause. 

The  recruit  or  substitute,  if  he  has  any  defect,  comes  before  the  surgeon  systematically  pre- 
pared to  deceive  him,  if  possible.  Thoroughly  drilled  and  trained  in  the  hands  of  the  shrewd 
broker,  he  is  prepared  to  adhere  to  his  original  statement  with  great  pertinacity.  Immature  boys, 
from  fifteen  to  seventeen  years  of  age,  were  daily  presented,  who  unblushingly  declared  themselves 
to  be  pver  eighteen.  Many  such  boys  were  presented  at  this  office,  who  had  not  even  arrived  at  the 
age  of  puberty.  To  meet  the  emergency,  old  men  were  supplied  with  false  teeth,  had  their  hair  and 
beard  dyed,  though  their  feeble  appearance  told  too  plainly  they  had  passed  the  meridian  of  life. 
From  the  i)roximity  of  this  district  to  New  York,  it  is  not  remarkable  that  part  of  the  froth  and 
scum  of  a  large  city  should  float  toward  us.  The  early  calls  nearly,  if  not  quite,  exhausted  our  dis- 
trict of  those  who  were  willing  to  enlist  from  patriotic  motives.  Under  the  later  calls,  our  quotas 
were  chiefly  filled  from  a  barbaric  horde  which  centered  in  New  i'ork.  In  the  zeal  of  supervisors 
to  fill  respectively  the  quotas  of  towns  and  their  own  places,  no  moral  or  physical  standard  of 
excellence  in  the  recruit  was  ever  demanded.  If  he  but  added  a  unit  to  the  quota,  it  was  suffi- 
cient. If  the  surgeon  was  conscientious,  and  faithfully  performed  his  duty,  he  might  well  be  proud 
of  the  variety,  depth,  earnestness,  and  abundance  of  the  curses  which  he  received. 

I  think  many  "  bounty-jumpers"  were  enlisted  at  this  office.  I  know  of  no  especial  regulation 
which  calls  for  moral  excellence  in  a  substitute.  The  "bounty  jumper"  has  almost  invariably  a  fine 
l)hysical  conformation,  and,  save  a  susi)iciou,  there  is  nothing  on  which  to  reject  him.  I  woidd 
respectfully  suggest  that,  in  the  event  of  any  future  calls,  no  recruit  be  enlisted  unless  he  bring.s 
ample  testimonials  of  his  character  and  stability  of  purpose;  and  that  each  drafted  man  sliould  be 
held  to  closer  responsibility  for  the  character  of  his  representative  substitute. 

The  exaggerations  of  disabilities  upon  the  part  of  dralted  men,.and  their  coucealme:;!  1  y 
33 


258  surgeons'  eepokts — new  york — fourteenth  district. 

recruits  and  substitutes,  can  only  be  met  by  vigilance  and  caution,  and  tbe  employmeut  of  more 
time  in  tbe  exauiination  tban  has  been  granted  at  tbis  office.  #  *  # 

If  tbe  question  of  nationality  had  been  varied  somewhat,  so  as  not  to  include  the  physical  quali- 
ties, I  think  the  inquiiy  might  be  more  readily  answered,  believing,  as  I  do,  that,  ccctcr is  paribus,  the 
more  intelligent  and  better  educated  and  disciplined  mind  will  make  by  far  abetter  soldier  than  an 
interior  mental  organization.  JSTeither  do  I  think  that  our  experience  here  has  been  sufficient  to 
answer  the  question  justly  and  intelligently,  inasmuch  as  various  nations  have  contributed  to  our 
armies  almost  entirely  from  certain  trades  and  callings,  to  the  comparative  exclusion  of  the  general 
vocations  of  the  people.  Thus,  Ireland  contributed  her  laborers;  England,  Sweden,  and  Norway, 
their  hardy  sailors;  France  and  Holland,  their  sturdy  fishermen;  Germany,  her  intelligent  artisans; 
and  America,  I  regret  to  say,  not  her  best  representative  class ;  at  least,  not  at  this  oflice.  From 
these  considerations,  I  do  not  feel  warranted  in  answering  the  question  definitely. 

The  finest  physical  conformation  met  with  during  my  examinations  occurred  in  the  person  of 
a  negro  from  Central  Georgia,  and  the  poorest  specimens  offered  have  been  also  from  the  colored 
race.  Prone  as  the  negro  is  to  scrofula  and  its  kindred  diseases,  and  although  generally  well 
developed  about  the  superior  portion  of  the  body,  indifierently  formed  as  to  his  legs  and  feet,  with 
a  shambling  gait,  a  want  of  elasticity,  and  an  abhorrence  of  cold,  I  look  upon'  the  race  as  but  indif- 
ferently adapted  for  military  service. 

As  a  matter  of  pure  necessity,  the  district-surgeon  knows  but  comparatively  little  of  the  practical 
workings  and  minute  details  of  th«  enrolbnentlaw.  His  duties  keep  him  closely  occupied  with  the 
examination  of  men,  while  the  executive  department  devolves  almost  wholly  upon  the  captain  and 
provost-marshal.  His  position  is  at  times  harassing  and  perplexing  in  the  extreme;  and  here  it 
gives  me  great  pleasure  to  testify  to  the  fidelity  and  executive  ability  which  Captain  Pierson,  of  this 
district,  has  ever  displayed  in  his  oflicial  capacity.  I  am  not  aware  of  any  change  that  would  benefit 
the  operations  of  the  enrollment-law.  I  would  only  respectfully  suggest  that  certificates  of  exemp- 
tion given  iov  i>ermuiunt  physical  (Usabiliti/  he  final,  and  that  none  be  stricken  from  the  enrollment 
unless  by  competent  and  experienced  authority. 

Allow  me,  in  conclusion,  to  make  mention  most  respectfully  of  one  grievous  annoyance  to 
which  a  surgeon  of  a  board  of  enrollment  is  subjected.  Men  enlisted  at  this  oflBce  in  a  sober  con- 
dition, and  in  the  full  possession  of  all  their  reasoning  and  thinking  laculties,  upon  their  arrival  at 
their  regiment,  weary  of  restraint  and  desirous  of  escaping  from  the  service,  have  represented  that 
they  were  enlisted  in  a  drugged  and  insensible  condition,  and  such  complaint  has  been  referred 
here  for  inquiry.  I  say  here  fearlessly  that  no  man  was  ever  enlisted  at  this  otfiee  in  that  condi- 
tion, and  that  such  referred  inquiries  reflect  unpleasantly  and  unjustly  upon  surgeons  and  boards 
of  enrollment.  It  would  be  far  preferable  to  meet  such  indirect  charges  before  a  court-martial  than 
to  be  annoyed  by  the  slur  cast  by  an  irresponsible  and  lying  recruit. 

L.  F.  PELTON, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Tenth  District  of  New  York. 

Taeeytown,  N.  Y.,  June  21,  1865. 

NEW  YORK— FOURTEENTH  DISTRICT.'. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  S.  O.  Vanderpool. 

•  *      ^     »        Previous  to  my  appointment  to  the  position  of  surgeon  of  this  district,  my 

personal  experience  in  the  examination  of  recruits  was  limited.  As  surgeon  general  of  the  State 
during  the  first  two  years  of  the  war,  the  suliject  of  recruiting  had  occupied  my  attention,  and 
circulars  giving  necessary  instructions  had  from  time  to  time  been  sent  to  the  examining-surgeons 
of  regiments.  These  instructions  would  necessarily  seem  very  imperfect  when  compared  with  the 
work  of  the  thoroughly-organized  Bureau  under  your  supervision. 

The  number  of  examinations  of  which  complete  recoi'ds  have  been  kept  is  tea  thousancl  six 
hundred  and  nine.  This  does  not,  however,  comprise  all  the  examinations  made;  for,  in  the  early 
period  of  my  labors,  no  record  of  rejected  substitutes  was  kept,  nor  of  rejected  i-ecruits.  So,  too, 
'  No  rei)orts  ^ere  received  from  the  eleventh,  twelfth,  and  thirteenth  districts. 


surgeons'   reports — NEW    YOKK — FOURTEENTH    DISTRICT.  259 

with  reference  to  exemptions  fioin  enrollment.  Xo  record  was  kept  of  tliose  whose  claim  was 
rejected,  thongli  in  many  cases  a  far  more  carefnl  examination  was  required  tlian  where  exemption 
was  granted.  It  would,  therefore,  be  no  exaggei'ation  to  state  the  number  of  examinations  at 
twelve  thousand.  #  #  * 

This  district  comprises  the  counties  of  Albany  and  Schoharie.  The  Hudson  Eiver  forms  the 
eastern  boundary  of  the  former,  while  the  western  is  formed  princii)ally  by  the  Helderberg,  a  spur 
of  the  Catskills.  On  the  eastern  border,  the  soil  is  argillaceous;  then  followed  by  a  line  of  sand 
some  two  or  three  miles  in  width;  then  a  gravelly  loam  until  near  the  Helderberg,  where  it  is 
rocky.  The  country  over  its  whole  extent  is  rolling,  traverse<l  by  many  streams,  which  take 
their  rise  in  the  western  hills  and  run  rapidly  to  empty  into  tLe  river.  Schoharie  is  principally 
hilly,  with  rich  valleys;  tbe  soil  rocky  and  stony,  or  in  the  valleys  a  rich  loam.  In  Albany  County, 
the  inhabitants  are  engaged  largely  in  manufactures;  in  the  northern  part,  principally  of  cotton 
goods,  while  in  the  city  of  Albany  proper  there  are  iron  foundries.  The  remainder  may  be  styled 
mercantile  and  laboring  people,  such  as  are  found  in  large  cities,  while  the  country  portion  is 
almost  wholly  agricultural.  The  county  of  Schoharie  has  a  population  chiefly  devoted  to  agri- 
cultural pursuits. 

There  are  no  diseases  prevalent  in  this  district  which  arise  from  any  peculiarity  of  soil,  climate, 
or  geographical  formation.  It  may  be  fairly  termed  a  healthy  section  of  country.  No  particular 
disease  or  disability  has  operated  prominently  to  disqualify  from  service.         *  #  # 

Paragraph  4,  section  G.  Developed  tuberculosis.  I  think  this  disease  should  be  more  accu- 
rately defined.  The  rules  for  auscultation  and  percussion  are  now  so  well  established,  and  their 
knowledge  so  uniform  among  the  profession,  that  the  mere  expression  "developed  tuberculosis" 
leaves  ground  for  cavil,  and  often  brings  ill  feeling  against  the  surgeon.  Tuberculosis  is  really 
developed  so  soon  as  a  deposit  takes  place,  and  prolonged  expiration,  with  dullness  on  percussion,  is 
detected;  and  yet  hundreds  of  persons  exhibiting  unmistakably  these  physical  signs  pursue  with- 
out any  restraint  tlieir  daily  avocations,  and  may  for  years  remain  in  good  health  unless  some 
depressing  vital  influence  favors  the  softening.  Tlie  expression  should  be,  '■'■tuberculosis,  with 
unmistakable  evidence  of  softening. ^^  With  the  presence  of  moist  rales  at  the  summit  of  the  lung, 
there  is  usually  so  marked  a  constitutional  cachexia  that  any  doubt  is  at  once  dissipated. 

Section  23.  Hernia.  Some  limitation  should  be  made  to  this  section.  However  slightly  the 
afi'ection  incommodes,  or  prevents  the  man  from  walking,  laboring,  or  i^erforming  his  daily  avoca- 
tions, it  relieves  its  subject  from  service.  The  great  extent  to  which  this  is  carried  is  shown  by  my 
report  of  those  exempted  from  enrollment,  where  every  fourth  man  was  exempted  on  account  of 
hernia.  Yet  great  care  was  taken  to  exempt  no  person  for  this  cause  unless  the  disability  was  pal- 
pable and  manifest.  It  seemed  the  more  unjustifiable  as  it  released  so  large  a  proportion  of  the 
agricultural  population,  men  who  were  accustomed  to  perform  hard  labor,  who  could  well  endure 
the  fatigues  of  a  soldier's  life,  and  who,  by  wearing  a  truss,  never  experienced  the  slightest  incon- 
venience. So  long  as  hernia  can  be  perfectly  restrained  by  a  truss,  it  should  not  disqualify  a 
drafted  man  from  service.  Guard  and  provost  duties  could  be  performed  by  him,  while  its  limita- 
tion would  tend  to  equalize  the  burdens  of  the  draft  in  any  given  community. 

Section  20.  Loss  of  teeth.  This  should  be  coupled  with  the  further  restriction  of  evident 
imi)airment  of  the  general  health.  Many  with  teeth  of  either  jaw  wanting  are  in  every  other  way 
qualified  for  military  service.  Teeth  for  the  tearing  of  the  cartridges  are  not  now  needed.  It  is 
for  mastication  of  the  food  they  are  deemed  most  requisite.  Where  the  general  system  seems  to 
be  strong,  well  nourished,  and  of  good  vitality,  their  loss  is  not  so  important  in  the  production  of 
diseases  of  the  bowels  as  to  permit  the  release  from  service  of  so  large  a  chiss  as  this  section 
embraces.  •  *  # 

With  clerks  and  assistants  sufiicienfto  attend  to  all  the  preliminaries  of  recording,  undressing, 
and  getting  the  man  ready,  and  with  the  proviso  that  the  surgeon  confine  himself  exclusively  to 
examinations,  he  could,  in  my  opinion,  examine  twelve  men  an  hour  with  accuracy,  or  one  Mindred 
and  twenty  men  in  a  working-day  of  ten  hours. 

The  frauds  of  drafted  and  enrolled  men  to  escape  service  which  are  most  to  be  guarded  against 
would  seem  to  be  met  by  securing  for  examination  tlic  identical  person  drafted  and  enrolled,  and 
not  au  unsound  pro-tempore  namesake.    It  is  believed  few  attempts  at  downright  deception  in  Icign- 


260  surgeons'  reports — new  yokk — fifteenth  district. 

ing  diseases  bave  been  made  in  tins  distrif^t.  They  were  mostly  comprised  in  attempts  to  magnify 
some  local  wealuiess  or  disability,  which,  it'  admitted,  would  not  exempt.  The  fraiuls  attempted  by 
recruits  and  substitutes  in  order  to  enter  the  service  have  been  mostly  in  regard  to  age;  endeavor- 
ing, by  the  aid  of  hairdyes  and  the  arts  of  the  barber,  to  get  up  the  fictitious  appeaiance  of  being 
under  forty-five.  Ordinary  discernment,  however,  easily  detects  them.  If  the  i)opnlar  clamor 
against  marking  rejected  or  accepted  recruits  could  be  -withstood,  it  would  have  its  benefits  in  this 
direction.  The  only  otlier  thing  I  think  of  is  by  having  photographs  made  in  established  cases  of 
attempted  fraud,  and  their  distribution  among  the  several  districts  of  the  State  or  adjoining  States, 
with  accompanying  particulars. 

The  native-born  American  seems  to  me  to  present  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  military 
service.    The  Irish  are  the  next. 

The  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service,  from  the  limited  number  of 
cases  observed  in  this  district,  are  pronounced  decidedly  good. 

The  enrollment-law  operates  in  some  cases  harshly,  as,  for  instance,  in  cases  of  poor  families, 
dependent  on  the  single  exertions  of  parent  or  son.  The  principle,  however,  of  substitution,  and 
the  aid  of  towns,  counties,  and  States,  have  prevented  what  might  otherwise  have  been  an  oppress- 
ive result.  As  a  general  law,  I  can  suggest  no  change  in  it  that  would  not  detract  from  its 
efficiency. 

As  a  check  on  dishonest  or  negligent  examining-surgeons,  and  as  a  matter  of  safety  and  justice 
to  honest  ones,  recruits  and  substitutes  should  have  a  second  examination  while  at  rendezvous,  and 
not  wait  for  regimental  boards  in  the  field.  If  thrown  out  at  such  second  examination,  the  man 
sliould  be  returned  to  the  district  in  which  examined,  or  in  some  way  the  surgeon  first  examining 
should  have  an  opportunity  to  apprise  himself  of  the  identity  of  the  man,  or  otherwise  convict 
himself  of  error. 

S.  O.  VANDERPOOL, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Fourteenth  District  of  New  York. 

Albany,  N.  Y.,  June  1,  1865. 


NEW  YORK— FIFTEENTH  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  O.  L.  Hubbell. 

*  *  *  I  was  appointed  surgeon  of  the  board  about  the  17th  of  Ajjril,  1863,  and 
entered  upon  the  duties  of  the  ofhce  soon  after  the  first  of  May  of  the  same  year. 

The  first  and  only  draft  that  has  taken  place  in  this  district  occurred  on  the  15th  of  July  follow- 
ing. Our  operations  were  then  somewhat  suddenly  suspended  by  the  draft  mob  and  riot,  which  took 
place  here  almost  simultaneously  with  the  one  in  New  York  City.  Although  a  great  amount  of 
property  was  destroyed  in  the  city,  the  provostmarshal's  office  was  not  molested,  owing  to  the  fact 
that  the  rioters  knew  we  were  well  supplied  with  hand-grenades  from  the  Watervliet  Arsenal  near 
by,  and  had  a  sufficient  number  of  good,  loyal  men  ready  and  willing  to  use  them. 

The  rioters  were  almost  all  Irish,  emp'oyPi^  i'l  tlie  rolling-mills  and  iron-works  of  this  place. 
But  a  small  proportion  of  this  population  have  ever  enlisted  here,  and  many  of  them  are  known 
now  to  be  bounty -jumpers.  *  »  # 

The  whole  number  of  drafted  men  examined 3, 354 

The  whole  number  of  recruits  and  substitutes 5, 027 

The  whole  number  of  enrolled  men , 1 ,  373 

Total  number  examined 0, 754 

*  *  *  The  district  is  composed  of  the  counties  of  Rensselaer  and  Washington. 
Rensselaer  County  is  iiuite  hilly  and  mountainous,  well  watered,  and  healthy.  Washington  Countj' 
is  more  level,  equally  healthy,  and  one  of  the  richest  agricultural  counties  of  the  State.  There  is 
no  malarial  region  in  the  district,  and  there  are  no  special  causes  existing  to  produce  a  tendency  to 
any  [)artieular  class  of  diseases.     With  the  exception  of  the  city  of  Troy  and  some  of  the  large 


surgeons'    reports NEW    YORK FIFTEENTH    DISTRICT.  261 

villages,  where  a  great  propoitioii  of  tlieiiopnlatioii  are  engaged  in  niannfactnving,  tbe  great  mass 
of  tlie  people  aie  devoted  to  the  pursuit  of  agriculture. 

lu  Troy,  tile  foreign  element  predominates  among  the  laboring  classes,  and  there  is  a  consid- 
erable sprinkling  of  Irish  and  Germans  in  nearly  all  the  towns.  In  one  or  two  towns  in  Washington 
County  nearly  all  the  iidiabitauts  are  of  Scotch  descent,  and  no  town  in  the  district  showed  so 
large  a  proportion  of  sound,  able-bodied  men  as  this,  lu  my  opinion,  intemperance^ operates, 
directly  and  indirectly,  as  the  cause  of  more  disabilities  than  anything  else.  Varicose  veins  and 
ulcers  and  hernia,  of  course,  exist  to  a  greater  extent  among  those  whose  occupation  renders  it 
necessary  for  them  to  labor  standing,  or  among  those  who  frequently  lift  heavy  weights.     *     *     * 

I  do  not  know  that  I  would  suggest  any  changes  in  the  different  sections  of  paragraph  85  of 
the  Revised  liegulations  of  the  Provost-Marshal-General's  Bureau,  with  the  single  exception  of 
section  23,  "hernia."  I  have  for  a  long  time  had  my  doubts  as  to  the  propriety  of  exempting  all 
men  from  military  service  who  had  hernia.  Any  medical  mau  of  much  practice  must  have  observed 
hundreds  of  men  with  rupture  performing  the  most  arduous  labor  continuously,  day  after  day  and 
year  after  year,  without  ever  calling  upon  a  physician  or  surgeon  for  relief  from  strangulation,  and 
without  inconvenience  or  i)ain.  Indeed,  I  have  fre(pientlj'  met  with  individuals  who  had  had  a 
hernia  for  years  without  knowing  it  themselves.  When  in  the  service,  I  knew  some  enlisted  men 
in  my  own  regiment,  always  ready  for  duty,  who  were  ruptured  and  never  wore  a  truss ;  and  I  know 
some  officers  and  men  now  in  the  Army,  who  have  served  since  1861,  with  hernia,  and  without  serious 
inconvenience.  I  think,  therefore,  that  the  subject  merits  some  consideration,  whether  a  recruit, 
able-bodied  in  all  other  respects,  should  always  be  rejected  for  a  slight  hernia.  In  this,  as  well  as 
some  other  intirniities,  a  distinction  might  be  made  between  drafted  men  and  recruits  and  sub- 
stitutes. 

In  my  opinion,  fifty  men  per  diem  are  as  many  as  one  surgeon  can  examine  carefully  and 
thoroughly. 

Among  the  frauds  most  apt  to  be  practiced,  or  rather  attempted,  by  drafted  and  enrolled  men 
to  escape  the  service,  is  the  procuring  of  certiticates  from  physicians,  stating  that  they  have  been 
under  treatment  for  various  organic  diseases  of  a  chronic  nature.  If  tbe  examiuing-surgeon  has  his 
eyes  open,  however,  he  lu^ed  not  be  imposed  upon  in  this  manner.  One  obstacle  in  the  examina- 
tion of  substitutes  and  recruits  consists  in  the  fact  that  brokers  and  recruiting-agents  are  apt  to 
ply  their  nu'u  more  or  less  with  liquor,  and  thus,  sometimes,  men  who  are  lame  and  stifi'  with  rheu- 
matism, or  of  a  broken-down  constitution,  are  made  to  appear  supple  and  strong,  when,  perhai>s, 
in  a  few  hours,  alter  the  effects  of  the  stimulus  have  passed  off,  their  real  condition  becomes  apparent. 
I  have  always  refused  to  examine  a  mau  who  was  at  all  intoxicated  ;  but  I  would  recommend  the 
propriety  of  enforcing  a  rule  that  no  recruit  for  the  Army  should  be  examined  whose  breath  smells 
at  all  of  liquor.  By  dyeing  the  hair  and  insertion  of  artificial  teeth,  old  men  .sometimes  attempt 
to  pass  as  being  under  forty-five  years  of  age;  but  a  surgeon  of  quite  limited  experience  as  exam- 
iner will  detect  such  frauds. 

The  native-born  American  makes,  i>hysically,  the  best  soldier,  and,  in  addition,  from  his  sujie- 
rior  intelligence,  he  can  better  care  for  himself  in  camp,  field,  or  barracks. 

The  colored  men,  so  far  as  my  observation  goes,  make  excellent  soldiers.  They  are,  as  a  race, 
remarkably  free  from  hernia,  are  muscular,  and  capable  of  great  endurance.  The  mulatto,  how- 
ever, is  comparatively  worthless,  subject  to  scrofula  and  tuberculosis. 

In  regard  to  the  enrollment-law  as  it  now  exists,  I  have  no  modification  or  change  to  suggest. 
If  calls  for  troops  can  be  filled  by  volunteering,  it  is  better  than  to  draft;  but  I  would  have  a 
uniform,  moderate  bounty  over  the  whole  country  ;  then,  if  the  quota  of  a  district  is  not  full  at  the 
appointed  time,  let  the  drafted  mau  go  himself  or  furnish  an  acceptable  substitute ;  and  let  the 
price  for  substitutes  also  be  fixed  by  law  and  be  uniform.  The  system  of  large  bounties  has  been 
a  premium  for  desertion,  and  a  fountain-head  of  corruption  for  the  whole  jjcople. 

G.  L.  HUBBELL, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Fifteenth  District  of  New  York. 

Troy,  New  York,  May  31, 1865. 


262  surgeons'  reports — new  york — seventeenth  district. 

NEW  YOEK— SEVENTEENTH  DISTEICT.i 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dk.  Sidney  P.  Bates. 

♦  •  •        I  was  appoiuted,  temporarily,  to  fill  the»place  of  surgeou  to  this  board  on 

the  10th  of  April,  1865.  I  had,  however,  assisted  iu  the  examination  of  men  drafted  under  the  call 
of  July,  1SG3,  and  also  of  recruits  to  fill  the  quota  of  this  district  under  subsequent  calls  of  that 
year  and  1864,  whenever  the  pressure  of  business  in  the  surgeon's  otfi(!e  was  suflicient  to  make  it 
necessary  to  call  for  additional  help.  I  have,  perhaps,  examined  one  thousand  five  hundred  men, 
of  all  classes,  drafted  men,  volunteers,  substitutes,  and  enrolled  men.  I  have,  therefore,  been 
familiar  with  the  general  duties  of  the  surgeon,  from  the  establishment  of  boards  of  enrollment  up 
to  the  present  time,  and  particularly  the  manner  of  conducting  physical  examinations.    »     *     * 

This  district  is  composed  of  Saint  Lawrence  and  Franklin  Counties.  It  contains  an  area  of 
four  thousand  five  hundred  and  ninety-eight  square  miles,  and  is  centrally  situated,  about  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  miles  from  Albany. 

The  north  and  northwestern  part  of  the  district  is  quite  level,  with  a  slight  inclination  toward 
the  river  Saint  Lawrence,  on  which  and  the  Canada  line  (which  is  here  the  forty-fifth  degree  north 
latitude)  it  borders.  This  portion  of  the  district  varies  iu  width  from  six  to  twenty  miles.  It  is 
underlaid  by  calciferous  sandstone;  the  superimposed  soil  being  a  heavy  clay.  Next  south  of  this 
is  another  belt  of  from  eight  to  twelve  miles  in  width,  covering  the  Potsdam  sandstone.  The  soil 
of  this  region  is  a  loam,  well  adapted  to  agricultural  purposes,  and  especially  fit  for  grazing.  This 
l)art  is  broken  into  gentle  undulations;  the  traversing  ridges  extending  from  the  northeast  to  the 
southwest,  with  slopes  gradual  yet  suflicient  to  give  good  water-drainage.  The  southern  part  of 
the  district  is  mountainous,  with  elevations  varying  from  two  to  four  thousand  feet  above  the  tide- 
level.  The  rock  in  this  region  is  gneiss,  the  soil  sandy  and  light,  and  quite  unfit  for  cultivation, 
and  the  entire  region  only  valuable  for  its  timber  and  iron-ores. 

The  population  of  the  district  iu  1860  was  one  hundred  and  fourteen  thousand  five  hundred 
and  twenty-six.  A  large  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  of  New  England  origin,  and  retain  the 
habits  and  characteristics  of  the  people  of  that  portion  of  our  country,  manifesting,  as  a  general 
thing,  the  same  industrious  habits  of  application  to  business,  the  same  love  of  order  and  good 
morals,  and  the  same  desire  for  knowledge  and  general  intelligence.  The  remaining  portion  is  made 
up  of  different  nationalities,  of  which  the  Irish*and  Canadians  constitute  the  larger  proportion. 

This  is  essentially  an  agricultural  district,  having  only  a  few  villages  of  importance,  of  which 
Ogdensburgh,  Malone,  Potsdam,  and  Canton  are  the  most  considerable. 

The  district  is  free  from  malarial  influences,  and  usually  quite  healthful.  Epidemics  incident 
to  the  latitude,  such  as  influenza,  bronchitis,  and  pneumonia,  prevail  to  some  extent  in  spring  and 
autumn,  but  usually  are  of  no  especial  severity.  Phthisis  claims  its  victims  here  about  in  the  same 
ratio  as  elsewhere  in  the  world. 

This  district  is  comparatively  new,  most  of  the  people  having  been  obliged  to  clear  the  lands 
they  occupy  of  the  heavy  primeval  forests  which  but  lately  covered  them.  They  consequently  pre- 
sent a  large  number  of  those  disabilities  iucideht  to  men  engaged  in  powerful  muscular  efforts,  such 
as  hernia,  and  also  a  large  proportion  of  varicose  veins  and  fractured  limbs.        »  •         # 

The  various  sections  of  paragraph  85  of  Eevised  Kegulations  have  so  far  met  the  necessities 
of  this  ofiice,  and  I  see  no  reason  why  they  should  be  changed.        ♦  »  * 

With  an  usher  to  present  and  prepare  the  men  for  examination,  and  a  clerk  to  keep  the 
records,  a  surgeon  can,  on  an  average,  examine  sixty  men  in  a  day,  working  ten  hours.    *    *    * 

The  frauds  met  with,  and  against  which  it  is  necessary  to  be  constantly  on  guard,  are  almost 
innumerable.  Among  these  may  be  named  ophthalmia,  produced  by  putting  snuff,  sand,  and  other 
irritating  substances  into  the  eyes,  feigned  amaurosis,  stone  in  the  bladder,  stricture  of  the  urethra, 
incontinence  of  urine,  internal  hemorrhoids,  shortening  of  the  legs,  and,  in  particular,  diseases  of 
the  lungs  and  heart.  Yankees  more  particularly  claim  exemptions  on  account  of  lung-diseases, 
.such  as  asthma  and  bronchitis,  which  they  simulate  by  inhaling  the  fumes  of  burning  locofoco- 
'  No  report  was  received  from  the  sixteenth  district  of  New  York. 


surgeons'    REPOR'IS NEW    YoKK EIGHTEENTH    DISTRICT.  263 

matches.  Irisliraeu  Imve  frequent  affections  of  the  heart,  which  they  usually  locate  just  below  the 
point  of  the  ensiform  cartilage.  I  know  of  no  better  way  of  penetrating  and  overcoming  these 
impositions  than  to  employ  a 'shrewd,  intelligent,  and  thoroughly  honest  surgeon,  one  who  has 
knowledge  of  men  sutticient  to  penetrate  their  designs,  and  knowledge  enough  of  his  profession  to 
detect  their  impositions.  The  cleverest  will  make  mistakes,  and  the  shrewdest  will  sometimes  hud 
bis  match;  bat,  with  a  thoroughly-qualified  surgeon,  few  imj)ostors  will  accomplish  success  in  their 
attempts  to  evade  duty.  It  may  be  somewhat  difficult  to  always  secure  the  services  of  such  a  sur- 
geon as  the  position  demands,  for  the  compensation  paid  by  Government;  for,  even  up  here,  in  this 
"  Siberiau  region,"  the  services  of  such  a  one  are  in  demand  by  his  neighbors  and  fellow-citizens, 
and  he  cannot  afford  to  abandon  his  ordinary  practice  for  one  or  two  years,  even  for  the  salary  paid 
to  surgeons  of  the  botird.  •  ♦  *  The  appointment  of  good  men  to  the  office  I  deem  the 
"  best  method  of  overcoming  and  avoiding  these  difficulties." 

So  far  as  my  observation  extends,  and  so  far  as  is  shown  by  statistics  in  this  office,  no  nation- 
ality presents  greater  physical  aptitude  for  military  service  than  our  own;  and,  if  to  the  perfection 
of  the  machine  be  added  intelligence  and  an  educated  mind,  I  cannot  understand  why  Americans, 
when  they  have  had  experience,  should  not  make  the  best  soldiers  in  the  world. 

I  can  give  no  oi)inion  upon  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race,  as  there  have  been 
but  three  or  four  examined  by  this  board. 

My  views  in  regard  to  the  operation  of  the  enrollment-law  would  be  of  little  worth.  Conscrip- 
tion, to  the  American  mind,  is  not  a  nice  thing;  in  fact,  it  seems  to  be  very  repugnant  to  people. 
Yet  something  must  be  held  up  in  terrorem  to  make  them  enlist.  I  think  this  law  just  as  good  as 
any  for  that  purpose.  1  fear  we  shall  never  succeed  well  with  conscription.  The  best  way  will 
always  be  to  have  a  just  cause  for  which  to  contend,  and  the  intelligence  of  the  people  will  then 
command  their  bodies,  their  lives,  and  all  else  for  the  defense  of  the  country  against  enemies,  come 
they  from  our  own  midst  or  from  foreign  lands. 

SIDNEY  P.  BATES, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Seventeenth  District  of  New  York. 

Potsdam  Junction,  N.  Y.,  Maij  26,  1865. 

NEW  YORK— EIGHTEENTH  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  De.  A.  M.  Veddee. 

My  experience  in  the  examination  of  men  for  the  military  service  of  the  United  States  is  neces- 
sarily limited.  The  whole  number  examined  by  me,  as  exhibited  by  the  record,  is  eight  hundred 
and  fifty-four. 

This  district  is  situated  in  the  most  eastern  part  of  the  State,  and  comprises  the  counties  of 
Schenectady,  Saratoga,  Fulton,  Hamilton,  and  Montgomery. 

Schenectady  County  is  centrally  distant  twenty  miles  from  Albany.  The  greater  j)art  lies 
between  the  Mohawk  River  and  the  Schoharie  Creek.  The  surface  consists  of  the  Mohawk  Valley 
and  an  upland,  generally  much  broken  by  ridges  and  isolated  hills,  two  hundred  to  three  hundred 
and  fifty  feet  above  the  river.  The  greater  part  of  the  surface  is  covered  with  a  thick  deposit  of 
drift,  consisting  principally  of  clay  in  the  western  part  and  sand  in  the  eastern.  The  rocks  crop 
out  on  the  banks  of  the  river,  and  form  the  declivities  of  the  steeper  hills.  The  soil  in  the  western 
part  is  a  tenacious,  clayey  loam,  underlaid  by  hard-pan  on  the  hills;  and  in  the  eastern  part,  a  light, 
unproductive  soil.  'The  valley  of  the  Mohawk  consists  of  a  deep,  rich  alluvium,  well  adapted  to 
tillage,  and  extensively  devoted  to  the  cultivation  of  broom-corn.  The  principal  streams  are  the 
Mohawk  River,  Schoharie  Creek,  and  Norman's  Kill,  and  their  branches.  Many  of  the  smaller 
streams  have  woru  deep  gullies  in  the  loose  drift-deposits,  giving  to  the  surface  a  very  broken 
character.  There  are  fine  alluvial  fiats  near  Schenectady,  five  miles  west,  on  the  south  side  of  the 
river,  a  tract  two  miles  in  extent-  on  the  north  side  of  the  river,  and  a  tract  four  miles  west  of 
the  city. 

The  valleys  are  best  adapted  to  tillage,  and  the  hills  to  pasturage.  Manufactories  are  chiefly 
limited  to  the  city  of  Schenectady,  which  is  situated  on  the  Mohawk,  aud  on  the  borders  of  one  of 


264  surgeons'  reports — neav  york — eighteenth  district. 

the  finest  iiiterviiles  in  the  State.  A  considerable  amount  of  trade  is  carried  on  in  this  city  by 
means  of  the  canal  and  railroad  that  center  here,  but  the  people  are  more  largely  engaged  in  manu- 
factures. The  engine-houses  and  repair-shops  of  the  New  York -Oentral  Railroad  Comi)auy  are 
extensive,  and  one  of  the  largest  locomotive-manufactories  in  the  country  is  located  here.  This 
city  is  especially  noted  as  the  seat  of  Union  College.  The  population  is  about  ten  thousand. 
Besides  the  city  of  Schenectady,  the  county  includes  five  townships.  It  has  an  extent  of  two  hun- 
dred and  twenty-one  square  miles,  and  its  population  in  1800  was  twenty  thousand  and  two. 

Saratoga  County  lies  on  the  north  angle  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson 
Rivers.  It  is  centrally  distant  thirty-one  miles  from  Albanj*.  Its  surface  is  hilly  in  the  south  and 
mountainous  in  the  north.  Two  ranges  of  mountains  traverse  this  county  from  northeast  to  south- 
west. The  Hudson  River  breaks  through  one  of  these  ranges  on  the  north  border  of  the  county,  iu 
a  deep  ravine  three  miles  in  extent.  The  mountains  rise  abruptly  from  the  ^\"ater's  edge  to  a  height 
of  eight  hundred  feet.  Their  declivities  are  generally  rocky  and  precipitous,  and  their  summits 
spread  out  into  a  broad,  rocky  upland,  covered  with  forests.  A  broad  intervale  extends  along  the 
Hudson,  bordered  by  a  range  of  clay  bluffs  from  forty  to  two  hundred  feet  high.  From  the  summit 
of  these  bluft's,  an  extensive  sand-plain  extends  westward  to  the  foot  of  the  mountains.  The  south- 
west portion  is  rolling  and  moderately  hilly.  The  Hudson  River  flows  seventy  miles  along  the  east 
border.  The  Mohawk  forms  a  portion  of  the  southern  boundary.  The  Sacondaga,  Snook  Kil  and 
Antiiony's  Kil  are  the  other  principal  streams.  Saratoga  Lake  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  six 
and  a  half  miles  in  length  and  two  miles  broad.  Among  the  mountains  and  forests  in  the  north 
part  are  numerous  little  lakes  but  little  known.  A  large  part  of  the  county  is  covered  with  drift- 
deposits,  consisting  of  sand  and  clay.  The  soil  among  the  mountains  is  a  light  sandy  or  gravelly 
loam,  and  is  best  adapted  to  grazing ;  upon  the  intervales,  along  the  rivers,  it  is  a  deep  fertile  clay 
and  loam  alluvium.  A  strip  of  light  sand  occupies  the  eastern  part.  The  peoi)le  are  chiefly 
engaged  in  grain  and  stock  raising.  Lumbering  and  farming  are  extensively  carried  on  in  the 
north  part  of  the  county.  Considerable  attention  is  also  ])aid  to  the  manufacture  of  cotton  and 
woolen  goods  and  paper.  The  justly-celebrated  springs  at  Saratoga  attbrd  mineral-waters  of 
almost  every  variety.  They  cover  an  area  of  twelve  miles;  and,  besides  supplying  the  thousands 
who  annually  resort  there,  aflbrd  large  quantities  for  exportation.  This  county  contains  eight 
hundred  and  sixty-two  square  miles,  and  is  divided  into  twenty  towns.  Its  population  in  1860  was 
fifty-one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  twenty-nine. 

Fulton  County  lies  north  of  the  Mohawk  and  east  of  the  center  of  the  State;  it  is  centxally 
distant  forty-five  miles  from  Albany.  Its  surface  is  rolling  and  hilly,  the  upland  rising  into  a 
mountainous  region  on  the  northern  border.  The  highland  region  is  divided  into  three  general 
ridges.  The  most  eastern  of  these  ridges  consists  of  rounded  drift-hills  of  moderate  elevation;  the 
highest  summits  being  about  four  hundred  feet  above  the  Mohawk.  The  second  ridge  occupies  a 
wide  space  along  the  north  border  of  the  county.  The  declivities  are  usually  steep  and  rocky;  the 
highest  summits  being  about  eight  hundred  to  one  thousand  feet  above  the  river.  The  third  ridge 
extends  through  the  west  part  of  the  county;  the  highest  summits  are  twelve  hundred  feet  above 
the  Mohawk  River. 

The  Sacondaga  and  its  tributaries,  the  Chuctemiuda,  the  Cayadutta,  Garoga  Creek,  Stony 
Creek,  East  Canada  Creek,  NorthjFish,  and  Little  Sprite  Creek,  and  some  branches  of  the  Mohawk, 
are  the  principal  streams  of  this  county.  They  are  mostly  rapid  streams,  frequently  iuterru]ited  by. 
falls,  and  aflbrd  an  ample  supply  of  water-power.  Among  the  hills  in  the  north  part  of  the  county  are 
many  small  lakes,  forming  a  characteristic  feature  of  this  wilderness-region  of  Northern  New  York. 
Along  the  Sacondaga,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  county,  is  an  extensive«swamp,  said  to  con- 
tain thirteen  thousand  acres.  The  greater  part  of  the  county  is  covered  with  drift  deposits.  The 
southern  part  of  the  .central  and  western  ridges  are  principally  composed  of  calciferous  sandstone. 
An  excellent  building-stone  is  found  in  the  north  part  of  the  county.  The  soil,  in  the  south  jiart 
and  along  the  valleys,  is  mostly  a  gravelly  and  clayey  loam,  derived  from  drift-deposits;  it  is  well 
adapted  to  pasturage,  and,  in  the  most  favorable  parts,  j)roduces  good  crops  of  grain.  A  large 
portion  of  the  north  i)art  is  too  rough  and  broken  for  cultivation.  The  manufactures  consist  i)riu- 
cipally  of  leather,  lumber,  buckskin-gloves,  and  mittens.    The  county-seat  is  located  at  Johnstown. 


SUEGEONS'    REPORTS— NEW    YORK EIGHTEENTH    DISTRICT.  265 

This  county  contains  five  hundred  and  forty-four  S(]uare  miles;  it  is  divided  into  ten  touTis,  and  its 
poindat.ion  in  18C0  was  twenty-four  thousand  one  hundred  and  sixty-two. 

Hamilton  County  was  formed  from  Montgomery  in  181G,  bu(  ils  independent  organization  has 
never  been  fully  completed.  It  occupies  the  central  i)ortion  of  the  j;reat  wilderness-region  of  the 
northeast  part  of  the  State.  It  is  centrally  distant  eighty  miles  tioni  Albany.  Its  surface  is  rocky, 
mountainous  and  hilly  upland,  and  is  still  mostly  covered  with  the  original  forests.  The  highlands 
are  divided  into  several  ranges,  mostly  distinct,  but  in  some  places  sending  out  sj)urs,  which  inter, 
loclc  each  other,  all  extending  northeast  and  southwest.  The  Schioou  range;  the  I5oquet;  the 
Adirondack,  containing  the  highest  i)eak  in  the  State;  and  the  An  Sable  range,  all  traverse  this 
county.  Within  the  valleys  between  tliese  mountains  are  several  chains  of  lakes,  many  of  them 
connected  by  (ionsiderable  streams,  and  all  aflbiding  a  large  amount  of  boat-navigation.  The  lakes 
are  generally  long  and  narrow;  are  bordered  l>y  steep  banks  and  high  mountain  peaks.  Their 
waters  are  clear  and  cold,  and  form  tlie  most  interesting  feature  of  the  land.scape.  Although  tiow- 
ing  in  different  directions,  separated  by  high  mountains,  and  covering  an  area  of  sixty  miles,  they 
are  nearly  all  of  the  same  elevation;  about  fifteen  liundred  feet  above  tidewater.  The  streams 
formiiig  the  outlet  of  the  lakes  are  mostly  small.  The  whole  region  being  a  mountainous  plateau, 
higher  tluin  the  surrounding  country,  the  streams  that  rise  here  How  in  all  directions,  and  lorni 
tributaries  to  the  Saint  Lawrence,  Lake  Champlain,  and  the  Hudson,  Mohawk,  and  Black  Kivers. 
This  wtiole  region  is  primitive,  the  rocks  being  gneiss.  CJalciferous  sandstone  and  limestone  aie 
found  upon  Sacondaga  liiver.  Peat  is  found  in  great  abundance  in  the  marsh,  or  natural  meadow, 
which  extends  along  the  valleys.  Iron-ore  and  graphite  are  both  found.  The  soil  is  light  sandy 
loam,  and,  except  in  the  valleys,  is  not  capable  of  profitable  cultivation.  The  mountain-sides  aie 
covered  with  a  thin  growth  of  trees,  but,  when  cleared,  seem  incapable  of  supporting  vegetation. 
The  country  is  mostly  cover»id  with  its  primeval  forests  of  hemlock  and  spruce.  The  inhabitants 
subsist  chiefly  by  hunting  and  fishing.  We  expected  to  find  large,  stout,  hardy  men  from  this 
county;  but  of  the  tw'elve  men  who  were  drafted  from  here,  two  were  exempted  for  heraiia,  two  lor 
varicose  veins  and  ulcers,  two  for  loss  of  all  the  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw,  one  for  epile[)sy,  one  for 
general  i)hysical  disability,  one  for  manifest  mental  imbecility,  one  was  an  alien,  and  only  two  were 
held  to  service.  This  county  contains  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  forty-five  square  miles ; 
it  is  divided  into  nine  towns,  and  its  population  in  IStiO  was  three  thousand  and  twenty-four. 

Montgomery  County  lies  ou  both  sides  of  the  Mohawk  Kiver,  and  is  centrally  distant  thirty- 
nine  miles  from  Albany.  The  general  system  of  high  lands  which  connect  the  Alleghany  Mountains 
and  the  Adirondack  extend  through  this  county.  The  Mohawk  cuts  thiough  the  upland,  and  forms 
a  valley  from  one  to  two  miles  wide  and  from  two  hundred  to  ttv^e  hundred  feet  below  the  summits 
of  the  hills.  The  branches  of  this  river  extend  for  miles  into  the  liighlands  at  nearly  right  angles 
to  the  river.  The  hills  bordering  on  the  river  rise  gradually,  and  liom  their  suuimits  si)read  out  an 
undulating  upland,  inclining  toward  the  river.  The  princii)al  streams  are  nearly  the  same  as  in 
Fulton  County.  The  highest  point  in  the  county  is  seven  hundred  feet  above  tide-water,  and  the 
lowest  is  the  body  of  the  iMohawk,  two  hundred  and  sixty  feet  above  tidewater.  Gneiss  is  the  only 
primitive  rock  in  this  county.  Heavy  masses  of  sandstone  are  Ibund  along  the  river.  The  soil 
along  the  river  consists  of  alluvial  dei)osits  and  a  deep,  rich,  vegetal>le  mold,  and  upon  the  upland 
it  is  a  highly  productive  sandy  loam,  finely  a(lai)ted  to  pasturage,  &c.  Immense  (juautities  of 
broom-corn  are  raised  upon  the  Mohawk  flats.  The  leading  manufactures  are  woolen  goods,  car- 
pets, and  i)aper.  Quarrying  is  extensively  carried  ou.  This  county  contains  four  hundred  and 
thirty-six  square  miles;  it  is  divided  into  ten  towns,  and  its  population  in  ISGt)  was  thirty  thou-sand 
eight  hundred  and  sixty  six, 

There  are  no  diseases  peculiar  to  this  district.  Occasionally,  we  have  epidemics  of  intermittent 
fever;  but  they  are  years  apart,  and  in  the  iuterval  a  few  scattering  cases  are  met  with.  Last  year 
we  had  an  epidemic  of  dysentery,  coming  on  during  the  dry  and  hot  weather;  and  some  few  cases 
of  epidemic  cerebro-spinal  meningitis  (.■  potted  fever)  have  occurred  during  the  last  year.  About 
the  usual  proportion  of  the  more  common  diseases  occur  here. 

The  disability  for  which  I  have  rejected  the  gieatest  number  per  hundred  is  hernia;  and  I 
suppose  this  can  be  accounted  for,  if  the  number  is  larger  thau  usual,  by  the  fact  that  the  majority 


266  surgeons'  reports — new  york — nineteenth  district. 

of  our  people  are  farmers,  and  are  necessarily  exposed  to  more  severe  labor,  such  as  heavy  liftiug, 
sti'ainiug,  &c. 

In  regard  to  the  "sections"  of  i)aragraph  85,  Eevised  Eegulations  Provost-Marshal-General's 
Bureau,  I  would  respectfully  suggest  tbat  some  change  be  made  in  section  20,  as,-  according  to  our 
rendering  of  it,  a  man  with  only  one  eye-tooth  would  be  held;  and  it  is  obvious  that  such  a  man  would 
be  worth  nothing  in  the  army.  I  should  think  that  a  soldier  has  need  of  at  least  two  front  teeth 
contiguous  and  two  molars,  meeting  a  corresponding  number  in  the  otlier  jaw.  I  would  also  recom- 
mend that  some  standard  of  weight,  proportioned  to  height  and  age,  be  adopted.       * 


*        • 


One  surgeon  could  examine,  by  working  eight  hours,  -.xhout  forty  men  per  day. 

Very  little  fraud  was  practiced  here  beyond  that  of  falsehood.  Some  few  old  men,  with  their 
gray  hair  and  beards  colored,  were  presented,  and  Indians  with  their  hair  curled ;  and  we  have 
found  pieces  of  lead  in  the  pockets  of  some  light  recruits  and  substitutes,  and  in  one  instance 
leaden  soles  were  found  in  the  shoes;  but  these  tricks  were  all  detected  by  weighing  the  men  naked. 
Drafted  and  enrolled  men  exaggerate  greatly,  but  I  am  not  cognizant  of  any  frauds  being  practiced 
by  them. 

Judging  from  my  experience,  I  should  think  that  American-born  men  were  physically  as  well 
adapted  for  military  service  as  any.  It  is  true  that  I  have  rejected  more  men  born  in  the  United 
States  (40  per  cent.)  than  from  those  brought  from  Canada,  (30  per  cent.;)  but  this  can  be 
accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  the  men  brought  from  Canada  were  picked  men;  those  bringing 
them  not  caring  to  risk  any  that  were  not  acceptable.  Of  the  English,  Irish,  French,  and  Germans 
I  have  rejected  about  45  per  cent.  Of  course,  these  estimates  are  not  very  accunite;  for  substi- 
tutes were  born  in  any  convenient  place  outside  the  United  States.  All  things  considered,  I 
should  think  that  the  American  presents  as  great  physical  aptitude  for  military  service  as  any  race 
of  men. 

From  my  experience  with  the  colored  race,  I  should  conclude  that  they  are  i)hysically  well 
adapted  for  military  service.  The  majority  of  those  presented  were  large,  stout,  and  robust,  capa- 
ble of  enduring  almost  any  amount  of  exposure  and  fatigue,  and  seemed  well  satisfied  with  the  idea 
of  a  soldier's  life. 

In  reference  to  the  enrollment-law,  I  would  say  that,  having  been  connected  with  the  ofiBce  so 
short  a  time,  and  having  had  so  little  experience  therewith,  I  would  respectfully  refrain  from 
expressing  any  views  upon  its  operation,  much  less  offer  any  suggestions  or  recommend  additions 
thereto.  I  would,  however,  sugt;est  an  addition  to  the  "Medical  Record,"  which  could  be  quite 
easily  kept,  and  would  establish  more  clearly  the  intellectual  statistics  of  the  Arm^-.  I  would  recom- 
mend that  two  additional  columns  be  made,  headed  as  follows:  "Can  neither  read  nor  write;"  "Can 
read,  but  not  write."  *  »  » 

A.  M.  VEDDEE, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment,  Eighteenth  District  of  Neic  Yorlc. 

Schenectady,  N.  T.,  June  14, 18G5. 

NEW  TOEK— NINETEENTH  DISTEICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dk.  George  Douglas. 


« 


My  duties  as  surgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment  in  the  nineteenth  district 
of  New  York  commenced  July  20,  18G4,  since  which  time  there  have  been  examined  by  me,  of 
recruits  and  substitutes,  two  thousand  four  hundred  and  thirty-seven  ;  of  drafted  men,  three  hun- 
dred and  eighty-two;  of  enrolled  men  to  be  stricken  from  the  roll,  about  two  thousand.  *  #  * 
The  nineteenth  district  is  composed  of  the  counties  of  Chenango,  Delaware,  and  Otsego. 
(Jiieuaugo  is  an  interior  county,  lying  southeast  of  the  center  of  the  State,  is  centrally  distant 
ninety-four  miles  from  Albany,  and  contains  eight  hundred  and  ninety-eight  square  miles.  Its 
surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  the  deep  ravines  of  the  streams.  The  highlands  consist  of 
two  principal  ridges  extending  north  aud  south ;  the  first  lying  between  Unadilla  and  Chenango 
Kivers,  and  the  second  between  the  Chenango  and  Otselic.  The  summits  of  these  ridges  of  laud 
are  broad  and  rolling,  aud  of  nearly  uniform  elevation  throughout  the  county.    The  highest  points 


SURGEONS     REPORTS NEW    YORK NINETEENTH   DISTRICT.  267 

are  six  liundred  to  eigbt  bundred  feet  above  the  river-valleys.  The  principal  rivers  arc  the  Che- 
nango, the  Susquehanna,  theTJnadilla,  and  the  Otselie.  The  Chenango  Kiver  flows  from  the  north 
borders  of  the  county  in  a  southerly  direction  to  near  the  center,  and  from  thciu'c  southwest  to 
the  southwest  corner  of  the  county.  The  Otselic  K'iver  flows  southwest  through  the  northwest 
corner  of  the  county.  Each  of  these  rivers  receive  from  the  east  and  west  smaller  tributaries  in 
their  couise.  The  valleys  of  the  Susquehanna  and  Chenango  are  among  the  fluest  in  the  State. 
They  consist,  generally,  of  fertile  and  highly-cultivated  intervales  of  an  average  width  of  about  one 
mile,  usually  bordered  by  steep  and  flnely-woodcd  hill-sides. 

One  peculiarity  of  this  section  is  the  numerous  small  ponds  in  basins  among  the  hills  far  above 
the  valleys.  The  soils  are  almost  entirely  derived  from  the  disintegration  of  the  rocks.  In  some 
localities  is  found  a  very  limited  amount  of  drift.  Upon  the  hills,  the  soil  is  principally  a  shaly 
loam,  and,  in  the  valleys,  a  fine  quality  of  productive  alluvium.  The  lowest  rocks  in  this  county, 
appearing  upon  the  north  border,  belong  to  the  Hamilton  group.  Successively  above  these,  toward 
the  south,  appear  the  Tully  limestone,  Genesee  slate,  the  Portage,  Chenango,  and  Catskill  groups. 
The  sandstone  of  the  Portage  group  furnishes  good  material  for  building  and  flagging;  several 
quarries  of  which  have  been  oiiened  along  the  southern  part  of  the  Chenango  Valley.  lu  the 
southern  and  eastern-  portion  of  the  county,  the  Catskill  group  crops  out,  forming  the  most  hilly 
portion  of  the  county;  and,  in  the  eastern  portion,  almost  a  mountainous  chain.  The  Hamilton 
beds  consist  of  shales,  separated  into  two  parts  by  a  thin  layer  of  encriual  limestone,  and  in  many 
places  overlaid  by  a  thin  limestone  stratum  called  the  Tully  limestone.  The  Marcelius  shale  is  for 
the  most  part  a  soft  argillaceous  rock.  The  lower  part  is  black  with  carbonaceous  matter,  and  con- 
tains traces  of  coal  or  bitumen.  The  Hamilton  beds  include  (1)  blue  shale;  (2)  encriual;  {'■'>)  u[)per 
shale;  and  (4)  the  Tully  limestone.  The  Portage  group  consists  of  shales  and  laminated  or  shaly 
sandstone.  Going  westward,  the  shales  increase  in  proportion ;  and  eastward,  the  sandstone  greatly 
predominates.  The  rocks  have  a  thickness  of  from  one  thousand  to  fourteen  hun<lred  feet.  In  this 
(the  Portage  group)  there  are  great  numbers  of  the  fucoides,  or  forms  regarded  as  fucoidal.  The 
most  common  kind  appear  like  short,  straight,  simple  stems,  two  or  three  inches  long,  scattered 
thickly  over  the  surface  of  the  flagstones.  These  beds  abound  less  in  fossils  than  the  Chenango, 
yet  contain  various  species  of  crinoids,  conchifers,  &c. 

The  Chenango  group  esteuds  widely  over  the  southern  tier  of  counties  of  New  York,  and  con- 
sists of  sandstone  and  coarse  shales  in  various  alternations.  The  thickness  has  been  estimated  at 
about  tifteen  hundred  feet.  Both  the  Chenango  and  Portage  groups  abound  in  ripple-marks, 
obliquely  laminated  layers,  mud  marks,  and  cracks  from  sun-drying;  evidences  of  the  existence  of 
extensive  exposed  mud-flats,  of  sandy  or  muddy  areas  swept  by  the  waves,  and  of  tidal  currents  in 
contrary  movement  through  the  shallow  waters.  This  groui)  aftbrds,  besides  the  muda  {lalli  sea- 
weeds, i-emuins  of  many  laud-plants.  It  also  affords,  iu  remains  of  animal  life,  great  numbers  of 
avicularia;  many  brachiopods,  (an  order  of  molluscous  animals,)  including  broad-winged  spirifers 
and  some  producta ;  also  a  huge  goniatite,  (four  or  five  inches  in  diameter ;)  and,  rarely,  a  trilobite. 

The  Catskill  group  is  composed  of  shales  and  sandstones  of  various  colors,  in  which  red  pre- 
dominates. The  sandstones  are  far  more  extensive  than  the  shales,  and  pass  into  conglomerates, 
or  coarse  gut-rock,  and  also  into  a  rough  mass,  looking  as  if  made  of  cemented  fragments  of  hard 
slate.  There  are  ripple-marks,  oblique  lamination,  i&c.  Some  of  the  layers  are  particularly  calca- 
reous. This  formation  thins  out  toward  the  west,  and  thickens  toward  the  Hudson  on  the  east. 
The  land  plants,  relics  of  which  ai-e  occasionally  met  with,  are  of  the  same  carboniferous  character 
of  the  Chenango  period.  Among  animals,  no  corals,  crinoids,  or  trilobites  are  yet  known.  There 
are  some  conchifers,  bivalve  mollusca,  with  fragments  of  fishes,  which  make  up  all  that  has  yet  been 
discovered  of  remains  of  animal  fossils  in  this  period. 

The  inhabitants  of  Chenango  County  are  almost  exclusively  devoted  to  agricultural  pursuits: 
there  being  in  other  avocations  only  such  as  the  local  necessities  of  moderate-sized  villages  would 
naturally  produce.  Dairying  is  the  leading  pursuit.  Stock  and  wool  growing  are  carried  on  to 
some  extent.  Hops  are  considerably  cultivated  along  the  river-valleys.  Grain  of  different  kinds 
is  ])roduced  only  in  limited  quantities. 

Delaware  County  lies  upon  the  headwaters  of  the  Delaware  Eiver.  It  is  centrally  distant 
seventy  miles  from  Albany,  and  contains  one  thousand  five  hundred  and  eighty  square  miles.    Its 


268  surgeons'  reports — new  york — nineteenth  district. 

surfacL'  is  a  liilly  ami  iiioniitainous  iiplautl,  divided  iuto  three  priucipal  ridges  by  the  valleys  of  the 
two  i(riiK'ii)al  brandies  ut  Delaware  River.  This  upland  region  is  a  couuectiug  link  between  the 
lihie  Kidge  uiion  the  south  and  the  Catskill  and  Helderberg  Mountains  on  the  north.  These  ridges 
form,  in  the  southern  and  eastern  portions  of  the  county,  a  mountainous  region,  with  lofty,  rocky 
peaks  and  precipitous  declivities,  broken  by  wild  and  narrow  ravines.  In  the  north  part  of  the 
county,  the  highlands  are  less  precipitous,  and  the  whole  region  assumes  the  character  of  a  rugged, 
hilly  upland.  The  main  or  west  branch  of  the  Delaware  Eiver  takes  its  rise  in  Utsyanthia  Lake, 
a  small  sheet  of  water  upon  the  northeast  line  of  the  county.  It  flows  sixty  miles  in  a  southwest 
direction  to  the  west  border  of  the  county,  then  turns  abriii)tiy  to  the  south,  and  forms  the  south- 
east boundary  of  the  county,  descending  in  its  course  about  one  thousand  feet.  The  east  branch 
of  the  Delaware,  the  Popacton,  rises  in  the  northeast  part  of  the  county,  and  flows  sixty  miles  south- 
west, uniting  with  the  Delaware  main  branch  near  the  southeast  border  of  the  county.  There 
are  numerous  small  creeks  ami  streams,  tributaries  to  these  rivers.  The  valleys  of  these  streams 
are  usually  narrow,  and  bordered  by  steep  hills,  which  often  rise  into  mountains.  The  rocks  of  the 
county  mostly  belong  to  the  old  red  sandstone  of  the  Catskill  division.  The  soil  is  generally  of  a 
dark-reddish  color,  composed  of  the  disintegrated  sandstone  and  shale.  In  the  valleys  are  occa^ 
sionally  narrow  strips  of  fertile  alluvium.  These  lands  are  best  adapted  to  pasturing  and  grazing. 
Dairying  is  at  present  the  leading  occupation  of  the  people,4ilthough  lumbering  is  still  carried  on  to 
considerable  extent  in  the  eastern  portion  of  the  county,  which  trade  was  formerly  very  extensive, 
large  quantities  of  lumber  being  rafted  down  the  Delaware  River  to  the  city  of  Philadelphia. 
Althougli  possessed  of  an  immense  amount  of  water-power,  there  are  no  extensive  manufactories  in 
this  county  except  tanneries  in  the  eastern  part;  the  principal  products  being  butter  and  cheese, 
while  a  limited  amount  of  stock-raising  and  wool-growing  prevails.  The  eastern  portion  of  this 
county  shared  largely  in  the  excitement  and  mob  violence  which  distinguished  the  anti-rent  move- 
ment of  1845,  and  it  was  the  same  portion  of  this  district  which  gave  the  most  trouble  in  enforcing 
the  draft. 

Otsego  County  lies  southeast  of  the  center  of  the  State  upon  the  highlands  at  the  head  of  Sus- 
quehanna River.  It  is  centrally  distant  sixty-six  miles  from  Albany,  and  contains  one  thousand 
and  tliirty-eiglit  square  miles.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  divided  into  several  ridges,  separated 
by  deep,  bioad  valleys.  The  principal  streams  are  Unadilla  River,  (forming  the  west  boundary,) 
Wharton  and  Butternut  Creeks,  Olego  Creek,  Susquehanna  River,  Cherry  Valley  and  Schenevus 
Creeks.  Charlotte  River  forms  a  small  portion  of  the  south  boundary.  In  the  northeast  part  of 
this  county  is  a  flue  sheet  of  water,  eight  miles  long  and  about  one  mile  broad,  called  Otsego  Lake. 
It  is  eleven  hundred  and  ninety-three  feet  above  tide-water,  and  is  surrounded  by  hills  four  to  five 
hundred  feet  high.  Its  outlet  forms  the  priucipal  head  branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River.  In  the 
north  part  of  the  county  is  a  similar  sheet  of  water,  three  and  a  half  miles  long,  called  Schuylei's 
Lake.  The  rocks  in  the  northeast  corner  consist  of  the  limestone  of  the  Helderberg  division. 
The  hills  in  the  south  part  are  composed  of  tlie  shales  of  the  Hamilton  group  and  the  shales  and 
sandstones  of  the  Portage  and  Chemung  groups.  The  summits,  in  the  extreme  south  and  south- 
east part,  are  crowned  by  the  red  sandstone  and  shales  of  the  Catskill  group.  The  soil  in  the 
northeast  is  a  good  quality  of  gravelly  and  calcareous  loam.  Further  south,  it  is  a  clay  and  shaly 
loam  upon  the  hills,  and  a  gravelly  loam  and  alluvium  in  the  valleys. 

The  uplands  are  best  adapted  to  grazing,  and  the  river  intervales  are  well  adapted  to  the  culti- 
vation of  grain.  The  people  are  priuciiially  engaged  in  dairying  and  raising  of  hops.  Of  the  latter, 
the  quantity  exceeds  that  produced  by  any  other  county  in  the  State.  There  is  also  a  considerable 
amount  of  stock-raising,  and  a  limited  amount  of  manufacturing. 

There  are  no  cities  or  lai'ge  towns  in  this  district,  but  numei'ous  villages;  it  being  an  agricul- 
tural section,  with  a  suflicient  number  of  mechanics,  tradesmen,  and  other  avocations  to  supply  the 
local  wants  of  the  people. 

This  section  of  the  State  is  not  subject  to  miasmatic  or  contagious  diseases;  and  its  elevated 
locality,  pure  air,  and  abundant  supply  of  perennial  spring-water,  gushing  forth  clear  and  pure 
from  every  hill-side,  its  freedom  from  marsh-miasms,  and  its  salubrious  climate,  all  contribute  to 
render  this  locality  one  of  the  healthiest  in  the  State. 

The  prevailing  diseases  are  of  a  sthenic  or  inflammatory  character.    Acute  bronchial  and  pneu- 


SUKGEONS'    REPORTS NEW    YORK NINETEENTH   DISTRICT.  2G9 

inouial  iiffectioiis  aud  ilioumatism  aud  iuflaininatory  fevers  prevail  mostly  in  winter  and  spring  sea- 
sons; dysentery  and  remittent  fevers,  iu  tlie  siininier  and  autumn.  Tliis  locality  is  also  more  or  less 
subject  to  such  prevailing  epidemics  as  scarlatina,  measles,  mumps,  &c.  Diphtlierialias  been  quite 
prevalent  at  different  seasons,  for  the  last  four  years,  in  these  counties;  some  localities  suffering 
to  greater  extent  than  others.  At  one  season  it  apjtears  to  be  confined  principally  to  the  upland 
regions,  and  at  another  season  to  the  valleys. 

Many  in  this  section,  especially  of  the  female  sex,  f;ill  annually  victims  to  consumption,  owing, 
no  doubt,  to  the  very  great  changeableness  of  this  climate  and  tiie  many  suddcu  variations  of  tem- 
perature. This  section  is  remarkable  in  that  respect;  the  thermometer  often  indicating  a  change 
of  thirty  to  forty  degrees  in  twenty-four  hours. 

The  inhabitants  of  this  district  are  mostly  of  New  EuglaUd  origin,  (except  a  considerable  number 
of  Scotch  in  Delaware  County,)  and  aie  principally  devoted  to  agricultural  pursuits.  They  are,  as  a 
people,  intelligent,  industrious,  frugal,  temperate,  loyal,  and  law-abiding;  the  better-educated  and 
most  induential  class  being  of  high  toned  morality,  observers  of  their  duties  and  obligations  both 
toward  God  and  man.  School-houses  are  found  at  short  intervals  all  over  this  district,  with  many 
well  sustained  and  prosperous  academies  or  higii  schools.  In  each  county  and  iu  every  village, 
numbers  of  churches  point  their  spires  to  heaven.  #  »  * 

There  were  more  men  disqualified  for  military  service  (in  accordance  with  the  Eegulations  of 
the  Provost-Marshal  General's  Bureau)  in  consequence  of  hernia  and  loss  of  teeth  than  from  any 
other  disease  or  disability.  Hernia  is  of  so  frequent  occurrence  from  the  fact  that  the  people  are 
mostly  of  a  laborious  class,  subject  to  lifting  heavy  weights,  and  of  weak  muscular  systems,  which 
weakness  is  induced,  to  some  extent  at  least,  by  substituting  so  extensively  poi'k  for  beef  iu  their 
daily  food.  The  premature  loss  of  teeth,  so  otteu  found,  is  owing  in  part- to  the  scrofulous  tenden- 
cies of  the  people ;  also  to  want  of  care  and  cleanliness  of  the  teeth,  and  to  the  unhealthy  condition 
of  the  digestive  organs,  with  improper  diet,  hot  drinks,  and  excessive  use  of  tobacco. 

The  sections  of  paragraph  85,  as  a  set  of  rules,  are  very  well  advised,  and  as  complete,  perhaps, 
as  they  could  be  iu  the  same  compass.  It  is  extremely  difflcult  to  lay  down  rules  under  which  there 
will  not  be  exceptional  cases ;  as,  for  instance,  there  are  many  cases  of  hernia  where  the  persons  so 
affected  are  able  to  perform  the  most  laborious  duties  without  inconvenience,  and  without  a  truss 
or  support.  Ou  the  other  hand,  the  sectiou  '•  Developed  tuberculo.sis,"  if  interpreted  literally  and 
adhered  to  rigidly,  would  place  some  in  the  service  totally  unfit  for  military  duty.  If  none  but 
such  as  are  tit  aud  competent  to  their  duties  as  examining-surgeous  were  placed  in  that  highly 
responsible  position,  it  were  better  to  give  greater  scope  to  the  jiulgmeut  of  the  surgeon  in  these 
regulations.  #  *  * 

With  a  competent  assistant,  one  hundred  recruits  are  as  many  as  it  is  proi)er  for  a  sui'geou  to 
examine  per  day,  although,  during  the  first  week  of  last  September,  with  sucli  facilities  as  I  had, 
by  examining  from  early  morn  until  dark,  and  taking  only  fifteen  to  twenty  minutes  for  dinner,  I 
succeeded  in  examining  nearly  two  hundred  per  day.  This  included  signing  their  papers,  three  for 
each  accepted  man.  But,  to  a  man  of  ordinary  health  and  constitution,  such  labor  is  unendurable 
for  any  length  of  time. 

As  to  the  frauds  practiced,  their  name  is  legion — the  wearing  of  trusses  where  no  hernia  exists, 
feigning  diseases  of  kidneys  aud  weakness  of  back  and  loins,  dilating  the  pupil  of  the  eye  with 
beUadonua,  feigning  deafness,  &c.  With  recruits  it  is  not  so  easy  a  matter  to  conceal  i)rominent 
or  disqualifying  defects.  But  many  who  evidence  muscular  strength,  agility,  and  capability  of 
performing  the  common  duties  of  military  service,  would,  upon  re-examination  at  the  place  of  ren- 
dezvous, or  when  sent  forward  to  their  regiments,  feign  debility,  lameness,  &c.,  aud  sometimes 
thus  succee;i  iu  deceiviug  those  whose  duty  it  was  to  reexamine  them.  To  overcome  these  difficul- 
ties, watchfulness,  shrewdne.ss,  and  sagacity  on  the  part  of  the  surgeou  are  the  most  reliable  resource. 

The  majority  of  those  examined  by  myself  weie  native-born  citizens,  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race. 
Some  of  these  were  fine  specimens  of  manly  physique,  lacking  more  iu  compactness  of  form  and 
build  than  in  any  other  particular.  There  was  a  limited  number  of  Irish,  Germans,  Scotch,  Welsh, 
French,  and  quite  a  number  of  Canadian  French,  born  in  Canada.  As  a  class,  iu  the  kind  of  I'f'lJ- 
sique  which  I  consider  best  adapted  to  military  service,  viz,  medium  height,  well-developed  muscular 
system,  full  chest,  compact  joint.s,  closely-knit  straight   spine,  full  breadth  of  shoulders,  round 


270  surgeons'  reports — new  york — twentieth  district. 

pelvis,  arching  foot,  full  contour,  as  well  as  fine  symmetry  of  form,  tbe  Canadian  French  excelled 
any  equal  number  brought  before  me  for  examination.  They  were  evidently,  however,  inferior  to 
the  Yankee  in  the  moral  qualities  necessary  to  an  efScient  soldier,  such  as  energy,  perseverance, 
grit,  and  the  faculty  of  adapting  themselves  to  a  variety  of  change  and  circumstances. 

As  to  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service,  my  experience  with 
colored  men  is  very  limited ;  a  comparatively  small  number  having  been  brought  before  me  for 
examination,  and  these,  in  physical  qualifications,  probably  not  an  average  specimen  of  the  race 
as  they  exist  in  the  Southern  States;  for  it  is  a  well-known  fact  that  they  physically  degenerate  in 
this  northern  dime.  They  are  by  nature  adapted  to  endure  the  climate  of  the  South  better  than 
the  Anglo-Saxon  race,  but  I  should  not  consider  their  flat  feet  as  well  adapted  to  rapid  marching 
as  the  arched  foot  of  the  American,  or  their  crooked  spine  and  loosely-knit  joints  to  the  carrying 
of  the  gun  and  knapsack. 

The  present  enrollment-law,  as  it  has  been  enforced  in  this  State,  is  replete  with  serious  evils, 
which  would  be  felt  if  it  were  necessary  for  the  Government  to  call  out  a  large  number  of  men 
yearly  for  a  term  of  years.  The  large  bounties  given  in  sub-districts  to  induce  enlistments  would 
soon  baukrui)t  the  country,  and  lends  greatly  to  enhance  the  price  of  substitutes,  at  the  same  time 
opening  a  field  for  jieeulation,  fraud,  and  wrong  in  the  production  of  hounty-jicmpers ;  and,  in  the 
dealings  of  bountybrukers,  is  iujuiious  to  the  service,  detrimental  to  morals,  and  ruinous  to  the 
country.  Were  the  draft  enforced  at  once,  as  soon  as  the  quota  of  districts  is  fixed,  alter  the  Gov- 
ernment has  made  a  call,  allowing  the  drafted  man  (if  considered  suitable  for  military  service)  to 
furnish  a  substitute;  with  the  payment  of  no  other  but  United  States  or  national  bounty,  the 
drafted  man  /rt/Hse// receiving  this  bounty,  whether  he  furnishes  a  substitute  or  enters  the  service 
himself;  with  the  giving  to  volunteers  the  same  bounties,  (which  are  at  the  present  time  sufiB- 
ciently  liberal,)  it  would,  in  my  opinion,  be  far  letter  both  for  the  military  service  and  the  financial 
interests  of  the  country.  Tbe  Government  would  thereby  receive  better  men,  and  the  country  be 
saved  from  oppressive  taxation  to  pay  the  large  local  bounties  which  have  been  so  recklessly  voted. 

GEORGE  DOUGLAS, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Nineteenth  District  of  New  York. 

Norwich,  N.  Y.,  June  15,  1865. 

NEW  YORK— TWENTIETH  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Ur.  Edward  S.  Walker. 

•  »  *  My  experience  in  the  examination  of  men  for  military  service  commenced  on 
my  assuming  the  duties  of  surgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment  for  this  district.  May  1, 1863,  since 
which  time  I  have  examined  four  thousand  nine  humlred  and  eighty-two  men. 

This  district  is  composed  of  the  counties  of  Jefferson,  Lewis,  and  Herkimer,  and  is  located  in 
the  central  and  northern  parts  of  the  State,  and  bounded  as  follows,  viz :  on  the  north,  by  Saint 
Lawrence  County,  Saint  Lawi-ence  River,  and  Lake  Ontario  ;  on  the  east,  by  Saint  Lawrence,  Ham- 
ilton, Fulton,  and  Montgomery  Counties;  on  the  south,  by  Otsego,  Oneida,  and  Oswego  Counties; 
and,  on  the  west,  by  Oneida  and  Oswego  Counties  and  h\  Lake  Ontario. 

The  surface  of  the  district  is  generally  hilly,  and  it  is  traversed  by  the  following  considerable 
streams  of  water:  Black  River,  which  jiasses  through  the  central  part  of  the  district;  Moose  Eiver, 
Beaver  River,  Peech  River,  and  Indian  River,  which  latter  are  smaller  streams  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  district,  and  most  of  them  tributaries  of  Black  River.  The  Mohawk  River,  which  passes 
through  the  southern  part  of  the  district,  has  two  considerable  tributaries,  the  East  Canada  Creek 
and  West  Canada  Creek.  Besides  these,  there  are  numerous  smaller  streams  ;  and  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  district,  which  is  still  covered  with  forest,  there  are  nnmerous  sm^ill  lakes. 

The  most  prevalent  diseases  are  inflammatory  in  character.  Inflammatory  rheumatism  and 
pneumonia  are  quite  prevalent,  particularly  in  the  cold  and  damp  seasons  of  the  year.  The  causes 
conducive  to  their  prevalence  are  common  to  all  sections  in  this  degree  of  latitude,  such  as  sudden 
changes  from  a  high  to  a  low  temperature,  and  from  a  dry  to  a  damp  state  of  the  air. 


surgeons'   reports — NEW   YORK TWENTIETH   DISTRICT.  271 

The  inhabitants  of  the  district  are  of  mixed  nationalities  ;  German,  French,  Irish,  and  Welsh 
coustitute  a  considerable  portion  ;  but,  in  reality,  in  all  sections,  the  Yankee  element  i)redomiuates, 
forming  the  basis  or  groundwork  of  society.  The  people  are  generally  industrious  and  intelligent, 
and  agriculture  forms  their  leading  pursuit.  The  hilly  character  of  the  surface  and  the  kind  of 
soil  particularly  adapt  the  greater  part  of  the  district  to  pasturage,  and  dairying  or  cheese-making 
has  long  been  a  leading  branch  of  industry. 

From  the  first  draft,  there  was  a  large  ratio  per  thousand  exempt  from  military  duty  on  account 
of  physical  disability,  because  of  the  prevalence  of  valvular  disease  of  the  heart,  and  hepatization, 
or  carnification,  of  some  portion  of  the  lungs;  the  former  almost  invariably  traced  to  previous 
attacks  of  rheumatism  as  its  cause,  and  the  latter  the  result  of  previous  attacks  of  pneumonia.  The 
reason  why  these  diseases  should  prevail  here  to  a  considerable  extent  has  been  hinted  at  in  a  for- 
mer section ;  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Ontario  and  the  Saint  Lawrence  Eiver,  where  I  think  them 
most  prevalent,  the  cold,  damp,  sweeping  winds,  which  blow  from  those  large  bodies  of  water,  may 
be  added  to  the  causes  already  stated. 

In  regard  to  the  different  sections  of  paragraph  85,  Eevised  Regulations  of  the  Provost-Marshal- 
General's  Bureau,  I  would  most  respectfully  suggest  that  the  last  clause  of  section  15,  relating  to 
chronicpurulent  otorrhcea,  in  my  opinion,  ought  to  be  amended  so  as  not  to  allow  exemption  under 
this  cause  unless  the  disease  involve  destruction  of  the  tympanum  or  necrosis  of  the  bones  of  the 
ear,  or  else  so  seriously  affects  the  man's  ability  to  perform  physical  labor  as  to  leave  no  doubt  of 
his  incapacity  for  military  service.  Many  times,  as  the  result  of  some  one  of  the  exanthematous 
diseases,  the  membrane  lining  the  external  meatus  and  tympanum  becomes  a  pus-secretiug  sur- 
face, and  continues  thus  for  a  term  of  years  without  seriously  affecting  the  health  of  the  individual, 
though  he  would  be  entitled  to  exemption  as  the  section  now  stands. 

Again,  in  reference  to  section  23,  "  hernia.''  From  my  experience  and  observation,  I  am  of  the 
opinion  that  a  man  may  have  a  small  or  medium-sized  inguinal  or  femoral  hernia,  or  an  epigastric 
or  hypogastric  hernia,  that  produces  so  slight  an  embarrassment  to  his  power  to  labor,  or  ability  to 
perform  the  duties  of  a  soldier,  as  not  to  be  sufiBcient  cause  for  exemption.  In  support  of  this 
position,  I  recall  to  memory  some  three  or  four  cases  that  occurred  during  the  examination  of  men 
under  the  first  draft,  or  the  draft  of  the  summer  of  1863,  when  I  discovered  clear,  unmistakable 
hernia — all  inguinal,  I  think — which  had  not  been  known  to  exist  by  the  parties  examined  prior  to 
my  examination,  and  drafted  men  are  not  apt  to  overlook  any  defect  or  ailment  that  has  caused 
them  much  trouble.  I  would  suggest,  therefore,  that  small  reducible  inguinal  femoral,  epigastric, 
or  hypogastric  hernia  be  excepted  from  the  causes  of  exemption  under  this  section,  unless  the  man 
is  clearly  disabled  thereby  for  the  performance  of  military  duty,  and  this  must  be  established  by 
affidavits  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  surgeon. 

These  are  the  only  sections  in  the  paragraph  that  strike  me  as  needing  any  amendment.     *      * 

The  number  of  men  that  can  be  physically  examined  per  day  with  accuracy  depends  on  the 
number  of  hours  employed.  I  usually  was  engaged  in  examinations  during  six  hours  per  day,  in 
which  time  I  could  examine  an  average  of  sixty  men. 

The  frauds  to  be  guarded  against,  which  are  practiced  by  drafted  and  enrolled  men  to  escape 
military  service,  are  in  part  as  follows:  A  fraudulent  plea  that  the  man  is  permanently  physi- 
cally disabled,  from  a  complication  of  causes,  among  which  are  named  dyspepsia,  liver-complaint, 
disease  of  the  kidneys,  bronchitis,  and  consumption  of  many  years'  standing,  is  I  think  the  most 
common  pretense  on  which  a  claim  for  exemption  is  based.  A  pretense  of  hernia,  supported  by 
wearing  a  truss,  is  quite  common.  These  frauds  are  generally  easily  detected  :  au  examination  of 
the  hands  of  the  man  claiming  exemption  on  so  many  general  causes  shows,  from  the  hardened 
cuticle,  that  he  is  a  laboring  tuan,  and  his  general  physical  appearance  usually  negatives  all  his 
statements  in  regard  to  his  disability.  The  pretense  of  hernia  is  generally  easily  disposed  of  by 
inviting  the  individual  whose  hernia  is  not  detectible,  to  take  off  his  truss  and  walk  about  for  an 
hour  or  two,  so  as  to  allow  the  tumor  to  show  itself,  and  then  to  come  in  again.  If  the  case  is 
fraudulent,  he  will  not  care  to  try  this  experiment,  and,  if  he  consents  to  it,  will  not  return  for 
another  examination  ;  or,  to  require  him  to  establish  his  case  by  affidavits,  his  own  among  others, 
gener.ally  betrays  the  fraud. 


272  surgeons'    RfePORTS— new    YORK— twentieth    DISTRICT. 

The  frauds  practiced  by  recruits  and  substitutes  to  enter  the  service  most  couiinonly  relate  to 
age,  according  to  my  observation.  Men  are  presented,  claiming  to  be  under  forty-flve  years  old, 
wbo,  on  a  close  examination,  will  be  found  to  have  their  hair  and  whiskers  colored  ;  and  boys  claim- 
ing to  be  eighteen,  but  whose  youthful  appearance  makes  their  statements  incredible.  It  is  difli- 
oult,  if  not  quite  impossible,  when  a  recruit  is  bent  on  deception,  if  his  age  is  not  more  than  two 
or  three  years  above  forty-five,  and  he  is  of  good  physical  constitution  and  appearance,  to  detect 
tlie  fraud;  or,  if  he  be  within  one  or  two  years  of  eighteen,  and  is  fully  developed,  as  some  boys 
become  at  this  early  age,  it  is  also  dififlcult  to  prove  the  deception.  But  when  they  are  informed 
that  they  will  be  required  to  make  aflfldavit  to  their  ages,  and  the  consequences  of  swearing  talsely 
are  explained  to  them,  with  but  few  exceptions  they  own  the  intended  fraud,  and  acknowledge  their 
true  ages;  this  applies  more  especially  to  joung  men. 

The  nationality  that  presents  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  the  service,  of  those  examined 
by  me,  is  in  my  opinion  the  native-born  citizen  of  the  United  States.  The  tbliowiug  are  the  average 
measurements  of  height,  and  capacity  of  chest  in  inspiration  and  expiration,  of  twenty-five  men  of 
each  of  the  principal  nationalities  examined  during  the  past  sis  months: 

25  Germans. 

Height - C4|A  inches. 

Girth  of  chest  at  inspiration SQ^j  inches. 

Girth  of  chest  at  expiration 33il  inches. 

25  Canadians. 

Height 65ii  inches. 

Girth  of  chest  at  inspiration : SCfi  inches. 

Girth  of  chest  at  expiration 34^^  inches. 

25  Englishmen. 

Height -662^5  inches. 

Girth  of  chest  at  inspiration 36^^  inches. 

Girth  of  chest  at  exi)iration 33ii  inches. 

25  Irishmen. 

Height 66^  inches. 

Girth  of  chest  at  inspiration 3Gi-|  inches. 

Girth  of  chest  at  expiration 34||  inches. 

25  Native  Americans. 

Height 60^  inches. 

Girth  of  chest  at  inspiration 3G^|  inches. 

Girth  of  chest  at  expiration 33J|  inches. 

From  these  measurements,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  Canadians  possess  the  greatest  apparent 
physical  capacity  of  chest,  which  may  be  .accounted  for  from  the  fact  that  those  examined  of  that 
nationality  were  almost  universally  laboring  men,  accustomed  during  their  whole  lives  to  active 
out-of  door  pursuits ;  which  i-easoning  also  applies  with  considerable  force  to  other  foreigners  exam- 
ined,- while  many  of  those  examined  of  our  own  citizens  were  clerks,  students,  and  men  of  this 
class  of  occupations,  unused  to  labor  or  active  physical  exercise ;  so  that,  notwithstanding  the  appar- 
ent superiority  of  the  other  nationalities  in  this  particular,  the  general  physical  appearance  of  cit- 
izens of  the  United  States  is  the  best. 

My  experience  as  to  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service  is  too 
limited  to  be  of  any  particular  value;  but,  so  far  as  I  have  had  an  opportunity  of  judging,  I  think 
them  well  qualified. 

My  views  as  to  the  operation  of  the  enrollment-law  as  it  now-  exists  are  that  there  is  a  defi- 
ciency in  the  law  relating  to  the  corrections  of  the  enrollment,  or  the  duties  of  enrolling  ofQcers. 
Experience  has  shown  that  to  depend  upon  the  jiublic  to  correct  the  enrollment  iu  the  respective 
sub-districts,  is  a  very  uncertain   reliance;  and,  when  sutticieut  interest  is  felt  to  attempt  the  cor- 


SURGEOiN.s"    ItEl'OKTS M;\\     VOliK T\VENTV-J'1J{.ST    UlSTKICT.  273 

icction,  it  is  done  in  a  very  iriegular,  (•onrusiMl  maniKM-,  [jroduciiii;  miicli  ilinsatisfaction,  and  causinf^ 
many  mistakes  to  occur  wlicn  a  (halt  takes  place  in  a  district  whose  eniolimeut  is  corrected  by  its 
citizens.  To  avoid  tins  in  future,  1  would  respectfully  suggest  that  the  enrol ling-offlcer  of  each 
subdistrict  be  required,  on  tlie  last  day  of  each  month,  to  make  up  and  send  to  the  board  of  enroll- 
ment of  his  district,  a  report  sliowin;;-  all  clianjics  that  have  oecnri'ed  in  his  sub-district  aU'ectiiig 
the  enrollment  during  the  montii. 

There  is  another  question  ot  considerable  iiii[)ortance  to  the  (lovernuient  in  time  of  war,  wliich  I 
would  like  to  see  discussed  l)y  those  whose  exi)erience  and  knowledge  better  qualify  them  to  meet 
it  thau  I  am,  viz :  Whether  an  army  can  be  recruited  as  speedily,  with  less  expense  to  the  Govern- 
ment in  the  aggregate,  and  with  a  fair  prospect  of  securing  a  better  class  of  men,  by  regulating  the 
payment  of  bounties  by  a  law,  so  that  what  money  is  paid  in  form  of  bounties  should  be  paid  iu 
equal  annual,  semi-annual,  or  quarterly  installments.  By  this  system,  if  found  i)racticable,  one  of 
the  most  fruitful  causes  or  incentives  to  desertion  would  be  avoided — that,  namely,  of  procuring  a 
large  bounty,  with  the  intention,  after  enlistment,  of  deserting  at  the  first  opportunity;  and  recruit- 
ing-otiicers  would  be  relieved  from  a  more  detestable  class  of  creatures  thau  deserters — the  aiders 
and  abetters  of  deserters,  usually  called  "  bounty-brokers."        *        *        * 

EUWD.  S.   WALKER, 
Siifffeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Twentieth  District  of  Netc  York. 

Watertown,  N.  Y.,  Maij  31,  1805. 

NEW  YORK— TWENTY-FIRST  DISTRICT. 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  J.  O.  Stanton. 

*  *  *  On  the  13th  of  March,  1805,  I  was  assigned  to  duty  in  this  district,  relieving 
Surgeon  W.  A.  Babcock,  who  had  been  surgeon  of' the  board  of  eurollmeiit  from  the  time  of  its 
first  meeting,  on  the  11th  day  of  May,  1S03. 

I  found  the  quota  of  the  district  nearly  full,  and  in  consequence  of  this  but  few  men  were 
examined  from  that  time  up  to  April  14,  1805,  when  the  order  was  received  to  stop  recruiting;  iiud 
those  who  were  examined  were,  for  the  most  part,  for  other  districts  in  the  western  division  of  the 
State.  These  were  all  recruits  and  substitutes ;  and,  as  the  examiuatiou  of  enrolled  men  w-as  com- 
pleted by  Dr.  Babco(;k,  and  the  quota  tilled  by  volunteering,  no  enrolled  or  drafted  men  were  con- 
sequently examined  by  me.         #         *         * 

As  shown  by  the  records  of  the  office,  the  number  of  men  examined  prior  to  March  13,  1865, 
was  seven  hundred  and  ninety-one.  From  March  13,  1805,  to  April  14. 1805,  the  number  examined 
was  fifty-four.  The  whole  number  of  enrolled  men  exempted  for  physical  disability  (under  call  of 
December  19,  1804)  was  one  hundred  and  forty  six;  of  this  number,  thi.tv  nine  were  exempted  for 
loss  of  teeth. 

The  twenty-first  district  of  New  York  comprises  the  county  of  Oneida,  situated  in  the  center 
of  the  State,  and  contains  about  eleven  hundred  square  miles.  It  is  tiaversed,  near  its  center, 
from  west  to  east  by  the  Mohawk  River  and  Erie  (Janal.  The  surface  of  the  country  is  undulating, 
and  in  some  ])arts  hilly,  with  pleasant  and  \yell-cidtivated  valleys  along  the  Mohawk  and  its  tribu- 
taries. The  valley  of  the  Mohawk  is  from  one  to  two  nules  wide,  of  a  rich  alluvial  soil,  and  is 
occasionally  overflowed  by  the  spring-freshets.  From  this  valley  there  is  a  gradual  ascent,  some 
three  hundred  feet  above  the  level  of  the  river  ;  and  on  the  north  side  may  be  found  a  table-land, 
trom  one-half  to  three-quarters  of  a  mile  in  extent,  and  of  a  rich  gravelly  and  sandy  soil.  Higher 
up,  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  the  soil  is  underlaid  by  argillaceous  slate,  and  at  the  summit  is 
found  the  Trenton  limestone.  The  county  contains  some  of  the  best  agricultural  and  nmnufactur- 
ing  districts  in  the  Union.  In  the  northeastern  extremity  are  the  ot^lebrated  Falls  of  Trenton, 
forming  one  of  the  most  picturesque  and  attractive  views  in  the  United  States. 

The  population  is  for  the  most  i)art  of  German,  Welsh,  Irish,  and  English  descent.    There  are 
a  few  Scotch  in  the  manufacturing  districts.     Although  a  mixture  of  many  nations,  the  inhabitants 
are  hardy,  industrious,  and  healthy,  and  the  most  of  them  are  engaged  in  agricultural  and  manu- 
facturing pursuits. 
;!5 


Zl-i  surgeons'    REPOETS NEW    YORK TWENTY-THIRD    DISTRICT. 

Tbere  are  uo  diseases  peculiar  to  the  district;  ouly  such  as  are  usually  found  in  bigli  uoithern 
latitudes  are  prevalent,  with  isolated  cases  of  intermittent  and  remittent  fever  along  tiie  valley  of 
the  Mohawk.  The  district  has  very  rarely  been  visited  by  any  epidemic.  The  winters  are  cold  and 
the  climate  variable,  and,  as  a  consequence,  the  indammatory  aftections  common  to  such  vicissi- 
tudes of  climate  are  often  met  with,  especially  in  spring-;  in  the  valleys,  they  are  asthenic  in  char 
acter,  but,  on  the  high  lands,  much  more  active. 

Of  the  reasons  why  any  particular  diseases  or  disabilities  have  disqualitied  a  greater  ratio  per 
thousand  for  military  service,  I  am  unable  to  speak,  as  I  have  had  very  little  opi)ortunity  for  obser- 
\ation  in  that  respect,  and  should  be  obliged  to  depend  entirely  upon  the  experience  of  others. 

In  -reference  to  the  diflerent  sections  of  paragraph  85,  Reviseil  Regulations  Provost-Marshal- 
General's  Bureau,  I  can  ouly  express  the  opinion  that  they  comprise  all  chat  is  necessary.  They 
are  carefully  arranged,  and  I  can  recommend  uo  changes.         *         »         * 

The  number  of  men  that  can  be  examined  per  day  d«!peuds,  of  course,  upon  the  class  of  men 
presented;  from  fortij  to  jiftij  would,  perhaps,  be  a  fair  estimate  of  the  number  that  can  be  exam 
ined  with  accuracy. 

As  I  hare  examined  no  drafted  or  enrolled  men,  I  am  uuable  to  point  out  auy  frauds  practiced 
by  them  to  escape  the  service;  and  in  the  examinations  of  recruits  and  substitutes  my  experience 
here  has  been  so  limited  that  it  is  of  little  value. 

The  class  of  men1)reseuted  at  this  office  has  been  very  inferior.  Mere  boys  of  fourteen  to  six 
teen  years,  representing  themselves  as  eighteen,  and  old  men  of  fifty  and  even  sixty,  who  could 
recollect  only  forty-five  years  of  their  lives,  were  often  seen.  How  many  enlisted,  or  tried  to  enlist, 
under  assumed  names,  it  is  of  course  impossible  to  tell ;  in  making  such  attempts,  tliey  were  often 
detected,  but  no  serious  obstacles  have  been  encountered.  In  one  or  two  cases,  recruiting-agents, 
and  others  interested,  have  determined  that  men  should  be  accepted  after  they  had  been  rejected 
by  the  surgeon,  and  have  appealed  to  the  provost-marshal  for  his  interference ;  but  their  success  has 
never  justified  a  repetition  of  the  attempt.         »         #         * 

The  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  military  service,  as  presented  by  different  nations,  according 
to  the  statistics  of  this  office,  is  slightly  in  favor  of  the  Germans. 

As  to  the  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service,  I  do  not  feel  justified  in  exjjress 
iug  an  opinion,  as  I  have  had  no  experience  in  examining  them. 

Of  the  operation  of  the  enrollment-law,  although  faults  may  exist,  if  the  law  be  properly  under- 
stood, and  honest,  capable  officials  attend  to  enforcing  it,  the  interests  of  the  Government  will  be 
jjiotecfed,  and  justice  may  be  done  to  all. 

I  have  one  suggestion  to  make  in  regard  to  the  appointment  of  officers,  more  especially  the 
provost-marshal  and  surgeon  :  in  my  opinion,  they  should  always  be  regularly  eoiumi-ssioned  officers 
of  the  Army,  who  have  no  local  interests  where  they  may  be  assigned  to  dutj'.  Officers  who  will 
see  that  the  interests  of  the  Government  are  protected  and  the  rights  of  every  citizen  at  the  same 
time  respected  are  essential ;  and,  in  this  way,  many  obstacles  with  which  boards  of  enrollment 
now  have  to  contend  would  be  very  easily  overcome.  Surgeous  of  the  Army,  thus  assigned  to 
<luty,  might  at  the  same  time  be  of  great  .service  in  attending  to  all  extensions  of  leaves  of  absence 
and  lurlonghs  in  the  district;  thus  preventing,  to  a  gre;it  extent,  the  abuse  of  furloughs,  which  too 
ofteu  exists  under  the  present  regulations.        *        «        * 

J.  O.  STANTON, 
Surgeon  United  States  Veteran  Volunteers,  (First  Army  Corps,) 
Actim/  Surgeon  Bo<ir(l  of  Enrollment  Twenty-first  District  of  New  Yorh. 

Utica,  N.  Y.,  May  L>(),  1865. 

NEW  YOEK— TWENTY-THIRD  DISTRICT.' 

Extracts  from  report  of  Du.  John  H.  Knapp. 

*  *  *  Duiing  the  early  period  of  the  examination  of  recruits,  uo  record  was  kept, 
consequeutlj' the  uuinber  of  examinations  of  rejected  men  cannot  be  reported  with  certaujty;  but,  as 

'  No  report  rccoived  from  tin;  twouty-sec-ond  district. 


SUKCiEOis;^'    REPOETS XEW     YORK TWEKi  V-TJUKI)    DISTKICT.  275 

iiciirl.v  as  I  can  ascertain  I'nini  reference  to  tlie  records  and  my  own  recollections,  1  liave  examined 
over  seven  thousand  live  Imndred  men.  My  records  sliow  absolutely  seven  thousand  two  hundred 
and  uiuetyeight  men  examinetl ;  and  I  am  very  contideut  that  more  than  two  hundreil  men  liave 
been  rejected  for  disabilities,  of  whom  I  have  no  record  wliatever. 

The  twenty-third  congressional  district  is  comi)osed  of  the  counties  of  Onondaga,  and  Corllaud, 
and  is  situated  in  the  geographical  centei-  of  the  State  of  New  York  ;  it  has  a  mean  elevation  of  from 
'JOO  to  1,0(10  feet  above  tidewater.  The  southern  ])art  of  the  district  (Cortland  County)  is  some- 
what niountainou'-,  with  narrow  valleys.  The  soil  is  very  jjroductive  and  fertile,  and  is  devoted  to 
grazing  and  graiugrowing.  It  is  an  exceedingly  healthy  locality.  The  north  part  is  rather  low 
and  level,  and  is  interspeised  with  various  small  lakes,  and  consequently  is  more  or  less  subject  to 
intermittent  and  other  fevers,  as  well  as  biliary  diseases,  caused  by  the  miasmata  arising  from  the 
lowlands  in  the  vicinity.  The  remaining  portion  of  the  district  is  occupied  by  farmers,  who  till  the 
soil,  and  are  abundantly  rewarded  for  their  labor,  even  to  a  good  degree  of  competence.  The 
general  character  of  the  inhabitants  is  that  of  a  sober,  industrious,  frugal,  and  hospitable  i)eople. 

There  are  several  large  villages  in  the  district,  viz :  Cortlandville,  Homer,  JIarathon,  and 
McGrawville  in  Cortland  County  ;  and  ilanlius,  Skaueateles,  Fayetteville,  Jordan,  and  Ealdwins- 
ville  in  Onondaga  County ;  besides  the  city  of  Syracuse  in  the  same  county,  containing  about  forty 
thousand  inhabitants. 

In  all  these  localities,  there  is  a  large  amount  of  mercantile  and  mechanical  business  l)eing 
carried  on.  The  great  mass  of  the  inhabitants  are  industrious  and  intelligent,  and  prosperous  in 
their  various  avocations. 

In  an  examination  of  my  records,  I  Und  that  hernia  has  been  the  cause  of  more  disability  than 
any  other  disease;  and  I  know  of  uo  immediate  cause  therefor  except  that  the  greater  jjortion  of 
the  inhabitants  are  engaged  in  agricultural  and  other  laborious  pursuits,  and  that  heavy  lilting 
is  incident  thereto. 

In  regard  to  the  different  sections  in  paragraph  85,  I  would  say  tliat,  in  the  main,  I  ap])rove 
them.  I  would,  however,  suggest  that  a  little  greater  latitude  be  given  the  surgeon  in  section  "o, 
namely,  as  to  the  existence  of  ei)ilepsy  within  the  last  six  months.  I  would  also  suggest  a  little 
nioditicatiou  of  section  11.  With  these  exceptions,  I  would  approve  the  whole  paragrai)h.  *  * 
In  regard  to  the  number  of  men  that  can  be  accurately  examined  jier  day,  I  would  say  that,  in 
my  judgment,  to  examine  men  with  accuracy  requires  time,  patience,  and  careful  investigation, 
am]  foify  men  per  day  is  all  that  any  surgeon  should  be  recpiired  to  examine. 

The  fraud  most  to  be  guarded  against,  of  those  which  are  j)racticed  by  drafted  and  enrolled 
men,  is  their  aggravation  of  all  the  diseases  with  which  they  were  ever  afflicted. 

The  frauds  which  recruits  and  substitutes  practice  most,  or  those  of  most  frequent  occurrence, 
are  in  regard  to  their  age.  Many  boys,  apparently  not  more  than  fifteen  years  of  age,  will  come 
forward  and  testify  that  they  were  eighteen  some  time  previous.  The  same  remark  will  apply  to 
men  over  forty-five  years  of  age,  many  of  whom  I  am  satisfied  were  over  fifty  years  of  age;  yet 
they  would  swear  their  age  to  be  within  the  maximum  allowed  under  the  regulations.  I  have 
uniformly  rejected  all  such  men  whose  physical  develoi)ment  clearly  indicated  to  my  judgment  that 
they  were  over  or  under  the  prescribed  age,  notwithstanding  their  affidavits  to  the  contrary  ;  aiul  I 
hold  that  the  surgeon  should  exercise  his  best  judgment  and  the  greatest  care  in  preventing  frauds 
of  this  clwracter. 

Afier  an  examination  of  many  men  from  different  (punters  of  the  globe,  1  am  of  the  oi)ini()n  that 
the  Americans  i)reseut  the  greatest  jjhysical  a^ititude  for  military  service. 

My  experience  as  to  the  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  has  been  quite  limited,  having 
examined  but  very  few  of  that  class ;  but,  from  my  small  experience,  I  consider  them  well  ada]»ted 
for  military  service. 

In  regard  to  the  operations  of  the  enrollment-law,  1  know  of  no  change  that  I  would  recom- 
mend. Its  general  operation  in  this  district  has  been  good.  Some,  or  a  part  of  some,  of  the  circu- 
lars by  which  I  and  the  board  have  been  governed,  I  think  unwise,  and  ought  not  to  have  been 
issued.  I  refer  more  particularly  to  circular  Ko.  101,  or  that  [lortion  of  it  which  requires  an  exami- 
nation for  permanent  physical  disability  for  the  i)urpose  of  dropping  names  from  the  enrollment- 
lists  in  a  pending  draft ;  it  oiJerates  badly,  for  the  reason   that  when  such   jx'isons' names  rciiuiiii 


27n  srUGEOXS'    REPOIJTS new    VOIJK rWlCNTY-FOURTH    IJISTRICT. 

upon  the  rolls  tliev  arc  iiiixioiis,  and  do  assist  materially,  to  fill  the  quota  of  the  locality  in  whicb 
they  are  enrolled.  But  if  tlieir  names  are  dropiied  from  tlieenrollnienf,  most  men  in  their  conseious 
security  from  draft  take  little  if  auy  interest  in  raising  men,  and  to  a  certain  extent  the  Govern- 
ment and  the  locality  lose  their  aid.         *         »         « 

JOHN  H.     KNAPi', 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Ticeniy-lhird  District  of  New  YorJc. 
Syracuse.  N.  Y..  June  14,  186.~». 

NEW  YOEK— TWENTY-FOURTH  DISTRICT. 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  G.  ^^'.  IJavis. 

*  *  *  Theofflceof  surgeon  of  theboard  of  eurollmeutwasaccepted  byme,  and  itsduties 
entered  upon,  Jlay  12,  18G3,  and  I  have  continued  to  discharge  the  duties  of  the  office  according  to 
the  best  of  my  ability  up  to  the  present  time.  During  that  time,  more  than  ten  thousand  recruits, 
substitutes,  and  drafted  men,  and  about  five  hundred  enrolled  men,  have  been  examined  by  me,  or 
under  my  immediate  supervision  ;   making  in  all  ten  thousand  and  five  hundred  men. 

The  twenty-fourth  district  of  the  State  of  New  York  is  comi^osed  of  the  counties  of  Oaynga, 
Seneca,  and  Wayne,  and  comprises  within  its  boundaries  an  area  of  eighteen  hundred  square 
miles,  containing  a  population,  according  to  the  last  census,  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-one  thou- 
sand six  hundred  and  sixty-eight  souls.  It  is  located  in  the  western  central  portion  of  the  State,  in 
what  is  known  as  the  "Lake  Country,"  and  embraces  within  its  limits,  or  along  its  borders, 
Skaneateles,  Owasco,  Cayuga,  Seneca,  and  Ontario  Lakes. 

The  surface  of  the  country  is  much  diversified,  being  hilly  in  the  southern  section,  level  or 
swampy,  and  gently  undulating  or  rolling  in  the  central  and  northern  portions.  Located  centrally 
along  the  outlet  of  Cayuga  Lake  and  Seneca  River  is  an  extensive  swampy  region,  known  as  the 
"Montezuma  JSIarshes." 

The  geological  system  of  the  district  is  simple,  com])osed  of  sandstone,  limestone,  and  shale 
formation,  and  divided  into  the  following  groups:  beginning  with  the  lowest  or  Medina  sandstone 
on  the  borders  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  successively  cropi)iug  out  in  the  ascent,  are  the  Clinton  groui>, 
Niagara  group,  Onondaga  salt  grouj),  Helderberg  series,  Hamilton  group,  and,  in  the  extreme 
southern  portion,  the  Portage  group.  Weak-brine  springs  are  found  in  many  parts,  and  especially 
in  the  Medina  sandstone  and  Onondaga  salt  groups.  Other  mineral  springs  are  met  with  distrib- 
uted throughout  the  district ;  and  in  fact  the  waters  of  all  springs,  so  far  as  known,  are  impregnated 
with  lime  and  other  minerals,  and  are  denominate<l  "hard-water  springs."  The  soil,  as  the  geo- 
logical formation  indicates,  is  generally  fertile,  and  comprises  .some  of  the  best  lands  for  agricul 
tural  and  horticultural  purposes  in  the  United  States. 

The  diseases  peculiar  to  this  locality  are  those  arising  from  miasm  in  the  extensive  marshy  and 
swampy  districts;  those  produced  by  the  sudden  changes  of  temperature  and  bleak  climate  of  the 
lake-borders;  and  those  arising  from  the  waters  used  being  impregnated  with  earthy  and  mineral 
substances.  They  comprise  fevers  of  various  types  and  grades;  hepatic,  pulmonic,  and  ne])hritic 
diseases. 

The  general  character  of  the  inhabitants  is  exemplary.  They  are  a  law-abiding,  god-leariug 
people;  are  trained  to  habits  of  industry  and  frugality  ;  and  are  principally  engaged  in  agricultural 
and  mechanical  pursuits. 

Statistics  show  that  a  greater  ratio  per  thousand  was  exempted  during  the  last  dralt  for  hernia 
than  for  any  other  disability.  This  is  undoubtedly  owing  to  the  fact  that  a  large  majority  of  those 
examined  are  engaged  in  laborious  pursuits,  and  are  therefoie  much  more  exposed  to  the  most 
usual  cause  of  the  disease. 

The  same  fact  holds  true  in  regard  to  exemptions  for  wounds,  dislocations,  fractures,  and  other 
accidental  injniies;  for  it  has  been  demonstrated  that  a  greater  i»roportion  of  farmers,  laborers,  and 
mechanics  are  afflicted  with  accidental  disciualilications  than  is  found  to  be  the  case  among  indi- 
viduals who  i)ursue  less  laborious  callings. 

A  large  inoportion  of  exemi)tions  have  been  granted  to  enrolled  and  drafted  men  for  want  of 


surgeons'    reports M.\V    VoKK TWENTY-FOURTH    DISTRICT.  277 

teeth.  This  disqualification  sccins  to  prevail  iiuK^li  uioiv  cxtcusixc'ly  aiiioii};  thf  jicopk'  of  some 
localities  tliau  it  does  in  otliers.  It  lias  been  observed  tliat  al);)ut  20  |)er  cent,  of  enrolled  men  in 
some  subdistricta  are  exempt,  according  to  tbe  regnlations,  from  this  cause  alone;  and  tbis  state 
of  things  has  been  noticed  more  particularly  to  occur  iu  those  districts  where  miasmatic  diseases 
prevail.  The  early  decay  of  the  teeth  has  been  attributed  by  some  medical  men  to  the  employment 
of  certain  drugs  and  mineral  medicines,  usually  prescribed  in  diseases  of  that  character:  and, 
from  investigation,  the  opinion  seems  to  be  well  grounded  and  substantiated  by  facts. 

The  twentieth  section  of  paragraph  85,  Regulations  Provost-Marshal-General's  Bureau,  in  iii\ 
judgment,  should  be  stricken  from  the  list  of  exemptions,  or  be  so  modified  as  to  give  the  examiner 
some  discretion.  As  it  now  stands,  men  are  held  to  service  who  have  but  one  or  two  front  teeth,  and 
no  other  teeth  in  the  same  jaw ;  while,  ou  the  other  hand,  others  are  exemined  who  have  no  front  teeth, 
eye-teeth,  or  first  molars,  but  with  a  good  set  of  giiuding-teeth.  In  my  oitinion,  a  man  without  any 
teeth  iu  one  jaw  is  about  as  fit  for  military  service,  eaieris  puribuit.  as  another  man  who  has  only 
one  or  two  front  teeth  with  no  others  in  the  same  jaw.  Men  with  few  or  no  teeth  at  all  seem  to  enjoy 
good  health,  and  attend  to  their  usual  avocations,  and  several  tiiat  I  know  of  who  went  out  in  tbe 
early  stage  of  the  present  rebellion  have  served  faithfully  and  creditably  iu  the  field.  Besides,  men 
without  natural  teeth  usually  have  artificial  teeth,  aud  even  if  they  had  none  they  might  be  detailed 
ou  special  duty,  where  they  could  find  food  as  suitable  to  their  condition  as  though  they  were  at 
home.         #         *         * 

The  number  of  men  that  can  be  examined  per  day  with  accuracy,  in  my  opinion,  is  about  _/(/'^^- 
More  than  that  number  have  been  examined  by  me  on  several  occasions  iu  cases  of  emergency.  In 
the  months  of  January,  August,  and  September,  lS6i,  when  there  was  a  perfect  rush  of  volunteers, 
two  bundled  and  fifty  in  one  day  have  been  examined;  but,  under  the  present  regulations,  not  more 
than  half  that  number  could  be  examined  bj-  myself  and  assistant  with  any  degree  of  accuracy  and 
couveuieuce. 

The  principal  frauds  luacticed  by  drafted  and  enrolled'  men,  which  have  come  under  my 
observation,  are  the  following:  having  the  requisite  number  of  teeth  extracted  to  procure  exemp- 
tion; causing  sores  to  be  made  on  the  legs  with  caustic;  feigning  obscure  diseases,  such  as  amau- 
rosis, nenralgia,  sciatica,  deafness,  stammering,  stiffness  of  the  joints,  bsemorrhage  from  the  lungs, 
disease  of  the  heart  or  kidneys,  &c. ;  and  conspiring  with  ph\sicians,  lawyers,  and  others  to  obtain 
exemption  by  furnishing  false  certificates  and  affidavits.  To  the  disgrace  of  the  profession,  1  am 
pained  to  confess  that  many  physicians  of  high  standing  both  in  the  profession  and  the  community, 
either  from  excessive  cleverness  or  for  a  consideration,  lent  themselves  to  this  disreputable  practice, 
and  by  such  means  many  persons  obtained  exemption  from  the  first  draft,  who,  when  the  large 
bounties  were  offered,  enlisted,  took  the  bounty,  and  have  since  performed  the  duties  of  a  soldier 
with  credit.  So  universal  aud  disgusting  did  this  practice  become  during  the  first  draft  that  little 
or  no  attention  was  paid  by  me  to  certificates  of  disability  from  physicians  or  others  during  subse- 
quent drafts;  but  all  cases  were  decided  ou  their  merits,  trusting  to  experience  and  my  own  judg- 
ment. I  know  of  no  remedy  for  such  scoundielism,  and  I  have  adopted  the  following  as  my  motto 
in  the  examination  of  drafted  men  :  "A  man  who  is  capabl"  of  performing  an  ordinary  day's  labor 
is  capable  of  performing  all  the  duties  of  a  soldier." 

The  principal  frauds  practiced  by  recruits  and  substitutes  consist  iu  giving  false  -statements 
in  regard  to  age,  nativity,  residence,  or  in  concealing,  or  attempting  to  conceal,  defects,  such  as 
hernia,  stricture,  hismorrhoids,  disease  of  the  eyes,  joints,  &c. ;  in  coloring  the  hair,  or  substituting 
another  man  for  the  one  accepted.  Very  little  reliance  can  be  placed  on  the  statement  as  to  age  or 
nativity  of  recruits  and  substitutes.  Owing  to  the  large  local  bounties  offered  for  recruits  and 
the  high  premiums  paid  for  substitutes,  all  manner  of  frauds  and  deception  are  practiced;  aud, 
in  my  judgment,  the  only  way  to  remedy  the  matter  is  for  the  Government  to  offer  a  reasonable, 
uniform  bounty  throughout  the  States,  and  to  prohibit  local  bounties;  to  allow  any  man,  of  proper 
age  aud  qualifications,  to  serve -as  a  substitute  for  another;  to  bani.sh  substitute  aud  bounty 
brokers;  and  then,  if  the  requisite  number  of  men  are  not  forthcoming,  to  put  the  draft  in  force 
at  once. 

As  far  as  my  experience  and  observatiou  go,  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  the  American,  or 
Mrirt'rstil  Yotilcee  race,  ))Ossessi>s  the  greatest  aptitude  :Hid  qu:;lifie:itioM  for  military  service. 


278  surgeons'  reports — new  your — twenty-fifth  district. 

Not  liiiviug  bad  miicli  experience  in  the  exaniiiiatioii  of  men  of  color,  I  do  not  consider  myself 
competent  to  <iive  an  opinion  as  to  tbeir  military  aptitude.  However,  with  what  little  experience 
I  have  had,  my  impression  is  very  much  in  favor  of  their  adaptaliility  to  military  service. 

In  regard  to  the  operations  of  the  enrollment-law  as  it  now  exists,  1  have  but  little  to  say.  If 
its  provisions  could  be  carried  out  without  State  or  local  interference,  my  impressions  are  that  its 
object  would  be  much  better  accomplished  ;  tor  to  this  interference  undoubtedly  are  to  be  attributed 
the  many  frauds  comiuil ted  by  bounty-brokers  and  others;  and  the  large  local  bounties  paid  by 
States  and  townships,  in  my  judgment,  have  proved  a  direct  stimulus  and  premium  for  men  to 
desert,  and  a  cause  of  much  dissatisfaction  to  men  in  the  field  who  enlisted  in  the  eaily  stage  of 
the  war.        *        »        * 

G.   VV.  DAVIS, 
Sunjeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Tircnli/fourth  District  of  New  Yorh. 

Ai'BUKN,  N.  Y.,  June  15,  1SG5. 

NEW  YOKK— TWENTY-FIFTH  DlSTIilCT. 

Extractn  from   report  of  Uii.  Z.  II.  Blake. 

*  *  *  My  experience  commenced  with  the  organization  of  this  Bureau  and  the  opera- 
tions under  the  same.     The  number  examined  will  range  fiom  eight  to  ten  thousand  men. 

The  general  geographical  position  of  this  district  is  as  follows :  It  is  west  of  the  center  of  the 
State  of  New  York;  is  composed  of  the  counties  of  Ontario,  Livingston,  and  Yates;  and  is  situated 
in  latitude  north  42°  50',  longitude  west  from  Washington  0°  30'.  The  district  is  situated  and 
elevated  from  live  hundred  to  fllteen  hundred  feet  above  tide-water,  with  a  general  inclination 
north;  the  streams  running  in  a  noj-therly  direction.  The  southern  parts  contain  spurs  of  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains.  Within  the  district  are  six  large  villages,  containing  from  two  thousand  to  ten 
thousand  inhabitants  each.  The  underlying  rocks,  commencing  on  the  north  border,  are  the  water- 
lime  of  the  Onondaga  salt  group,  the  Onondaga  and  corniferous  limestones,  Marcellus  and  Hamil- 
ton shales,  Genesee  slate,  and  Portage  shales  and  sandstones. 

There  are  several  lakes  in  the  district,  viz  :  Seneca,  Crooked,  (Janandaigua,  Honeoye,  Conesus, 
Hemlock,  and  Oaoadice  Lakes.  They  are  from  five  to  forty  miles  in  length  and  from  one  to  live 
miles  in  breadth. 

The  prevalent  diseases  are  of  an  inflammatory  character.  The  causes  conducive  thereto  are,  in 
general,  climatic  changes. 

By  reference  to  the  map,  and  synopsis  of  the  census  of  ISliO,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  inhabitants 
ar(^  generally  laborers,  farmers,  and  mechanics.         *         *         # 

I  find  that  the  greatest  number  exempted  for  any  one  cause  was  exempted  for  lack  of  sufBcient 
teeth  ;  the  next  for  hernia.     I  cannot  believe  that  the  early  loss  of  the  teeth  shows  an  early  decay 
of  the  vital  forces,  but,  on  the  contrary,  I  believe  it  an  beieditary  condition,  and  controlled  by,  or 
dei)endent  on,  some  cause  or  causes  (operating  in  a  given  locality)  of  wliic^h  we  are  as  yet  in  igno 
rauce.        *        *        *  » 

In  a  room  well  lighted  and  sufficiently  large,  I  could  examine  three  hundred  men  per  day,  with 
an  average  day's  work  of  one  hundred  and  tifty ;  but,  in  a  small  room,  where  you  take  them  sepa- 
rately, thirtij  would  be  a  day's  work.  You  will  therefore  see  that  the  number  examined  per  day 
depends  upon  the  accommodations. 

Men  of  all  classes  (recruits,  substitutes,  drafted  and  enrolled  men)  practice  all  the  arts  the  devil 
can  suggest.  Surgeons  must  obey  orders.  Appoint  surgeons  who  will  do  their  duty  without  fear 
or  favor. 

"  What  nationality  prenentH  the  greatent  aptitude  for  military  service  f  " — The  American. 

"  Your  experience  as  to  the  physical  qHalifications  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service.^'' — 1  have 
examined  .some  negroes,  say  two  or  three  hundred,  and  believe  them  to  be  well  adapted  to  military 
service ;  in  fact,  among  the  best. 

"■Your  views  as  to  the  operation  of  the  enroUnientlaw  as  it  now  exists,  trith  recommendations  and 


surgeons'    reports— new    YORK 1  WENTY-SEVENTII    DISTRICT.  279 

gvggcstwns  in  reference  therefor— Ai^  ffood  ns  can  be  found.     1  have  no  sn-gestious  to  make,  belicv- 

in"-  the  law  to  be  as  near  peit'ect  as  iio.ssible. 

"Z.  H.  BLAKE, 

ISnn/eon  Hoard  of  EnroUment  Ticentiijifth  JUstriet  of  New   York.- 

Oanandaigua,  N.  Y.,  June  1,  ISO"). 

NEW  YOKK— TWENTY-SEVENTH  DISTRICT.' 

Exirdcts  from  rejiort  of  Dll.  H.  S.  GnUBBUCK. 

*  *  *  ()„  the  loth  day  of  August,  18G3,  I  received  my  appointment  as  assistant  sur 
geon  in  the  othce  of  the  provost-mai'shal  of  the  twenty-seventh  congiessional  district  of  New  York, 
in  which  capacity  I  served  the  Governuu-nt  of  the  United  States  until  September  la,  1803,  when 
the  surgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment  was  relieved   from  dnt\ ,  and   I  was  appointed  surgeon  of 

said  board.  .    . 

I  have  been  associated  with  three  different  provost-marshals  and  three  commissioners,  and 
have  had  no  assistant  surgeon  except  during  about  three  months  in  the  year  ISCI— the  mouths  of 
August,  September,  and  October— while  large  numbers  of  volunteers  were  being  examined,  as  also 
of  enrolled  men  presenting  themselves  for  examination  and  exemption,  I  was  assisted  by  Dr.  Ira 
¥.  Hart,  of  Elmira,  who  rendered  valuable  service. 

The  following  includes  all  the  men  th;it  have  been  examined  in  this  ofdce : 

Substitutes,  volunteers,  and  drafted  men -  -       -     1".  'j '  <• 

Examined  and  stricken  from  eurollmeut  for  permanent  physical  disability    ...     3,  TOG 
Examined  but  not  rejected  for  permanent  physical  disability '524 

Total  number  of  men  examined        l^'  000 

The  above  figures  are  correct,  as  near  as  we  can  give  them  from  the  records  of  the  ofQce. 
The  following  is  the  general  geographical  description  of  this  district:  It  is  located  aloug  the 
southern  boundary  of  the  State,  and  includes  three  counties,  viz,  Chemung,  Steuben,  and  Allegany. 
Chemung,  the  most  easteily  county,  is  a  small  one.    It  is  divided  into  ten  towns.    It  has  attained 
some  notoriety  during  the  progress  of  this  war  from  the  fact  that  the  city  of  Elmira,  one  of  the 
three  general  "rendezvous  for  recruits,  drafted  men,  aud  substitutes,  is  located  within  its  limits.    It 
is  also  the  headquarters  of  the  assistant  provost-marshal-general  of  the  western  division  of  the 
State  of  New  York  as  well  as  that  of  the  provost-marshal  of  this  district.     A  prison-camp   for 
rebel  prisoners  is  established  here,  within  which  ten  thousand  prisoners  have  been  confined  and 
provided  lor.     In   ISGO  the  population   of  Elmira  was  about  ten  thousand,  aud  it  has  increased 
rapidly  since.    The  Erie  Railway  passes  through  this  city.     It  is  also  the  terminus  of  two  railroads, 
viz,  the  Elmira  and  Williamsport  aud  the  Elmira  and  Canandaigua  Railroads.    The  Chemung 
Canal  connects,  via  Seneca  Lake,  with  the  Erie  Canal,  which,  opening  into  the  Hudson  River  at 
Albany  furnishes  an   unbroken  water-communication  between   this  city  and  New  York.     Water- 
comnnmication  is  also  had  with  Harrisburgh  and  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  by  means  of  the  Junction  and 
West  Branch  Canals.     There  are  a  number  of  villages  in  the  county,  pleasantly  located.     The  total 
population  of  this  county  is  about  thirty  thousand.    The  Chemung  River  passes  through  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  county.     Along  this  river  is  a  large  and  extensive  plat  of  beautiful,  flat  farming-land, 
as  fertile,  perhaps,  as  any  in  the  State.    The  hills  back  from  the  river  are  in  many  places  high  aud 
abrupt;  but  generally  the  ascent  is  gradual,  the  country  presenting  an  undulating  surface  well 
adapted  to  cultivation. 

The  other  counties  in  this  district,  Steuben  aud  Allegany,  are  laroer  than  Chemung;  but  the 
surface  of  the  country  presents  the  same  general  appearance.  The  hills  are  perhaps  more  abrupt 
and  higher,  and  consequently  better  adapted  to  grazing  than  to  raising  grain. 

In  Chemung  County  the  diseases  most  prevalent  are  of  a  typhus  or  typhoid  character;  the  surface 
being  more  level,  and  in  some  places  marshy,  emitting  to  some  extent  a  malarial  miasm.     Intermit- 

I  Nil  icpiirt  viis  rpreiTcd  from  the  t  wi-iity-sixlli  distriel. 


280  surgeons'  reports — new  yokk — twenty-se\'enth  district. 

tent  fevers  loiiiieily  prevailed  to  a  cousideiable  extent  in  lliis  eonnty ;  bat,  in  latter  years,  the  typo 
of  fever  lias  been  of  a  lower  grade.  Many  of  tbe  inhabitants  have  entailed  npon  themselves 
rheumatism  in  its  varioifs  Ibniis,  produeins  pufflness  and  distortion  of  the  joints.  Tbe  general 
character  of  the  people  is  good  and  industrious.  Their  principal  oecnpation  is  farming;  but  tliere 
are  also  a  number  of  esteusive  manufacturing  establishments. 

The  diseases  most  prevalent  in  Steuben  County  are  of  a  bilious  and  typhoid  character.  The 
occupation  of  the  people  is  industrud.  TLeie  are  many  good  farms  and  extensive  mills  for 
maiiufacturiug  lumber,  &c.,  which  is,  perhaps,  the  staple  business  of  tbe  country.  IVIany  fractured 
liiid)s,  and  some  of  tlieni  badly  united,  were  presented  from  the  lumbering  regions  of  Steubeu.  In 
some  towns  of  this  county  there  was  a  great  want  of  teeth  among  the  natives,  the  reasons  foi 
which  I  am  unable  to  give. 

lu  Allegany  County  tlie  diseases  are  similar  to  those  of  Steuben.  In  this  couuty  there  are 
many  extensive  lumbering  establishments,  and  consequently  many  cases  of  hernia,  princiiially 
inguinal ;  and  I  have  noticed  that  as  usual  the  right  side  is  nujst  frequently  affected.  Octcupatiou 
is  mostly  farming;  a  very  industrious  people. 

In  presenting  my  views  or  making  any  suggestions  on  paragraph  85,  Revised  Eegulations 
ProvostMarshalGeneral's  Bureau,  I  shall  touch  it  with  great  cairtiou,  and  handle  it  very  lightly 
for  various  reasons.  If  every  surgeon  was  an  honest  man — a  man  of  sterling  integrity — then  I 
would  speak  decidedly  ;  but,  as  it  has  been  during  the  two  years  past,  I  do  not  know  just  what  to 
say  on  this  point.  Cuder  the  sixth  section,  it  would  seem  that  the  surgeon  should  be  allowed  to 
exercise  some  discretion.  Where  there  is  excessive  haemorrhage  from  the  lungs  and  tuberculosis 
is  not  fidly  developed,  it  wo'uld  seem  that  the  surgeon  should  be  allowed  to  exercise  his  judgment. 
Also,  under  section  11,  the  surgeon,  if  honest,  and  a  man  of  judgment,  should  be  allowed  to  exercise 
it.  Near-sightedness  (section  13)  I  have  found  in  some  instances  to  be  so  bad  that  it  appeared  to 
me  the  man  would  be  useless  as  a  soldier.  Section  20  affords  an  opportunity  for  the  practice  of 
frauds,  and  is  not  sufficiently  definite;  this  is  also  the  case  with  .section  25.  I  have  examined  a 
few  cases  of  varicocele  (section  29)  which  really  ought  to  have  exempted  the  suiijects.        *         * 

To  examine  men  carefully  and  accurately,  I  think  Jiffi/  men  per  day  would  be  a  sufficient  day's 
work;  and  here  it  will  be.  remembered  that  two  hundred  enlistment-papers  are  in  that  case  to  have 
the  surgeon's  signature,  so  that  each  day's  work  may  be  closed  u|). 

The  frauds  most  practiced  by  drafted  and  enrolled  men  to  escape  servicre  are  feigning  rheuma- 
tism, diseases  of  .some  internal  organs,  epilepsy,  or  deafness.  To  avoid  these,  we  were  accustomed 
to  place  the  men  under  the  solemnities  of  an  oath,  and  give  them  to  understand  that  if  any  man 
swore  falsely  he  would  be  reported  to  the  grand  jury  of  his  county.  Many  men  who  complained 
of  being  .so  feeble  that  they  were  unable  to  do  any  labor  proved  upon  examination  to  have  hands 
as  hard  as  a  horse's  hoof  almost,  evidently  the  result  of  laboring  hard  every  day. 

The  principal  frauds  attempted  to  be  practiced  by  recruits  and  substitutes  were  in  the  matter 
of  age,  by  representing  that  they  were  eighteen  years  old  and  upward  when  perhaps  thej'  were 
not  more  than  fifteen  or  sixteen,  or  that  they  were  not  forty  five  when  in  reality  they  were  more 
than  fifty  years  old.  The  oath  adu)inistered  would  in  some  instances  detect  this  fraud;  but  boys 
have  many  times  sworn  ])Ositively  to  an  absolute  falsehood,  and  even  old  men  have  been  guilty  of 
the  same  crime.  I  know  of  no  one  rule  to  apply  to  these  cases.  We  have  resorted  to  every  kind 
of  strategy  to  detect  the  various  deceptions;  but  in  some  instances  we  have  entirely  failed,  and 
boys  have  been  admitted  into  the  service,  who,  on  account  of  their  age,  should  have  been  rejected, 
and  perhaps  men  too  old  have  sometimes  also  been  accepted.  *  #  * 

The  American  [iresents  the  greatest  [ihysica!,  mental,  and  moral  aptitude  for  military  service. 
Were  we  to  view  them  sim[)ly  on  the  development  of  the  muscular  .system,  perhaps  the  German 
would  outweigh  them  ;  but  my  experience  is  that  the  German  has  not  the  elasticity  or  nerve,  nor 
the  proiH'lling  power  that  the  American  has.  I,  therefore,  award  to  the  American  citizen  the 
greatest  physical  aptitude  for  military  service. 

My  e'xi)erieiu5e  as  to  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service  is  lim- 
ited. Their  muscular  system  is  betier  developed  than  that  of  any  class  of  men  I  have  examined  f 
the  muscle  is  more  full  and  distinct,  statuling  out  with  greater  prominence,  but  they  are  more  slow 


SURGEONS     REPOETS NEW    JERSEY FIRST    DISlRICr.  281 

niid  heavy  in  their  niotioD.s ;  they  do  not  seem  to  have  tlit!  nervous  energy  or  iutellinent  activity  in 
that  ratio  that  the  native-born  white  possesses.  *  *  * 

The  enrolhiieiit-law.  in  its  essential  parts,  is,  1  think,  correct.  That  it  has  been  misconstrned 
and  abused  in  many  of  its  workinf;s  I  am  quite  certain  ;  but  I  know  it  is  very  diftieult  to  frame 
any  hiw  of  the  character  of  the  enrollment-law  without  its  being  liable  to  abuse.  Different  men 
view  it  differently,  and  are  honest  in  their  opinions,  and  I  have  no  <loubt  others  construe  it  to 
please  the  jieople  for  the  purpose  of  popularity. 

I  thiidi  every  State  should  bereipiired  to  keep  up  an  exact  and  correct  enrollment.  An  enroll- 
iug'-oflicer  should  be  located  in  each  subdistrict,  and  every  year  the  enrollment  should  be  taken 
carefully.  All  per.sons  between  the  ages  of  eighteen  and  forty  five,  not  exempt  by  mental  or  phys- 
ical disability,  should  be  required  to  form  themselves  into  companies,  battalions,  or  regiments. 
Each  company  ought  to  spend  three  days  in  the  month'of  June  of  each  year  in  manual  exercise 
and  drill;  and,  in  September,  the  regiment  should  meet  at  a  central  point,  and  spend  an  equal  nuu)- 
ber  of  days  in  regimental  drill.  Each  regiment  should  have  a  competent  surgeon  to  decide  on 
cases  of  disability,  and  he  should  be  held  to  a  strict  accountability  lor  his  acts. 

In  conclusion,  allow  me  tojnako  the  following  suggestions  in  reference  to  surgeons  of  boards 
of  enrollment:  You  aie  well  aware  that  surgeons  are  human  beings,  and  are  as  susceptible  to  flat- 
tery and  adulation  as  other  men.  I  have  been  forcibly  struck  with  the  tact  that  enrolling  sur- 
geons have  not  been  noticed  by  the  War  Dei>artmeutas  other  men  in  the  service  have  been.  They 
have  not  had  rar>k  and  j)ay  as  others  have  had.  This  may  account  for  there  being  so  many  young 
and  inexperienced  surgeons  in  the  service.  Again,  the  great  reason  why  there  has  been  .so  much 
trouble  with  surgeons  of  boards  of  enrollment  is  that  the  pay  has  not  been  sufficient  to  induce 
good  and  competent  surgeons  who  are  in  active  practice  to  abandon  their  business  and  devote  their 
whole  time  and  attention  to  official  duties.  Too  many  incompetent  and  (as  the  past  will  show)  dis- 
honest nien  have  been  employed.  Surgeons  of  boards  of  eurollment  should  have  rank  and  pay 
sufiQcient  to  enable  them  to  abandon  all  other  business  and  give  their  whole  time  to  the  one  work. 
No  surgeon  should  be  appointed  in  the  district  where  he  resides.  There  is  no  physician  but  has 
his  friends,  and  none  without  his  enemies,  in  the  district  which  he  inhabits;  he  is  consequently 
liable  to  censure,  when,  if  he  was  removed  to  some  district  where  he  was  an  entire  stranger,  he 
would  not  be  subject  to  the  same  embarrassments. 

H.  S.  CHUBBUCK, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Twenty-seventh  District  New  YorhJ 

Elmika,  N.  Y.,  June  2,  18G5. 


NEW  JERSEY— FIEST  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  John  E.  Stevenson. 

*  *  *  The  first  congressional  district  embraces  the  whole  of  the  southwestern  portion 
of  New  Jersey.  Its  shape  is  somewhat  quadrangular;  each  of  its  sides  is  about  fllty  miles  long. 
Tts  northern  boundary  is  the  southern  border  of  Burlington  County,  which  begins  at  the  Delaware 
River,  about  six  miles  above  Philadelphia,  and  runs  southeast  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Its  western 
boundary  is  the  Delaware  Eiver;  its  southern  is  the  Delaware  Bay;  and  its  eastern  is  the  Atlantic 
Ocean. 

There  are  no  especial  epidemic  diseases  to  which  the  inhabitants  are  particularly  liable,  neither 
are  there  any  severe  or  violent  endemic  ones  more  prevalent  here  than  in  other  parts  of  the  country. 
On  the  contrary,  au  apparent  immunity  from  certain  diseases  is  enjoyed  in  some  parts  of  the  district. 
Along  the  valley  of  the  Delaware,  malarial  fevers  in  a  mild  form  are  moderately  prevalent ;  but  in 
the  sea-coast  section,  where  the  soil  is  a  light  porous  sand,  which  rajjidly  absorbs  the  water  falling 
on  the  surface,  and  where  the  streams  are  running  water,  these  fevers  are  almost  unknown.  The 
latter  part  of  the  district,  or  especially  that  portion  of  it  covered  with  pine  and  cedar  forests,  enjoy.-i 
a  remarkable  immunity  from  phthisis  and  bronchial  affections,  and  has  long  enjoyed  a  high  reputa 

'  No  ie>;oits  were  received  fiom  the  twenty-eighth,  twentv-ninth,  thirtieth,  or  thirtv-first  district. 


282  surgeons'  rkpouts — new  jersey — first  district. 

lion  as  ii  favorable  residence  for  jjersoiis  afliictetl  witU  sncli  diseases.  It  uow  contains  two  large 
settlements,  coiuimsed  chiefly  of  tbat  class  of  invalids,  wlio  Lave  gone  tbere  from  the  adjacent  and 
Is'ew  England  States  for  the  expected  in)))roveinent  of  health.  Opportnnity  was  taken  to  make 
inijuiry  of  many  of  theui  who  came  under  notice  whether  any  benefit  had  been  obtained  by  the 
change,  to  which  an  afidrmative  leply  was  generally  given. 

The  country  is  level.  That  portion  of  it  which  lies  in  the  valley  of  the  Delaware,  extending 
back  from  the  river  for  a  breadth  of  from  sixteen  to  twenty  miles.  i)0ssesses  alight  sandy  soil,  very 
lertile  and  productive,  and,  for  th(^  most  part,  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation.  Along  the  ocean-border 
of  the  district  luns  another,  but  much  narrower,  belt  of  alluvial  soil  of  the  same  character;  while 
intermediate  between  the  two  is  a  w  ilderuess,  called,  "  The  Pines,"  whose  soil,  for  the  most  part,  is 
a  coarse  white  sand,  much  of  it  being  wet  and  swamjjy,  and  covered  with  a  growth  of  pine  and  cedar, 
thiough  ^hich  still  roams  the  deer,  and  all  occasional  bear. 

The  climate  partakes  of  the  general  character  of  that  of  the  temperate  zone,  the  fortieth  parallel 
of  north  latitude  passing  through  the  district.  The  sea-coast  i)art  is  favored  with  a  more  equable 
tenijierature  tluui  the  interior  portiou  ;  the  severe  cohl  of  winter  and  the  extreme  heat  of  summer 
both  being  moderated  by  the  more  uniform  temperature  of  the  ocean.  It  contains  the  well-known 
wateiing-places  of  Cape  May  and  Atlantic  City,  at  which  points  the  thermometer  rarely  rises  in  the 
shade  above  S(to  Fahrenheit,  even  in  midsummer.  It  was  here  that  my  connection  with  the  boaid 
of  enrollment  commenced,  on  the  9th  of  May,  1803.  For  the  first  few  months  the  medical  examina- 
tions were  confined  to  a  few  jipplicants  for  admission  to  the  Veteran  IJeserve  Corps. 

On  the  23d  of  Novendief,  18G3,  the  examination  of  enrolled  men  for  exemption  on  the  grounds 
of  physical  disability  commenced,  and  up  to  the  oth  of  January,  1864,  six  hundred  and  seventy-five 
men  were  examined.  As  no  recruiting  was  carried  on  at  this  office  during  the  winter  of  1863-4, 
no  exiiminalions  were  made  until  March  of  the  latter  year,  when  that  of  recruits  was  com- 
menced, and  continued,  in  connection  w  ith  those  of  substitutes,  drafted  and  enrolled  men,  without 
cessation,  through  three  consecutive  drafts,  up  to  the  14th  of  xVpril,  1865.  The  total  number  of  men 
physically  examined  during  the  whole  of  this  period  was  7,883. 
The  pi-oportion  of  men  exempted  was  as  follows  : 

Per  cent. 

Drafted  men 43.  4 

Erolled  men    .      -    -      •     48. 4 

The  ratio  of  men  rejected  was : 

Eecruits 40.9 

Substitutes  46. 1 

It  will  be  observed  that  there  is  considerable  unifornuty  in  the  ratio  of  rejections  in  the  four 
classes  examined.  The  proportion  of  enrolled  men  exempted  exceeds  that  of  drafted  men,  for  the 
reason  that  many  who  are  i)erfectly  sound  claim  examination,  wlien  compelled  to  satisfy  the  demands 
of  the  dratt,  who,  under  other  circumstances,  do  not  care  to  submit  to  the  ordeal.  The  ratio  of 
substitutes  rejected  likewise  exceeds  tl.at  of  volunteers,  because  a  much  inferior  class  of  men,  both 
mentally  and  ph.\sically,  offer  to  enlist  in  the  former  capacity  rather  than  in  the  latter;  the  idea  of 
substitution  being  very  obnoxious  to  the  more  intelligent  portiou  of  the  applicants,  many  of  whom 
cannot  be  induced  by  any  amount  of  remuneration  to  enlist  under  that  title. 

Of  all  disqualifying  causes,  hernia  furnished  the  largest  number  of  exemptions.  Of  the  1,750 
men  released  from  liability  to  military  duty  by  reason  of  physical  disability,  325,  or  18.4  per  cent.,  of 
the  whole  number  had  that  infirmity.    Of  these  there  were  of — 

Inguinal  hernia  of  the  right  side 179 

Inguinal  hernia  of  the  left  side - 118 

Inguinal  hernia  of  both  sides 21 

Femoral  hernia  of  the  right  side 1 

Femoral  hernia  of  the  left  side 2 

Ventral  hernia 4 

•     Total 325 


SURGEONS'    REPORTS NEW    JERSEY FIRST    DISTRICT.  283 

Tills  t;ii)!c  .■-liows  tlic  same  rcsnlt  as  cxliibili'd  in  a  incvious  i(>]ioit,  iiaiiu'ly,  that  horuia  occurs 
uioic  liiMHR'iitl.v  on  tlie  iljilit  than  on  the  Icit  side  of  the  hodv.  I'lofessor  Gross  states,  as  a  reasou  lor 
tills,  that  most  men  are  right  iianded;  and  It  Is  [)rol>al)ly  tiie  tllH^  one,  (or  hernia  is  most  f're(|nently 
caused  by  violent  muscular  exertion,  and  the  muscles  of  the  right  side  of  the  body,  being  generally 
more  develoiied  than  those  ou  the  other  side,  exert  a  greater  pressure  upon  the  abdominal  viscera. 
It  is  j)roper,  however,  to  state  that  a  record  was  kept  of  a  large  number  of  these  men,  as  to  whether 
they  were  jightor  left  handed,  and  the  ii'sult  was  that  no  laiger  i)ro|)()rtiou  of  those  rui)ture{l  in  the 
lelt  side  were  found  to  be  left-handed  than  of  those  ati'ected  on  the  right  side.  Jt  is  a  notable  fact 
that  some  men  who  have  hernia  suffer  so  little  inconve'iiience  from  it  as  not  to  be  aware  of  its 
existence.  It  has  happened  several  times  that  dratted  men  have  been  examined,  who  stated  that 
they  were  perfectly  sound,  and  who  only  appeared  "to  let  the  doctor  see  them,"  and  yet  had  a  con- 
siderable protrusion  of  intestine  through  the  abdominal  parietes,  which  they  seemed  to  consider 
perfectly  normal,  and  by  which  they  said  they  were  never  annoyed.  Still  more  frequently  has  it 
hajipeiied  that  men  with  hernia  have  claimed  exemption  on  other  grounds,  without  ever  alluding  to 
the  iniirmity,  and  some  of  them  no  doubt,  to. this  day,  think  they  were  exempted  ou  the  familiar 
claim  of  "a  weak  back." 

.The  number  of  cases  of  deafness  and  ])urulent  ott)vrlKea  was  one  iiuudred  and  two,  there  being- 
sixty  four  of  the  former  and  twenty-seven  of  the  latter.  The  cause  of  otorrhea  was,  iu  mo.st 
instances,  ascertained  to  be  scarlet  fever,  of  which  it  is  the  Irequent  sequel,  Deafness  is  showu  to 
be  of  frecjuent  occurrence.  Very  generally  it  is  of  long  standing,  dating  hom  childhood,  and  unac- 
companied by  auy  disease  of  the  external  ear.  It  is  more  common  among  the  natives  and  residents 
of  the  rural  districts  than  in  those  of  the  large  towns.  From  the  fact  of  its  comm«ncirg  so  early 
in  life,  it  is  prol)ab!e  that  its  origin  is  due  to  cold,  causing  inflammation  and  change  of  structure  in 
the  internal  auditory  apjiaratus.  Infants  and  young  children  are  too  oi'ten  insufUciently  protected 
by  clothing  from  the  vicissitudes  of  a  variable  climate^  though  in  the  pure  air  of  the  country  they 
are  better  able  to  resist  the  imflamraatory  diseases  of  internal  organs  of  the  body,  which  carry  otf 
so  many  of  the  children  in  cities. 

The  large  number  exempted  under  the  head  of  "  permanent  physical  disability  "  (one  hundred 
and  forty-one  in  all)  was  com[)osed  of  those  who,  for  want  of  sufificient  muscular  development,  were 
not  able  to  bear  arms;  of  those  who  were  debilitated  and  emaciated  by  chronic  disease,  the  nature 
of  which  could  not  be  accurately  diagnosed  ;  and  of  those  who  were  affected  with  several  disquali- 
tications,  each  one  of  which  was  by  itself  insutiicieut  to  exempt  and  classify  under  paragraph  85, 
Eevised  Regulatious,  but  which,  collectively,  left  no  doubt  of  the  man's  nnfltness.  A  considerable 
number  of  men  were  found  who  did  not  weigh  one  hundred  pounds,  especially  among  glass-blowers, 
who,  as  a  general  rule,  are  a  very  thin  and  i)oorly-developed  class  of  men.  A  singular  fact  in 
regard  to  these  latter  is  that  they  are  usually  fpiite  free  from  serious  organic  disease  ;  and,  accord- 
ing to  the  observation  of  one  of  the  oldest  glass-manufacturers  iu  the  State,  as  well  as  of  physicians 
practicing  among  tiiem,  they  live  to  a  fair  average  age.  Many  men  were  found  between  the  ages 
of  twenty-five  aud  forty-five  who  appeared  to  be  utterly  broken  down  in  constitution,  without  the 
appearance  of  any  one  organic  lesion  sufficient  to  account  for  their  disability.  With  the  functions 
of  most  of  their  organs  impaired,  with  an  exhausted  nervous  system,  and  a  feeble  circulation  of 
impoverished  blood,  they  present  striking  pictures  of  premature  decay.  They  w  ere  distinguished 
not  so  much  l)y  their  occupations,  for  they  were  men  engaged  iu  various  pursuits,  as  by  their  resi- 
dences in  localities  known  to  be  poor  in  resources,  where  hard  labor  and  exposure  are  necessaiy  to 
obtain  a  livelihood,  much  less  a  competency,  and  where  the  facilities  for  obtaining  a  generous  diet 
are  deficient  even  for  the  well-to-do. 

Organic  diseases  of  internal  organs  was  another  ground  for  the  exemi)tion  of  a  considerable 
number.  Those  released  under  this  liead  suffered  diiefly  from  aftections  of  the  thoracic  viscera; 
very  few  were  found  having  serious  disease  of  those  of  the  abdomen.  Organic  disease  of  the  heart 
was  found  to  be  rather  frequent.  In  fact,  nothing  has  more  impressed  itself  upon  me  during  these 
examinations  than  that  (^irdiac  affections  are  more  common  among  Americans  than  they  are  among 
Europeans.  Very  many  of  the  former  are  the  subjects  of  functional  disturbance,  varying  in  degree 
from  a  slight  irritability  of  the  heart's  action  up  to  its  most  serious  form,  involving  change  in  its 
organic  structure.     Those  thus  affected  are,  for  the   most   i)art,  healthy  and  vigorous  looking  men, 


284  suKGEONs'  KKPOUxe — m:\v  jkrbey — first  distkict. 

wLio  coiuplaiii  i)f  li-equeut  attiu-ks  of  pain  in  tlie  cardiac  resiou,  ami  of  palpitation  and  dyspnoea 
upon  taking  severe  or  long  continued  exercise,  but  wiio  otherwise  seein  to  enjoy  good  health.  The 
cause  of  tliis  condition  is  not  obvious,  bnt  it  may  possibly  be  due  to  several  sources,  among  wliich 
the  mode  of  living,  tlie  restless  activity  of  the  American,  and  the  excessive  us.e  of  tobacco  are 
entitled  to  some  consideration. 

Of  diseases  of  the  pulmonary  organs,  a.sthma  and  chronic  bronchitis  were  the  most  common  ; 
the  former  being  qnite  frequently  met  with.  It  may  wot  be  out  of  place  to  mention  here  that  my 
experience  in  auscultalion  during  these  examinations  convinced  mv  that,  contrary  to  tlie  opinion  of 
some  writers,  the  res[iiratory  murmur  is,  in  a  state  of  health,  louder  on  the  left  side  of  tlie  tlioiax 
than  on  the  right. 

Poor  teeth  seem  to  be  a  national  characteristic  of  the  Americans;  the  number  coming  under 
the  instructions  for  exemption  being  large  in  proportion  to  other  causes.  The  majority  of  those 
who  were  over  twenty-tive  years  of  age  were  more  or  less  deficient  iu  them,  although  they  might 
not  attain  the  prescribed  degree  for  disqualification.  Good  teeth  are  the  exception  and  not  tlie 
rule.  The  Europeans  and  Africans,  on  the  contrary,  who  were  examined,  were  found  to  be  highly 
favored  in  tliis  respect,  although  they  were  of  a  cjass  of  wlioni  it  is  not  to  be  expected  that  much 
care  had  ever  been  taken  of  their  teeth. 

The  disqualifying  diseases  and  infirmities  set  down  in  paragraph  85,  Revised  Eegulatioiis,  seem 
to  have  been  admirably  adapted  to  the  wants  of  the  examining-surgeon.  Under  them,  authority 
was  found  to  exempt  all  men  in  this  district  who,  according  to  the  diagnosis  and  prognosis  made, 
were  believed  to  be  really  unfit  for  military  duty.  What  proved  of  equal  advantage  to  the  surgeon 
was,  that  the  specified  directions  contained  in  them  were  an  unanswerable  argument  to  querulous 
disputants — men  who  were  disposed  to  set  up  their  own  opinions,  or  those  of  some  favorite  quack, 
in  opposition  to  the  surgeon's  decision. 

A  change  in  the  character  of  the  jiroof  re<inired  in  section  3  might  be  well.  Experience 
proves  that  in  three-fourths  of  the  cases  of  epile[)tics  "  the  affidavit  of  a  i)hysician  in  good  standing, 
who  has  attended  him  in  the  disease  within  the  six  mouths  immediately  preceding  his  examina- 
tion by  the  board,"  cannot  be  obtained,  for  the  reason  that  the  most  inveterate  and  confirmed 
cases  are  not  likely,  for  a  long  time,  to  have  liad  a  i)hysician  in  attendance  during  an  attack,  having 
become  satisfied  of  the  nselessness  of  his  presence.  The  rule  adopted  by  the  board  of  enrollment, 
under  the  last  sentence  of  that  section, "was  to  require  the  affidavit  of  the  physician  as  to  how  often 
he  had  attended  the  claimant  in  the  disease — when  first  and  when  last;  also  the  affidavits  of  two 
res[)ectable  witnesses,  who  might  be  acquainted  with  the  fact  of  his  having  had  recent  convulsions. 
If  these  satisfacitorily  proved  that  the  man  was  an  epileptic,  he  was  exempted.  *  *  * 

During  the  examinations  under  the  draft  fiist  made  in  this  district,  duly-attested  certificates 
of  resi)ectable  ph\sicians  were  I'eceived  from  drafted  men.  The  consequence  was  .that  a  majority 
of  those  presenting  themselves  brought  a  document  of  greater  or  less  length,  which  consumed 
mu(;h  time  to  read,  and  frequently  was  of  no  value.  It  is  a  matter  of  regret  that  some  of  these 
bore  evidence  of  having  been  given  from  interested  motives. 

The  fraud  most  frequently  attempted  by  those  seeking  exemption  was  that  of  lameness  from 
some  real  or  pretended  injury  to  the  inferior  extremities.  It  was  amusing  to  see  a  man  hobble  into 
the  room  and  point  to  a  small  scar  created  twenty  years  ago,  the  existence  of  which  he  had 
probably  entirely  forgotten  until  fear  of  the  draft  had  recalled  it  to  memory.  Deafness  was  at  times 
feigned  ;  but  the  rule  of  the  board,  which  required  proof  of  it  where  no  disease  could  be  detected, 
was  a  barrier  against  this  deception.  Impaired  vision  was  occasionally  pretended.  Sometimes  a 
violent  cougU  was  extemporized  to  support  a  claim  to  pulmonary  weakness;  and  simulation  of 
exceeding  sensitiveness  of  the  thoracic  and  abdominal  walls  to  the  touch  was  a  very  common 
accomi)aninient  to  asseverations  of  organic  di.sease  in  those  regions.  The  great  citadel  of  refuge 
taken  by  those  anxious  for  exemption,  when  all  other  resources  failed,  was  that  of  "  a  weak  back." 

The  most  frequent  attempts  of  recruits  and  substitutes  to  deceive  were  in  disguising  unsuit- 
ableness  of  age.  Half-grown  boys  tried  to  pass  themselves  off  for  mature  adults  ;  while  old  men, 
with  one  loot  in  the  grave,  pretended  to  great  youthfulness  of  carriage.  Trusses  for  hernia  were 
left  out  of  sight,  and  the  intestine  carefully  tucked  up  into  the  abdominal  cavity.  Impaired  limbs 
from    wounds  or  fiactures    were  kept  in  cojistant  niotion,  to  show  otf  their  activity;  while   the 


SUKOKON-S'    KEPOins NEW     .JEK^^EV TllllMi    IHSTIUCT.  285 

possessors  of  old  le;jnl(;crs  wore  very  anxious  to  be  exiuniiu'cl  with  tlieir  stockings  ou.  A  eon^ili 
was  i)eisistently  smothered;  wiiile  deafness  was  [tassed  off  as  lieedlessness.  A  defieiency  in  teeih 
was  frequently  supplied  with  false  ones;  while  defeetivi'  vision  was  assiduously  denied  even  after 
its  imperfeetion  had  been  thorouj;hly  ascertained. 

The  largest  number  of  recruits,  substitutes,  and  drafted  men  examined  i)roiuiscuously  by 
myself  and  assistant  in  one  day  was  eighty-seven.  The  maxiuunu  number  that  can  be  daily 
disposed  of  by  two  surgeons  in  a  provost-marshal's  ottice,  conducted  like  the  one  in  this  district 
may  be  set  down  at  one  hundred  men. 

Of  all  the  varied  races  of  men  ])resenting  themselves  at  this  oflice,  the  Americau  seems  to 
[lossess  most  the  "  mens  sana  in  corpore  nduo,''  and  to  be  the  best  adapted  for  military  service. 
Although  he  has  some  striking  and  radical  defects,  such  as  have  been  alluded  to  previously,  aud, 
often  has  too  much  height  for  his  breadth,  yet  withal  his  form  is  symmetrical  and  his  osseous  system 
is  fairly  de\eloi)e(l  and  firmly  put  together.  His  muscles  are  tense  and  compact,  although  on  the 
average  not  so  prominent  as  those  of  the  English  or  Irish.  His  chest  is  ample  and  rotund;  and, 
although  the  mean  circumference  is  not  so  gi'eat  as  in  the  Irish,  the  difference  is  due  more 
to  smaller  muscles  and  paucity  of  connective  aud  adi|iose  tissues  than  to  a  less  capacity  within  its 
cavity.  His  abdomen  is  flat,  with  firm  walls,  and  his  extremities  are  rounded  and  neatly  formed; 
the  legs  being  remarkably  free  from  the  varicose  veins  and  ulcers  of  the  leg  which  are  so  common 
among  the  Germans,  and,  to  some  extent  also,  among  the  Irish.  Finally,  in  fntelUgcnce  he  is 
incomparably  in  advance  of  the  men  of  any  other  nationality. 

The  colored  race,  physically,  are  well  develoi)ed,  muscular,  ami  strong.  Their  organization 
denotes  the  pos.session  of  brute  Ibrce  rather  than  intellectual  preeninience.  The  facial  angle  is 
smaller  than  thatof  the  white  man,  with  i)roniinence  of  the  lower  jaw,  and  with  large  muscles  for  mas- 
tication. The  shoulders  are  massive,  with  powerful  muscles  attached  to  the  superior  extremities. 
The  buttocks  are  flattened  la'terally  and  are  prominent  jiosteriorly,  with  the  fissure  between  them 
(leei)er  and  more  compressed  than  that  of  the  whites;  in  this,  the  anus  is  ilee[)ly  sunk,  and  is  mostly 
free  from  disease.  The  penis  is  large  and  long,  aud  jiot  often  scarred  with  chancres.  The  thighs 
are  muscular  and  are  approached  close  together  along  their  upper  and  middle  thirds  by  the  size 
and  prominence  of  the  adductor  muscles.  The  bellies  of  the  gastrocnemius  and  soleus  are  not  as 
fleshy  in  the  black  as  in  the  white  race,  while  their  tendons  are  larger  and  more  prominent.  '  The 
feet  are  broad  and  flat,  with  great  projection  of  the  tuberosity  of  the  os  calcis.  With  the  exception 
of  a  greater  tendency  to  scrofulous  disorders,  they  are  quite  as  free  from  disease  as  the  whites. 
The  negro,  then,  would  seem  to  be  well  adapted  to  endure  the  fatigues  of  a  long  march,  and, 
in  those  duties  of  a  soldier  where  maiuial  labor  is  required,  ought  to  be  superior  to  the  white 
man.        #  #  * 

JOHN  K.  STEVENSON, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Fimt  District  of  Neic  Jersey. 

Camden,  N.  J.,  Axtril  30,  1865. 

NEW  JERSEY— THIRD  DISTRICT.' 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  Robekt  Westcott. 

*  *  *         Previous  to  my  ai)pointment  in  June,  1863, 1  had  no  experience  in  medico- 

military  matters  except  assisting  in  the  examination  of  some  of  the  three-months' aud  other  volun- 
teers at  the  opening  of  the  war;  which  examinations,  as  is  well  known,  were  very  suiierficial,  and 
could  scarcely  properly  be  called  medical  examinations  at  all.  During  l.SGo,  and  the  earlier  months 
of  1804,  1  had  comijaratively  little  of  that  kind  of  work  to  do;  my  duties  being  at  that  time  princi- 
pally confined  to  examinations  for  the  Invalid  Corps,  an<l,  as  one  of  the  members  of  the  board  of 
enrollment,  assisting  in  the  proper  organization  of  the  ottice.  Since  the  month  of  May,  lS(i4,  I 
have  examined  13,377  men,  of  whom  records  were  made ;  also  from  1,500  to  2,000  men  enrolled  but 
not  dratted,  who  made  application  for  exemption,  but  in  whom  the  claims  for  exemption  were  not 

'  No  report  was  received  from  the  second  district. 


•2H(i  SURGEON.s'    REPORTS NEW    JERSEY THIRD    DISTRICT. 

considered  sufBcient  to  cause  tbeir  uames  to  be  stricken  from  the  lists.  Of  the  latter,  no  record  \ras 
made,  for  the  reason  that  the  clerks  could  not  spme  the  time  required  to  make  such  records  with- 
out neglecting  luo're  important  business.  *  *  # 

This  distJ-ict  is  conijiosed  of  the  live  counties  of  Warren,  Hunterdon,  Somerset,  Middlesex,  and 
Union;  being  a  tier  extending  from  Staten  Lsland  Sound  on  the  east  to  the  Delaware  River  on 
the  west. 

In  the  upper  portion  of  the  district,  the  surface  is  somewhat  hilly,  and  in  some  parts  quite  mount- 
ainous; but,  as  we  approach  the  east,  it  gradually  flattens  down  to  a  dead  level  in  tlie  neighbor- 
hood of  the  salt-marshes  upon  Newark  Bay  and  Staten  Ishmd  Sound. 

The  princii)al  stream  uf  water  is  the  Raritiin  River,  rising  in  Warren  and  Hunterdon  Counties, 
and  crossing  JNIiddlesex  County  to  empty  into  Staten  Island  Sound  at  South  Amboy. 

The  district  is  remarkably  well  supplied  with  railroa<ls  ;  the  New  Jersey  and  Camden  and 
Amboy  Railroads  crossing  Union  and  Jliddlesex  Counties  on  the  direct  line  from  New  York  to 
Philadelphia,  and  the  Cential  Railroad  of  New  Jersey  crossing  Union,  Somerset,  Hunterdon,  and 
Warren  ('ounties  on  the  route  irom  New  York  to  the  great  coal  and  iron  tields  ot  Pennsylvania,  and 
to  the  Western  States.  These  railroads  intersect  each  other  at  Elizabeth,  for  which  reason  that  city 
was  selected  as  the  headquarters  of  the  district,  as  it  is  now  pretty  well  settled  that  in  the  United 
States  railroad-centers  are  the  proper  i)laces  for  business;  geographical  centers  being  considered  of 
comparatively  little  importance,  unless  situated  upon  some  main  line  of  railway. 

Besides  these  facilities  for  communication,  the  Delaware  and  Earitan  Canal  crosses  the  lower 
and  central  portions  of  Middlesex  County.  It  is  probable  that  no  district  in  the  United  States 
has  better  facilities  for  travel  and  transportation  than  this;  and  the  eastern  countiesof  Union  and 
Middlesex,  and  some  portions  of  Somerset,  are  being  rapidly  settled  and  developed  by  New  York 
biisiTiess-men,  who  select  their  residences  at  points  whence  they  can  have  access  to  New  York  at  all 
hours  of  the  day  or  night. 

The  physical  geography  and  the  geology  of  the  district  are  so  closely  connected  with  each  other 
that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  speak  of  the  one  without  including  the  other.  The  range  of  mount- 
ains crossing  Wairen,  Somerset,  and  Hunterdon  Counties  is  of  the  oldest  geological  Ibrmation  in 
the  State,  being  of  the  Azoic  period.  In  its  extension  in  New  York,  it  forms  the  Highlands,  and  in 
PeniKsylvania  the  South  Mountain.  The  prevailing  rock  is  gneiss,  in  some  jjlaces  quite  hard,  and 
at  others  easily  decomposed,  becoming  the  basis  of  a  jjroductive.  soil.  In  tliis  region,  magnetic- 
iron  ore  is  to  be  found  in  large  quantities.  Springs,  streams,  and  i)onds  ot  pure  soft  water  abound 
in  this  portion  of  the  district.  Immediately  to  the  northeast  of  this  last-named  formation,  and  con- 
stituting almost  the  whole  of  Warren  County,  is  a  part  of  the  Kittatinny  Valley,  the  great  valley 
of  the  Eastern  States.  Geologically,  it  belongs  to  the  Silurian  period,  and  contains  the  oldest  of 
our  fossiliferous  rocks,  composed  of  slate  and  limestone.  We  also  And  limestone  of  this  age  along 
the  South  Branch  of  the  Earitan  Eiver  in  Hunterdon  County.  The  soil  is  here  rich  and  produc- 
tive, and  tnis  portion  of  the  district  is  thickly  settled  by  an  agricultural  population.  Water  is 
abundant,  clear,  and  lively,  but  much  of  it  contains  lime  in  variable  quantities. 

Lying  immediately  .south  of  this,  and  stretching  from  the  Hudson  to  the  Delaware,  is  a  strip  fif- 
teen or  twenty  tidies  wide,  in  which  we  fiii<]  the  Old  Red  Sandstone  formation  of  the  Triassic  period. 
Large  portions  of  Uidoii,  Middlesex,  and  Somerset  Counties  are  included  in  this  formation,  in 
wlii<'li  the  soil  is  not  lich,  but  yields  generous  returns  to  skillful  husbandry.  It  is  everywhere 
occu])ied  by  a  mixed  population  of  farmers,  mechanics,  and  manufacturers.  Water  from  near  the 
surface  is  generally  scdf,  but  well-water  is  mostly  hard.  Tliere  are  large  ])ortions  of  this  section  of 
tlu'  district  in  which  the  natural  drainage  is  iusufiticient,  and  which  would  be  much  improved  in  a 
hygienic  point  of  view  by  artificial  means.  This  is  ])articularly  the  case  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  .salt-marshes  in  Union  und  Middlesex  Counties,  wliich  there  is  every  reason  to  believe,  if  prop- 
erly protected  by  embankments  and  thoroughly  diked,  could  be  made  as  healthy  and  productive 
as  any  other  part  of  the;  State.  The  portions  of  Middlesex  County  southeast  of  Lawrence's  Brook, 
tlie  township  of  Perth  Amboy,  and  i>art  of  Woodbridge  are  of  the  Cretaceous  period.  The 
material  is  not  a  lock,  but  consists  of  white  and  dark  colored  clays,  sand,  gravelly  loam,  &c.  It  is 
not  so  thickly  settled  as  the  other  portions  of  the  district,  though  with  improved  husbandly  it  is 
yielding  well  to  the  market-gardener  and  farmer.     Water  from  the  sands  is  soft,  but  from  the  clay 


SURGKONfs'    KEI'ORTS XEW    .lEKSEY TIlllMi    DISTKIC'T.  "2,81 

is  inipiugnateil  with  siilpliiite  ofiioii.     Tlio  populaliou  is  conipo.scd  priiiciimll.v   of  tlic  proiliuiii;; 
classes,  and,  geuenilly  speaidiig,  the  i)eoi)Io  are  steady,  iudustiions,  and  iiitelligeiit. 

In  |)olitics,  the  district  is  democratic  by  ti  majority  of  from  3,000  to  (5,000.  The  pvevailiii}; 
religions  denominations  me  the  Presbyterian  and  Methodist,  altliongli  all  the  forms  of  worship 
known  in  Christian  commiiDilies  are  to  be  fonnd. 

8c  faras  I  am  able  to  jndge,  there  is  no  special  prevailing  <liseavse ;  but.  as  might  be  exi)ected 
in  the  regions  in  wliicli  limestone  exists,  or  in  which  hard  water  is  fonnd,  we  have  more  diseases  of 
the  kidneys  and  r.rinary  organs  than  elsewhere.  In  the  neighborhood  of  the  salt-marshes,  the 
diseases  are  more  or  less  of  malarial  origin,  or  partake  somewhat  of  that  type.  As  the  country 
becomes  more  thickly  settled,  and  more  attention  is  iiaid  to  arlilicial  drainage,  these 'malarial 
diseases  become  less  lre(jueiit,  and  are  decidedly  more  amenable  to  treatment  than  they  were 
formerly. 

In  a  country  such  as  the  one  Just  described,  it  might  be  reasonablj  supposed  that  such  a  war 
as  that  just  terminated  could  not  be  the  cause  of  very  material  suffering  so  long  as  the  liuaninal 
condition  of  the  Government  was  sound  and  healthy ;  and  I  think  I  may  salely  assert  that  this  dis- 
trict is  far  richer  and  better  developed  today  than  it  was  when  the  war  commenced  four  years 
since.  1  cannot  close  this  portion  of  my  report  without  acknowledging  my  indebtedness  to  Pio- 
lessor  Cook,  of  New  Brunsw  ick,  for  valuable  information  ujjon  this  subject. 

1  presume  the  sixth  (piestion  of  the  circular  is  intended  to  api)ly  principally  to  residents  of  the 
di.strict,  although  it  is  -somewhat  obscure  in  its  meaning.  It  is  partially  answered  in  the  preceding 
paragraph,  as  a  large  portion  of  our  exemptions  and  rejections  ha\  e  been  from  such  diseases  as  I 
have  heretofore  referred  to,  together  with  such  disqualiticatipns  as  herniiis  and  injuries  of  various 
kinds  to  be  found  among  Uien  whose  occupations  require  considerable  manual  labor.  It  will  be 
noticed,  by  glancing  over  my  rei>orts,  that  very  few  have  been  considered  disqualified  by  reason  of 
mental  disability.  A  very  large  number  of  recruits  and  substitutes  have  been  rejected  for  syi)hilitic 
and  kindred  diseases  ;  the  reason  being  that  by  far  the  larger  portion  of  these  men  did  not  belong  to 
the  district  at  all,  but  were  obtained  by  township-agents,  bounty-brokers,  and  runners,  from  the 
very  dregs  of  the  large  cities;  and  it  has  often  been  a  serious  question  with  me  whether  it  would 
not  be  far  better  to  refuse  to  accept  volunteers  and  substitutes  entirely,  rather  than  take  such 
outcasts  as  have  frequently  been  presented.  The  larger  portion  of  them  were  morally  unfit  for  any 
kind  of  service  ;  and  in  the  last  draft  1  was  obliged  to  reject  a  great  many  for  this  cause. 

It  is  reported  that  the  English  and  other  armies  are  made  up,  to  a  gieat  extent,  of  the  very 
worst  of  luen — offscourings  and  outcasts  of  all  kinds;  but  I  confess  1  cannot  understand  how  sucii 
men  can  be  expected  to  be  transformed  into  good,  reliable  soldiers,  except  l>y  long  and  thorough 
drill,  and  rigid,  un\ieldirig  discipline. 

''  Your  views  in  reference  to  the  different  sections  of  paragraph  S.j." — In  answei-  to  this  qnes- 
lion,  1  can  only  say  that  I  consider  parapraph  So,  when  interi)reted  and  applied  by  a  surgeon  who 
combines  discretion,  tirmuess,  and  courtesy,  so  nearly  perfect  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  suggest 
any  alterations  of  imi)ortance  that  would  certainly  be  actual  iujpiovements.  I  might  suggest, 
perhaps,  that  in  relation  to  the  subject  of  teeth,  &c.,  more  might  be  left  to  the  judgment  of  the 
examining  surgeon  than  is  the  case  at  i)resent ;  although  I  should  object  to  giving  examining-sur- 
geons  any  great  amount  of  liberty,  as  it  is  quite  important  that  all  should  operate  upon  a  unitorm 
basis  as  far  as  [tracticable,  anil  that  each  surgeon  should  have  some  specitic  orders  to  fall  back 
u|)on  in  cases'of  necessity.  The  main  object  of  this  suggestion  is  to  call  attention  to  the  dissimi- 
larity existing  in  the  modes  of  examining  an<l  the  difference  in  the  (jualitic;  tions  required  of 
recruits  and  drafted  men.  Might  it  not  be  better  to  have  a  nuiform  table  of  disqualifications 
which  might  be  applied  to  both  classes  ?  They  have  the  same  duties  to  perform,  stand  side  by  side 
in  the  ranks,  and  I  can  see  no  good  reason  why  the  same  standard  should  not  api)ly  to  both.  The 
labors  of  the  ofticeis  of  the  board  of  enrollment  might  be  somewhat  increased  by  such  a  change  as 
suggested,  but  the  Government  would  obtain  better  soldiers,  and  the  people  would  be  far  better 
satisfied  than  at  present.  This  difference  in  the  standard  has  frequently  caused  considerable  dis- 
cussion and  dissatisfaction  amongst  the  i)eople,  and  it  has  often  reqnired  (]uite  a  lengthy  exi)lana- 
tion  to  satisfy  some  of  the  bettei-inlormed  and  most  loyal  men  as  to  the  jiropriety  and  necessity  of 


288  SUKGKONS'    KEPORTS NKW    JliKSEY TIIIKH    DJ.STUICT. 

tLe  course  ivdoptt'd  during  tbc  past  year.     A  iew  trifling  altcratious,  wbicli  will  suggest  tbeuiselves 
at  oiiee  to  the  luiiid  of  au  experienced  military  surgeon,  will  remedy  tbis  difficulty. 

•'Tbe  nmnber  of  men  tbat  can  be  pbysically  examined  per  day  witb  accuracy." — Tiiis  is  a  sub- 
ject upon  wbicb  very  great  ditterenee  of  opinion  may  exist.  Tbe  answer  depends  upon  wlietber 
tbe  surgeon  is  systematic  in  bis  examinations  and  prompt  in  bis  decisions;  Vvbetber  men  present 
themselves  at  regular  or  irregular  intervals  tbrougb  tbe  day  ;  tbe  thoroughness  of  tbe  examinations 
and  tbe  number  of  hours  devoted  to  tbe  work.  Supposing  tbe  surgeon  to  be  prompt,  energetic, 
and  systematic,  tbe  men  presenting  themselves  regularly,  being  examined  in  the  manner  described, 
and  tbe  hours  of  examination  to  be  from  9  a.  m.  to  1  ]>.  m.  and  from  '2  \>.  m.  to  i  p.  m.,  I  should 
say  tbat  one  Jtiiiulnd  enrolled  men,  not  drafted,  or  seventy-jive  drafted  men,  ov  forty  recruitu  or  snb- 
stitute-s,  would  he  (juite  as  many  as  any  one  surgeon,  with  an  assistant,  would  be  able  to  examine 
accurately,  and  see  that  the  proper  record  is  made  in  each  case.        «        #        * 

The  complaint  has  frequently  been  made  tbat  tbe  Government  has  not  always  succeeded  in 
securing  the  services  of  tbe  right  kind  of  men  for  these  positions.  I  am  only  surprised  that  it  has 
been  found  i)Ossible  to  secure  the  services  of  any  medical  man  of  good  standing  in  these  offices  at 
tbe  inadequate  comi)ensation  allowed,  witb  the  absence  ot  rank,  and  without  oi)i)ortunity  for  pre- 
ferment or  distinction  for  special  or  extraordinary  services.  I  can  only  account  for  tbe  fact  that 
many  of  these  surgeons  are  gentlemen  of  first-class  ability  by  the  knowledge  that  ver.\  many  ot 
them  have  served  faithfully,  honestly,  and'  steadily,  through  all  kinds  of  evil  tidings  and  reports, 
more  from  patriotic  motives  than. any  others.         »         *         * 

It  is  almost  impossible,  within  the  compass  of  such  a  report  as  this,  to  give  any  detailed 
account  of  the  frauds  attempted  to  be  practiced  by  all  kinds  of  people.  Tbe  most  concise  state- 
merit  that  could  be  made,  if  it  pretended  to  convey  any  adequate  idea  of  the  many  attempted 
impositions,  would  fill  a  moderate-sized  volume.  Men  of  apparent  and  recognized  respectability 
and  loyalty  have  resorted  to  all  imaginable  artifices  to  evade  tbe  draft  by  feigning  disabilities 
which  had  not  tbe  shadow  of  a  foundation  in  fact ;  and  some  of  the  vilest  scamps  in  creation  have 
combined  with  dishonest  surgeons,  bounty-brokers  and  runners,  and  members  of  townshi[)-com- 
mittees,  to  deceive  the  examining-surgeon,  and  to  conceal  infirmities  and  disabilities  known  to  exist, 
in  order  to  obtain  the  high  bounties  offered  ;  and  which  disabilities,  if  not  detected  by  the  examin- 
ing surgeon,  have  been  subsequently  relied  upon  to  secure  the  scoundrels'  discharge.  - 

The  surgeon  who  could  not  be  bought  lias  been  threatened  by  letter  and  i)ersonally,  and  after 
all  has  failed  to  induce  him  to  pass  or  exemi)t  unsountlmen  he  has  been  attacked  in  the  public  prints 
as  dishonest  and  unfair.  I  have  but  little  to  complain  of  in  tbis  respect  myself,  as  I  have  been,  as 
a  general  rule,  treated  quite  courteously  by  the  people  of  the  district;  but  I  have  been  informed  of 
cases  of  persecution  in  other  districts  which  have  seemed  to  me  most  cruel  and  unjustifiable.  Men 
rejected  as  recruits  or  substitutes  at  oue  office  are  "  fixed  up"  and  run  to  another  and  another  until 
at  last  some  surgeon  is  found  who,  in  the  hurry  of  business,  does  not  notice  the  disability,  and  the 
man  passes  to  present  his  claims  for  discbarge,  in  most  pathetic  terms,  to  the  board  of  examiners 
or  the  regimental  surgeon,  who,  knowing  nothing  of  the  facts  of  the  case,  are  very  apt  to  hastily 
decide  that  "  the  surgeon  who  passed  this  man  must  have  been  a  fool  or  a  knave."  1  have  seen  and 
heard  of  some  gross  cases  of  injustice  of  this  kind,  and  1  cannot  avoid  alluding  to  them.  Another 
l)oint  which  it  apiiears  to  me  ought  to  be  mentioned  is,  that  I  have  bad  a  number  of  applications 
made  for  exemption  from  draft  by  soldiers  discharged  for  physical  disability,  and  drawing  pensions 
therel'or ;  in  some  of  which  cases  the  disability  stated  did  not  exist  at  all,  so  far  as  I  could  discover 
alter  careliil  examination.  In  some  of  these  cases,  being  fearful  that  I  might  be  mistaken,  and 
unintentionally  decide  unjustly,  I  have  taken  the  tronble  to  send  the  cases  to  '^esv  York  to  be 
examined  by  a  surgeon  of  world-wide  reputation  for  his  professional  skill,  and  in  each  case  my 
decision  has  been  confirmed.  In  this  connection,  I  would  leniark  that  the  appointment  of  surgeons 
who  have  liad  no  experience  in  the  detection  of  malingering,  to  the  very  responsible  position  of 
l)ension-suigeons,  is  most  unwise,  and  unjust  both  to  the  Government  and  to  the  people ;  for,  no  matter 
lunv  lionest  and  well-meaning  they  may  be,  they  are  very  apt  to  be  deceived  by  the  tricks  of  the  pre- 
tender, as  it  requires  long  practice,  as  I  have  previously  stated,  to  detect  his  rascalities.  Perhaps 
the  a[)i)licatious  for  pensions  will  soon  number  hundreds  of  thousands,  and  I  would  most  respect- 
fully suggest  that  justice  to  the  (lovernment,  to  tbe  discharged  deserving  invalid  soldiers,  and  to 


SURGEONS'    REFORTS NEW    JERSEY THIRD    DISTRICT.  289 

tlio  surgeons  tlit'iiisclvcs  would  scoui  to  leqiiiro  Unit  tlic  giciitcst  caio  slioiiU]  be  exercised  in  the 
iiiakiug  of  these  iipijoiiitments.  Oeitiiiiil.v  none  bnt  men  of  practical  experience,  decision  of  char- 
acter, and  undoiibti'd  integrity  and  professional  skill  should  occupy  such  important  positions. 

As  to  the  obstacles  to  be  contended  with,  I  would  say  that  the  greatest  difilculty  I  have 
experienced  has  been  the  want  of  a  proper,  concise  set  of  regidations  for  the  examination  of  recruits 
aud  substitutes,  similar  to  paragraph  85,  Revised  Regulations  Provost- Marshal  General's  Bureau, 
as  ap])lied  to  drafted  and  enrolled  men.  I  would  also  say  that  the  haste  with  which  my  decisions 
had  of  necessity  to  be  made,  with  no  opportunity  of  revising  or  correcting  possible  errors  of  judg- 
meut,  has.caused  me  considerable  anxiety  and  uneasiness,  not  for  myself  only,  but  for  the  interests 
of  the  Government,  in  whose  behalf  I  was  exerting  myself  to  the  full  extent  of  my  abilities. 

In  relation  to  the  best  modes  of  preventing  hands,  I  would  suggest  that  the  larger  inuuber 
of  cases  of  fraud  occur  from  the  efforts  of  unsuitable  persons  to  enter  the  service  for  the  purpose 
of  securing  the  large  bounties  paid  in  advance.  I  recommend  that  these  bounties  be  taken 
possession  of  by  the  proper  officers  of  the  Government,  and  retained  for  a  specified  length  of  time. 
If,  within  that  time,  any  disability  shall  be  discovered  which  existed  prior  to  eulistineut,  and  which 
the  man  must  have  known  to  have  existed  at  that  time,  let  the  bounty  be  forfeited,  and  instead  of 
discharging  the  man,  as  has  been  done  iu  too  many  instances,  let  bim  be  put  at  some  sort  of  labor 
for  which  he  may  be  suited.  Let  it  be  once  fully  understood  that  this  course  will  be  pursued,  and 
the  decej)tious  attempted  to  be  practiced  upon  exaininiiigsurgeous  will  diminish,  if  not  altogether 
cease  at  once.  In  addition  to  this,  I  should  recommend  that  uone  but  competent  surgeons  should 
be  employed,  and  that  the  rank  and  pay  should  be  made  sufficiently  desirable  to  induce  lirst-class 
men  to  accept  such  positions ;  aud,  lastly,  that  the  punishment  for  ueglect  of  duty  or  breach  of 
trust  ou  the  part  of  an  officer  should  be  very  severe,  and  such  as  would  disgrace  him  for  life.  To 
disgiace  a  ir.edical  man  is  the  worst  possible  punishment  that  can  be  inflicted.  Imprisonments  and 
fines  are  coiuparatively  harmless,  except  so  far  as  they  lead  to  public  disgrace.  The  dishonorable 
dismissal  of  such  a  man,  with  the  publication  of  the  causes  of  such  dismissal  in  the  local  papers, 
would  be  one  of  the  modes  of  punishment  I  would  suggest. 

"  What  nationality  presents  the  greatest  ijhysical  aptitude  for  military  service?" — I  answer, 
first,  young  Americans,  between  seveuteen  and  twenty-flv^e  years  of  age,  from  the  rural  districts; 
second,  Scotch,  Swiss,  aud  Swedes ;  third,  Irish,  English,  and  Germans. 

"  Tour  experience  as  to  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service.'' — 
My  experience  in  this  respect  has  not  been  very  extensive;  but,  from  what  I  have  seen,  I  should  say 
that  negroes  have  been,  as  a  class,  physically  equal  to  any  I  have  examined.  I  suspect  the  fact  is 
uow  pretty  well  established  that,  although  a  private  soldier  is  most  efficient  when  he  unites  mental 
aud  physical  power  with  the  habit  of  unquestioning  and  prompt  obedience  of  orders,  yet  if  one  of 
these  faculties  should  be  not  si)  fully  developed  as  the  others,  we  could  better  spare  a  certain 
amount  of  mental  than  physical  energy.  In  other  words,  I  take  it  that  in  a  private  soldier  we 
require  first-class  physical  development,  (combined  with  the  habit  of  prompt  aud  implicit  obedience 
of  orders,  and  a  sufficient  amount  of  intelligence  to  comprehend  and  carry  out  an  order.  In  au 
officer,  we  need  more  brain-power  than  muscular  development,  with  the  habit,  not  only  of  obeying 
orders  himself,  but  with  the  ability  to  enforce  obedience  from  others.  Taking  this  view  of  the  case,  I 
have  uever  seen  any  reason  why  a  colored  mau,  whose  position  aud  habits  of  life  have  develoijed 
the  very  qualities  we  require,  should  not  make  an  efficient  soldier  ;  and  the  heroes  who  fought  at 
Fort  Wagner,  and  elsewhere,  during  this  rebellion,  have  proven  most  conclusively  that  they  were 
fully  entitled  to  the  name  of  United  States  Soldiers.  Cowardice  and  bravery  are,  to  a  very  great 
extent,  nuitters  of  habit  aud  education.  As  a  general  rule,  all  men  are  naturally  brave  iu  a  greater 
or  less  degree;  and  it  only  requires  occasion  and  a  proper  opportunity  for  development  to  bring  out 
the  heroism  of  a  race  or  of  a  nation. 

"  Your  views  as  to  the  operation  of  the  enrollment-law  as  it  now  exists,  with  recommendations 
and  suggestions  in  reference  thereto." — I  would  respectfully  suggest, /(>«*,  that  the  various  laws, 
decisions,  circulars,  general  orders,  &c.,  should  be  codified  aud  systematically  arranged  in  such 
a  manner  that  they  could  be  convenientl.N  consulted,  and  so  that  there  could  be  no  doubt  upon  any 
poiut.  As  the  nuitter  is  now  arranged,  it  is  sometimes  very  difficult  for  one  not  familia:  with  the 
various  laws  or  decisions  to  get  at  the  true  meaning  and  intention  of  the  makers  of  the  law,  and 
37 


290  SUEGEONS'    REPORTS NEW    JERSEY FIFTH    DISTRICT. 

tlif  desires  of  tLose  ai)]ioint(Ml  to  carry  them  into  effect.     Tbe  Revised  Eegulatious  of  tlie  Provost. 

Marslial  Gciierars  Bureau  jiartially   meet  tliis  want,  but  not  entirely.      Second,  tbaf  volunteers 

and  drafted  men  should   be  required  to  be  exauiiued   by   the  same  standard,  and  that  specific 

directions  be  issued  for  the  examination  of  volunteers  and  substitutes,  somewhat  similar  to  those 

DOW  furnished  lor  examination  ol  dralted  men.     Third,  tbe  mode  of  makiny  an  enrollment  might 

be  improved  by  the  constant  employment  of  enrollingoflicers  in  each  sub-district,  who  should  be 

paid  a  certain  sum  for  each  name  remaining  upon  tbe  list  after  being  for  ten  days  submitted  to 

tbe  residents  of  the  sub-district  lor  correction ;  such  corrections  only  to  be  made  as  shall  be  clearly 

required  and  authorized,  and  the  deputyprovost-niarshal  or  the  special  agent  for  each  county  to 

be  tbe  judge  in  the  case;  all  disputed  points  to  be  referred  to  the  board  of  enrollment.    Fourth, 

it  is  manifestly  unfair  that  aliens  who  are  residents  in  the  country,  having  been  here  a  number  of 

years,  or  men  unfitted  by  physical  disability,  should  be  exempt  from  doing  their  share  toward 

filling  up  the  armies  in  some  way.     1  would  suggest  that  each  alien  who  lias  resided  in  the  country 

for  two  years  previous  to  the  draft,  and  each  man  exempted  for  physical  disability,  should,  in  case 

of  being  drafted,  be  required  to  pay  ten  per  cent,  of  bis  income  toward  tbe  expenses  of   tbe  draft; 

and  tbe  amount  should  be  assessed  and  collected  by  the  officers  of  internal  revenue  in  the  same 

manner  as  the  taxes  upon  incomes  are  now  assessed  and  collected,  or  a  definite  amount  might  be 

paid  at  the  time  of  examination.     Fifth,  that  surgeons  should  have  rank  and  jiay  proportionate  to 

the  res[)onsibilities  and  amount  of  labor  devolving  upon  them;  that  there  should  be  such  a  thing 

as  i)romotiou  for  extraordinary  services ;  and  that  tbe  duties  should  be  strictly  of  a  professional 

character.     In  the  present  enrolbnent  law  and  regulations,  the  surgeon  is  also,  very  [iroperly,  a 

member  of  the  board  of  enrollment;  but  be  is  required,  as  such,  to  perform  a  considerable  amount 

of  work,  and  assume  responsibilities,  which  he  cannot  and  ought  not  to  be  required  to  do  if  he  is 

exi)ected  to  attend  properly  to  his  own  department.     In  this  respect,  the  position  of  surgeons  has 

be(?n  improved  somewhat  of  late ;  but  a  large  amount  of  wotk  still  reaiains  to  be  jxrlbrmed  by  them, 

not  at  all  professional  in  its  character,  and  ■which  could  quite  as  well  be  done  by  clerks  or  tiie  other 

members  of  tbe  board.     Sixth,  that  some  mode  should   be  adopted  whicb,  without  great  expense 

to  tbe  Government,  should  always  keep  our  enrollment-lists  corrected,  and  i)repared  for  a  call  at  any 

moment.     In  other  words,  '■  in  time  of  peace  "  we  should  be  fully  "  luepared  for  war."     Let  us  have 

a  complete  enrollment  of  our  national  militia  in  the  future,  and  let  it  be  understood  that  every  man 

between  certain  ages  is  liable  to  be  called  u])ou  for  military  service,  if  needed. 

In  conclusion,  I  would  respectfully  suggest,  for  the  consideration  of  those  who  may  feel 
interested,  that  there  is  now,  or  soon  will  be,  on  record  in  the  office  of  tbe  surgeon  in  charge  of  the 
Provost-Marshal-General's  Bureau,  a  mass  of  documents  in  the  shape  of  monthly  medical  reports, 
tabulated  reports  of  draft,  final  historical  reports,  &c.,  &c.,  from  which  can  be  collected  and 
arranged  the  most  valuable  and  reliable  tables  of  vital  statistics  in, existence ;  and  I  would  remark 
that  such  a  set  of  statistics,  carefully  compiled  and  elaborated,  would  be  of  immense  importance 
to  the  Government,  to  military  surgeons  throughout  the  world,  and  to  tbe  medical  profession 
generally.  *  *  # 

ROBERT  VVESTCOTT, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Third  District  of  New  Jersey. 

Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  June  15, 18G5. 

NEW  JERSEY— FIFTH  DISTRICT.i 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  J.  A.  Cross. 

*  *  *        My  experience  in  the  examination  of  men  for  military  service  extends  from 

tbe  10th  day  of  December,  1863,  to  the  15th  day  of  April,  18C5,  when  the  Government  stopped 
recruiting.  During  this  period,  the  examination  of  10,017  men  was  recorded ;  but,  as  no  records  were 
kept,  for  a  long  time,  of  men  rejected  as  volunteers,  and  of  men  whose  claims  for  exemption  were 
not  allowed  before  the  draft,  I  think  I  am  safe  in  estimating  the  whole  number  of  men  examined  in 
tbis  district  during  that  time  at  not  less  than  twelve  or  fifteen  thousand. 

The  experience  of  an  examining-surgeon,  I  believe,  is  the  only  one  unenvied  by  his  fellow  prac- 

'  No  report  was  received  lioiii  tlie  lonrtli  district. 


surgeons'    reports— new   jersey FIFTH    DISTRICT.  291 

titioners.  It  is  ppcnliar  to  itself,  and  consists  in  liracticint;-  the  senses  to  detect  disease  anions  ^'»>1- 
unteers,  bealtli  among  dratted  men,  dec'cption  in  everybody;  also,  to  fortify  his  sensibility  asainst 
the  appalling  sights  and  scents  be  is  doomed  to  meet  with,  as  well  as  against  the  calumny  of  every- 
body directly  or  indirectly  interested  in  his  decisions. 

The  tifth  congressional  district  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey  comprises  the  county  of  Hudson, 
and  the  city  of  Newark,  in  the  county  of  Essex,  and  may  be  defined  to  be  that  portion  of  the  terri- 
tory of  the  State  of  New  Jersey  lying  upon  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson  River  and  New  York  Bay; 
north  of  a  portion  of  the  bay,  Kill  von  Kull,  and  Newark  Bay  ;  four  miles  to  the  eastward  of  Orange 
Mountain  ;  and  south  of  the  most  northerly  township  of  Essex  County,  viz,  Belleville,  and  of  Bergen 
County. 

Hudson  County  is  composed  of  two  peninsulas,  the  greater  lying  upon  the  Hudson  Elver,  and 
extending  southward  to  the  waters  of  New  York  Bay,  Kill  von  Kull,  and  Newark  Bay,  and  on  the 
west  separated  from  the  lesser  peninsula  by  the  waters  of  the  Hackensack.  The  greater  peninsula 
is  traversed  from  north  to  south  by  an  extension  of  the  Palisades  of  the  Hudson,  which  take  a  west- 
wardly  bearing  from  the  river  froui  about  the  northern  terminus  of  the  county,  and  extend  south- 
ward to  Newark  Bay,  a  distance  of  about  fifteen  miles,  where  they  terminate  in  what  is  known 
as  Bergen  Point.  Two-thirds  of  this  distance  presents  to  the  Hudson  a  ragged  front  of  trap-rock,  for 
the  most  part  at  an  altitude  of  two  hundred  feet,  much  of  which  industry  is  endeavoring  to  convert 
into  Belgian  pavement.  The  remaining  third  of  this  distance  may  be  said  to  be  an  extension  of 
the  Palisades,  with  a  gentle  declivity  southward  and  eastward,  with  the  rock  invested  by  a  pro- 
ductive soil.  The  lesser  peninsula  is  situated  between  the  waters  of  the  Passaic  and  Hackensack, 
extending  southward  to  where  the  two  rivers  unite  and  spread  out  into  the  beautiful  sheet  of  water 
known  as  Newark  Bay. 

At  the  easterly  base  of  the  Palisades  is  a  triangular  space,  with  its  base  to  the  south  on  the 
waters  of  the  Kill  van  Kuhl,  and  its  apex  where  the  Palisades  meet  the  waters  of  the  Hudson,  con- 
taining two  incorporated  cities,  namely,  Jersey  City  and  Hoboken,  both  situated  on  the  Hudson, 
and  intimately  connected  with  New  York  by  ferry.  The  former  is  built  mostly  upon  reclaimed  land, 
and  the  latter  upon  a  small  elevation  with  a  marsh  between  it  and  the  Palisades.  On  the  heights 
of  rhe  Palisades  are  situated  Hudson  City  and  Union  Hill,  the  latter  a  GeiUKiu  village.  Both  are 
located  near  its  easterly  border,  and  command  a  fine  view  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn,  together  wilh 
their  harbors  ;  in  fact,  the  view  eastward  is  only  limited  where  the  horizeu  and  the  Atlantic  appar- 
ently meet.  From  these  heights,  this  peninsula  gently  declines  westward  until  it  merges  into  what 
are  known  as  the  Salt  Meadows  that  skirt  the  Hackensack,  except  near  the  terminus  of  that  river, 
where  two  hundred  and  thirty  acres  of  land,  known  as  Snake  Hill,  rise  to  an  altitude  of  three  hun- 
dred feet  above  tide-water,  from  the  summit  of  whicl>  nine  incorporated  cities  may  be  seen. 

The  elevated  grounds  of  the  lesser  peninsula  arc  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Passaic  River,  running 
parallel  with  it  from  the  northern  boundary  of  the  county  to  a  point  opposite  Newark.  They 
present  a  beautiful  hill-side  to  the  westward,  most  of  which  is  occupied  by  country-residences,  among 
which  was  that  of  the  late  lamented  Major-Geueral  Philip  Kearney.  From  these  heights,  the  decliv- 
ity eastward  is  gentle  until  it  merges  into  the  meadow-land  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Hackensack 
River.  Probably  no  county  in  the  United  States,  nor  any  plot  of  ground  of  its  size,  (it  contains 
about  thirty-eight  thousand  acres,)  has  so  diversified  a  surlace  as  tliat  of  Hudson  County.  At 
Bergen  Point  is  a  watering-place  of  much  resort,  and  upon  the  Palisades  and  upon  the  Passaic 
sites  are  selected  for  their  picturesque  beauty,  for  their  landscai)es  and  healthfulness.  Other  sites 
are  selected  for  horticulture  and  agriculture,  while  about  one-fourth  is  a  marshy  waste. 

The  city  of  Newark,  the  shire  town  of  Essex  County,  situated  upon  the  west  baidv  of  the 
Passaic,  twenty  miles  distant  from  New  York  by  water  and  nine  by  railroad,  has  an  area  of  nine 
thousand  two  hundred  and  thirty-four  acres,  of  which  four  thousand  and  eighty-nine  acres  are  marsh. 
It  is  traversed  from  north  to  south  by  three  elevations,  or  ridges,  the  most  easterly  of  which  termi- 
nates within  the  city-limits,  declining  toward  the  southward  until  it  merges  into  the  Salt  Meadows. 
Its  elevation  within  the  city-limits  is  ninety-two  feet.  The  second  ridge  rises  still  higher,  to  an 
elevation  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-eight  feet,  and  the  third  to  an  altitude  of  two  hundred  and 
twenty  feet  above  tide-water.     The  formation  is  drift,  overlying  sandstone. 

From  the  foregoing  statements,  it  will  be  correctly  inferred  that  the  site  of  Newark  is  ujion 


292  surgeons'  ekports — new  jeksey — fifth  district. 

rolling  l:iuil  an<l  niansli,  so  that  extensive  anil. judicious  sewerage  is  required  from  tlie  nature  of  its 
foMuation,  and  to  tbis  the  entire  district  is  not  an  exception.  2Jot  only  its  four  chartered  cities, 
but  much  of  the  rural  portion,  could  be  improved  and  beautified  by  proper  drainage.  It  is  true  that 
much  Las  been  done  in  this  respect,  but  the  exnenditnre  has  been  more  lavish  in  the  work  than 
good  judgment. 

The  reports  made  to  the  State  Jledical  .Society  of  New  Jersey  by  the  reporters  of  the  resi)ective 
district  societies  of  Hudson  and  Essex  Counties  for  the  year  1SC4,  were  to  the  efiect  that  in  Hudson 
County  the  prevailing  diseases  of  the  year  were  miasmatic  fevers  and  other  zymotic  diseases. 
That  of  Essex  County  showed  that  zymotic  diseases  had  j)revailed  to  an  unusual  extent  during 
some  portions  of  the  year.  These  reports  are  compilations,  the  data  being  furnished  by  the  regular 
practitioners  in  the  diflereut  counties. 

The  Ibllowing  is  a  lirief  summary  of  the  last  statistical  report  of  the  causes  of  death  in  the  city 
of  Xewark,  couii)iled  by  Dr.  G.  Grant,  statistician  of  the  Newark  jNIedical  Association,  at  the  close 
of  the  year  1860.  Though  lour  years  have  elapsed  since  the  completion  of  the  report,  I  have  no 
doubt  the  results  if  exhibited  for  the  succeeding  years  would  have  varied  but  little,  except  for 
zymotic  diseases.  The  deaths  from  .scarlet  fever  alone  for  the  year  number  233,  a  very  unusual 
epidemic. 

Zymotic  diseases 572 

Diseases  of  uncertain  and  variable  seat    202 

Diseases  of  brain  and  nervous  system 442 

Diseases  of  respiratory  organs 480 

Diseases  of  circulatory  organs 50 

Diseases  of  digestive  organs 214 

Diseases  of  urinary  orgaus 6 

Diseases  of  generative  organs,  and  child-birth 25 

Diseases  of  locomotive  organs 2 

Diseases  of  skin   I 

Diseases  of  old  age 11 

External  causes 170 

From  the  above,  it  appears  that  the  whole  number  of  deaths  for  the  year  1860  were  2,175,  out 
of  a  population  of  71,941,  or  one  death  to  33.06  of  the  population.  The  deaths  under  five  years  of 
age  were  1,582,  leaving  the  number  of  deaths  of  adults  593. 

Although  the  above  demonstrates  that  the  mortality  from  climatic  influences  was  not  unusual 
in  the  city  of  Newark,  yet  we  must  admit  that  thej"  materially  afiect  the  health  of  the  inhabitants, 
not  only  in  the  form  of  fevers  spoken  of  by  the  reporter  of  Hudson  County  in  specific  localities, 
but  in  the  intermittent  type  assumed  by  other  diseases  in  the  entire  district. 

The  relative  position  of  the  district  to  the  Atlantic,  with  no  forest  or  mountain-range  to  shield 
it  from  Its  winds  and  vaijor,  causes  us  to  experience  extreme  and  sudden  changes  in  the  humidity 
and  temperature  of  the  atmosphere,  to  which  is  accreclited  the  prevalence  of  acute  and  chronic 
rheuinatisni,  as  well  as  of  diseases  of  the  lungs. 

The  ijopulation  of  the  district,  in  1800,  was  134,058,  of  which  number  52,059  were  foreigu- 
born.  In  the  city  of  Newark,  a  fraction  of  over  eleven  thirteenths  of  the  foreign-born  element  were 
German  and  Irish,  they  being  about  equal  in  numbers;  the  remaining  thirteenth  and  a  fraction  were 
from  the  otlier  lMiioi>ean  natiouali  ties  and  the  British  provinces,  and  I  presume  the  nationalities  of  the 
foreign-boru  population  of  Hudson  County  bore  about  the  same  ratio  to  each  other;  to-day,  jirob- 
ably,  the  proportion  of  foreign  element  is  still  greater  than  in  1800.  The  German  element  alone  is 
estimated  to  have  been  trebled  in  the  State  during  the  past  five  years;  how  much  of  the  increase 
may  be  accredited  to  tbis  district  it  is  impossible  to  say,  but  it  undoubtedly  has  its  full  share. 

With  no  means  at  hand  to  get  at  the  actual  facts,  1  approximate  the  visible  means  of  support 
of  the  inhabitants  of  tbis  district  to  be :  mechanical  puisuits,  50  per  cent. ;  vocation  of  laborers, 
25  per  cent. ;  mercantile,  10  per  cent. ;  agriculture,  5  per  cent. ;  operatives,  6  per  cent. ;  all  others, 
about  4  per  cent. ;  and  in  tbis  I  make  no  estimate  of  a  luimerous  transient  or  floating  population, 


SUBGEOKS     UEPORTS NEW    JERSEY ElKTll    DISTRICT.  293 

with  no  visible  lucans  of  support,  liiat  iiilVst  our  district,  owiuj,'  to  tlio  convenience  it  afiFords  for 
escaping  Ironi  liie  New  York  police.         «         #         » 

Tlie  mental  and  physical  Ibrces  of  the  peoi)le  are  active;  dispatch  of  business  is  considered 
the  first  element  to  success. 

The  comforts  of  home  are  highly  i)rized  in  this  community,  and  largely  enjoyed.  The 
disposition  of  our  people  in  this  respect  is  seen  in  our  numerous  cott;?ges,  built  in  a  plain,  sub- 
stantial manner,  in  keeping  with  good  taste  and  a  limited  purse;  comfort  rather  than  display 
being  sought  after.  True,  we  have  the  ott'set  to  the  above  in  our  tenement-houses, so  very  common 
in  cities;   but  I  am  happy  to  believe  them  in  disproixirtion  to  other  cities. 

JJut  a  few  years  since  we  enjoyed  a  high  reputation  for  temperance,  which  has  been  lessened 
durnig  the  past  five  years ;  which  change,  1  think,  may  in  a  measure  be  accounted  for  by  tiie  great 
state  of  excitement  in  which  the  pi'ople  lia\e  lived  during  that  in'iit)d,  and,  in  a  degiee,  b\  the 
general  adoption  of  lager-beer  as  a  common  beverage,  through  an  erroneous  impression  that  it  is 
harmless,  sim))ly  because  the  injurious. effects  from  its  excessive  use  are  not  seen  as  readily  as  those 
of  distilled  liquors.         •         »         » 

A  little  over  one-third,  or  0.33S,  of  the  exemptions  under  the  last  call  were  for  tuberculosis, 
permanent  physical  disability,  and  diseases  of  internal  organs,  or  for  those  disabilities  for  which 
climatic;  cau.ses  or  particular  occupations  are  largely  accountable.  Among  the  forn:er  may  be 
named  the  ilfect  of  the  long-continued  high  temperature  of  the  atmosphere  upon  an  active  people 
whose  occupation  admits  of  no  remission  even  during  the  summer-months.  The  hum  of  business 
about  our  manufacturing  establishments  is  no  less  continuous  in  summer  than  in  autumn,  .--o  that 
the  sweltering  atmosphere  of  the  warm  season  is  added  to  the  confined  air  of  the  workshop.  That 
we  should  have  had  a  large  number  of  exemptions  from  causes  so  induced  is  not  surprising  to 
those  acquainted  with  the  routine  of  life  in  a  manufacturing  district.  We  have  but  to  witness  the 
relaxed  condition  of  the  people  thus  employed,  to  acknowledge  them  the  ready  victims  to  organic 
disease,  or  to  satisfy  ourselves  of  their  being  in  that  atonic;  c-onclition  which  is  the  progenitor  of 
disease.  If,  for  example,  we  examine  the  table  for  exemptions  under  the  column  of  ••occupation," 
we  find  59  clerks  exemi)ted,  of  whom  25  were  afflicted  with  the  three  diseases  above  mentioned ;  31 
hatters,  of  whom  12  were  similarly  exem])ted  ;  jewelers,  IS  out  of  12  :  tailor.s,  17  out  of  41; 
laborers,  oO  out  of  105  :  and  thus  if  we  trace  the  table  through  we  find  the  ratio  of  exemptions  for 
those  three  causes  prevailing  inversely  to  the  healthfuluess  of  the  occupation,  or  to  the  means 
attbrded  by  the  occupation  for  a  liealflilnl  exercise  of  the  body  and  fir  bn>athing  the  pure  air  of 
heaven. 

Then,  if  we  add  to  the  above  the  exemptions  for  hernia,  which  I  believe  to  be  largely 
dependent  upon  the  relaxed  condition  of  fiber  of  the  peojile,  and  upon  the  violent  nniscular  exer- 
tions called  for  in  some  occupations,  we  find  no  great  dirt'erencc  in  the  occurrence  of  hernia  l)c>tween 
those  who  follow  a  laborious  occupation  and  those  who  follow  one  that  has  a  tendency  to  enfeeble 
the  constitution,  and  esi)ecially  the  muscular  system,  leaving  an  inference  that  a  relaxed  system  is 
as  Ireciuent  a  clause  for  the  affection  as  any  other.  For  exami)Ie,  with  clerks,  13  out  of  59  exemptions 
were  for  hernia  ;  over  one  half  as  many  as  for  tuberculosis,  permanent  physical  disability,  and 
diseases  of  internal  organs.  With  sailors,  9  out  of  41,  the  other  three  causes,  17  ;  again  a  fraction 
over  one  hall.  For  butchers  we  have  4  out  of  7  exemptions  for  hernia,  and  none  for  either  of 
the  three  causes  mentioned  above.  With  blacksmiths  the  exemptions  for  hernia  were  the  same  as 
for  the  other  three  causes,  thc-re  being  7  exemptions  for  each  out  of  a  total  of  21  exemptions 
With  machinists  the  exemptions  for  hernia  are  but  one  less  than  for  the  other  three  causes;  hernia 
beings,  and  the  other  three  9  out  of  32  exemptions.  Therefore,  1  regard  it  as  being  i)roduced  by 
the  same  causes  in  this  hwalily  as  the  other  three,  which  gives  us  0..'?3S  for  tuberculosis,  permanent 
physical  disability,  and  disease  of  internal  organs,  and0.1S9  for  hernia— making  0.527  for  the  entire 
exemptions. 

Next  in  frequency  in  our  causes  of  exemptions  is  loss  of  teeth,  for  which  I  will  not  attenii)t  to 
assign  a  cause,  unless  to  suppose  it  due  to  the  i)rcvalence  of  dentists  in  the  district ;  but  that  0.122 
should  be  exempt  for  such  a  cause  is  exceedingly  suriuising,  and  the  more  so  that  neither  occupa- 
tion, climate,  nor  any  other  known  cause  with  which  I  am  acquainted  will  account  for  it. 

The  frequent  disabilities  from  external  causes,  as  the  loss  of  the  use  of  a  limli,  &c.,  are  accounted 


294  SUKGEONS'   RKPOETS NEW   JEESEY FIFTH    DISTRICT. 

for  by  the  large  number  of  persous  uecessarily  exposed  to  accideuts  from  macbiuery,  and  to  tbe 
large  number  of  railroad-employes  in  this  district. 

The  table  shows  that  50  per  cent,  of  laborers  were  esemi)t,  for  which  rate  it  may  be  thought 
my  theory  of  occupation  will  not  account,  as  this  class  of  persous  is  believed  to  be  generally  healthy  ; 
and  I  have  no  doubt  that  they  are  iu  the  rural  districts,  where  their  labor  is  agricultural ;  but  the 
laborer  of  the  city  is  the  assistant  of  the  mechanic,  mostly  doing  the  worst  woik  about  a  nianufac- 
turiug  establishment;  they  also  do  the  seweriug  and  scavengering ;  in  short,  they  perform  the 
labor  that  is  required  to  nudie  a  city  habitable,  which  constantly  exposes  them  to  what  is  delete- 
rious to  health  or  dangerous  to  limb.  Such  men  abide  also,  for  tbe  most  part,  in  the  most  unhealthy 
parts  of  the  city. 

The  number  of  exemptions  for  organic  disease  of  internal  organs,  and  especially  for  disease  of 
the  heart,  under  section  5,  paragraph  85,  were  actually  surprising  to  myself,  and  early  induced  the 
greatest  care  in  the  examination  of  such  cases.  More  care  could  not  indeed  have  been  used,  and 
for  the  prevalence  of  that  disease  I  refer  to  the  reasons  already  dwelt  upon.  Kheumatism,  both 
acute  and  chronic,  is  a  prevalent  disease  in  this  district.  We  have  four  incorporated  cities  in  this 
district,  with  an  organized  tire  department  in  each,  giving  to  the  district  a  very  unusual  luimber  of 
firemen.  We  have  also  an  enormous  amount  of  porterage  in  our  manufacturing  establishujcnts,  in 
which  heavy  burdens  are  carried  to  the  second,  third,  and  fourth  stories  of  those  large  buildings. 
Thus  we  have  prevailing  to  a  very  great  extent  fruitful  sources  of  organic  disease — causes  that  have 
bean  long  since  chargeable  with  producing  disease  of  the  heart. 

My  views  on  the  difl'erent  sections  of  paragraph  85  may  be  expressed  in  few  words.  *  »  * 
Justice  to  the  Government  and  justice  to  the  people  demand  rigor  of  law.  It  is  true  that  the  sec- 
tion will  hold  to  service  many  men  worth  but  little  as  soldiers;  but  less  rigor  "would  exempt  men 
capable  of  doiug  the  Government  good  service. 

One  of  the  most  perplexing  duties  of  the  surgeon  of  a  board  of  enrollment,  as  the  law  now 
stands,  with  the  minute  specifications  of  what  shall  exe^npt  and  of  what  shall  not  exempt,  is  to 
determine  how  near  the  apparent  disqualification  is  the  real  one.  Men  constantly  urge  their  claims 
for  exemption  from  service,  who  uiuler  other  circumstances  would  have  resented  as  an  offense  the 
charge  of  unsonnduess.  Men  receiving  average  wages  at  their  respective  callings,  though  it  were 
even  a  laborious  one,  strongly  urge  claims  of  disability,  for  which,  if  their  employer  had  sought  to 
lessen  their  compensation,  they  would  have  been  highly  incensed,  and  have  considered  themselves 
greatly  wronged.  As  the  law  now  stands,  few  competent  to  perform  it  can  escape  duty  at  the 
hands  of  an  intelligent  surgeon;  true,  some  may  be  held  who  are  of  no  value,  or  who  would  even 
burden  the  service,  but  it  is  much  easier  to  get  men  out  of  the  service  th-an  into  it,  and  when  expe- 
rience demonstrates  that  a  man  is  inefficient  he  can  be  honorably  discharged. 

In  the  main,  I  believe  the  difl'erent  sections  to  have  been  well  devised.  There  are  two,  however, 
sections  20  and  23,  neither  of  which,  in  my  opinion,  states  a  proper  cause  of  exemption  for  drafted 
men,  but  such  as  should  be  considered  only  in  so  iar  as  they  relate  to  permanent  physical  disability. 
That  a  toothless  man  with  a  icell-nourishvd  body  is  disqualified  from  service  is  a  contradiction  of 
fact.  The  regulation  objects  to  him  because  he  cannot  masticate  his  food — because  he  cannot  eat; 
but  his  physique,  his  strong  arm,  his  powerful  frame,  demonstrates  the  fact  that  he  does  eat,  and 
that  his  food  is  well  assimilated.  But  it  is  again  'urged,  he  has  the  home  conveniences  to  prepare 
his  food.  Can  he  not  have  these  conveniences  in  garrison  ?  I  admit  the  force  of  the  argument  that 
preparation  of  food  is  necessary  to  the  toothless ;  but  the  Government  does  not  put  all  its  men  on 
long  marches,  and  in  places  where  food  cannot  be  prepared. 

That  a  man  with  hernia  is  disqualified  from  perlbrming  the  laborious  duties  of  the  soldier  is 
contradicted  in  the  everyday  labor  of  life.  A  very  large  percentage  of  carpenters  are  ruptured, 
but  continue  their  vocation,  notwithstanding,  through  life.  1  )o  soldiers  often  perform  more  laborious 
duties  than  carpenters  ?  In  all  the  vocations  of  life,  from  the  most  sedentary  to  the  most  laborious, 
we  find  men  continuing  their  occupations  as  before  the  occurrence  of  the  hernia.  The  argument 
that  such  men  cannot  be  depended  u[)on  when  most  needed,  that  their  trusses  will  break  at  a  sea- 
son most  convenient  for  them  to  shirk  duty,  does  not  hold  good  with  men  doing  garrison-duty ; 
there  they  could  be  efiQcieutly  employed.  My  opinion  on  the  section  above  discussed  is  the  result 
of  contrast  in  the  examinations  of  drafted  men.    Often  have  I  had  men  come  before  me  in  quick 


surgeons'    reports NEW    JERSEY FIFTH    DISTRICT.  295 

succession,  repicseiiting  the  extremes  of  tlie  law.  It  may  be  two  ueigbbois  Lave  weuded  their  way 
togctlier  to  answer  tlieir  country's  call,  and  present  their  excuses  I'roni  service:  the  one  is  a  feeblo 
lUiiu,  so  pooil y  (level()i)ed  that  you  hesitate,  you  very  carefidly  look  liini  over  again,  and  decide  that 
the  law  contemplates  that  such  as  he  cannot  be  exemi)ted;  the  other,  a  well-developed,  strong, 
muscular  man,  possessiug  all  the  muscular  strength  that  could  be  desired,  but  yet  has  no  teeth,  or 
is  ruptured,  and  is  exempt:  both  wend  their  way  homeward,  the  one  to  prepare  for  service,  and 
the  other  to  remain  and  eujoy  the  privileges  of  a  citizen,  each  believing  end  knowing  tiiat  he  who 
was  exemjjt  was  capable  of  performing  twice  the  service  of  the  man  who  was  held.  Such  incidents 
were  of  daily  occurrence,  and  did  much  to  stir  up  dissatisfaction  with  the  enrollment-law.  Should 
not  all  drafted  men  be  iield  that  are  cai)able  of  performing  any  part  of  the  duties  of  4;he  soldier,  and 
the  board  of  enrollment  be  empowered  to  specify  the  duties  they  are  capable  of  performing,  or  of 
assigning  them  to  such  duties  as  they  can  perform  ?  *  *  * 

My  opinion  is  that  an  esamining-surgeon,  furnished  with  a  well-ventilated  apartment,  with  his 
subjects  presented  to  him  stripped,  can  accurately  dispose  of  cases  as  thev'  occur  at  an  average  of 
one  every  lifteeu  minutes  for  a  period  of  six  hours,  or  at  the  rate  of  twenty-five  per  d.ay.     #     *     « 

The  frauds  mostly  to  be  guardwl  against  which  aie  practiced  by  drafted  and  enrolled  men  to 
escape  the  service  are : 

1st.  A  man  with  disability yVowt  representing  one  without  disability.  A  few  instances  of  this 
kind  were  attempted,  but  our  stringent  rule  of  having  men  identified  by  a  responsible  person, 
known  to  some  member  of  the  board,  soon  prevented  further  trouble  in  this  direction. 

2d.  The  claims  of  disability  from  age  were  probably  the  most  perplexing.  To  judge  of  a  man's 
age  is  but  to  guess  at  it ;  some  men  at  forty  are  apparently  as  old  as  others  are  at  fifty,  and  with 
the  young  it  is  impossible  to  form  a  coi-rect  opinion  as  to  which  side  of  twenty  they  belong.  In  a 
very  great  number,  between  the  ages  of  eighteen  and  twenty-two,  to  be  confident  of  one's  opinion 
would  be  but  to  expose  the  fallacy  of  human  judgment.  Family-records  are  by  no  means  common, 
especially  among  our  foreign  population,  and  the  aflidavits  of  relatives  and  acquaintances  are 
made  from  memory  and  liable  to  error  as  to  a  few  months  or  years. 

3d.  The  exaggerations  of  trilling  ailments,  accompanied  by  a  dissertation  upon  human  suffer- 
ing, and  good  nursing  as  the  only  prophylactic  against  the  speedy  dissolution  of  adored  mortality 
by  the  mother,- wife,  or  sister,  which  sometimes  deeply  impresses  a  sensitive  man. 

Substitutes  and  recruits  endeavor  to  appear  as  well  as  possible,  and  to  nuxke  a  good  display  of 
their  physical  powers.  They,  of  course,  conceal  all  defects  within  their  power,  and  stand  mute  like 
the  horse  before  the  veterinary  for  inspection,  and  any  information  you  may  elicit  by  questions  is 
of  no  more  value  than  would  be  the  neighing  of  the  horse ;  you  have  the  subject  before  you,  and  you 
must  make  the  best  use  of  your  skill.  If  there  is  any  such  thing  as  joclceyiuy  a  human  being,  you 
know  that  it  has  been  done,  and  that  the  man  is  appearing  to  the  best  advantage;  if  you  err  in 
judgment,  or  neglect  a  single  point,  you  are  most  likely  cheated,  or,  as  the  jockey  would  say,  "  You 
have  cheated  yourself."  But  this  is  not  the  case  with  disabilities  that  the  examiniug-surgeon 
cannot  detect;  for  instance,  epilepsy ;  andalsoLernia,  which  cannot  always  be  detected:  and  moral 
disabilities,  and  those  relating  to  age,  are  positive  frauds  against  which  you  have  no  remedy. 

The  obstacles  with  which  the  examiuing-surgeou  had  to  contend  were  : 

1st.  To  make  the  people  understand  the  difference  between  drafted  men  who  were  trying  to 
get  out  of  the  service  and  substitutes  or  recruits  who  were-trying  to  get  into  service ;  a  difference 
which  they  could  not  oi»  would  not  understand  as  a  general  thing,  and  which  seemed  to  be  good 
cause  for  criticising  the  motives  of  the  surgeon  in  his  decisions. 

lid.  The  general  spirit  of  malignity  of  the  people  toward  that  functionary,  upon  whom  they 
look  as  the  evil  genius  in  their  midst,  levying  the  dreaded  burdens  upon  them,  and  being  blind  as 
to  their  physical  inability  to  endure  them,  believing  it  as  much  a  Christian  duty  to  defraud  him  as 
to  cheat  the  evil  one  of  his  dues.  They  seemed  to  think  it  was  as  much  their  prerogative  and 
bounden  duty  to  bring  him  into  disfavor  by  heaping  epithets  and  maledictions  upon  him,  and  to 
apprise  everybody  of  his  wicked  intent  to  send  them  into  the  Army,  and  of  his  remorseless  man- 
ner of  doing  it,  as  it  was  to  apprise  the  Sunday  scholar  of  the  wiles  of  him  that  goeth  about  seeking 
to  destroy  young  children.         #         *         * 


296  surgeons'  repokts — Pennsylvania — first  district. 

I  believe  there  are  remedies  for  some  of  these  obstructions : 

1st.  By  making  it  a  penal  offense  for  any  man  to  enlist  who  knows  himself  to  be  suffering  from 
a  disability  that  an  examination  cannot  detect. 

2d.  By  making  it  a  penal  oflense  for  any  man  to  re-enlist  who  was  discharged  for  disability, 
withont  infoiuiing  the  examining  snrgeon  of  that  disability. 

3d.  Brokers  should  be  tined  an  equivalent  to  the  bonus  they  would  make  if  th^  man  should  be 
mustered  in,  lor  every  att(  nipt  to  pass  a  man  who  has  been  once  rejected,  without  giving  informa- 
tion of  his  previous  rejection  and  of  the  cause.  It  should  be  Optional  with  the  examining-surgeon 
whether  his  time  shall  be  consumed  by  examining  such  subject. 

4th.  A  broker  should  be  made  equally  responsible  with  the  board  of  enrollment  for  expenses 
incurred  in  the  mustering  of  a  man  presented  by  him,  as  lie,  in  most  instances,  is  aware  of  the  disa- 
bility, it  having  been  picvior.sly  <(  nfidid  (o  liim;  and  if  conceal  men  t  were  possible,  he  has  instructed 
the  subject  how  to  do  it.  Thus  would  the  board  be  relieved  of  a  very  great  burden  of  useless  labor. 
On  many  days,  the  rejections  weie  equal  and  sometimesgreater  than  the  number  of  those  accepted, 
and  the  great  majority  of  the  former  were  men  who  had  been  rejected  elsewhere. 

The  eighth  query  is  somewhat  ambiguous.  If  it  means  to  ask  my  opinion  as  to  which  nation- 
ality possesses  the  most  sound  tissue  as  well  as  the  greatest  number  of  men  of  th^  required  stature 
and  development,  I  frankly  confess  that  I  have  no  idea.  The  medical  records  of  the  office,  which 
are  not  now  in  my  possession,  will  show  the  number  accepted  and  rejected  of  each,  and  a  reference 
to  them  will  give  this  information.  If  it  is  meant  to  ask  my  opinion  in  which  most  frequently 
occurs  that  general  acumen  adapted  to  military  service,  it  asks  for  that  in  which  I  have  no  expe- 
rience. Neither  have  I  any  experience  that  would  warrant  the  expressing  of  an  opinion  upon  query 
number  nine. 

I  view  the  operation  of  the  enrollment-act  as  a  failure — 

1st.  Because  there  was  not  nor  can  there  ever  be  a  perfect  enrollment  under  the  law,  particu- 
larly jjcnr/iH^/  a  draft;  it  can  at  best  but  approximate  the  actual  force  of  the  coimtry. 

2d.  Because  of  the  ease  with  which  enrolled  and  even  drafted  men  escape  the  burdens  of  the 
law  by  fleeing  the  country  or  by  dodging  from  one  part  of  it  to  another. 

3d.  Because  its  operations  flatly  ("ontradict  the  principles  upon  which  it  was  founded,  viz,  that 
all  men  between  certain  ages,  of  sufficient  health  and  strength,  owe  the  Government  service,  to  be 
rendered  when  called  for,  by  fair  allotment ;  for  it  really  compels  those  only  to  render  it  who  can  be 
mostcouveuiently  seized. 

As  the  law  now  stands,  the  whole  responsibility  of  the  enrollment  rests  upon  the  Government 
officials,  and  is  treated  by  the  people  as  a  game  of  hide  andgo-seek,  which  many  [day  expertly. 
If  the  Government  would  know  its  actual  force  it  must  keep  up  an  enrollment /»  time  of  peace, 
and  must  put  the  burdens  upon  the  peo[)le;  every  man  should  be  (;ompelled  to  present  himself  to 
the  enrolling  officer  and  not  the  enrolling  officers  be  compelled  to  find  the  man.  Each  man  should 
be  furnished  with  a  certificate  of  enrollment,  or  of  exemption  when  over  age  or  aflected  with  a 
permanent  physical  disability  ;  and  the  burden  of  having  the  actual  residence  and  the  enrollment 
correspond  should  rest  upon  the  enrolled ;  and  any  man  not  so  enrolled  should  be  liable  to  serve 
at  least  one  year  in  the  Regular  Army. 

J.  A.  GROSS, 
l!kirgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Fifth  District  of  Neic  Jersey, 

Newark,  N.  J.,  September  23,  1SG5. 

PENNSYLVANIA— FIRST  DISTRICT.  . 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  Jajies  S.  De  Benneville. 

*  *  *  My  experience  in  the  examination  of  men  for  the  military  service  has  been 
obtained  while  on  duty  as  surgeon  of  Pennsylvania  volunteers  at  Camp  Curtin,  Harrisburgh,  Pa., 
in  the  month  of  July,  1861,  when  the  organization  of  the  Pennsylvania  Reserve  Volunteer  Corps 
was  being  eft'ected,  and  during  a  subsequent  service  of  two  years  and  four  months  as  surgeon  ol 


surgeons'    KKPORTS — PENKSYLVANIA — FIllST   DISTRICT.  297 

tlie  Eleventh  llegiiuent  of  that  division,  serving  with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  During  the  last 
three  months  of  that  service,  I  was  on  detached  duty  as  surgeon  of  the  division  field-hospital. 
Since  November  4,  18G3,  I  have  been  surgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment  of  this  district,  and  only 
absent  while  inspecting  rejected  recruits  at  Camp  Cadwalader,  Philadelphia.  During  my  service  on 
this  board,  I  have  examined  four  thousand  three  hundred  and  seventy-one  recruits  and  sub- 
stitutes, and  two  hundred  and  ninety-seven  drafted  men;  lu  all,  forty-six  hundred  and  sixty  eight 
men.        *        #        # 

The  geographical  situation  of  the  First  District  is  the  central  pait  of  the  eastern  portion  of  the 
city  of  Philadelphia,  elevated  about  twenty-five  feet  above  high-water  mark.  It  is  fully  supplied 
with  sewers,  and  well  drained.  The  frontage  on  the  Delaware  Kiver  is  about  two  miles  in  length', 
with  an  average  width  extending  westward  of  five-eighths  of  a  mile,  including  almost  all  of  tlic 
oldest  portion  of  the  city  where  the  foreign  commerce  and  coastwise  trade  are  carried  on.  The 
banks,  newspaperofQccs,  and  the  largest  portion  of  the  wholesale  mercantile  and  manufacturing 
business  is  carried  on  within  its  limits. 

Its  population  embraces  a  large  number  of  sailors,  porters,  laborers,  and  tradesmen,  pursuing 
occupations  requiring  hai  d  labor  and  heavy  lifting.  Hernia,  varicose  veins  of  the  legs,  and  maimed 
hands  are  very  common  among  this  class. 

Planned  originally  with  wide  main  streets  and  numerous  intersecting  small  alleys  and  courts, 
the  former  are  now  chiefly  used  for  warehouses  and  business  purposes,  and  the  narrow,  ill-venti- 
lated alleys  are  crowded  with  a  laboring  population.  One  section  of  this  city  district  is  inhabited 
by  the  most  degraded  part  of  its  poiiulation  ;  and  vice,  intemperance,  and  abject  poverty  prevail. 
This  class  is  made  up  largely  of  both  blacks  and  wliites,  who  often  cohabit.  A  large  number  of 
recruits  from  this  place  had  to  be  rejected  on  account  of  broken  down  health  caused  by  intem- 
perance and  vice. 

Occupations  requiring  close  confinement  to  business,  with  deficiency  of  pure  air,  and  insufli- 
cient  exercise,  render  many  persons  incapable  of  military  duty  by  producing  feeble  constitutions, 
weakness,  or  tuberculosis.  Hernia  is  also  common  among  these  men  of  weak,  relaxed  habit. 
Injuries  to  the  hands  and  arms  occur  most  frequently  among  glass-manufacturers  and  those  working 
among  iron  machinery. 

I  think  the  sections  of  paragraph  85  of  Eegulations  of  Provost-Marshal-General's  Bureau  very 
complete  and  satisfactory.  With  the  exception  of  the  subject  of  weight,  they  give  almost  every 
instruction  required  for  the  proper  enlistment  of  men.  The  most  numerous  class  of  doubtful  fit- 
ness for  military  service  who  are  presented  to  the  board  are  youths  slightly  developed,  middle-aged 
men,  and  men  verging  on  foity-Hve  years  of  age.  Their  muscular  develoi)ment,  activity,  and 
strength  have  been  my  tests  of  their  capacity  and  fitness ;  always  resorting  in  doubtful  cases  to 
weighing.        *        *        # 

To  examine  twenty  five  men,  keep  a  careful  record  of  their  description  and  marks,  and  to  com- 
pare these  with  the  enlistment-papers,  is  as  much  as  an  ofiflcer  can  do  well  in  one  day. 

The  greater  number  of  drafted  men  are  perfectly  frank  and  honest  in  their  statements  of  the 
condition  of  their  health  ;  but  they  will  often  ask  for  exemption  for  diseases  and  injuries  not  allowed 
by  the  regulations.  I  cannot  remember  a  single  case  of  attempted  fraud.  As  the  regulations  for 
the  exemption  of  men  drafted  into  service  are  those  which  would  justify  the  discharge  of  an 
enlisted  man  from  military  service,  there  are  comparatively  few  cases  where  there  can  be  a  doubt  as 
to  the  duty  of  the  surgeon  to  the  Government.  Every  man  should  be  held  to  service  who  cannot 
show  a  disability  i>ositively  unfitting  him.  A  drafted  man  in  fair  health,  of  known  home  and 
(connection,  will  make  a  better  and  more  reliable  soldier  than  most  of  the  recruits  and  substitutes 
who  are  enlisted  into  the  service,  even  if  the  latter  are  superior  in  physical  condition. 

Every  man  presented  as  a  recruit  or  substitute  should  be  thoroughly  examined,  and  no  reliance 
placed  on  his  own  statement  in  reference  to  his  health.  This  class  of  men  often  conceal  the  exist 
ence  of  disease ;  youths  resort  to  artifice  to  appear  older,  while  those  who  are  beyond  the  age  of 
forty  five  use  artificial  means  to  make  themselves  appear  younger.  As  a  rule,  malformations, 
restrained  motion  of  joints  and  limbs,  manifest  disease  of  heart  and  internal  organs,  should  be 
cause  for  the  rejection  of  recruits  and  substitutes.  In  actual  service,  these  infirmities  will  be 
appealed  to  as  pretexts  for  excuse  from  duty  or  claims  for  discharge.  Weakness,  faintingspells, 
38 


298 

disease  of  the  beait,  pains  in  tbe  back,  disease  of  tbe  kiduejs,  iuterutil  bajmonboids,  affectious  of 
tbe  liver  aud  bowels,  and  of  the  bladder  are  most  frequently  selected  by  drafted  men  as  claims  for 
exemption. 

Of  tbe  uatives  of  tbe  various  countries  entering  tbe  military  service  of  tbe  Duited  States,  the 
native  American  is  tbe  best  qualified  and  adapted  to  it;  his  physical  development  being  equal  to 
tbe  average,  his  intelligence  and  activity  above  it.  Next  in  order  of  capacity  are  tbe  Irish,  who, 
being  chiefly  engaged  at  out-of-door  employments,  as  laborers,  carters,  farmers,  and  being  naturally 
healthy  and  well-developed,  are  well  suited  for  the  duties  of  a  soldier.  The  Germans  have  more 
knowledge  of  military  training  from  their  having  generally  served  in  their  national  armies;  but, 
being  almost  all  tradesmen  of  sedentary  occupations,  such  as  shoemakers,  tailors,  aud  other  trades 
of  that  kind,  they  lose  much  of  their  capacity  for  endurance,  and  are  less  useful  as  soldiers. 

Tbe  first  district  contains  a  large  black  population,  a  great  number  of  which  is  the  most 
inferior  of  that  race  in  this  city.  They  live  generally  in  narrow  streets,  courts,  and  alleys,  in  miser- 
able houses,  and  are  crowded  together,  with  deficient  ventilation.  Intemperance  prevails  to  a  great 
extent  among  them,  and  numerous  cases  of  scrofula,  phthisis,  aud  broken-down  health  are  pre- 
sented. Of  tbe  few  blacks  who  were  recruited  at  this  oftice,  many  were  natives  of  Southern  States. 
Taking  the  average  of  the  colored  men  eidisted,  they  were  physically  fully  equal  to  the  average  of 
■white  men,  and  in  general  inspired  confidence  as  to  their  reliability  and  capacity  for  service. 

I  have  too  little  knowledge  of  the  operations  of  tbe  enrollment-law  to  give  an  authoritative 
opinion  as  to  the  most  efficient  means  to  be  adopted  to  make  it  completely  efiective.  Men  fre- 
quently desire  to  avoid  enrollment,  and  thus  evade  military  duty.  Every  man  liable  should  be 
registered  in  the  district  where  he  resides,  and  be  subject  to  some  penalty  if  he  fails  to  enroll 
himself. 

JAS.  S.  DE  BENNEVILLE, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  First  District  of  Pennsylvania. 

Philadelphia,  Ta.,  June  9,  1865. 


PENNSYLVANIA— SECOND  DISTPJCT. 
Extracts  from  rej)ort  of  Du.  E.  W.  Eichie. 

*  *  *  Since  the  opening  of  this  office  in  1863, 1  have  had  the  honor  to  be  connected 
therewith  as  surgeon.    I  have  examined  over  five  thousand  five  hundred  men.        #        #        # 

This  district  is  almost  entirely  covered  with  brick  aud  mortar ;  a  small  portion  of  it,  however, 
lying  between  tbe  Delaware  and  Schuylkill  Elvers,  is  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation,  with  gardens 
and  truck-farms. 

Tbe  health  of  the  district  has  always  been  remarkably  good.  The  general  character  of  its 
inhabitants  for  morals  aud  intellect  is  of  a  high  order  of  excellence.  Its  schools,  academies,  and 
colleges  of  learning  are  not  excelled  by  any  in  this  country.  The  modes  of  life  are  various,  from 
tbe  lowest,  or  humblest,  to  tbe  highest,  or  most  gorgeous.  Tbe  occupatious  of  the  inhabitants  are 
laboring,  mechanical,  manufacturing,  mercantile,  and  professional. 

There  are  no  particular  diseases  or  disabilities  peculiar  to  this  district  that  would  disqualify  in 
a  greater  ratio  other  than  is  incident  to  all  districts  in  this  latitude. 

There  are  but  few  alterations,  or  changes,  that  I  would  suggest  in  paragraph  85  of  the  Keviscd 
Eegubitions.  Section  \i.  Epilepsy.  1  would  recommend  that  this  should  read,  "  that  the  affidavits 
of  two  reliable  persons,  where  the  affidavit  of  a  physician  cannot  be  bad,  shall  be  taken  as 
sufficient."  It  often  happens  that  the  physician  never  sees  his  patient  during  a  paroxysm,  aud 
consequently  is  unable  to  give  the  required  certificate.  I  had  considerable  difficulty  in  several  cases 
to  procure  tbe  evidence  required  by  the  regulations.  Section  13,  1  should  think,  should  be  so 
modifiedas  to  exempt  casesof  myopia.  Section  23.  Hernia.  I  would  exclude  small  congenital  umbilical 
hernia.  I  have  seen  several  cases  where  I  am  sure  it  did  not  in  any  way  incai)acitate  tbe  subject 
from  performing  the  duties  of  a  soldier.     Section  25.  HwiiMrtlunds.  If  exteriuU,  but  of  an  aggr.ivated 


surgeons'    RKPORTS PENNSYLVANIA — THIKD    DISTRICT.  299 

cbaracter,  I  would  iiuike  them  a  cause  of  exemption.     Section  33.  The  total  loss  of  eitlier  tliuuib, 
or  total  loss  of  the  index  finger  of  the  right  hand,  I  think,  shoidd  be  cause  of  exemption.     *         * 

From  twenty-Jive  to  thirty  men  are  as  many  as  can  be  physically  examined  with  accuracy  per 
day. 

Among  the  many  frauds  attempted  by  drafted  and  enrolled  men  were  feigning  deafness,  near- 
sightedness, heart-disease,  consumption,  stiffness  of  joints,  rheumatism,  ba-niorrhoids,  hernia,  and 
general  debility.  The  most  common  frauds,  and  the  most  to  be  guarded  against,  as  practiced  by 
recruits  and  substitutes,  were  the  use  of  artificial  teeth,  dyeing  the  hair,  concealing  imperfect  vision 
or  heart  disease,  simulating  strength  with  alcoholic  stimidaiits,  concealing  injiaies,  and  denying 
that  they  ever  had  any  kind  of  disease  or  ailment.  Most  or  all  of  these  frauds  can  be  detected  by 
a  careful  examination  and  by  noting  all  particulars.  When  any  doubt  exists,  the  surgeon  should 
make  another  examination  on  the  next  or  second  day,  and  see  if  the  sauie  symptoms  still  exist. 

The  American  peoi)le,  in  my  opinion,  present  by  far  the  highest  physical  (pialities  for  military 
service. 

My  experience  as  regards  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service  is 
of  such  a  limited  character  as  not  to  be  entitled  to  much  weight;  but,  from  what  I  have  seen,  I  am 
favorably  impressed  with  their  physical  qualifications  tor  such  work. 

As  regards  the  enrollment-law,  I  have  no  comments  to  offer  other  than  to  say  that,  so  far  as 
the  raising  of  men  to  fill  the  Army  is  concerned,  it  is  very  efficient,  as  it  acted  as  a  stimulant  to 
the  people  to  avoid  the  draft  iu  their  districts.  The  mode  of  dividing  into  small  districts  is  a  good 
one,  making  each  accountable  for  itself.        *  *  # 

K.  W.  KICHIE. 
SitrrjcoH  Board  of  Enrollment  Second  Dintrict  of  Pennsylvania. 

Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Jvne  15,  1«65. 


PENNSYLVANIA— THIRD  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  Alexander  C  Hart. 

*  *  *         The  whole  number  of  men  examined  by  me  was  about  five  thousand. 

That  ])ortion  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia  lyiug  contiguous  to  the  river  Delaware,  extending 
westward  from  said  river  to  Tenth  street,  and  from  Vine  street  (the  northern  boundary-line  of  tbe 
old  city  proper)  to  Lehigh  avenue  on  the  north,  comprises  iu  its  area  the  third  congressional  district 
of  this  State. 

Its  topography  and  geological  formation  possess  no  i)eculiar  features  that  would  develop  or 
shape  the  type  of  disease.  The  various  maladies  incident  to  other  northern  cities  of  the  same  lati- 
tude prevail  iu  this. 

The  causes  contributing  chiefly  to  swell  the  number  of  exemi)tions  from  draft  are  to  he  looked 
for  here  in  the  occupation  and  mode  of  life  of  the  population,  which  is  made  ui)  chiefly  of  the  laboring 
classes.  Within  the  limits  of  this  district  are  to  be  found  very  many  of  the  heaviest  manufactories 
of  the  city,  such  as  iron-foundries,  where  the  largest  castings  are  made,  rolling-mills,  boiler  and 
machine  shops,  saw-factories,  cotton  and  woolen  mills,  shi|)yards,  large  coal-de[)ots,  &c. ;  exacting  on 
the  part  of  persons  therein  employed  great  and  long-continued  exertion,  exposing  them  to  frequent 
and  sudden  extremes  of  temperature,  thus  damaging  sight  and  heaiing,  maiming  limb,  and  contrib- 
uting to  a  great  extent  to  bring  about  functional  and  structural  changes  of  tin;  vital  t)rgaus.  It  is 
to  be  considered  that  the  general  character  of  the  people  shows  a  lack  of  culture  ;  that  recreatiou 
fiom  labor  is  not  sought  for  in  the  gratification  of 'refined  taste,  where  bodily  toil  would  cea.se  and 
the  i)hys)cal  as  well  as  the  mental  lacnlties  of  the  num  would  be  refreshed  and  strengthened,  but  iu 
a  way  more  congenial  to  their  inclination — in  parties  and  balls,  in  political  and  fire-company  asso- 
ciations, which  nightly  drain  and  exhaust  their  strength.  Shall  we  wonder,  then,  with  all  these 
influences  bearing  upon  them,  that  we  have  found  so  small  a  portion  possessing  the  necessary  cpial- 
ifications  for  military  duty  2 

It  is  a  lamentable  fact,  which  must  be  acknowledged,  that  society,  in  particular  portions  of  my 


300  feUtGEONS'   EEI'ORTS PENNSYLVANIA THIRD    DISTRICT. 

distiift  at  ]ea>^t,  as  regcids  its  mcrale,  is  of  a  very  low  stautlaid.  In  uumerous  iustances,  .vouiig 
men  pieseiitiiig  tbeiuselvt  s  to  the  board  for  enlistment  were  found  broken  in  health,  with  struc- 
tural changes  of  heait  aid  lungs,  and  syphilitic  disease,  recent  and  constitutional,  marring  their 
natural  beauty  and  symmetry  of  form  to  that  extent  that  rejection  of  them  was  found  absolutely 
necessary.    This  state  was  alike  common  to  youths  as  well  as  to  men  of  mature  age. 

In  U'ference  to  the  difiereut  sections  of  paragraph  85  of  Eevised  Kegulations,  I  would  state 
that,  under  i-ectiiiu  3  of  this  paragraph,  a  certiticate  of  medical  attendance  upon  the  person  claiming 
exemption  on  account  of  epilepsy  is  required,  which  certificate  must  be  subsequent,  and  not  prior 
in  its  date,  to  tlie  six  months  immediately  iiieceding  his  examination  by  the  board.  In  a  majority 
ot  the  cases  of  this  disability  which  were  examined,  it  was  found  impossible  to  furnish  the  board 
with  such  certitJcate,  for  the  reason  that  a  physician,  if  sumuioued  to  the  case,  seldom  arrived  in 
time  to  mark  its  distinctive  character.  I  -would  therelore  respectlully  suggest  that,  when  sufficient 
proof  can  be  furnished  by  the  testimony  of  reputable  citizens  to  satisfy  the  board,  in  that  case, 
the  certificate  of  the  i)hysician  be  dispensed  with. 

Section  2(»,  defining  the  loss  of  particular  teeth  which  should  entitle  a  man  to  exemption  from 
draft,  was  to  myself  exceedingly  peri)lexing,  inasmuch  as  by  a  rigid  adherence  to  the  letter  of  the 
section  in  determining  such  cases,  I  would  necessarily  hold  for  duty  persons  to  whom  I  was  fully 
satisfied,  from  the  loss  and  carious  coudition  of  important  teeth,  the  trituration  of  hard  food  was 
impossible.    Tbis  section  as  subsequently  amended  meets  with  my  full  indorsement. 

Section  9  seemed  to  my  mind  vague  and  indefinite.  I  would  suggest  that  it  be  thus  expressed: 
"Physical  disability  arising  either  from  congenital  delicacy  of  organization,  or  induced  by  disease 
of  a  decidul  and  permanent  character,  in  such  a  degree  as  would  disqualify  for  daily  labor  of  a 
laborious  kind." 

I  have  considered  the  loss  of  the  index-finger  of  right  hand  as  very  .seriously  interfering  with 
perfect  manipulation  and  the  prompt  and  efficient  handling  of  the  piece.  This  section  as  amended 
in  paragra])h  38,  as  published  in  the  Surgeon  General's  Repoit  for  1864,  is  made  simple  and  easy, 
greatly  facilitating  the  surgeon's  work  in  determining  under  said  section.  *  *  *     . 

With  regard  to  the  number  of  men  who  can  be  examined  during  the  hours  required  for  ser\  ice 
of  the  examining-surgeon,  with  proper  facilities  for  their  dressing  and  undressing,  I  shduld  think  a 
careful  examination  might  be  given  to  ffty  men;  but  with  the  assistance  of  a  clerk  to  write  names, 
make  notes,  &c.,  tbe  number  conld  be  increased  to  seventy  Jive. 

One  of  the  frauds  most  to  be  guarded  against  in  the  case  of  drafted  men  was  the  wearing  of  a 
truss  from  the  time  of  uotice  uutil  his  presentation  to  the  board,  he  at  the  same  time  being  furnished 
by  an  ignorant  or  corrupt  physician  with  a  certificate  of  his  having  hernia.  The  truss  being  old 
and  worn  very  tightly,  it  was  sometimes  a  little  difficult  to  detect  the  fraud.  Drafted  men  ofteu 
simulate  renal  disease,  or  pretend  a  shortening  of  one  leg.  Deafness  was  sometimes  so  well  feigned 
that  a  number  of  devices  were  necessary  on  the  jiartot  the  surgeon  to  discover  the  trick. 

With  regard  to  recruits  and  substitutes,  the  commonest  fraud  practiced  was  in  regard  to  their 
age;  very  many  of  them  having  no  hesitation  in  swearing  that  they  were  under  forty  five  years  of 
age,  and  that  their  apparent  excess  of  age  was  owing  to  hard  work  and  exposure.  Among  young 
surgeons,  this  species  of  fraud  might  be  very  successfully  pr,  cticed,  particularly  as  many  of  these 
men  come  with  false  papers,  and  have  been  kept  up  and  pampered  for  some  time  by  a  substitute- 
broker,  a  class  of  men  whose  occupation  should,  in  some  way,  be  entirely  abolished.  The  same 
rule  will  hold  good  in  regard  to  boys,  w  ho,  by  the  aid  of  the  same  brokers,  come  to  the  office  accom- 
panied by  a  man  representing  himself  to  be  a  father  or  near  relative,  who  swears  falsely  to  their 
age ;  this  was  Jbund  to  be  a  frequently-attemiited  rascality.  The  low  state  of  morals  among  certain 
classes  leads  them  to  peijury  easily,  alter  they  have  been  booked  up  and  instructed  by  the  brokers. 
The  class  of  foreigners  who  come  under  the  eye  of  the  surgeon  in  this  country  nuist  be  either 
very  inferior  to  their  countrymen  at  home,  or,  if  a  fair  sample  of  the  whole  nation,  they  are  decidedly 
inferior  to  the  same  class  of  our  own  countrymen,  both  in  intellect  and  physical  development ; 
consequently,  our  own  people,  so  far  as  I  have  had  an  opportunity  of  observing,  far  exceed  all 
others  in  their  peculiar  aptitude  for  military  service. 

The  colored  men  who  presented  themselves  for  examination  before  mo  were,  as  a  class,  freer 
from  disease  and  ddnrinitv  than  the  siiiiie  imiiibcr  taken  indiscriminately  frinu  eilhei' Anieiicans 


RKPOKTS PENNSYLVANIA FOURTH    DISTRICT.  301 

or  foreiguers  of  tbc  Ciiiicatsiau  raw,  with  the  o.\(!i'[>tioii  of  lhitiu'.s.s  of  foot,  wliicli,  liowevcr,  being,  in 
iiiv  opinion,  a  peculiarity  of  the  race,  in  no  way  aflects  their  n.sefulness  as  .soldiers.  I  am  decidedly 
of  opinion  that  with  the  same  amoiuit  of  training  they  will  make  as  efficient  soldiers  as  any  race 
of  men. 

There  is  one  suggestion  I  should  like  the  liberty  of  making.  It  seems  to  me  that  aliens,  after 
having  resided  under  the  protection  ot  our  laws  for  ten,  twelve,  or  tifteen  ye^irs,  i;iany  of  them 
having  received  their  education  at  our  public  schools,  from  having  accompanied  their  fathers  to 
this  country  wlieu  mere  boys,  should  not  be  exempt  from  the  openrtiou  of  the  enrollment  because 
their  fathers  had  never  been  naturalized.  Very,  very  many  such  cases  presented  themselves. 
Some  even  came  armed  with  a  certificate  from  a  foreign  consul,  though  they  had  arrived  in  this 
country  at  the  age  of  two  or  three  years.  These  facts  would  come  out  upon  cross  examiTiation  of 
their  witnesses  under  oath. 

Another  objection  to  the  present  mode  is  giving  the  drafted  man  ten  days  in  which  to  report 
alter  examination,  thereby  euabliug  him,  if  so  disposed,  to  abscond  or  secrete  himself.  Tliis  was  a 
fruitful  source  of  loss  of  men  and  money  to  the  Government.  I  merely  throw  out  this  hint,  without 
taking  the  liberty  of  suggesting  the  remedy. 

An  immense  number  of  foreigners,  who  have  been  naturalized,  or  who  have  exercised  the  right 
of  citizenship,  fraudulently  escaped  the  oi)eration  of  the  dralt  by  producing  certificates  of  alienage 
from  the  consuls  of  the  different  nations  of  Europe.  During  the  draft,  we  had  no  opportunity  of  dis- 
covering whether  they  had  ever  been  naturalized  or  had  voted,  though  often  satisfied  in  our  own 
minds  that  they  had  done  so.  Would  it  not  be  well,  if  possible,  to  have  a  law  passed  by  Congress 
making  it  obligatory  upon  prothonotaries  of  the  different  courts  to  give  a  correct  list  of  the  voters 
in  each  ward — the  books  containing  the  names  of  all  voters  being  deposited  in  their  office?  An 
unsuccessful  attempt  was  made  to  obtain  them  for  this  district;  the  refusal  being  based  upon  the 
want  of  authority  to  allow  the  records  to  be  taken  from  the  office.  Hundreds  of  men  escaped  the 
military  service  due  the  country  in  consequence.  This  I  consider  as  eminently  important.  Or 
would  not  a  law  be  just  which  should  force  every  man,  after  a  certain  definite  permanent  residence 
in  the  country,  to  become  a  citizen;  and,  in  case  of  neglect  or  refusal,  that  he  should,  notwithstand- 
ing, be  subject  to  military  duty  after  a  residence  of  a  certain  number  of  years?  This  would  b(* 
neither  more  nor  less  than  simple  justice,  as  these  aliens  enjoy  the  same  protection  as  those  born 
under  our  flag.  They  buy,  hold,  and  sell  real  estate,  and  all  other  description  of  property,  and  why 
they  should  not  do  their  share  for  the  protection  of  it,  to  me,  to  say  the  least  of  it,  is  strange. 
I  said  above  that  hundreds  escaped  service;  but,  from  information  which  I  have  obtained  from  sur- 
geons, I  am  satisfied  that  in  the  cities  of  Philadelphia  and  New  York  alone  they  should  be  counted 
bj  thousands.  All  the  annoyances  to  which  our  board  was  subjected  arose  from  those  men  claim- 
ing to  be  foreigners.  We  were  obliged  to  receive  the  oath  of  their  witnesses,  when  we  were  satis- 
fied that  they  had  been  procured  for  the  purpose  of  swearing  them  through;  they  being,  of  course, 
entirely  unkuowu  to  the  board.  We  have  also  ascertained  that  the  consuls  furnishing  certificates 
were  quite  as  much  unacquainted  with  the  witnesses.  I  do  not  mean  to  cast  censure  upon  any  of 
the  foreign  consuls,  but  I  hope  a  law  may  be  passed  to  remedy  the  evil.  We  find,  upon  cross-exam- 
ination of  their  witnesses,  that,  although  the  drafted  men  had  been  many  years  in  the  country,  they 
had  appeared  before  the  consul  as  witnesses  after  an  acquaintance  of  a  month  or  two,  and  in  many 
instances  of  a  few  days  only.    I  beg  leave  to  call  your  particular  attention  to  this  matter.    *     *    • 

ALEXANDER  C.  HAET, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Third  District  of  Pennsylvania, 

Philadelphia,  Pa.,  June  15,  1865. 

PENNSYLVANIA— FOURTH  DISTRICT. 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  J.  Ralston  Wells. 

*  *  *        The  total  number  of  men  examined,  as  near  as  can  be  ascertained,  was 

six  thousand  seven  hundred  and  thirty. 

The  Fourth  District  of  Pennsylvania  comprises  the  northwest  portion  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia, 


502  SURGE0X8'    REPORTS PENNSYLVANIA FOURTH    DISTRICT. 

aud  is  in  area  about  eighty  t  quare  miles,  with  a  poi)ulation  of  one  hundred  and  forty  thousand,  and 
number  enrolled  at  this  date  as  liable  to  military  duty,  fifteen  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight. 

There  being  no  diseases  jieculiar  to  this  district,  there  i.s  no  special  reason  why  certain  disabil- 
ities have  disqualitied  a  greater  ratio  from  military  service. 

The  whole  district,  some  ten  miles  in  extent,  is  intersected  by  the  river  Schuylkill,  which,  with 
the  exception  of  the  first,  forms  one  of  the  boundaries  of  each  sub-district. 

The  surface  is  hilly  or  rolling,  and  traversed  by  numerous  creeks  and  streams,  along  which  arc 
many  mills  and  factories,  giving  employment  to  the  greater  portion  of  the  laboring  community. 

Tlie  diseases  prevalent  are  intermittent,  remittent,  and  typhoid  fevers,  and,  for  the  last  few 
years,  the  spotted  lever  has  to  some  extent  prevailed  in  the  vicinity  of  the  river  and  among  the 
shoddy-lactories.  The  cause  of  fevers  iH'evailing  is  no  doubt  the  malaria  generated  by  the  large 
amount  of  decaying  vegetable  matter  from  the  truck-farms,  meadows,  trees,  and  shrubbery  cover- 
ing the  almost  entire  surface  of  the  country,  and  by  the  large  amount  of  stagnant  water  found  iu 
brick-\ards  and  mill-ponds,  besides  the  slow-running  river  which  intersects  the  district. 

The  general  character  of  the  inhabitants  is  good.  They  arc  frugal,  industrious,  and  order- 
loving  ;  their  modes  of  living  cleanly  and  comfortable,  most  families  occupying  separate  housee, 
which  they  are  enabled  to  do  iu  the  more  rural  portions  of  the  city  by  its  being  built  up  of  medium- 
sized  tenements  at  cheap  rents. 

Their  occupations  are  chiefly  those  of  laborers,  factory-operatives,  mechanics,  and  clerks. 
iMauy  of  the  latter,  though  employed  in  the  city,  live  out  of  town  on  account  of  smaller  rents  aud 
supeiior  home-comforts. 

My  views  in  relerence  to  the  different  sections  of  paragraph  85,  Revised  Regulations  Provost- 
IMarshal  General's  Bureau,  are  that,  as  a  whole,  they  need  no  alterations.        »  «  « 

To  properly  examine  ^/f^  men  per  day,  and  at  the  same  time  attend  to  the  other  duties  and 
cases  constantly  coming  before  the  board,  I  believe  to  be  about  a  full  average ;  though  twice  that 
number  might  be  examined  if  there  were  no  other  duties  to  attend  to,  and  afuU  set  of  rooms  con- 
venient for  undressing  and  dressing  were  provided. 

The  cases  iu  which  it  was  most  difficult  to  guard  against  fraud  and  impositions  among  drafted 
men  were  magnified  or  feigned  organic  or  severe  functional  diseases  of  internal  organs,  when  the 
a])pearance  of  the  man  was  not  very  good,  and  his  case  was  supported  by  the  sworn  certificates  of 
physicitius,  many  of  them  iu  large  practice  and  good  standing  in  the  profession.  Among  recruits 
and  substitutes,  the  same  diseases,  when  real,  were  denied  or  asserted  to  be  only  temporary.  An- 
other difficulty  with  recruits  was  found  to  be  this,  that  if  rejected  for  a  disability  which  they  com- 
plained of,  and  which  existed  to  the  extent  of  disqualifying  them  as  recruits,  they  would  immediately 
claim  exemption  Irom  the  draft.  Especially  was  it  a  cause  of  complaint  among  those  rejected  for 
want  of  proper  height.  This  was  afterward  very  properly  corrected  by  the  order  allowing  a  recruit 
to  be  taken  at  five  ieet  high. 

The  nationality  presenting  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  military  service  I  believe  to  be 
the  American. 

The  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service  are  generally  good ;  the  chief 
disability  Ijeing  a  lack  of  muscular  develoi)ment  of  the  calf  of  the  leg  and  extreme  flat-footedness, 
a.nd,  among  those  of  mixed  blood  especially,  a  tendency  to  scrofula. 

The  ouroUmcnt-law,  as  it  now  exists,  though  very  satisfactory  and  effective  in  its  operations, 
would  seem  to  me  to  re(]uire  one  or  two  alterations  or  modifications  to  make  it  still  more  effective, 
and,  at  the  same  time,  give  entire  satisfaction  to  the  loyal  and  worthy  citizens  on  whom  the  draft 
most  heavily  falls.  The  alterations  I  would  suggest  would  be  to  make  it  a  penal  offense  for  any 
one  liable  to  military  duty  to  neglect  to  become  enrolled  after  the  regular  enrollment  had  been 
ordeied,  the  names  published,  and  a  reasonable  time  had  been  allowed  for  all  to  report.  Also,  in 
case  of  moving  the  place  of  residence,  a  citizen  should  notify  the  board  where  he  had  been  liable, 
as  well  as  where  he  may  become  liable;  and  any  man  found  in  a  district  not  enrolled  should  be 
liable  to  summary  arrest,  the  same  as  a  deserter,  and  be  likewise  subject  to  fine  and  im])risonmeut. 
Another  suggestion,  and  I  think  a  very  important  one,  would  be  to  divide  the  district  into  sub-dis- 
tricts according  to  the  number  of  election-precincts  instead  of  ware's,  which,  by  making  each  small 
community  directly  liable  to  furnish  a  certain  number  of  men,  would  make  each  one  personally 


SURGKONs'    IJKroHTS PENNSYLVANIA FIFTH    DISTRICT.  303 

interested  in  liaving-  every  aljleboiiied  iniin  enrolled  and  (lie  disaliled  stricken  ofl',  so  tliar  tlie  (Jov- 
ernnient  would  save  time  by  having  a  correct  enrollr  ••ntlist  and  gain  in  men  wlio  would  inmudiaely 
be  lurtlieoiiiing  when  a  draft  was  ordered. 

I  believe,  also,  as  a  matter  of  ecouoiny,  if  bounties  are  ofl'ercd  for  recruits,  that  no  draft  should 
be  ordered  for  less  than  three  years. 

J.  11  ALSTON  WELLS, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Fourth  District  of  rennnyhania. 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  June  15,  1865. 

PENNSYLVANIA— FIFTH  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dk.  J.  H.  Meaes. 

*  *  *        I  received  my  appointment  February  21,  1865,  and  have  had  only  about 

two  mouths' experience  iu  the  examination  of  men.  However,  during  that  time,  I  have  examined 
eight  hundred  and  seventy-six  recruits,  substitutes,  and  drafted  men,  rejecting  out  of  that  number 
two  hundred  and  thirty-eight  on  account  of  mental  or  physical  inaptitude  for  military  service. 

The  Fifth  District  comprises  the  twenty-second,  twenty-third,  and  twenty-fifth  wards  of  the  city 
of  Philadelphia,  and  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania.  The  three  wards  of  Philadelphia  are  rural  portions 
of  the  city,  with  a  mixed  population  of  manufacturers,  mechanics,  and  laborers,  and  a  small  propor- 
tion of  farmers.     Bucks  County  is  entirely  a  farming-district. 

The  health  of  the  district,  generally,  has  been  good,  with  no  especial  prevalent  disease;  although, 
from  the  thickly  settled  city-portions  of  the  district,  and  among  the  laboring  classes,  a  large  per- 
centage of  those  rejected  were  cases  of  venereal  disease.  I  noticed  no  particular  affection  which 
disqualified  a  greater  ratio  per  thousand  more  than  another  from  military  service. 

In  reference  to  paragraph  85,  Revised  Regulations  Provost-Marsbal-General's  Bureau,  I  woidd 
venture  to  recommend  several  changes  ;    but,  as  a  general  rule.  It  answers  in  all   ordinary  cases. 

Many  drafted  men  have  claimed  exemption,  and  I  think  justly,  yet  cannot  be  exenijited  under  the 
strict  letter  of  section  6,  as  having  "  developed  tuberculosis."  Several  cases  have  come  under  my 
notice,  which  have  given  me  some  difiSculty  in  deciding,  whether  I  could,  under  section  0,  exempt 
them  or  not;  yet  in  my  own  mind  I  had  no  doubt  the  men  were  unfit  for  military  duties.  Such 
cases  were  those  which,  although  not  '■'■developed  tuberculosis,'''  would  soon  become  so  if  exposed  to 
camp-life.  I  would  suggest  that  section  6  be  changed  so  that  the  judgment  of  the  surgeon,  in  all 
cases  where  there  is  a  tuberculous  diathesis,  should  decide  whether  or  not  the  man  should  be  held 
for  military  service. 

Somewhat  the  same  objection  might  be  made  to  that  portion  of  section  11  which  reads  "  chronic 
rheumatism,  unless  manifest  by  position,  change  of  structure,  &c.,  does  not  exempt."  What  has 
been  said  under  section  6,  I  think,  will  apply  here.  The  Government  will  necessarily  be  obliged  to 
receive  a  large  number  of  useless  men,  in  my  opinion,  which  section  11  prevents  the  surgeon  from 
rejecting;  for  no  one  will  doubt  for  a  moment  that  there  are  cases,  and  not  a  few,  where  there  is 
no  a[iparent  abnormal  change  in  the  structure,  and  yet  chronic  rheumatism  exists  to  such  a  degree  as 
should  disqualify  for  military  dutj\  The  majority  of  such  cases  are  probably  of  a  syphilitic  origin. 
I  am  fully  aware  of  the  difficulty  iu  making  a  correct  diagnosis  in  these  cases,  and  how  almost 
universally  rheumatism  is  used  iu  feigning  disability,  and  how  important  it  is  to  avoid  deception ; 
yet  I  have  known  instances  where  the  surgeon  was  obliged  to  accept  a  man  utterly  useless  for 
military  pur])oses,  and  where  there  was  no  difficulty  iu  making  the  diagnosis. 

Section  13.  "  Near-sightedness  does  not  exeini)t."  This  section,  it  appears  to  me,  would  imply 
that  myopia  is  in  no  case  a  ground  for  exemption.  In  a  large  majority  of  cases,  it  is  doubtless  in- 
sufficient to  disqualify.  In  my  examinations,  I  liave  seen  but  one  case  which  I  should  have  exeni[)ted ; 
but  I  have  known  of  many  who,  in  my  oiiinion,  should  be  exempted  upon  this  ground.  I  would  much 
prefci'  a  man  with  the  "  loss  of  any  two  lingers  of  same  hand  "  to  one  who  could  not  distinguish  an 
object  twenty  paces  distant  without  glasses. 

In  other  respects,  I  would  offer  no  modification  to  paragraph  85.     1  have  merely  criticised 


304  suRGr.ONs'  reports — Pennsylvania — sixth  district. 

tbose  sections,  or  portions  of  them,  wliicli  have  not  aiisweieil  tlieir  purposes  in  cases  wliicli  bave 
come  under  my  observation  as  surgeon  of  the  board  of  eiirollnient,  and  under  ^Thicll  1  have  had  to 
accept  the  men  in  opposition  to  my  own  Judgment. 

*  *  *  I  think  a,hontJi/ty  men  per  day  can  be  examined  accurately  ;  (that  is,  from 
9  o'clock  a.  ni.  until  4  p.  ni.) 

The  only  fraud  I  have  noticed  practiced  ui)on  the  surgeon  is  the  attempt  of  drafted  and  enrolled 
men  to  feign  disability,  and  recruits  and  substitutes  to  conceal  any  disqualification  which  theym»y 
have.  Neither  can  be  considered  as  an  obstacle  to  the  surgeou  in  his  duties.  1  made  it  a  rule  in 
my  examinations  always  to  decide  doubtful  cases  in  favor  of  the  Goveiniueut,  and  to  hold  ))aragraph 
85  responsible  for  all  my  decisions  concerning  drafted  men.  I  accei)ted  no  recruit  or  substitute  who 
did  not  reach  what  I  supposed  to  be  the  required  standard. 

A  more  important  fraud,  and  a  greater  obstacle  to  be  overcome  by  the  board,  is  that  i)ractice(l  by 
deserters  and  others  in  enlisting  unlawfully.  I  would  venture  to  say  that  over  one-third  of  the 
alfidiivi*:s  produced  at  this  otfice  were  unreliable,  (most  frequently  those  of  alienage,)  and  nearly 
that  number  were  rejected.  The  difficulty  of  detection  iu  these  cases  is  obvious,  although  a  great 
deal  can  lie  accomjilished  by  a  judicious  cross-examination. 

My  experience  has  been  that  Americans  have  presented  by  far  the  best  physical  qualificatious 
for  military  service. 

The  colored  race,  as  a  class,  have  furnished  a  larger  proportion  of  men  who  have  passed  the 
examination  than  any  other;  the  majority  of  those  rejected  were  of  northern  birth,  and  generally 
mulattoes. 

Tiie  enrollment-law,  so  far  as  my  knowledge  goes,  has  operated  admirably,  and  since  its 
amendment  meets  with  general  appi'obation.  I  would  beg  leave  to  state,  in  offering  the  foregoing 
report,  that  it  ».s  necessarily  brief  and  imperfect.  1  did  not  feel  warranted,  with  my  short  acquaintance 
with  the  duties  of  surgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment,  to  make  a  more  elaborat*  statement,  and 
jiarticularly  to  advance  opinions  upon  subjects  concerning  which  I  had  not  acquired  sufficient 
experimental  knowledge  upon  which  to  base  correct  views. 

•J.  H.  MEARS, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Fifth  District  of  Pennsylvania. 

Fbankfoed,  Pa.,  May  29,  1865. 

PENNSYLVANIA— SIXTH  DISTEICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  William  Corson. 

*  *  *  The  number  of  men  examined,  commencing  July,  18G4,  to  close  of  service, 
was  nine  thousand  and  seventy-five,  and,  previously,  it  is  supposed,  about  twenty-five  hundred  or 
three  thousand,  making  about  twelve  thousand  in  all. 

This  district,  the  sixth,  is  composed  of  the  counties  of  Montgomery  and  Lehigh,  extending  in  a 
line  diagonally  drawn  a  distance  of  nearly  one  hundred  miles. 

The  county  of  Montgomeiy  is  of  primitive  formation.  Commencing  at  the  line  of  Philadelphia 
County  iu  the  micaceous  schist,  upon  the  upiier  margin  of  that  stratum,  we  next  pass  the  hornblende 
of  only  half  a  mile  in  width,  a  hilly  but  fertile  strip  of  laud  stretching  along  the  whole  extent  of 
the  county,  and  forming  the  southern  boundary  of  the  valley  of  marble  and  limestone,  which,  as  a 
continuation  of  the  Chester  County  "Great  Valley,"  passes  from  west  to  east  through  the  whole 
county  ;  it  has  an  average  breadth  of  nearly  three  miles.  This  valley  is  bounded  upon  the  north 
by  the  sand-rock,  which  extends  over  the  whole  northern  part  of  the  county.  Upon  the  west,  we 
have  a  margin  of  twelve  miles  ;  but,  at  Valley  Forge,  the  Schuylkill  Kiver  enters  the  county,  and 
passes  through  it,  cutting  off  three  miles  in  width,  until  it  reaches  Philadelphia  County. 

The  Perkiomen  and  Skiiipack  Creeks  drain  off  the  waters  of  nearly  the  whole  northern  half 
of  the  county,  and  empty  them  into  the  Schuylkill  at  about  the  middle  of  its  course;  while  the 
Wissaliickon  and  Pennypack  Creeks  drain  the  southeastern  parts — the  former  emptying  into  the 
Schuylkill  Itiver  in  Philadelphia  Couuty,  and  the  latter  carrying  its  waters  to  the  Delaware. 


SUKGEONS'   BEPOBTS PENNSYLVANIA — SIXTH    DISTRICT.  305 

As  tlie  surface  of  the  whole  county,  with  tlie  exception  of  the  limestone-region,  may  be 
described  as  rolling,  or  even  hilly,  every  part  of  the  county  is  well  cultivated,  and,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  limestone  valley,  is  well  supplied  with  springs  of  good  water.  In  the  region  last 
referred  to,  there  are  two  springs  of  local  celebrity,  and  with  power  suflicient  for  heavy  manufac- 
tories. The  one  is  at  Spring  Mill,  and  the  other  near  Valley  Forge,  and  both  are  coutiguous  to  the 
Schuylkill  River.  Immense  quantities  of  lime  are  produced  in  this  valley  for  the  Philadelphia 
maiket  and  for  the  farmers  of  the  county. 

Vast  bodies  of  iron  ore  are  also  obtained  here,  and  excellent  blue  and  white  marble  are  found 
in  a  stratum  occupying  the  center  of  the  valley.  Along  the  Perkiouien  Creek,  near  the  Schuylkill, 
mines  of  lead  and  copi)er  have  been  extensively  worked.  Spring  Mill  and  Conshohocken,  the 
latter  with  a  [lopulation  of  three  thousand  inhabitants,  are  places  at  which  iron  in  great  quantities 
is  uianufactured  ;  while  Norristown,  (the  county-seat,)  one  of  the  most  beautiful  towns  in  the  State, 
with  its  ten  thousand  inhabitants,  is  emphatically  a  manufacturing  place,  having  exteusive  grain, 
cotton,  and  iron  mills.  These  places,  with  the  borough  of  Pottstown,  a  manufacturing  place,  witli 
about  four  thousand  inhabitants,  are  all  situated  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Schuylkill  River. 

As  to  prevalent  diseases,  and  causes  conducive  thereto,  there  is  nothing  in  the  topography  of 
this  part  of  the  district  to  give  a  positive  character  to  its  diseases ;  uor  have  epidemics  been  more 
life  or  malignant  than  in  places  under  the  same  latitude  or  in  the  saaie  isothermal  range. 

Two  years  siuce,  and  for  the  lirst  time,  we  were  visited  by  a  most  .severe  epidemic  of  spotted 
fever,  or  cerebro-spiual  meuingitis,  which  disappeared  after  the  lapse  of  a  few  weeks,  but  which 
now  at  distant  intervals  comes  s])oradically  to  the  surface. 

Lehigh  County  is  bounded  on  the  northwest  by  the  Blue  Mountains,  separating  it  from  Schuyl- 
kill and  Carbon  Counties,  northeast  by  Northampton,  southeast  by  Bucks,  and  southwest  by  Mont- 
gomery and  Berks  Counties.  It  contains  three  hundred  and  eighty-nine  square  miles,  or  two 
hundred  and  forty  eight  thousand  nine  hundred  and  sixty-one  acres.  The  physical  condition  of 
the  county  is  diversified;  the  surface  is  generally  level,  some  portions  rolling,  others  broken  and 
somewhat  rugged.  The  water-shed  of  the  western  portion  of  the  county  is  south  and  west  into  the 
Little  Lehigh  River.  The  South  Mountain  crosses  the  southeast  portion  of  the  county.  This 
mountain  range  is  a  primary  formation,  abounding  with  iron-ore,  copper,  and  lead. 

Between  the  South  and  Blue  Mountaius  is  the  fertile  Kittatiuuy  Valley,  perhai)s  unsurpassed 
in  agricultural  wealth,  being  highly  cultivated  by  an  industrious  class  of  good  old  Pennsylvania 
Germans.  The  valley  portion  of  the  county  is  nearly  divided  between  the  limestone  and  clay- 
slate  formation.  A  small  area  in  the  upper  portion  of  the  county  is  diluvial,  having  bowlders  of 
considerable  size ;  toward  the  Little  Lehigh  it  is  alluvial  and  marshy. 

The  most  important  [)roductions  are  those  of  agricultuie.  Considerable  progress  has,  however 
been  made  iu  many  branches  of  manufacturing  industry,  and  the  development  of  the  mineral 
resources  of  the  county  within  the  last  ten  or  more  years  shows  that  there  are  vast  deposits  of  iron- 
ore,  zinc,  and  tire-clay,  which  now  supply  a  number  of  furnaces,  rolling-mills,  «&c. 

Along  the  northeastern  portion  of  the  county  are  found  vast  beds  of  excellent  slate,  which 
has  of  late  years  been  raised  and  manufactured  for  rooting,  for  school-slates,  and  for  ornamental 
purposes.  As  an  agricultuial  county,  there  is  none  superior  in  the  State,  and  especially  do  the 
rich  townships  of  Saucon,  the  two  Macuugies,  the  two  Whitehalls,  Salsburg,  and  Ilanover,  yield 
a  plentiful  return  to  the  honest,  hard-working  farmers;  the  best  proofs  of  which  are  to  be  seen  iu 
their  splendid  houses  and  barns,  and  iu  the  magnificent  condition  of  their  farms. 

The  cliu^ate  is  moderately  healthy  all  the  year  round.  The  diseases  which  have  prevailed  for 
the  last  year  or  two  have  been  mostly  of  a  mild  nature.  They  were  variola,  rubeola,  diphtheria, 
enteric  fever,  and  some  few  cases  of  spotted  fever.  Variola  prevailed  quite  exteusively  this  spring 
throughout  the' whole  county;  the  mortality  iu  comparison  with  the  extent  and  severity  of  the 
disease  was  unusually  small,  owing  greatly  to  the  more  extensive  practice  of  vaccination,  and  the 
dilfereut  modes  of  treatment  from  former  ages.  Enteric  fever  prevails  the  whole  year  round  in 
some  localilies  of  the  county,  coutiniug  itself  to  the  marshy  region,  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
watercourses;  the  fever  also  si)reads  to  the  interior;  and  in  the  fall  of  the  year  epidemics  are  quite 
exteusive.     The  bulk  of  nu)rtality  is  from  this  disease.  »  »  # 

In  my  experieuce,  cardiac  aflections  have  relieved  more  men  from  the  draft  or  military  service 


306  surgeons'    reports— PENNSYLVANIA SEVENTH    DISTRICT. 

than  auy  other  iu  the  programme  of  paragraph  85,  and  to  account  for  this  may  properly  be  the  object 
of  my  effort.  Among  the  causes  indaciug  and  predisposing  to  this  disability  are:  ihenniatism  in 
its  acute  form  ;  working  men  and  boys  beyond  their  strength,  and,  in  the  case  of  the  latter,  the 
early  practice  of  onanism  ;  intermarriage  of  blood-relations  ;  in  short,  all  influences  which  deteriorate 
or  vitiate  organic  forces. 

Section  3.  The  applicant  claiming  exemption  for  epilepsy  is  in  a  majority  of  instances  subjected 
to  great  embarrassment  in  view  of  the  requirement  of  the  regulation.  Most  of  these  cases  are 
given  over  by  the  physician,  alter  a  time,  as  immedicable,  and  it  is  so  understood  by  the  sufferer 
and  his  friends ;  and  thus  the  paroxysms  are  permitted  to  pass  over  without  the  patient  being 
seen  by  the  "doctor."  I  would  suggest  that  the  existence  of  epilepsy  being  established,  its  con- 
tinued recurrence  should,  by  the  testimony  of  non-professional  persons,  be  held  sufficient. 

Section  liO.  My  own  opinion  with  reference  to  loss  of  teeth  as  a  disqualilication  is,  that  all  that 
is  required  is  that  the  man  should  have  teeth  so  situated  as  to  enable  him  to  masticate  food  with 
comfort  to  himself. 

Section  23.  Making  hernia  imperatively  a  disabilify,  and  leaving  to  the  examiner  no  discretion, 
I  think  neither  wise  nor  just. 

Section  33.  Making  loss  of  ungual  phalanx  of  right  thumb  a  disability  seems  to  me,  when  com- 
pared with  what  is  necessary  to  disqualify  in  loss  of  fingers  of  same  hand,  simply  a  technicality. 
I  have  always  felt  that  the  Governmt  nt  could  profitably  claim  such  persons,  and  without  doing 
them  a  wrong.  As  it  does  not  relieve  a  man  while  iu  service,  it  should  not  invariably  lelieve  him 
as  a  drafted  man.  *  *  * 

From  sixty  to  eighty  men  could  be  reliably  examined  in  the  time  designated  as  a  day's  work. 

I  think  it  would  be  safest  to  ignore  all  testimony  of  physicians  or  friends  in  the  case  of  the 
drafted  or  enrolled  man,  recruit,  or  substitute,  and  to  let  him  be  examined  and  pronounced  upon 
under  the  application  of  such  tests  as  science  and  experience  have  furnished  the  expert  or  examiner. 

My  experience  does  not  warrant  me  in  conceding  to  auy  nationality  the  award  of  highest 
qualifications  on  the  score  of  either  physical  or  mental  fitness,  as  I  have  examined  and  pronounced 
upon  models  in  many.  But  I  believe  the  merging  of  ethnical  peculiarities  in  the  American  type 
will  meet  the  highest  requirements  for  an  American  soldier  on  American  soil  when  the  conflict  is 
between  freedom  and  tyrann\r ;  and  that  no  foreigner  indilierent  to  the  issue  can  bear  comparison. 

I  know  no  reason  why,  all  things  being  equal  save  complexion  or  color,  negroes  should  not  be 
equally  qualified  with  the  other  races  for  military  duty.  As  a  race,  they  yield  with  deference  to 
authority,  are  imitative  over  other  races,  and  have  given  the  evidence  of  susceptibility  lor  every 
form  of  culture  to  which  primordial  types  lay  claim. 

The  enrollment-law  makes  a  demand  for  military  service  of  all  persons  between  the  ages  of 
twenty  and  forty-five.  It  js  the  result  of  my  experience  that  very  few  men  at  the  latter  age  are  fit 
to  endure  the  hardships  of  the  soldier's  life;  on  the  other  hand,  minors  of  eighteen,  weighing  from 
one  hundred  and  twelve  to  one  hundred  and  fifteen  pounds,  and  of  proper  symmetry,  are  far  more 
eligible,  and  have  higher  capacities  of  endurance.  The  former  flag  under  change  of  habits,  while 
the  latter,  elastic  and  recuperative,  yield  themselves  cheerfully  and  profitably  to  the  new  relation, 
with  the  compensation  of  invigorated  life-force.  #  #  # 

WILLIAM  GOESON, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Sixth  District  of  Pennsylvania. 

NORRISTOWN,  Pa.,  June  15,  18G5. 


PENNSYLVANIA— SEVENTE  DISTRICT. 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  li.  H.  Smith. 

•  •  *  My  experience  in  the  examination  of  men  for  military  service  began  in 

the  autumnof  1861,  during  the  formation  of  the  Ninety-seventh  Ivegiment  Pennsylvania  Volunteers, 
at  West  Chester,  Pa.  #  *  *  Having  been  connected  with  that  regiment  from  September 
.30,  18G1,  to  March  29, 18G3,  sixteen  months  of  which  time  were  passed  in  South  Carolina,  my  oppor- 


SUEGEONS'    RErORTS— PENNSYLVANIA SEVENTH    DISTRICT.  307 

tunity  for  observing  the  result  arising  from  superficial  and  imperfect  esainiuations  has  beeu 
ample.  «  *  # 

I  am  entirely  convinced  from  past  experience  that  if  the  men  composing  the  organization 
referred  to  had  been  examined  according  to  tlie  then  existing  Army  Regulations  by  competent 
snrgeons,  one-third  of  those  sent  into  the  field  would  have  been  rejected.  The  whole  number  of 
men  exiimined  by  me  was  six  thousand  six  hundred.  *  *  # 

The  Seventh  Congressional  District  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  is  composed  of  the  counties  of 
Chester  and  Delaware. 

Chester  County  is  located  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  and  between  .39° 
42',  and  40°  15'  north  latitude,  and  between  55'  and  1°  40'  longitude  east  from  Washington. 
Its  longest  diagonal,  extending  from  northeast  to  southwest,  is  about  thirty-six  miles;  and  its  short- 
est, from  northwest  to  southeast,  is  about  twenty-five  miles.  It  contains  fifty-five  townships  and 
sis  boroughs;  comi)rising  an  area  of  seven  hundred  and  thirty-eight  square  miles,  and  four  hun- 
dred and  twenty-three  thousand  two  hundred  and  eighty-five  acres. 

Chester  County  is  one  of  the  three  original  counties  established  and  settled  by  William  Penii 
in  1U82,  and  embraced  at  that  time  Delaware  County  and  all  the  territory  southwest  to  the  Susque- 
hanna Elver.  Lancaster  County  was  separated  from  Chester  County  May  10,  1729.  On  the  20th 
of  March,  17S0,  the  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  i)assed  an  act  authorizing  the  removal  of  the  seat 
of  justice  from  the  ancient  town  of  Chester  on  the  Delaware  Eiver  to  West  Chester.  This  led  to  a 
difficulty  between  the  inhabitants  of  the  two  sections  of  the  county,  which  was  finally  adjusted  by 
the  passage  of  an  act  of  assembly  on  the  26th  of  September,  1789,  dividing  the  county;  that  portion 
bordering  iqjon  the  Delaware  Eiver  receiving  the  name  of  Delaware  County. 

Chester  County  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Berks  and  part  of  Montgomery  Counties ;  on  the 
northeast,  by  Delaware  and  Montgomery  Counties,  from  the  latter  of  which  it  is  separated  through- 
out a  great  part  of  its  extent  by  the  Schuylkill  Eiver;  on  the  south,  by  the  States  of  Delaware  and 
Maryland ;  and  on  the  west,  by  Lancaster  County,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Octoraro 
Creek. 

Hydrography  and  drainage. — Chester,County  is  well  watered,  embracing  within  its  limits  several 
large  creeks,  besides  numerous  smaller  streams,  many  of  which  aftbrd  excellent  water-power.  The 
general  direction  of  the  principal  streams  is  southward.  The  dividing  ridges,  or  water-sheds,  as  a 
general  rule,  run  in  a  northeast  and  southwest  direction.  The  drainage  is  foi'  the  most  part  perfect. 
Springs  are  numerous,  and,  except  some  which  rise  in  the  limestone,  talc-slate,  and  serpentine 
formations,  the  water  is  soft  and  free  from  saline  ingredients.  The  waters  of  the  former  are  gener- 
ally hard,  and  often  brackish,  owing  chiefly  to  the  magnesia  they  contain.  The  Yellow  Springs, 
long  celebrated  for  their  chalybeate  properties,  are  situated  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  county 
in  an  iron-region. 

The  Schuylkill  Eiver,  which  flows  along  the  northeastern  boundary  of  the  county,  is  the  largest 
water-course  within  its  bounds.  It  supplies  the  Schuylkill  Canal,  which  passes  through  the  north- 
eastern extremity  of  the  county.  The  country  through  which  the  Schuylkill  Eiver  passes  is  gently 
undulating;  but,  in  many  i)laces  along  its  banks,  the  ground  is  low,  and  subject  to  inundations 
during  thaws  and  heavy  rains. 

The  Brandywine  rises,  in  the  north  and  northwestern  parts  of  the  county,  by  two  branches, 
which  unite  about  three  miles  southwest  of  the  borough  of  West  Chester.  These,  with  their  tribu- 
taiies,  drain  the  middle  portion  of  the  county,  and,  debouching  into  the  State  of  Delaware  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  county,  empty  into  the  Christiana  at  Wilmington,  Del. 

The  Octoraro,  White  and  Eed  Clay,  and  Big  and  Little  Elk  Creeks,  drain  the  south  and  south- 
western portion  of  the  county.  Octoraro  Creek  empties  into  the  Susquehanna  after  passing  into 
Maryland.  White  and  Eed  Clay  Creeks  empty  into  the  Christiana,  and  are  finally  discharged  into 
the  Delaware  Bay.  Big  and  Little  Elk  Creeks  empty  into  Northeast  Eiver,  and  are  finally  dis- 
cliaiged  into  Chesapeake  Bay.  These  streams,  although  for  the  most  part  bounded  on  either 
side  by  high  hills,  present,  in  many  situations,  a  large  portion  of  meadow-land  on  their  banks,  which 
IS  often  subjected  to  inundation  ;  but,  from  their  high  tillage  and  perfect  drainage,  with  a  few  excep- 
tions no  malarial  diseases  have  been  known  to  arise  in  their  vi(!inity  for  many  years. 

Chester  County  presents  a  great  variety  of  soil  and  surface,  which  is  chiefly  owing  to  its 


308  surgeons'  reports — Pennsylvania — seventh  district. 

geological  features.  The  northeru  part  is  gcuerally  rugged  and  hilly.  The  soil  varies  from  a  stiff 
to  a  sandy  loam,  and  is  for  the  most  part  very  fertile  and  highly  cultivated.  Somewhat  north  of 
the  center  of  the  county  is  the  North  Valley  Hill,  which  has  a  northeast  and  southwest  direction, 
at  the  southern  base  of  which  lies  the  Great  Valley,  which  varies  from  one  to  three  miles  in  width. 
South  of  this  is  another  range,  called  the  Slate  Ridge,  which  observes  a  course  parallel  with  the 
before-mentioned  hill  occurring  north  of  the  valley.  These  hills  form  two  parallel  ridges,  which 
shnt  iu  the  Great  Valley ;  the  soil  of  the  latter  is  a  light  sandy  loam,  and  highly  fertile.  The 
surface  of  the  southern  portion  of  the  county,  with  a  few  exceptions,  is  rolling ;  and,  except  where 
tiie  mica  and  talc  slates  prevail,  the  soil  is  highly  fertile,  and  is,  for  the  most  part,  a  sandy  loam. 

All  that  part  of  Chester  County  lying  south  of  the  Great  Valley,  and  which  may  be  said  to 
embracemorethauone-half  of  its  are;i,  is  made  upof  rocks  which  belong  to  theprimary  stratified  group. 
These  consist  chieily  of  gneiss,  with  a  small  belt  of  mica  and  talc  slates  ;  the  latter  lying  in  con- 
tact with  the  prim.ary  limestone  of  the  Great  Valley,  and  bounding  the  gneiss  on  the  north  and 
west.  Small  beds  of  limestone,  frequently  possessing  a  crystalline  character,  but  generally  more 
or  less  altered  iu  structure,  are  numerously  scattered  throughout  this  formation,  with  here  and 
there  a  spur  or  ridge  of  serpentine.  The  first  belt  of  gneiss  enters  Chester  County  on  the  east, 
from  the  adjoining  county  of  Delaware,  and  from  New  Castle  County,  Delaware,  on  the  southeast 
and  south,  and  gradually  expanding  in  a  northeast  and  southwest  direction.  It  embraces  the 
whole  of  the  townships  of  Easttowu,  Westtown,  Thombury,  and  Eirmiugham,  and  more  tlian  the 
southern  half  of  the  townships  of  Willistowu,  East  and  West  Gosheiv,  and  East  and  West  Brad- 
ford, where  it  reaches  the  Braiidywine  Creek.  After  crossing  the  creek,  the  belt  rapidly  widens, 
and  occupies  all  the  townships  of  Pennsbury,  Pocopson,  Newlin,  East  and  West  Marlborough, 
Kennett,  New  Garden,  Penn,  and  London  Grove. 

Bounding  the  northern  and  western  extremities  of  the  gneiss,  and  itnmediately  in  contact  with 
the  southern  margin  of  the  primitive  limestone  of  the  Great  Valley,  is  the  talc  and  mica  slate 
range.  The  mica  and  talc  slates  enter  Chester  County  at  its  northeast  extremity  from  the  adjoin- 
ing county  of  Montgomery  by  a  narrow  zone  about  one  mile  iu  width,  and,  i)assiiig  acioss  the 
county  in  a  northeast  and  southwest  direction,  graduallj'  widening  as  it  proceeds,  it  occupies  the 
southern  margins  of  the  townships  of  East  and  West  Whiteland,  East  Cain,  the  northern  parts 
of  Easttowu,  Willistowu,  East  and  West  Goshen,  East  and  West  Bradford,  Uighland,  and  East 
and  West  Fallowtield,  where  it  rapidly  expands  and  passes  west  into  the  southern  jiart  of  Lancas- 
ter County.  In  the  township  of  West  Faliowfield,  the  belts  of  talc  and  mica  slate  are  suddenly 
deflected  to  the  south  ;  embracing  nearly  the  western  half  of  the  townships  of  Upper  and  Lower 
Oxford  and  East  and  West  Nottingham,  it  passes  out  of  the  southwestern  border  of  the  county 
into  Cecil  County,  Maryland.  The  townships  of  London,  Britain,  Franklin,  New  London,  and  the 
greater  part  of  East  and  West  Nottingham,  Upper  and  Lower  Oxford,  and  Londonderry,  are 
occupied  by  gneiss  and  mica  slates,  interspersed  with  occasional  belts  of  hornblende  and  stratified 
syenitic  rock.  In  numerous  i)laces  in  the  northeast  i)art  of  the  county,  there  exist  large  beds  of 
hemutitic  iron-ore.  Crystallize  i  plumbago  occurs  in  several  of  the  iron-mines,  and  is  also  dissemi- 
nated through  the  quartz  of  the  surfa('e. 

Somewhat  to  the  north  of  the  center  of  the  county,  and  extending  across  by  a  narrow  belt, 
varying  from  one  to  three  miles  in  width,  is  the  primitive  limestone  which  forms  the  Great  Valley. 
The  iron  and  copper  mines  yield  a  large  luunber  of  very  beautirnl  and  interesting  varieties  of 
minerals,  which  it  would  be  out  of  place  here  to  enumerate. 

*  *  *  The.  diseases  most  common  in  this  district  are  the  vaiious  alfections  of  tlie 
respiratory  organs  in  winter  and  spring,  and  disorders  of  the  digestive  organs  iu  summer  and 
autumn.  Along  the  Delaware  Itiver,  and  confined  mostly  to  the  marsh  lands  and  their  vicinity, 
intermittent  and  leiuittent  fevers  prevail.  Dysentery  is  common  in  all  parts  of  the  district. 
Typhoidal  fevers  occur  every  year  eudemically. 

After  careful  examination  and  comiiarison  of  each,  I  am  impelled  to  the  belief  that  the  diseases 
of  this  district  are  not  in  any  manner  influenced  by  geological  formations,  except  that  intermittent 
and  remittent  fevers  have  lieen  confined  to  marsh  lands  on  the  Delaware  River  generally. 

Prevailing  diseases  of  ISOi. — Pneumonia  and  other  catarrhal  affections  were  frequent  during 
the  severe  cold  weather  of  winter.     Sporadic  cases  of  dii)htheria  were  quite  frequent.    During 


surgeons'    reports PENNSYLVANIA SEVENTH    DISTRICT.  309 

the  months  of  February  and  M;iU!h,  erysipelas  made,  its  appearance,  eansin^  some  mortality. 
A  very  severe  epidemic  varioloid  lingered  in  the  borough  of  West  Chester  during  the  entire 
winter.  A  very  wide-spread  epidemic  of  stomatitis,  ulcerated  sore  throat,  and  herpetic  affec- 
tion of  the  fiiuces  was  rife  at  the  close  of  the  winter,  sparing  no  class,  sex,  nor  age.  Toward  the 
close  of  winter,  tlie  so-called  s[)ottcd  fever  (cerebrospinal  meningitis)  made  its  ai»i)earance, 
causing  many  deaths. 

Population  and  occitpatiom. — The  northern  and  western  parts  of  the  county  were  originally 
settled  by  Irish  Protestants ;  but,  prior  to  tLe  Revolution,  they  gave  way  to  the  Dutch  and  Germans. 
The  sontlreiTi  and  middle  portions  were  originally  settled  by  English  Quakers,  and  the  eastern  part 
by  the  Welsh.  The  populations  of  these  sections  of  the  county  retain  at  the  present  day  many  of 
the  distinctive  traits  of  character  belonging  to  their  ancestors,  and  are  noted  for  their  general 
intelligence,  industry,  and  thrift.  Although  iron,  cotton,  and  woolen  manufactories,  besides  the 
various  mechanical  branches,  afford  employment  to  a  large  portion  of  the  population,  yet  Chester 
Couuty  is  among  the  first  agricultural  districts  of  the  State  ;  the  last  census  exhibiting  four  hundred 
thousand  acres  of  improved  land,  which  is  divided  into  live  thousand  towns.  The  populatiou  of 
Chester  County  is  about  eighty-one  tliousand  and  five  hundred. 

^'■Reasons  why  any  particular  diseases  or  disabilities  have  disqualified  a  greater  ratio  per  thousand 
from  military  scrviceP — 1.  Cachexia,  and  diseases  of  uncertain  seat ;  2.  Want  of  due  capacity  of  the 
chest,  and  other  indications  of  a  liability,  to  pulmonic  diseases;  3.  Feebleness  of  constitution,  either 
natural  or  acquired,  and  deficient  stamina ;  4.  Loss  of  many  teeth,  or  the  teeth  being  much  decayed. 
Under  these  four  heads,  which  are  embraced  under  sections  9  and  20,  paragraph  85,  Eevised  Regu- 
lations Piovost-Marshal-General's  Bureau,  a  much  greater  number  of  exemptions  have  been  granted 
than  under  any  other  two  sections  within  the  paragraph. 

The  causes  of  the  frecpiency  of  the  above  diseases  and  disabilities  are  apparent:  hereditary 
predisposition,  influenced  by  mode  of  life;  occupation;  and  other  circumstances  by  which  we  are 
surrounded. 

Medical  topography  and  geology  of  Delaware  County. — Delaware  County  is  bounded  on  the  east 
by  Philadelphia  County,  on  the  north  by  Montgomery,  and  on  the  northwest  by  Ciiester,  and  on  the 
.south  and  southwest  by  Delaware  River  and  State.  It  is  divided  into  twenty-one  townships  and  ' 
four  boroughs,  and  contains  one  hundred  and  seventy -seven  square  miles  of  territory.  The  bor- 
ough of  Media,  situated  in  the  center  of  the  county,  is  the  seat  of  justice.  In  18G0,  Delaware  County 
contained  thirty-one  thousand  five  iiundred  and  ninety-seven  inhabitants:  twenty-nine  thousand 
nine  hundred  and  forty-eight  whites  and  one  thousand  six  hundred  and  forty-nine  colored. 

Hydrography  and  drainage. — The  county  is  principally  drained  by  five  large  and  numerous  small 
streams  rising  in  and  passing  through  it,  nearly  all  of  these  being  good  mill-streams  and  extensively 
used  lor  manufacturing  purposes.  These  streams  have  a  general  course  a  little  east  of  south,  and, 
after  traversing  the  whole  breadth  of  the  county,  empty  into  the  Delaware  River.  The  Brandy  wine 
forms  a  part  of  the  western  boundary  of  the  county.  Springs  of  excellent  soft  water  are  plentiful 
throughout. 

Character  of  the  surface. — Leaving  out  of  view  the  meadow-lands  bordering  on  the  Delaware 
River,  the  face  of  the  country  is  generally  undulating,  and  in  some  parts  hilly;  and,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  small  part  of  the  townshii)  of  Radnor,  which  is  drained  by  the  Gulf  Creek,  it  has  a  general 
slope  toward  the  Delaware  River.  This  slope,  though  general,  is  not  entirely  gradual.  There  m-^.y 
be  particularly  observed  a  sudden  elevation  in  the  land,  extending  in  a  transverse  direction  to  the 
streams  across  the  whole  extent  of  the  county.  This  sudden  elevation  in  "the  land,  or  "  water-shed," 
as  it  has  been  termed,  is  at  a  distance  of  from  three  to  five  miles  from  the  meadows,  and  nearly 
parallel  to  the  Delaware. 

Although  in  the  beds  of  the  several  streams,  this  abrupt  rise  in  the  land  is  in  a  manner  obliter- 
ated, yet  it  nevertheless  gives  rise  to  numerous  water-powers  very  contiguous  to  each  other.  The 
princii)al  creeks  mentioned  have  a  rapid  descent  from  their  several  sources  to  the  head  of  tide- 
water. The  following  is  a  very  close  approximation  to  the  elevation  of  the  sources  of  the  principal 
streams  above  tide-water : 

Source  of  Cobb's  Creek,  392  feet  above  tide-water. 

Source  of  Itheu  Creek,  399  feet  above  tide- water. 


310  surgeons'    reports PENNSYLVANIA SEVENTH   DISTRICT. 

Source  of  Darby  Creek,  440  feet  above  tide- water. 

Source  of  Crum  Creek,  520  feet  above  tide-water. 

Source  of  Kidley  Creek,  520  feet  above  tide- water. 

Source  of  Chester  Creek,  500  feet  above  tide- water. 

Geology. — The  structure  of  the  greater  portion  of  the  couuty  is  primitive.  The  rocks  are  mostly 
mica,  slate,  gueiss,  aud  syenite,  though  there  are  also  considerable  quantities  of  granite,  quartz, 
feldspar,  mica,  serpentine,  and  a  little  limestone. 

The  northeastern  townships  are  principally  composed  of  mica-slate,  while  in  the  northwestern 
the  gneiss,  and  in  the  southwestern  the  syenite,  are  most  abundant.  In  the  southern  part  of  Radnor 
and  Newtown  there  is  a  trap-dike,  on  the  northern  border  of  which  a  ridge  of  serpentine  may  be 
traced.  On  Gulf  Creek,  on  the  northeastern  corner  of  Radnor,  there  is  a  small  limestone-quarry. 
The  townships  of  Haverford  and  Marple,  with  a  portion  of  Middletown,  are  i)rincipally  covered 
with  drift,  from  a  few  inches  to  several  feet  iu  thickness.  It  is  mostly  composed  of  siliceous  sand 
aud  pebbles,  which,  near  the  streams,  have  been  entirely  washed  away,  leaving  the  gueiss  and  mica- 
slate  quite  prominent. 

South  of  this  there  is  another  trap-dike,  which  commences  at  Flat  Rock  Bridge,  on  the 
Schuylkill,  and  enters  the  county  at  the  southeastern  corner  of  Haverford,  passing  through  the 
northern  part  of  Upper  Darby.  Serpentine  can  be  traced  on  the  borders  of  this  also.  Along  the 
Delaware  River  there  is  a  deposit  of  alluvium,  varying  in  breadth  from  a  half  mile  to  a  mile;  a 
considerable  portion  of  it  is  marsh,  which  is  generally  well  banked  aud  drained. 

Tinicum  is  an  island  of  sandy  alluvium,  which  bears  a  striking  resemblance  to  the  soil  of 
Western  New  Jersey.    There  are  a  few  rocks  of  granite  near  the  central  part  of  it. 

Lying  adjacent  to  the  alluvium,  and  spreading  back  from  three  to  four  miles,  is  auother  deposit 
of  drift,  which  extends  the  whole  length  of  the  county. 

Its  southwestern  end  consists  principally  of  white  clay  and  bowlders,  which  belong  to  the 
syenitic  series;  the  remainder  of  the  deposit  bears  some  resemblance  to  the  first,  except  that  with 
the  tjuartz  pebbles  there  are  found  others  of  sandstone  of  secondary  formation.  This  drift  varies 
much  iu  thickness,  and  iu  some  places  there  is  not  a  trace  of  it  visible.  On  several  of  the  creeks 
iu  this  section  are  excellent  quarries  of  granite-gneiss.  In  the  townships  of  Middletown,  Springfield, 
Edgmont,  and  Concord,  considerable  beds  of  serpentine  and  cellular  quartz  are  found,  and  there  is 
also  a  trace  of  them  in  the  northern  part  of  Upper  Chichester.  •  *  *  In  the  southwestern 
part  of  Birmingham  there  is  a  small  bed  of  limestone,  which,  with  the  one  described  iu  Radnor, 
are  the  only  two  in  the  couuty. 

The  general  character  of  the  inhabitants  of  Delaware  Couuty  does  not  differ  materially  from 
those  of  Chester  County. 

There  are  thirty-five  cotton  manufactories  and  fifteen  woolen  manufactories,  giving  employment 
to  many  hundreds  of  men,  women,  and  children.  Farming  and  dairying  are  also  extensively  carried 
on.  The  condition  of  the  land  has  improved  much  in  quality,  and  advanced  in  price  within  a  few 
years. 

"  Views  on  parayraph  85." — With  the  exception  of  sections  20,  23,  and  21),  I  am  entirely  satisfied 
with  the  above  paragraph  ;  and- in  my  opinion,  with  a  proper  construction  aud  understanding,  and 
strict  adherence  to  the  different  sections  thereof,  justice  to  drafted  men  will  in  all  cases  be  done 
under  it.  As  regards  section  20,  which  says,  "  Total  loss  of  all  the  front  teeth,  the  eye  teeth,  and 
first  molars,  even  of  one  jaw,"  &c.,  I  would  say  that,  to  comply  strictly  with  this  section,  (-which  I 
have  at  all  times  endeavored  to  do,)  we  are  compelled  to  hold  men  to  service  who  are  almost  tooth- 
less. Many  men  have  lost  all  their  front  teeth,  their  molar-teeth,  and  have  remaining  their  eye- 
teeth  only.  Others,  again,  have  lost  all  their  teeth,  except  the  incisors  of  one  jaw.  If  the  loss  of 
teeth  alone  is  a  sufficient  cause  for  exemption,  I  would  suggest  that  section  7  of  paragraph  95  be 
substituted  ;  a  proper  compliance  therewith  would  insure  justice  to  all.  1  am  of  opinion  that  the 
loss  of  "teeth  alone  is  not  in  all  cases  a  suflicient  cause  for  exemption  from  military  service.  I  have 
examined  many  hundreds  of  drafted  men  aud  men  seeking  to  have  their  names  stricken  from  the 
enrollment  on  the  ground  of  eutire  loss  of  teeth;  they  were  often  young  men  in  vigorous  health, 
wearing  sets  of  elegant  artificial  teeth,  answering  all  the  purposes  of  natural  teeth.  I'  know  from 
actual  observation  that  many  men  have  served  in  the  military  service  in  the  field,  from  three  mouths 


surgeons'    RKFORTS PENNSYLVANIA SEVENlll    DISTRICT.  "611 

to  two  years,  without  any  inconvenience,  altliongb  tbey  were  destitute  of  natural  teeth.  I  would 
suggest  the  i»ro[)riety  of  euiploying  a  sufljcieut  number  of  competent,  practical  dentists,  to  accom- 
pany the  Army. 

Sfctioii  23  says,  "  Tlernia,  either  inguinal  or  femoral,  is  cause  for  exemption."  A  large  majority 
of  such  cases  perhaps  are,  but  1  think  there  are  many  excejitions;  inguinal  or  femoral  hernia,  if 
retainable  by  a  truss,  does  not,  as  a  general  rule,  interfere  with  the  duties  of  a  soldier  iu  the  infantry 
arm  of  the  service,  as  I  have  known  many  who  did  all  the  duties  of  a  private  iu  the  ranks  without 
(•()m])laiut. 

Jn  regard  to  section  20,  which  says,  "  Varicocele  is  not  in  itself  disqualifying,"  my  experience 
induces  me  to  believe  there  should  be  some  exceptions.  I  have  met  with  many  cases  of  this  char- 
acter, which  were  not  complicated  with  organic  disease  of  the  testicle,  in  which  from  the  great 
weight  the  afliicted  person  in  order  to  be  tolerably  comfortable  was  compelled  to  wear  a  supporter; 
this  soon  becomes  soiled,  aud  requires  frequent  changes,  which  would  be  very  incouveuient  for  a 
soldier.        *        *        * 

Under  our  arrangements,  w  hich  are  very  imperfect,  we  can  examine  physically,  with  accuracy, 
eighty  men  iu  eight  hours. 

The  frauds  attempted  to  be  practiced  by  drafted  and  enrolled  men  are  feigning  diseases  of 
different  kinds  and  degrees.  Pain  in  various  parts  of  the  body,  particularly  rheumatism,  is  frequently 
alleged.  Stiff  joints,  with  permanent  flexions  of  the  limbs,  are  sometimes  attemjjted  to  be  simulated. 
Men  may  also  maguify  auy  disability  that  they  maybe  laboring  under;  and  it  is  rare  indeed 
that  a  drafted  man  will  admit  that  he  is  fit  to  be  a  soldier.  There  is,  however,  little  difficulty  in 
guarding  against  the  deceptions  attempted  :  strict  attention  to  the  regulations,  experience,  aud 
determination  to  do  justice  to  the  Government  and  to  the  soldier  will  remove  all  difficulty. 

The  frauds  attemi)ted  by  substitutes  and  recruits  consist  in  the  attempt  to  conceal  infirmities, 
such  as  stiff  joints,  hernia, ilefective  sight,  old  age,  and  artificial  teeth.  The  frauds  thus  attenii)ted, 
as  well  as  the  other  difficulties  which  we  have  to  encounter,  are  easily  guarded  against.  Let  the 
recruitiug-officer  and  examiuiiig-surgeon  keep  in  view  the  difference  between  the  conscription  and 
\oluntary  enlistment,  and  recollect  that  in  the  conscription,  or  involuntary  system,  the  object  of  the 
man  is  to  escape  from  service  by  the  exhibition  of  infirmities  that  may  or  may  not  exist  and  to 
magnify  those  that  are  present,  while  in  thi^  voluntary  system  the  design  of  the  recruit  is  to  conceal 
disqualifying  defects.  Stri(;t  attention  to  the  above,  together  with  a  reasonable  amount  of  expe- 
rience, will  overcome  all  difficulties,  and  generally  ])ieveut  our  being  duped  by  the  tricks  of  unpiin- 
cipled  recruits.     I  can  devise  no  other  effective  remedy. 

From  what  I  can  gather  from  my  experience  iu  the  examination  of  recruits,  it  is  ray  opinion 
that  what  is  now  known  as  the  North  American  race  presents  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for 
military  service. 

More  care  and  circumspection  is  required  in  the  examination  of  the  colored  race  for  military 
service  than  is  reipiired  in  the  case  of  the  white  race.  In  this  country,  the  mixture  with  the  white 
contributes  greatly  to  lower  their  health  and  stamina,  and  we  find  comparatively  few  of  mixed 
breeds  free  from  scrofula.  By  selecting  the  pure  African,  aud  rejecting  all  whose  admixture  with 
white  blood  has  lowered  the  standard  of  health  and  i)hysic.al  efficiency,  the  colored  recruits  will 
comjjare  favorably  with  a  like  number  of  the  white  race. 

The  enrollment-law,  as  it  now  exists,  works  admirably.  Nothing  is  wanting  but  to  carry  out 
its  i)rovisions,  and  all  that  is  contemplated  and  desired  will  be  accomplished,  so  far  as  the  enroll- 
ment alone  is  con(;erued.  The  manner  of  conducting  a  dratt  might,  perhaps,  be  so  improved  as  to 
obviate  difficulties  which  experience  lias  disclosed  ;  one  of  which  is  that  the  drawing  is  required  to 
be  i)ublic.  Another  bad  feature  is  that  the  drafted  man  is  notified  to  appear  on  a  given  day,  which 
gives  him  time  aud  opportunity  to  abscond,  which  many  have  done.  1  would,  therefore,  recommend 
that  the  drawing  be  conducted  ])rivately,  and  that  the  first  intimation  the  man  should  receive  of 
his  having  been  drawn  should  be  a  summons  to  accompany  an  officer  to  district  headquarters,  to 
enter  at  once  upon  duty,  or  to  furnish  an  acceptable  substitute. 

2V/C  imporUtnce  of  a  national  nystvm  of  re<jistralion. — Registration  appears  to  have  originated 
with  the  ancient  Jews,  who  religiously  kept  their  public  registers  until  their  destruction  as  a  nation 
b.\    tlie  Komaus.     The  Ivomans  adojited   it  some  two  thousand  years  ago,  and  it  still  existed  iu 


312  surgeons'    EEPORtS PENNSYLVANIA TENTH    DISTRICT. 

Atbeus  at  a  somewhat  later  period.  England,  however,  has  taken  the  lead  in  modern  times  in 
full  and  minute  registration;  and  these  vital  statistics  have  never  been  extensively  employed 
where  sound  principles  of  political  economy  were  not  recognized,  nor  entirely  neglected  where  this 
science  has  been  cultivated. 

Interests  connected  with  the  three  important  eras  of  human  life — birth,  marriage,  and  death — 
render  it  apparent,  on  the  slightest  reflection,  that  upon  the  circumstances  connected  with  them  are 
dependent  to  a  very  great  extent  the  [)hysical,  moral,  and  civil  condition  of  the  human  family  ;  and 
that  a  knowledge  of  these  circumstances  is  necessary  for  a  full  comprehension  of  important  means 
for  the  certain  advancement  of  the  population  of  states  in  prosperity  and  civilization.  Without  a 
registration-law,  how  can  we  obtain  a  knowledge  of  the  facts  and  circumstances  which  can  elucidate 
this  subject"?  In  order  to  prevent  the  spread  of  disease  in  particular  localities,  we  must  know  the 
kind  of  maladies  incident  to-those  situations.  To  preserve  the  health  and  ])rolong  the  life  of  those 
engaged  in  any  particular  trade  or  profession,  we  should  know  what  diseases  are  most  fatal  to  each; 
and  this  can  only  be  learned  from  such  a  record  as  this  law  procures.  Registration  indicates  a 
nation's  strength ;  it  teaches  what  occupations  a  people  jealous  of  life,  health,  and  happiness  should 
fostei',  and  what  avoid ;  whether  marringe  or  communism  is  better  to  people  a  world  and  maintain 
its  condition.  To  the  statesman  it  is  invaluable;  without  it,  forts,  batteries,  dockyards,  and 
public  works  have  been  located  and  abandoned,  because  malarial  poison  has  left  no  lives  to  guard 
them.  Life-insurance  companies,  and  all  other  organizations  based  upon  the  probabilities  of  human 
life,  are  to  be  credited  to  vital  statistics.  Heretofore,  all  the  calculations  for  our  own  country 
have  been  taken  from  the  English  tables,  notwithstanding  the  difference  in  latitude,  habits,  and 
circumstances. 

It  is  essential  to  our  correct  history  ;  to  the  geogiaphical  description  of  our  country  ;  to  the 
rights  of  freemen,  whose  birth-rights  may  be  questioned ;  to  jurists,  in  regulating  the  descent  of 
property;  to  the  hygienist,  in  determining  the  mortality  of  the  sexes,  and  the  age,  habits,  and  em- 
ployments of  the  deceased,  as  compared  with  atmospheric  phenomena  of  the  season,  thereby  deter- 
mining points  of  health  in  their  relation  to  each  other.  By  these  statistics,  attention  would  be 
awakened  to  the  mortality  in  certain  places  supposed  to  be  healthy  ;  thus,  local  partialities  would 
be  removed,  nuisances  abated,  and  deleterious  practices  and  employments  abandoned.  Our  own 
law  upon  this  subject  is  almost  wholly  inoperative  and  useless,  simplj'  for  want  of  a  penalty 
attached  to  its  violation,  and  proper  remuneration  to  those  who  are  required  to  fulfill  its  provisions. 

Among  all  the  difficulties  with  which  we  had  to  contend,  none  caused  so  much  embarrassment 
and  trouble  as  that  of  determining  the  ages  of  men.  In  many  cases,  it  was  utterly  impossible  to 
arrive  at  a  definite  conclusion  for  want  of  reliable  documentary  evidence;  consequently,  in  some 
instances  the  Government  was  wronged,  and  in  other  instances  individuals  were  the  sufferers. 

If  the  existing  laws  which  have  been  enacted  by  State  legislatures  are  not  speedily  so  amended 
as  to  fulfill  all  that  is  required,  Congress  should  take  the  matter  in  hand,  and  give  it  the  attention 
to  which  it  is  entitled.         #  #  # 

E.  H.  SMITH, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Seventh  District  of  Fennsylvania. 

West  Chester,  Pa.,  May  31,  1865. 


PENNSYLVANIA— TENTH  DISTRICT.! 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  James  S.  Carpenter. 

*  *  *        My  experience  in  the  examination  of  men  for  military  service  has  been 

attained  during  the  two  years' service  that  I  have  had  as  surgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment  in  this 
district.  An  extensive  practice  as  physician  and  surgeon  for  more  than  thirty-five  years  has  given 
me  experience  in  the  diseases  and  disabilities  which  unfit  a  man  for  military  duty,  and,  I  think, 
fitted  me  for  the  duties  that  I  have  been  called  upon  to  perform. 

'No  reports  were  received  from  the  cijibth  .ond  ninth  districts. 


SUIJGKONS'    KEPORTS PENNSYLVANIA TENTH    DISTRICT.  313 

The  number  of  men  examined  i)h.vsic-all.v  in  this  district  is  as  follows: 

Drafted  men 3  q^q 

Enrolled  men 2  .'U)0 

Recruits  and  substitutes  .    3  (J0() 

Total  number  of  men  examined 9  550 

The  Tenth  District  of  Pennsylvania  is  composed  of  the  counties  of  Schuylkill  and  Lebanon,  an<l 
contains  a  population  of  about  one  liundrtMl  and  thirty  thousand  inhabitants. 

SehuylUill  County  is  a  midhind  (bounty,  and  is  about  forty  five  miles  long  froui  east  to  west 
and  about  twenty-five  broad,  and  contains  an  area  of  seven  hundred  and  fifty  square  miles.  It  is 
traversed  by  a  ])ortion  of  the  Alleghany  range.  Its  lowest  elevation  above  tide  water,  at  Port 
Clinton,  is  (bur  hundred  feet;  its  highest,  on  the  top  of  Broad  Mountain,  is  sixteen  hundred  and 
thirty-three  feet.     It  is  well  watered,  with  a  drainage  toward  each  of  the  cardinal  points. 

There  are  two  distinct  topographical  and  geological  features  in  this  county.  The  most  pi-om- 
iueut  is  the  coal-area,  which,  with  its  mountains  and  valleys,  covers  about  one  quarter  of  it.  The 
soil  of  this  district  is  composed  of  dark-blue  shales,  bluish-gray  argillaceous  sandstones,  conglom- 
erates, and  seams  of  anthracite  coal.  The  above  shales  contain  ferruginous  bands,  and  some 
others  are  highly  carbonaceous,  and  thus  impregnate  the  springs  of  water  flowing  from  them.  The 
surface  is  naturally  barren  aiul  rough,  therefore  cultivated  to  a  very  limited  extent.  All  of  the 
coal-area  lies  north  of  Sharp  Mountain,  and  comprises  about  one-half  of  this  part  of  the  county. 

The  other  marked  feature  is  the  area  composed  of  red-shale  valleys,  well  watered  by  streams; 
drawing  principally  north  and  west,  to  the  waters  of  the  Susquehanna.  The  soil  of  these  valleys 
is  composed  of  red  shale,  soft  argillaceous  red  sandstone,  occasional  beds  of  sandstone,  and  a  thin 
calcareous  belt.  It  is  susceptible  of  a  high  state  of  cultivation,  and  generally  yields  abundant 
crops  to  the  efforts  of  our  industrious  neighbors,  principally  Germans,  wJio  bring  the  fruits  of  their 
labors  to  supply  the  mining  population. 

The  southern  portion  of  Schuylkill  County,  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Second  Mountain 
and  on  the  south  by  the  Kittatinny  or  Blue  Mountain,  is  peculiarly  an  agricultural  district,  diver- 
sified with  hills  and  streams,  having  all  an  easterly  and  westerly  direction ;  the  main  drainage  of 
the  Schuylkill  in  the  center,  the  Lehigh  on  tiie  east,  and  the  Swatara  on  the  west.  The  soil  along 
the  northern  limit  of  this  valley  is  a  red  shale,  lower  in  the  series  and  older  thau  that  forming  the 
valleys  near  the  coal-basins.  It  is  composed  of  red  shales  and  argillaceous  red  sandstones, 
also  brown,  gray,  greenish,  and  buff-colored  sandstones,  and  the  whole  is  a  more  brownish-red  for- 
mation than  the  one  above  mentioned.  There  are  no  minerals,  as  a  general  thing,  in  this  formation, 
to  impregnate  the  springs;  there  are,  however,  some  traces  of  iron,  and  a  very  thin  trace  of  copper. 
The  next  formation  occupying  in  order  beneath  the  above  is  the  olive-slate  forujatiou,  covering  a 
very  considerable  portion  of  the  whole  valley,  ranging  from  east  to  west,  and  extending  on  the 
Schuylkill,  from  a  point  north  of  Schuylkill  Eaven,  south  to  near  Port  Clinton.  It  consists  chiefly 
of  alternating  strata  of  dark  gray,  greenish,  and  olive-colored  slates,  and  soft,  gr.iy  argillaceous 
sandstones;  the  lower  beds  are  nearly  black  and  somewhat  calcareous  slate.  The  whole  stratum 
is  more  or  less  calcareous,  and  abounds  in  fossils;  an  impure  layer  of  this  limestone  extends  from 
Pine  Grove  to  Schuylkill  Haven,  and  thence  east  Ihrough  the  county,  not,  however,  in  a  continuous 
visible  stratum. 

This  stratum,  the  description  of  which  can  be  applied  as  a  general  one  to  our  southern  valley, 
as  it  embraces  three-quarters  of  its  area,  forms  a  thin  soil,  not  usually  jircductive,  unless  carefully 
tilled  and  well  sui)plie(l  with  lime.  The  water  is  apt  to  be  hard,  containing  some  siliceous  uuitters, 
sidphate  of  iron,  and  alumina,  and  sometimes  carbcmate  of  lime. 

The  southern  border  of  the  valley,  ranging  along  the  north  foot  of  the  Kittatinny  or  Blue 
Mountain,  although  composed  of  several  strata,  I  shall  view  as  forming  one  band,  the  northern 
edge  of  which  is  a,  yellowish-white  sandstone,  forming  a  ridge,  which  is  not  cultivated  nor  inhab- 
ited. Immediately  under  is  a  thin  and  obscure  stratum  of  limestone,  then  occurs  a  broader  belt, 
resting  on  the  north  slope  of  the  Kittatinny,  about  one  mile  in  width,  and  composed  of  a  uniformly 
red  and  slightly  calcareous  shale,  and  more  or  less  argillaceous  red  sandstone  ;  its  broadest  limit  is 
Kt  • 


314  surgeons'  reports — Pennsylvania — tenth  district. 

ou  the  Little  Schuylkill,  west  of  Port  (Jlinton.  Our  soutlieiu  border  is  a  long,  blue,  barren,  aurt 
uuiuLahited  ratige  of  inouiitaiiis,  deiiouiiiiated  the  Kittutiiiny  or  Blue  Mountain,  separating  us  from 
our  neighbors  of  Berks  County.  This  mountain  is  the  only  lorinatiou  we  both  possess;  they 
inhabit  the  lower,  and  consequently  older,  ibrniations.  The  disintegration  of  the  above  strata 
forms  our  soils,  and  influences  the  health  of  the  inhabitants. 

Lebanon  County  embraces  an  area  of  two  hundred  and  eighty-eight  .square  miles,  and  its 
geological  formation  extends  Irom  the  Carboniferous  on  the  northwest  to  the  Primary  rocks  along 
its  southern  boundary.  The  Kittatinny  or  Blue  Mountain  on  the  north  is  the  most  southern  of 
the  Ai)alaehi;in  chain  of  mountains,  and  is  composed  of  a  rock  of  the  lowest  sedimentary  deposits, 
being  similar  to  the  Potsdam  sandstone  of  the  State  of  New  York  ;  it  exhibits  very  evident  indica- 
tions of  igneous  action,  having,  no  doubt,  been  thrown  up  to  its  present  height  of  six  hundred  feet 
above  the  adjoining  valley  by  some  great  convulsive  force. 

On  the  northwestern  flank  of  this  mountain,  near  its  base,  is  found  the  mountain  or  crinoidal 
limestone,  the  first  superincumbent  rock  of  the  Old  Ecd  Sandstone  groui:) ;  and  still  higher  than  this, 
in  the  'lower  series  of  the  Carboniferous  group,  occurs  the  amygdaloidal  sandstone,  at  the  foot  of 
the  mountain,  in  the  valley  of  the  Swatara  Creek.  Above  the  last-mentioned  formation,  there  are 
several  strata  of  slaty  sandstones  and  shales,  passing  into  the  pudding-stone,  or  conglomerate, 
which  is  immediately  beueath.the  coal-seams. 

The  lower  series  of  the  lied  Sandstone  Ibrmation,  situated  between  the  first  mountain  and  the 
Silurian  limestone,  is  geologically  placed  above  the  latter,  and  constitutes  the  largest  area  ot  culti- 
vable lands,  and  is  in  an  improved  agricultural  condition. 

The  great  limestone  formation  is  contiguous  to  the  latter;  and  adjoining  it  on  the  south  is  the 
South  or  Blue  Mountain  of  Virginia,  which  is  mainly  composed  of  syenitic  granite,  and  in  many 
places  along  its  surface  is  found  the  conglomerate  sandstone.  Under  this  conglomerate,  and  in 
connection  with  trappean  rock,  occurs  at  Cornwall  a  large  deposit  of  magnetic  oxide  of  iron.  Speci- 
mens of  this  have  yielded  70  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron.  Many  furnaces  are  supplied  from  this 
mountain  of  iron,  and  the  quantity  is  supposed  to  be  inexhaustible. 

The  surface  of  Lebanon  County  is  undulating;  the  soil  is  of  superior  quality  and  is  under  excel- 
lent cultivation.  Agriculture  is  the  jjrincipal  i)ursuit  of  the  inhabitants,  who  are  descendants  of 
Germans,  and  are  frugal  and  industrious  in  their  habits.  The  same  observations  may  be  made 
with  regard  to. that  part  of  Schuylkill  County  south  of  Sharp  Mountain. 

The  diseases  most  common  in  this  class  are  those  afl'ecting  the  digestive  organs,  dyspepsia, 
chronic  affections  of  the  liver,  «&c. ;  hence  we  find  a  large  proportion  of  those  exempt  from  military 
duty  are  exempted  ou  account  of  loss  of  teeth.  The  Principal  cause  for  the  prevalence  of  these 
diseases  is  to  be  found  in  the  food  and  cooking  of  the  people.  Everything  is  fried  in  grease ;  they 
eat  a  great  deal  of  salt-meat  and  fish,  tough  pies,  and  sour  bread ;  hence  indigestion,  and  hence  loss 
of  teeth,  • 

The  inhabitants  of  the  coal  region  are  made  up  from  many  nationalities.  The  Irish  predominate  ; 
Germans  come  next  in  point  of  numbers  ;  then  the  Welsh,  English,  and  Scotch,  in  the  order  named. 
We  have  also  French,  Swedes,  Danes,  and  Hollanders,  in  less  numbers.  The  Irish  are  intemperate, 
dirty,  and  unhealthy ;  they  seldom  live  over  fifty  years.  They  are  industrious,  and  can  live  ou  less 
than  any  other  class  when  they  are  kept  in  proper  subjection  ;  but  when  wages  are  high  they  will 
work  about  half  the  time,  and  spend  the  rest  in  dissipation  and  idleness.  The  W^elsh  are  industri- 
ous, frugal,  and  generally  upright ;  are  good  citizens  and  intelligent  peojjle.  They  are  generally 
healthy.  The  English  and  Scotch  are,  as  a  genertil  thing,  more  intelligent  and  ambitious.  They 
are  the  leading  men  among  the  miners.  Many  of  them  have  become  wealthy.  Indeed,  the  most 
wealthy  men  in  the  coal-region  have  risen  from  the  ranks  of  miners. 

The  diseases  of  the  coal-region  are  principally  those  of  the  air-passages,  resulting  from  sudden 
changes  of  temperature,  and  are  generally  of  an  inflammatory  character.  We  have  no  miasmatic 
disorders,  and  as  a  general  thing  this  district  is  very  healthful. 

Schuylkill  County  is  fertile  in  accidents.  The  mining  and  transportation  of  anthracite  coal, 
which  form  the  principal  pursuit  of  the  inhabitants,  are  often  attended  with  danger  both  to  life  and 
limb,  and  render  the  skill  of  the  surgeon  a  matter  of  constant  requisition. 

The  first  anthracite-coal  basin  of  Pennsylvania  occupies  the  greater  portion  of  the  county,  an<l, 


surgeons'   reports PENNSYLVANIA TENTH    DISTRICT.  315 

as  the  coal  is  found  in  layers  which  have  tilted  np  at  the  sides  by  the  forces  beneath  the  surface 
unti]  they  often  stand  almost  perpendicuhirly,  it  will  be  easily  understood  that  the  process  of  coal  mining 
here  must  be  peculiarly  dangerous,  from  the  liability  of  fre(|nent  falls  of  the  superineiiiidieiit  eaith 
and  coal.  In  addition  to  this,  the  vitiation  of  atmosjiheric  air  in  the  mines  fnim  the  respiration  of 
the  workmen,  the  combustion  of  lamps,  explosions  of  powder,  the  spontaneous  decomposition  of 
minerals,  (as  the  change  of  suli)lHiret  of  iron  into  snlithate,)  the  decay  of  the  timbers  wliic^h  prop  the 
sides  or  roof,  and  the  diseugagenient  of  noxious  gases  which  accumulate  in  the  workings,  render 
the  business  a  very  hazardous  one. 

The  last  item  alluded  to  is  the  frequent  cause  of  surgical  accidents.  I  allude  to  the  ex|)losion 
or  buining  of  carbureted  hydrogen-gas,  called  also  fire-damp  or  inflammable  air.  This  gas  has  a 
specific  gravity  of  about  0.558,  and,  being  readily  ignited,  burns  with  a  pale  flame,  though  with  a 
more  intense  light  than  hydrogen.  Mixed  with  atmospheric  air,  even  in  the  proportion  of  one- 
twelfth  the  part  of  air,  it  becomes  highly  explosive,  so  that  the  slightest  inadvertency  in  using  the 
miner's  lamp  may  result  in  wide-s[)read  destruction,  both  from  the  direct  influence  of  the  fire  and 
liom  the  crash  of  falling  timbers,  wagons,  coal,  and  earth.  After  the  explosion  of  this  gas,  also,  a 
mixture  of  carbouic-acid  gas  and  nitrogen  remains  behind,  making  it  dangerous  to  enter  the  mine 
for  some  time.     Occasionally  inexperienced  persons  thus  perish  by  suffocation. 

Besides  these  causes  of  injury,  our  country  is  covered  with  a  net-work  of  railroads  for  the 
transportation  of  coal,  so  that  we  have  here  probttbly  the  best  school  for  practical  surgery  to  be 
found  in  the  United  States. 

From  the  above  account,  it  will  be  seen  that  many  causes  exist  to  produce  peculiar  diseases 
and  disabilities,  disqualifying  a  greater  ratio  per  thousand  from  military  service  than  in  most  dis- 
tricts out  of  the  mining-region.  , 

A  brief  classification  may  not  be  inappropriate  :  1.  Burns,  either  from  fire  damp  or  explosions 
of  powder,  resulting  in  deformities,  loss  of  sight,  &c. ;  2.  Injuries  requiring  amputation  ;  3.  Other 
injuries  arisir.g  from  accidents  in  the  mines  and  railroads,  resulting  in  deformities,  injuries  of 
the  eyes,  &c. 

Peculiar  diseases  are  caused  by  working  in  bad  air,  producing  a  depravation  of  the  blood, 
causing  debility  of  the  whole  nervous  system,  and  thereby  disordering  the  functions  of  respiration, 
circulation,  nutrition,  &c.  Persons  suffering  under  these  affections  experience  a  great  variety  of 
nervous  sensations — ])alpitation,  dyspnoea,  neuialgic  pain,  horripilation,  formication,  loss  of  all 
energy,  and  a  habit  of  dwelling  ui)on  their  moibid  sensations;  there  is  a  dull  leaden  or  bluish- 
white  color  of  the  face,  which  marks  the  toxtemic  condition  of  the  blood.  Persons  thus  affected 
go  about,  sometimes  work  irregularly,  luit  are  for  the  uiost  part  useless  to  their  families  and  a 
burden  to  themselves.  This  class,  having  no  organic  lesion,  must  be  exempt  under  section  9  of 
paragraph  85,  as  they  are  totally  unfit  for  military  duty. 

The  list  of  disabilities  comj^rised  in  paragraph  85,  lievised  Eegulatious,  for  the  government  of 
the  examining-surgeon,  is,  in  my  opinion,  as  nearly  perfect  as  the  nature  of  the  subject  will  admit, 
with  the  exception  of  section  20. 

There  are  many  cases  of  defective  teeth,  in  which  the  individual  is  unable  properly  to  masticate 
his  food,  aud  yet  has  not  lost  all  the  "  front,  eye,  and  first  molars,"  even  of  one  jaw.  I  think  some 
latitude  should  be  allowed  the  examining-surgeon,  and  that  he  should  not  be  required  to  send  a 
man  into  military  service  unless  he  is  fit  and  able  to  render  the  Governmeut  the  service  required. 

We  are  told,  in  paragrapli  91,  that  examining-surgeons  will  bear  in  mind  that  the  object  of  the 
Government  is  to  secure  the  services  of  men  who  are  effective,  able-bodied,  sober,  aud  free  from 
disqualifying  diseases;  and  yet  we  aie  bound  by  a  set  of  arbitrary  rules,  in  which  very  little  dis- 
cretion is  allowed.  The  man  must  come  under  some  one  of  the  rules  there  laid  down,  or  we  are  not 
permitted  to  exempt  him,  although  we  maybe  satisfied  that  he  will  never  make  a  good  soldier. 
I  know  the  difficulties  which  surround  the  subject,  and  1  would  not  recommend  any  other  alteration, 
unless  Government  could  secure  always  perfectly  reliable  examining-surgeons. 

The  number  of  men  that  can  be  physically  examined  per  day  with  accuracy  depends  a  good 
deal  on  the  class  of  persons  to  be  examined.  In  one  case,  the  whole  examiuation  may  not  require 
more  thau  five  minutes,  while  another  will  occupy  fifteen.  In  one,  it  will  take  two  minutes  to  strip, 
in  another  five  or  ten  ;  but,  as  a  general  thing,  I  think  an  examining-surgeon  ought  not  to  be  required 


316  surgeons'  reports — Pennsylvania — eleventh  district. 

to  examine  inore  than  forty  or  Jifty  men  per  day.  With  the  aid  of  assistants,  we  Lave  examined 
over  eighty,  but  that  number  is  too  great,  unless  the  work  is  divided,  and  the  surgeon  and  his 
assistant  examiue  separately.  My  rule  was  to  myself  examine  every  man  brought  before  the 
board  of  enrollment.  After  the  assistant  had  made  a  general  examination,  I  took  the  case  and  veri- 
fied or  corrected  the  opinion.  This  Icousidered  my  duty,  as  I  had  to  be  responsible  for  any  improper 
enlistment. 

Enrolled  and  drafted  men  are  apt  to  exaggerate  any  ailments  to  which  they  may  be  subject.  In 
the  first  draft,  rheumatism  was  relied  upon  to  procure  exemptiou,  but  that  was  not  found  to  answer 
with  the  board  of  enrollment,  and,  as  one  drafted  man  said  to  another,  who  was  asked  what  he 
claimed  exemption  on,  "Rheumatism  isn't  worth  a  damn."  The  most  general  claim  for  exemption 
was  that  of  general  weakness  and  liability  of  taking  cold  on  exposure.  Tliere  are  many  cases  of 
this  kind  which  require  very  careful  and  skillful  examination  to  ascertain  if  they  are  tit  for  military 
duty,  or  whether,  if  taken  into  the  service,  they  would  not  be  soon  sent  to  the  hospital,  and  thus 
become  a  burden  to  the  Government.  The  best  method  of  uieeting  all  sncli  difBculties  is  a  searching 
examination  by  a  skillful  surgeon,  and  in  keeping  in  mind  always  the  directions  given  in  para- 
graph 91. 

In  my  o]Mnion,  the  nationality  that  presents  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  military  service 
is  the  English  and  Scotch,  taking  them  as  one  nationality,  but  separately  I  prefer  the  Scotch. 

The  negro,  as  far  as  I  have  observed,  is  stronger,  more  muscular,  and  better  able  to  endure  the 
fatigue  and  exposure  of  camp-life  than  the  white  man.  I  was  much  surprised  at  the  fine  muscular 
development  of  the  colored  race.  Comparatively  few  of  this  race  came  under  my  notice,  and  they 
were  mostly  of  unmixed  blood. 

I  venture  to  say  that  the  negroes  put  into  the  Army  from  this  district  will  march  better, 
endure  more  fatigue  and  exposure,  and  recuperate  faster  than  white  men  sent  from  the  same 
localities. 

I  have  nothing  to  suggest  with  regard  to  the  operation  of  the  enrollment-law.  If  the  provisions 
of  this  law  are  carried  out  properly  and  faithfully,  I  think  it  will  answer  its  intention,  and  nothing 
more  is  required. 

JAMES  S.  CARPENTER,  M.  D., 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Tenth  District  of  Pennsylvania, 

POTTSVILLE,  Pa.,  June  1, 1SC5. 

PENNSYLVANIA— ELEVENTH  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  C.  H.  Humphrey. 

*  •  *        I  am  unable  to  give  an  accurate  account  of  the  number  of  men  examined 

during  my  oflBcial  career,  owing  to  the  fact  that  during  the  first  year  of  my  service  as  surgeon  of 
the  board,  all  of  us  being  then  but  novices  in  the  business,  the  records  of  the  examination  of  men, 
though  kept  according  to  then  existing  orders,  were  not  as  complete  as  experience  in  the  work  has 
since  taught  us  to  make  them.  As  near  as  I  can  approximate,  aided  by  the  records  of  the  last 
year,  which  I  take  as  a  basis  for  my  calculations  on  former  drafts,  «&c.,  I  make  the  number  about 
ten  thousand.    This  includes  volunteers,  drafted  and  enrolled  men,  and  substitutes. 

This  district  is  composed  of  the  counties  of  Northampton,  Monroe,  Carbon,  Pike,  and  Wayne. 
It  is  situated  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Pennsylvania,  extending  from  the  shores  of  New  Jersey 
on  the  east  to  the  State  of  New  York  on  the  north,  a  distance  of  over  one  hundred  miles  by  the 
most  direct  route  of  public  travel. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  extremely  mountainous  and  wild  in  appearance,  with  the  exception 
of  Northampton  County.  The  latter  is  a  fertile  and  wealthy  district,  being  the  southeastern 
extreme,  and  bordering  on  the  Delaware  River.  The  soil  is  fruitful  and  in  a. fine  state  of  cultiva- 
tion.    The  occupations  of  its  inhabitants  are  chiefly  in  agriculture,  manufactures,  and  iron-mining. 

The  couuties  of  Monroe,  Pike,  and  Wayne  lie  among  an  almost  endless  chain  of  mountains  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  district.  The  soil  is  extremely  poor,  being  thickly  covered  with  low,  stunted 
oak  or  heavy  iieudock-timber,  and  only  here  and  there,  like  some  green  oasis  iu  the  dreary  desert, 


SURGEONS'   KErOKTS — PENNSYLVANIA — ELEVEffTH   DISTRICT.  317 

a  small  space  is  cleared  and  (niltivated,  yielding  but  a  poor  reinnneration  to  the  hard-working  and 
humble  liusbandiuau.     The  prin(-ii)al  employment  is  lumbering. 

Carbon  County,  the  more  western  portion  of  the  district,  though  equally  wild  in  appearance, 
and  the  soil  as  little  susceptible  to  euItivation,.is  more  wealthy  and  prosperous,  owing  to  the  exten- 
sive coal-mines  iu  operation  there,  w  hich  give  the  principal  occupation  to  the  inhabitants. 

The  general  character  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  district,  physically,  is  fair,  being  mostly  hard- 
working men,  inured  to  hardships  and  exposure  natural  to  men  of  their  calling.  They  are  in  gen- 
eral moderate  and  frugal  in  tlieir  mode  of  living.  Mentally,  though  blessed  with  flue  schools  and 
every  facility  to  secure  a  good  education,  they  are,  as  far  as  the  rural  districts  are  concerned,  not 
as  intelligent  as  they  might  be.  Politically,  they  are  far  behind  some  of  our  neighboring  districts, 
being  little  acquainted  with  the  real  and  essential  points  and  principles  of  political  morality,  and 
more  than  two-tliirds  pro-slavery  men  and  "  copperheads."  A  large  number  of  foreigners — Irish 
and  Germans — inhabit  the  counties  of  Carbon,  Pike,  and  Wayne;  in  the  tirst  named  they  are  found 
the  most  extensively,  the  large  coal- works  forming  a  nucleus  around  which  they  gather  by  thou- 
sands. In  our  experience,  these  foreigners,  especially  the  Irish  poi)ulation,  have  given  us  more 
trouble  than  any  other  class  of  citizens  in  the  district.  Stubborn,  self-willed,  and  bitter  opponents 
of  the  Government,  they  either  failed  to  report  at  all,  keeping  themselves  secluded  iu  their  subter- 
ranean places  of  labor  or  among  the  wild  regions  surrounding  their  abode,  or,  assisted  by  others  of 
American  birth  equally  unruly,  banded  together  to  defend  themselves  against  arrest,  and  to  defy 
the  strong  arm  of  the  law.  But  I  may  be  digressing,  and  intruding  on  a  subject  more  properly 
belonging  to  the  report  of  my  superior  officer. 

As  to  the  prevalent  diseases  of  the  district,  I  am  at  a  loss  to  determine  their  nature  as  fully  as 
I  may  be  expected  to  do.  Like  all  other  portions  of  the  country,  our  people  are  subject  to  the 
various  and  almost  innumerable  ills  which  "flesh  is  heir  to,"  being  visited  by  the  ruthless  and 
invisible  presence  in  diflerent  forms  and  with  a  variety  of  afflictions.  The  diseases  more  generally 
prevalent,  I  think,  are  those  of  the  respiratory  organs.  Pneumonia  prevails  in  a  great  degree 
throughout  the  upper  portions  of  the  district.  Affections  of  the  throat,  also  remittent  and  typhoid 
fevers,  are  very  numerous.  Thesi^  affections  of  the  respiratory  organs,  and  the  frequent  fevers,  may 
be  caused  by  the  severe  and  sudden  changes  of  temperature  peculiar  to  this  section  of  the  country. 
The  most  intense  heat  of  one  day  is  often  followed  by  chilling  winds  and  a  damp  foggy  atmosphere. 
The  greater  portion  of  this  district,  as  before  stated,  is  very  mountainous,  and  on  these  elevated 
parts  there  is  more  or  less  of  a  cold  breeze  on  the  hottest  days.  The  heat  is  as  intense  as  at  any 
other  place  in  the  same  latitude,  but  an  occasional  cold  breeze  sweeping  over  the  hills  at  the  same 
time  is  often  the  immediate  cause  of  a  severe  cold,  which  frequently  ends  i,n  a  serious  attack  of  fever. 
This  is  particularly  the  case  in  the  upper  counties  of  Pike,  Wayne,  and  Monroe,  while  the  lower 
portion  of  the  district  suffers  much  less  from  these  affections.  As  a  general  thing,  however,  this 
district  is  a  healthy  one,  and  the  diseases  mentioned  are  often  the  results  of  unnecessary  or 
unavoidable  ex[)osure. 

The  i^articular  disabilities  which  have  disqualified  a  greater  ratio  per  thousand  for  military 
service  in  this  district  are  loss  of  teeth  and  hej-uia.  What  really  causes  the  first-named  disqualifi- 
cation to  be  so  common  among  all  classes  in  this  district,  I  cannot  definitely  explain.  It  may  be 
partly  attributed  to  their  diet,  or  mode  of  living.  I  find  in  my  examiniitions  that  natives  of  Germany 
and  Ireland,  as  a  general  thing,  are  more  fortunate  in  the  preservation  of  their  teeth  than  are  our 
own  citizens ;  and  some  members  of  the  medical  Irateruity  believe  that  it  is  owing  to  the  smaller 
(piautity  of  animal  food  and  saccharine  mattei'  used  by  them.    This  may,  however,  be  only  conjecture. 

Ilernia,  or  its  causes,  may  be  more  successfully  traced.  The  greater  portion  of  our  people  are 
engaged  iu  very  laborious  and  enervating  pursuits  :  lumliering,  for  instance,  which  requires  very 
heavy  lifting;  mining,  calling  for  frequent  overtaxation  of  bodily  strength  ;  and  tarming  on  a  soil 
in  most  places  not  very  fertile  or  even,  requires  the  exertion  of  the  human  frame  to  such  an  extent 
as  to  lead  to  hernia  very  fre(]nently.  This  disability  is  not  only  common  among  men  in  the  more 
advanced  stages  of  life,  but  among  the  younger  portion  cases  are' equally  numerous.  The  youths 
of  our  section  are  called  to  the  field,  the  woods,  or  the  mines,  to  perform  the  tasks  of  men  before 
the  Irame  has  attained  its  lull  strength  and  vigor,  which  very  frequently  results  iu  souie  serious 
physical  iryury. 


318  surgeons'    EEPORTS^PENNSYLVANIA ELEVENTH    DISTRICT. 

I  am  asked  my  A-iews  with  reference  to  the  differeut  sections  of  paragraph  85,  Revised  Regnhv 
tions  ProvostiMarshalGeneral's  Bureau,  and  what  changes  I  wouhl  recommend.  I  would  prefer  to 
have  these  points  discussed  by  some  one  more  competent  and  experienced.  It  is  a  delicate  matter 
to  criticise  the  work  of  men  whose  ability  far  exceeds  that  of  the  critic,  and  1  should  be  pleased  to 
keep  silent  on  this  sulyect  were  it  not  contrary  to  my  instructions. 

As  a  whole,  the  ditferent  causes  for  exemption,  as  laid  down  in  paragraph  85,  are  just  and 
equitable.  But,  as  I  am  allowed  the  privilege,  I  would  respectfully  suggest  the  propriety  of  a  modi- 
fication in  the  requirements  to  establish  the  existence  of  the  disqualification  mentioned  in  the  third 
section  of  said  i)iiragraph.  Epilepsy,  or  the  tact  of  its  existence,  is  to  be  established  "by  the  duly- 
attested  affidavit  of  a  physician  in  good  standing  who  has  attended"  the  applicant  for  exeraptiou 
"  in  the  disease  within  the  six  months  immediately  preceding  his  examination  by  the  board."  In 
the  rural  districts,  and  especially  in  the  sparsely-inhabited  regions  of  the  mountainous  sections  of 
such  countries  as  those  composing  our  enrollment-district,  where  the  allotted  field  of  labor  of  a 
physician  generally  has  an  extent  of  territory  ranging  from  ten  to  twenty  miles  in  length  and  as 
many  in  breadth,  where  some  families  have  Irom  five  to  ten  miles  of  the  most  execrable  roads  to 
traverse  in  order  to  reach  a  physician,  it  is  almost  impossible  to  procure  the  evidence  required  by 
this  section.  Numerous  cases  coming  under  my  personal  observation  in  my  practice  have  con- 
vinced me  of  the  difficulties  connected  with  the  fulflllinent  of  these  requirements.  Very  frequently 
liave  I  been  called  u]>on  to  administer  relief  to  an  unfortunate  patient  sufi'ering  with  a  fit  of  epilepsy, 
only  a  few  miles  from  my  residence,  in  a  neighborhood  more  thickly  inhabited  than  the  generality 
of  the  district,  and  before  I  could  reach  the  tield  of  operations  my  patient  had  struggled  through 
his  fit ;  and  the  fact  that  he  was  completely  exhausted  and  unnerved  would  not  authorize  me  to 
sicear  that  he  had  undergone  a  fit  of  epilepsy,  though  the  symptoms  still  ap[)arent  might  lead  me 
to  helieve  such  to  have  been  the  case.  But  in  many  of  the  more  thinly-settled  localities,  among  the 
mountains  of  the  northern  part  of  this  district,  the  sufferer  can  completely  recover  from  a  severe  fit 
of  this  nature  before  the  physician  can  reach  the  abode  of  his  patient.  This  is  such  a  usual  occur- 
rence that  in  eight  cases  out  of  ten  the  family  in  which  such  visitations  occur  frequently,  becoming 
familiar  with  the  disease  and  the  remedies  usually  applied,  scarcely  think  of  sending  for  a  physi- 
cian, knowing  that  the  victim  will  recover  or  die  before  medical  assistance  can  possibly  arrive. 
Hence  the  great  difficulty  in  establishing  the  fact  of  the  existence  of  this  disability  by  the  testi- 
mony of  an  attending  physician  in  numerous  cases.  The  only  testimony  which  can  be  procured 
in  many  instances  is  that  of  the  members  of  the  same  family,  or  those  of  their  neighbors  who  may 
be  called  upon  or  be  accidentally  present  on  such  occasions.        »        *        » 

The  prescribed  method  of  examining  men  if  carefully  followed  will  enable  a  surgeon  to  examine 
not  more  than  seventy-five  men  a  day,  if  he  should  work  as  we  did  in  this  office,  namely,  from  seven 
o'clock  in  the  morning  until  night,  and  supposing  him  to  meet  with  no  difficult  subjects  to  occupy 
his  time  beyond  the  average  period  necessary  for  the  examination  of  ordinary  cases. 

The  frauds  to  be  guarded  against,  which  are  practiced  by  drafted  and  enrolled  men,  as  well  as 
volunteers  and  substitutes,  are  many,  and  as  varions  in  their  forms  as  they  are  numerous.  To 
describe  all  of  these  in  detail  would  alone  make  an  extensive  history.  I  will  therefore  mention  but 
a  few  of  the  most  common  tricks  practiced  by  a  certain  class  of  persons,  who,  during  the  rebellion, 
made  this  species  of  fraud  and  subterfuge  a  profession.         *  *  *         I  remember  one  case 

in  which  I  was  deceived  by  a  person  who  was  afflicted  with  that  disgusting  disease  otorrhoea. 
This  man  presented  himself  before  the  board  for  examination,  and  I  soon  detected  the  existence  of 
thedisease,  and  at  once  rejected  him.  He  left  the  office,  and,  at  the  suggestion  of  his  associates,  he 
trimmed  his  hair  and  beard,  thoroughly  cleansed  his  ear,  donned  another  dress,  and,  with  the  aid  of 
perfumeries,  &c.,  completely  changed  his  appearance,  as  well  as  disguised  the  peculiar  scent  which 
usually  accompanies  this  disease.  Watching  an  opportunity,  he  managed,  disguised  and  purified 
as  he  was,  to  present  himself  before  the  board  the  second  time,  among  a  large  number  who  were 
pressing  into  the  room,  during  a  very  busy  season,  and  I  accepted  him.  Persons  with  venereal 
disease,  unless  very  carefully  examined,  will  at  times,  in  certain  stages  of  the  dise§se,  succeed  in 
disguising  it  liy  a  discharge  of  urine  and  the  use  of  injections  previous  to  examination.  I  have 
detected  numerous  cases  of  the  kind. 

Another  dangerous  practice  resorted  to  is  this:  A  certain  person,  whom  for  convenience  we 


surgeons'   EEPOETS PENNSYLVANIA — ELEVENTH   DISTRICT.  319 

will  call  "  B,"  having  some  disability  about  him,  unfitting  him  for  military  service,  will  i)resent 
himself,  as  a  volunteer,  lor  examination,  ami,  after  being  rejected,  will  pass  out  of  the  examining- 
room,  among  those  who  have  preceded  him.  Then  a  companion,  "  C,''  who,  having  been  frequently 
examined  before,  knows  himself  to  be  a  fit  subject  for  enlistment,  will  enter  tlie  examiningroom. 
He  is  of  course  accepted,  being  generally  a  flue  healthy  fellow,  and  he  passes  out  of  the  room.  His 
("O's")  name,  among  a  nuniber  of  others,  is  handed  to  the  clerks  to  prepare  his  papers,  and  when 
the  men  are  summoned  for  muster,  and  the  name  of  "  G"  (the  accepted  man)  is  called,  the  rejected 
man  "B"  answers  to  it,  steps  forward,  and  in  the  press  of  business  and  excitement  attending  these 
times  is  mustered  into  the  service.  The  practice  of  enlisting  under  assumed  names  is  frequently 
resorted  to,  and  men  who  have  passed  beyond  the  age  of  forty-five  years  often  attempt  to  deceive 
the  surgeon  and  the  board  by  coloring  their  hair  and  beard,  and  otherwise  hiding  the  usual  traces 
of  old  age. 

Not  only  are  these  frauds  and  deceptions  practiced  by  substitutes  and  volunteers,  but  also  by 
drafted  and  enrolled  men,  not  in  the  same  manner,  but  in  others  equally  as  bad.  Drafted  men, 
for  instance,  will  claim  exemption  by  reason  of  ankylosis  of  some  joint,  frequentlj^  the  ankle  or 
elbow  joint,  and  if  [)hysically  strong,  unless  you  wish  to  be  rude  and  severe  in  your  measures,  you 
will  have  some  difljculty  in  ascertaining  the  true  facts  in  the  case,  without  the  application  of  ether, 
which,  indeed,  was  frequently  resorted  to.  Others  are  very  lame  as  soon  as  they  enter  the  oflice, 
walking  with  much  difficulty  with  the  aid  of  a  c;ine  of  huge  dimensions,  and  making  the  most  hide- 
ous faces  while  undergoing  the  examination,  which  seldom  develops  anything  of  a  nature  to  account 
for  the  pretended  suffering. 

Deafness  is  often  feigned  in  order  to  procure  release  from  the  draft,  and  very  often  it  is  so  well 
feigned,  and  the  character  of  a  deaf  man  so  well  sustained,  that  a  conversation  of  a  very  important 
character,  relating  to  his  own  case  and  the  probable  result,  will  not  disturb  his  equanimity  while 
carried  on  in  his  rear,  nor  the  accidental  fall  of  a  quantity  of  that  "  highly  appreciated  "  silver  coin 
attract  his  attention. 

The  loss  of  teeth  is  a  cause  for  exemption,  so  readily  secured  by  many  persons,  that  it  is  a  rare 
thing  to  see  a  man  "  liable  to  draft"  who  carries  in  his  jaws  the  few  straggling  grinders  to  which 
he  clung  for  years  with  such  heroic  pertinacity.  Numerous  cases  came  to  my  knowledge  during 
the  last  two  years  of  persons  who  feared  the  draft  more  than  they  loved  their  country,  and,  know- 
ing of  no  other  avenue  of  escape  from  the  strong  arm  of  the  law  in  the  case  of  their  being  drafted, 
had  their  teeth  extracted  from  the  upper  jaw,  and  ran  the  risk  of  going  almost  toothless,  even  if 
not  drafted,  rather  than  be  drafted  and  not  be  found  toothless.  I  refused  to  exempt  several 
persons  who,  I  was  informed,  had  their  teeth  drawn  for  the  purpose  of  evading  their  duties  to  the 
Government. 

Men  claiming  exemption  under  Circular  101  gave  us  much  unnecessary  trouble.  Though  the 
bills,  scattered  over  the  entire  district,  told  them  in  terms  as  plain  as  the  English  language  could 
supply,  that  none  other  than  "  manifest  permanent  physical  disability  "  would  exempt  men  from 
the  enrollment  before  the  draft,  thousands  of  persons  flocked  to  our  headquarters  for  exemi)tion 
on  the  most  trifling  and  ridiculous  grounds.  If  not  accommodated  with  an  immediate  examination, 
or  if  examined  and  their  complaint  decided  not  to  be  of  such  a  nature  as  to  warrant  exemption, 
curses  both  loud  and  deep  were  heaped  upon  the  board. 

A  large  number  of  these  men  applied  for  examination,  ostensibly  to  volunteer,  but  really  to 
ascertain  if  there  might  ]ierchance  be  some  imperfection  about  them  which  would  entitle  them  to 
exemption,  not  knowing  of  the  existence  of  any  themselves,  and  fearful  of  a  refusal  on  the  part  of 
the  surgeon  to  examine  them  unless  they  should  show  some  sufticieut  reason  for  the  work.  These 
men,  if  accepted,  would  invariably  refuse  to  be  mustered,  and,  if  rejected  for  some  cause  then  exist- 
ing but  not  permanent  in  its  nature,  peremptorily  demanded  their  exemption  from  enrollment. 

"  What  nationali'y  presents  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  fur  militartj  serricef'  is  a  question  rather 
difficult  for  me  to  answer.  There  were  but  three  difl^ereut  classes  strongly  represented  in  this  con- 
flict, at  least  as  far  as  our  experience  is  concerned :  these  were  Americans,  Germans,  and  Irish. 
The  majority  of  the  two  last  named  have  resided  in  this  country  so  long  that  they  have  become  in  a 
manner  Americanized,  having  but  few  of  the  habits  or  peculiarities  of  their  nation  about  them  in 
their  mode  or  pursuits  of  life.     Could  the  negroes  be  strictly  considered  as  having  a  nationality  of 


320  surgeons'    KEPOKTS PENNSYLTANIA ELEVENTH    DISTRICT. 

their  own,  I  -would  not  hesitate  to  pronounce  that  by  far  the  best  fitted  physically  for  military 
service.  But  this  not  being  allowable,  I  must  decide  in  favor  of  the  Irish  as  being  the  strongest 
and  most  healthy  among  the-various  classes  examined.  It  is,  however,  scarcely  just  or  proper  to 
decide  in  favor  of  a  minority  in  this  case,  as,  under  the  last  call  for  volunteers,  there  were  but  one 
hundred  and  twenty-seven  Irishmen  examined  to  eight  hundred  and  twenty-six  Americans  ;  and  it 
is  natural  to  suppose  tliat  out  of  so  small  a  number  only  the  best  material  may  come  forward,  while 
among  a  large  body  of  men  more  of  the  bad  and  indifferent  may  be  found.  Again,  the  draft 
reached  all  classes  and  conditions  of  the  American  people,  the  strong  and  the  frail,  good  and  bad, 
while  tlie  majority  of  foreigners  were  exempt  as  aliens,  and  only  those  who  felt  strong  and  vigorous 
euough  to  endure  tlie  hardships  of  a  military  life  voluntarily  entered  the  service. 

My  experience  as  to  the  '■^physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  for  military  s<trvice  "  is  that 
they  are  j^hysically  lar  better  fitted  for  this  work  than  any  class  of  white  men  I  examined.  They 
were  stronger,  more  fully  developed,  more  mu^cular,  and  iree  from  umny  of  the  blemishes  and 
diseases  common  among  the  white  race.  Among  a  large  number  of  colored  men  examined,  I  found 
but  two  with  hernia:  one  umbilical  and  one  inguinal.  Of  disease  of  the  heart  and  other  internal 
organs,  I  discovered  but  very  few.  if  any,  cases  among  the  number  examined.  Their  teeth  and  eyes 
are  remarkably  good.  Htemorrhoids  is  a  thing  seldom  found  to  afflict  a  negro.  I  have  no  recol- 
lection of  a  single  case  coming  under  my  observation.  In  a  word,  I  would  pronounce  the  colored 
race  emiueutly  qualified  for  military  service. 

The  enrollmeut-iaw,  as  it  now  exists,  is  as  perfect  and  as  equitable,  in  my  opiuiou,  as  it  could 
conveniently  be  made.  lu  its  operation,  I  can  see  nothing  inimical  to  the  people  or  unjust  in  its 
nature.  The  bare  idea  of  enrolling  and  drafting  persons  is  one  not  very  agreeable  to  a  people 
unused  to  war  and  its  attending  evils  in  any  form ;  but  when  the  necessity  for  such  stringent 
measures  exists,  no  better  or  more  consistent  laws  could  be  enacted  than  those  under  which  we 
have  been  operating  during  the  last  year. 

There  is,  however,  one  clause  or  provision  in  the  law  which  I  consider  at  least  disagreeable  in 
its  tendency  to  the  ieelings  of  American  citizens,  and  susceptible  of  improvement  or  uiodification. 
I  allude  to  the  exemption  of  persons  of  foreign  birth  who  have  not  exercised  the  right  of  suffrage 
nor  declared  their  intentions  to  become  citizens  of  the  United  States.  There  are  thousands  of 
foreigners  in  our  country,  who  have  resided  here  for  ten  or  twenty  years,  have  enjoyed  all  the  privi- 
leges our  own  citizens  enjoy,  full  freedom,  access  to  our  schools,  churches,  courts,  asylums, and  other 
public  institutions.  Tbey  enjoy  the  same  freedom  of  specjch  ;  religious  toleration  ;  engage  in 
the  same  commercial  pursuits  ;  coin  money  from  tbe  same  coffers  ;  receive  the  same  remuneration 
for  their  services ;  and  are  allowed  free  homes  and  lands  in  the  Territories  of  the  West  by  the  Gov- 
ernment. In  every  respect,  save  that  of  voting,  they  are  on  an  equal  footing  with  American-born 
citizens.  When  the  country  is  in  danger,  they  have  the  same  interests  at  stake;  their  property  and 
lives  are  in  the  sauie  peril,  as  well  as  tliat  freedom  which  they  professed  they  crossed  the  ocean  to  enjoy. 
All  these  privileges  and  blessings  they  share,  but  when  all  these  are  in  danger  and  need  defenders  they 
shelter  themselves  behind  the  parchment  which  pronounces  them  subjects  of  some  foreign  power ! 
They  do  not  wish  to  become  citizens  in  due  form,  preferring  to  avoid  the  necessity  of  defending  the 
institutions  of  the  country.  Not  only  persons  born  on  foreign  soil  and  emigrating  to  this  countiy, 
but  their  sons  born  on  our  shores,  educated  in  our  schools,  breathing  tlie  air  of  freedom  from  in- 
fancy, are  exempt  from  military  service,  because  their  fathers  have  never  gone  througli  theformality 
of  being  naturalized.  I  sincerely  trust  this  subject  will  be  more  carefully  and  judiciously  considered 
by  the  people  and  their  representatives,  and  such  action  taken  in  the  matter  as  may  lead  to  a  fairer 
and  more  just  distribution  of  the  labors  and  dangers,  as  well  as  tlie  blessings  and  privileges  of  the 
land.  This  is  one  of  the  points  in  the  enrollment-law  which,  in  my  opiuiou,  calls  for  a  change.  It 
is  one  against  which  much  complaint  is  made  by  the  most  loyal  sustainers  of  the  Government,  and 
by  men  who  are  willing  to  make  any  sacrifice,  reasonable  and  necessary,  for  the  good  of  the  country. 

In  conclusion,  ]jerniit  me  to  refer  to  one  more  subject,  which,  during  my  official  career,  has  caused 
the  board  much  trouble,  and  brought  upon  our  heads  more  abuse  than  anything  else  in  tLe  laws  or 
instructions  of  thi^  Government.  It  is  the  distinction  made  between  volunteers  and  drafted  men  with 
reference  to  their  fitness  lor  military  service.  In  compliance  with  instructions  from  my  superiors,  I 
was  often  obliged  to  reject  men  presenting  tliemselves  for  examination  as  volunteers,  who,  afterward, 


surgeons'    REPOKIS PENNSYLVANIA TWELFTH    DLSTRICT.  321 

beiiij?  drafted,  could  not  tor  the  saiiu'  reiisons  he  exeiiiptcsd.  This  was  considered  by  the  people  very 
unjust.  Poor  men  with  large  families  dependent  on  their  labor  for  support,  who  could  ill  allord  to 
be  drafted,  and  to  leave  their  wives  and  children  destitute  of  the  necessaries  of  life,  would,  prompted 
by  feelings  of  i)atri()tisin  as  well  as  a  desire  to  make  souk^  provision  for  their  families,  eagerly 
accept  the  liberal  oft'ers  from  a  local  district  in  the  shape  of  a  bounty,  and  jjresent  themselves  iu 
good  liiith  as  candidates  for  enlistment.  Some  cause  existing  for  which  the  instructions  from  the 
War  Department  for  the  guidance  of  surgeons  in  this  business  prohil)its  me  from  aitcepting  them 
as  volunteers,  and  still  would  not  authorize  me  to  exempt  them  if  dralted,  I  was  obliged  to  reject 
them  in  one  case,  and  to  hold  them  iu  the  other. 

Otiiei's,  who  were  drafted  and  claimed  exemption  for  some  disability  which  would  not,  ac- 
cording to  my  instructions,  exempt  them  from  draft,  were  compelled  to  commutt^  or  furnish  substi- 
tutes, and  afterward,  desiring  to  enter  the  service  as  volunteers  in  order  to  ledeem  some  of  their 
pecuniary  loss,  could  not,  for  the  same  cause  then  existing,  be  accepted  by  the  board.  This  created 
a  bitter  feeling  among  the  people  against  the  board  and  the  Government  Persons  argued  that  if 
a  man  was  lit  to  perform  military  service  as  a  drafted  man,  he  should  naturally  be  qualilied  to  serve 
in  the  same  capacity  as  a  volunteer;  that  if  a  man  desiring  to  volunteer  could  not  become  a  soldier 
because  he  had  lost  his  left  eye  or  was  near-sighted,  he  could  not  reasonal)ly  become  one  as  a 
drafted  man.  Thus  many  poor  men  could  not  become  soldiers  when  an  opportunity  offeied  by 
which  to  make  some  provision  for  their  families,  but  were  afterward  compelled  to  enter  tiie  Army 
as  drafted  men  without  any  pecuniary  advantage.         *  *  * 

O.  IT.  nUMPIlREV, 
SiDUjcoH  Hoard  of  EnroHinetil  Eleventh  Distriat  of  Pcniisijlcaniii. 

Easton,  Pa.,  June  15,  lS(i5. 


PENNSYLVANIA— TWELFTH  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  f mm  report  of  Dr.  11.  P.  MoouY. 

*  *  *  I  entered  upon  my  duties  as  surgeon  of  the  board  ot  enrollment  of  the. 
twelfth  district  of  Pennsylvania  on  the  27th  day  of  May,  18G3,  and  have  been  on  duty  ('ontinuously 
from  that  time  until  the  present.  Our  records  show  seven  tliousand  one  hundred  and  tifty- three 
physical  examinations. 

*  *  *  This  district  is  composed  of  the  counties  of  Luzerne  and  Sus(piehanna,  and, 
as  the  geograi)hy  as  well  as  the  habits  of  the  peoi>le  are  different  in  the  two  (u)unties,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  consider  them  separately. 

Luzerne  County  covers  an  area  of  about  two  thousand  square  miles,  and  in  1800  had  a  popula- 
tion of  alittle  over  ninety  thousand.  It  [)resents  a  surface  of  great  diversity.  A  portion  equals  the 
most  barren  and  uneven  of  any  in  tlie  State,  while  other  parts  eiiual  the  most  beautitid  and  fertile. 
The  most  important  streams  which  course  through  the  county  are  the  Susquehanna  and  Lackawanna 
Rivers.  The  Susquehanna  enters  the  county  on  the  north  at  a  point  about  midway  between  the 
eastern  and  western  boundaries,  and  runs  in  a  southwesterly  direction  a  distance  of  about  fifty-five 
miles,  to  where  it  rea(!hesColumbia  County.  Along  this  entire  route,  it  is  bordered  by  beautiful  valleys 
upon  either  side,  of  I'roui  one  to  eighteen  miles  in  length.  One  of  these,  the  Wyoming  Valley,  has 
become  historical  as  the  scene  of  the  terrible  Indian  massacre  in  1778.  It  extends  from  Pittston  to 
Nanticoke,  a  distance  of  eighteen  miles,  ranging  from  one  to  five  miles  in  width,  and  is  not  sur- 
passed in  beauty  or  fertility  by  any  valley  iu  the  country. 

The  soil  is  owned   principally  by  descendants  of  the  early  settlers,  who  are  enjoying  the 
blessings  achieved  for  them  by  their  fathers.     Beneath  are  endless  fields  of  coal,  which  are  leased 
to  comi)anies  who  are  engaged  in  mining  the  coal.     These  mines  have  attracted  to  the  valley  thou 
sands  of  nieu  of  foreign  birth,  who  earn  their  liveliliood  by  working  in  them. 

The  Lackawanna  River  enters  the  county  at  its  northeast  corner,  at  which  point  it  is  but  an 
insignificant  stream.     Its  course  is  diagonal  through  the  northern  portion  of  the  county,  and  being 
fed  by  numerous  springs  and  small  streams,  when  it  reaches  the  Susquehanna,  at  Pittston,  after 
41 


322  SURGEONS     REPORTS PENNSYLVANIA TWELFTH    DISTRICT. 

traversing  a  distance  of  about  thirty  miles,  it  has  assumed  the  proportions  of  quite  a  respectable 
river.  The  valley  of  the  Lackawanna  averages  about  one  mile  in  width.  The  surface  is  covered 
with  bowlders  of  all  sizes,  and  possesses  but  little  soil  for  farmiug  i)urposes.  The  wealth  lies  under- 
neath in  the  form  of  coal,  and  the  inhabitants  are  engaged  in  mining  it.  The  town  of  Scranton  is 
located  in  this  valley,  and  has  beeu  built  by  the  coal-interest  dnring  the  lust  fifteen  years.  It  now 
numbers,  in  an  area  of  four  miles,  not  less  than  thirty-five  thousand  inhabitants.  The  coal-trade 
at  this  point  has  developed  an  extensive  furnace  for  the  manufacture  of  iron,  the  ore  being  tran.s- 
ported  from  other  parts.  A  rolling-mill  for  the  manufacture  of  railroad-iron  and  an  extensive 
machine-shop  for  the  manufacture  of  engines  and  cars  are  also  established  in  the  valley. 

To  leave  these  valleys  and  pass  west  of  the  Susquehanna,  we  encounter  the  Kingston  Mount- 
ains, which  border  the  WyomingValley.  Farmers  have  climbed  up  their  sides,  and,  at  points,  even  to 
the  apex,  and  where  a  few  years  ago  existed  a  vast  forest  are  now  found  beautiful  fields  in  a  higii 
state  of  cultivation.*  Beyond  the  summit  are  rolling  hills,  rugged  in  places,  but  nearly  all  culti- 
vated, and  their  inhabitants  mostly  engaged  in  tilling  the  soil.  At  the  extreme  west  is  a  spur  of 
the  Alleghany  Mountains.  At  the  foot  of  this  mountain  is  Harvey's  Lake,  a  beautiful  sheet  of 
water,  covering  about  nine  square  miles  of  territory.  A  first-class  hotel  has  beeu  erected  near  the 
outlet,  and  the  place  is  gaining  favor  as  a  summer-resort.  East  of  the  Susquehanna,  bordering  the 
valley,  are  the  Wyoming  Mountains,  higher  and  steeper  than  those  west  of  the  river.  The  sides 
and  apex  are  disturbed  only  by  an  occasional  coal-shaft,  and  the  railroads  necessary  to  transport 
the  coal  along  the  sides  of  the  mountain.  Beyond  the  mountain  is  a  vast  wilderness  for  miles 
around,  interrupted  only  by  an  occasional  mill  for  the  manufacture  of  lumber.  The  inhabitants  are 
consequently  engaged  in  preparing  the  lumber  for  market. 

Farther  on,  toward  the  southeastern  portion  of  the  county,  are  other  small  streams,  bordered  by 
well-cultivated  and  fertile  farms.  This  part  of  the  county  is  inhabited  by  that  class  of  people 
kuown  as  "Pennsylvania  Dutchmen,"  who  are  treading  in  the  tracks  of  their  fathers,  tilling  the 
same  soil,  and  voting  the  same  ticket.  Still  lower  down,  in  the  extreme  lower  end  of  the  county, 
are  the  Hazleton  coal-fields;  here  there  is  a  large  foreign  population  engaged  in  mining  coal. 

Bordering  the  Lackawanna  Valley  on  the  west  are  the  Capouse  Mountains,  high  aud  rugged. 
Coal-operators  have  settled  down  at  the  base  at  different  points,  and  are  takiug  large  quantities  of 
coal  from  underneath.  Beyond  the  mountains  are  rolling  hills,  a  portion  of  which  is  well  culti- 
vated, the  inhabitants  being  mostly  engaged  in  farming. 

East  of  the  Lackawanna  Valley  are  the  Moosic  Mountains,  which  are  simply  an  extension  of 
the  Wyoming  Mountains.  Beyond  these  the  surface  is  uneven,  and  in  places  heavily  timbered,  and 
but  thinly  populated.    The  inhabitants  divide  their  attention  between  farming  and  lumbering. 

Susquehanna  County  lies  north  from  Luzerne,  and  is  bordered  on  the  north  by  the  State  of 
New  York.  It  has  an  area  of  about  nine  hundred  square  miles,  and  in  1860  a  population  of  a  little 
over  thirty-six  thousand  inhabitants.  The  only  important  stream  is  the  Susquehanna  River,  which 
passes  about  twenty  miles  through  the  northern  portion  of  the  county. 

The  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  follows  the  river  at  this  point,  and  that  company  have  done 
nuich  in  the  building-up  of  this  portion  of  the  county.  They  are  now  working  extensive  machine- 
shops  lor  the  manufacture  of  engines  and  cars  at  Susquehanna  Depot,  a  town  of  some  three  thou- 
siind  inhabitants.  The  remainder  of  the  county  presents  an  extremely  uneven  surface.  The 
bills  rise  to  a  considerable  height,  but  are  not  so  steep  as  to  prevent  their  cultivation.  The  soil  is 
better  adapted  to  the  production  of  grass  aud  hay  than  any  other  article  of  produce;  consequently 
the  attention  of  the  farmers  is  generally  devoted  to  raising  cattle,  sheep,  and  horses,  and  to  the 
dairy  business.     It  is  considered  one  of  the  best  grazing  counties  in  the  State. 

The  most  prevalent  diseases  in  the  upland  or  farming  and  lumbering  districts  are  affections  of 
the  lungs  and  liver.  To  so  great  an  extent  do  these  affections  prevail,  that  in  nearly  all  cases  of 
illness  the  practitioner  is  obliged  to  watch  these  organs  closely.  I  can  offer  no  other  plausible 
reason  for  this  than  the  many  sudden  changes  of  the  weather.  In  the  mining-regions,  there  are 
more  rheumatic  affections,  attended  with  derangements  of  all  the  internal  organs,  more  especially  of 
the  heart  and  kidneys.  This  is  acciounted  for  by  the  occupations  of  the  inhabitants.  The  atmos- 
phere in  the  uiines  is  close  and  dami),  and  the  miners  usually  go  in  in  the  morning  carrying  their 
dinners  \x  ith  them,  and  do  not  come  out  till  night.    For  this  reason,  ic  is  but  seldom  they  get  an 


surgeons'    reports PENNSYLVANIA TWELFTH    DISTRICT.  323 

oi)portiinity  to  breatlio  the  pure  air.    The  affections  of  the  heart  and  kidneys  are  tlie  result  gen- 
erally of  rheumatic  affections. 

TIkmc  has  been  the  largest  ratio  per  thousand  exempted  for  hernia,  (section  26  of  paragraph 
85,  Eevised  Kegulatioiis.)  This  is  owing  to  the  laborious  habits  of  the  people.  Heavy  lifting  and 
overexertion  Lave  produced  a  large  majority  of  these  affections.  Second  in  the  list  is  section  32, 
[)aragraph  85,  which  refers  to  fractures,  dislocations,  diseases  of  bones,  &c.,  which  are  occasioned 
by  the  many  accidents  in  the  mines.  Third  in  the  list  is  the  loss  of  tieth,  section  20,  paragraph  85. 
This  is  accounted  for  by  the  inordinate  fear  entertained  by  a  large  class  of  people  of  entering  the 
military  service.  It  is  a  humiliating  fact  that  there  are  American  citizens  who  would  rather 
mutilate  themselves  in  such  a  manner  as  to  render  a  recovery  impossible  than  to  render  assistance 
of  any  kind  to  their  country.  And  this  section  has  been  a  favorite  for  many  such.  I  believe  that 
ouehalf  of  those  who  have  been  exempted  under  this  section  had  their  teeth  extracted  for  the  sole 
purpose  of  escaping  the  draft.  In  many  cases,  men  have  presented  themselves  for  examination,  whose 
gums  were  yet  unhealed.  A  large  proportion  of  these  were  young  men  in  the  vigt)r  of  manhood,  and 
many  of  them  the  sons  of  rich  men.  I  mention  this  to  show  to  what  deeds  certain  political  teach- 
ings will  lead  men. 

There  could  be  a  few  changes  in  paragraph  85  of  the  Eevised  Regulations,  which,  in  my 
opinion,  would  be  advantageous  to  all  parties  concerned.  Section  3,  which  refers  to  cases  of 
epilepsy,  requires  the  affidavit  of  a  physician  in  good  standing  who  has  attended  the  man  in  the 
disease  during  or  within  six  months  immediately  preceding  his  examination  by  the  board.  This  is 
impracticable,  as  a  majority  of  the  confirmed  epileptics  in  this  section  seldom  call  for  medical  aid, 
and,  should  a  physician  be  called  in  the  rural  districts,  the  distance  is  so  great  that  he  seldom 
arrives  in  time  to  witness  the  paroxysm.  In  most  cases  of  confirmed  epilepsy,  there  is  a  certain 
indescribable  expression  of  countenance,  which  is  readily  discovered  by  the  surgeon.  This,  in  con- 
nection with  the  evidence  of  good  citizens  fi'om  his  immediate  neighborhood  who  have  seen  him 
during  one  or  more  paroxysms  at  a  recent  date,  should  be  sufiBcieut  to  discharge  the  man. 

Section  20,  relating  ro  defective  teeth,  should  be  stricken  from  the  list  of  exemptions.  Section 
23  should  l)e  so  moditied  as  to  exempt  only  c  tses  of  eonfirmed  ovaggravated\wgm\iA\  hernia.     *     *     • 

I  iiave  examiued,  ou  a  few  occasions,  one  hundred  and  fifty  men  per  day.  They  were  volun- 
teers, and  did  not  require  as  much  time  as  drafted  men.  Men  who  have  always  considered  them- 
selves healthy  .snddenly  discover,  after  being  drafted,  that  they  are  afflicted  with  some  fearful 
malady,  and  are  not  satisfied  with  an  examination  unless  considerable  time  is  spent  with  them,  and 
all  the  motions  gone  through  with.  To  do  this,  sixty  men  per  day  are  as  many  as  one  man  can 
examine.  With  volunteers,  it  is  not  necessary  to  consume  so  much  time.  The  general  appearance 
of  the  man  is  sufficient  to  satisfy  the  surgeon  whether  any  serious  disease  of  the  internal  organs 
exists.  If  he  is  well-[)roportioned,  witli  health  written  on  every  feature,  it  is  only  necessary  to 
ascertain  whether  any  injuries  or  local  disease  exist  which  would  disqualify  him  for  the  militiiry 
service.  The  surgeon  could  satisfy  himself  just  as  readily  in  the  case  of  a  drafted  man,  but  he 
would  fail  to  satisfy  the  man  that  sufficient  attention  had  been  paid  him,  and  I  consider  it  highly 
proper  for  the  agent  of  the  Government  to  pay  respect  to  the  wishes  of  the  people.  A  draft  is 
more  or  less  repugnant  to  all  classes,  bnt  the  rough  corners  can  be  taken  off;  and  it  may  be  made 
more  palatable  to  the  conscripts  if  the  officers  listen  patiently  to  their  claims,  and  succeed  in  satis- 
fying them  that  they  have  the  full  benefit  of  the  law. 

The  frauds  practiced  by  drafted  and  enrolled  men  and  by  volunteers  and  substitutes  are  so 
numerous  that  the  surgeon  soon  comes  to  look  upon  every  man  appearing  for  examination  with 
suspicion.  With  drafted  and  enrolled  men,  hernia  has  been  a  favorite  claim,  and  to  prove  its 
existence  they  i)resent  themselves  with  a  truss  well  fitted,  and  claim  to  have  worn  it  for  years. 
The  closest  examination  fails  to  discover  the  defect,  but  often  develops  the  fact  that  the  truss  has 
Iteen  borrowed  for  the  occasion.  Others  mutilate  themselves  by  creating  ulcers  ou  the  lower 
extremities,  which  have  the  appearance  of  varicose  ulcerations,  and  it  is  sometimes  difficult  in  these 
cases  to  detect  the  fraud.  Some  use  irritating  ointments  on  the  eyelids  to  produce  the  appearance 
of  chronic  conjunctivitis,  or  about  the  anus  to  produce  prolapsus  ani  or  haemorrhoids.  These 
cases  are  easily  detected.     Many  present  themselves  covered  with  strengthening  plasters,  claiming 


324  surgeons'  kfj'okts — Pennsylvania — twelfth  ulstrict. 

to  be  diseased  all  over,  while  tbeir  general  aiipeaiaiiee  denotes  good  health,  aud  their  hands  show 
that  they  labor  every  day.  The  claim  of  ei)ilei)sy  is  frequently  resorted  to,  and  in  a  few  instances 
men  have  had  paroxysms  in  the  examiningroom  ;  but  these  cases  have  never  required  medical  aid 
to  restore  them  to  consciousness.  Chronic  rheumatism  was  for  a  season  a  favorite  claim,  but  ha.s 
of  late  been  abandoned  as  unsafe.  One  ease  that  recurs  to  my  mind  at  this  time  will  serve  to 
illustrate  the  ))Ower  of  some  men  to  practice  deceit.  The  man  alleged  complete  ankylosis  of  the 
right  elbow  as  the  result  of  frequent  attacks  of  rheumatism.  By  some  accidental  means,  1  became 
satisfied  there  was  something  wrong  in  the  case  I  then  resorted  to  all  the  strategy  my  ingenuity 
could  devise  to  get  liitii  off  his  guard,  hoping  to  see  him  move  his  arm,  but  to  no  jiurpose.  Still  feel- 
ing satisfied  that  there  was  nothing  wrong  with  the  joint,  I,  with  the  aid  of  au  assistant,  endeavored 
to  bend  the  elbow  by  main  force,  but  he  had  such  perfect  control  over  the  muscles  of  his  arm  that 
we  could  not  etteet  the  slightest  motion  of  the  joint,  aud  succeeded  only  in  eliciting  the  most 
unciirthly  screams  indicative  of  the  pain  he  professed  to  endure.  I  then  made  preparations  to 
administer  ether,  but  after  taking  one  snutt'  at  tlie  ansesthetic,  he  gave  up,  aud  demonstrated  tlie 
fact  thai  he  was  prarticing  fraud  by  a  free  use  of  the  joint.  We  have  many  cases  of  this  class, 
claiming  aflections  of  joints  in  difierent  jjarts  of  the  body.  The  presence  of  an  anjx'sthetic  gen- 
erally sufhces  to  liniber  the  joint  without  the  application  of  the  remedy. 

.  Volunteers  and  substitutes  display  as  much  ingenuity  to  get  into  as  enrolled  aud  drafted  men 
do  to  get  out  of  the  service,  but  they  do  not  have  as  good  a  chance  to  succeed  as  the  latter.  It 
is  more  difficult  to  cover  up  a  disease  that  actually  exists  than  to  produce  or  assume  one.  Those 
afflicted  with  hernia  present  themselves  at  times  when  the  affection  is  not  manifest.  Those  having 
any  other  local  affections  cover  them  up  as  much  as  possible,  aud  if  discovered  swear  that  they 
are  no  injury  to  them.  Many  times  when  such  men  have  been  rejected  once,  they  present  them- 
selves a  second  time,  or  even  a  third,  disguised  aud  under  a  different  name. 

The  records  of  this  office  would  indicate  that  Americans  present  the  greatest  physical  aptitude 
for  the  military  service,  for  their  [)erceutage  of  exemption  is  smaller  than  that  of  any  other 
nationality.  It  is  possible  that  these  records  are  not  a  true  index  to  the  facts  as  regards  this 
question.  There  are  at  this  time  about  four  thousand  deserters  from  the  draft  in  this  district,  and 
I  believe  I  do  not  overestimate  when  I  state  that  fully  75  ])er  cent,  of  them  are  of  foreign  birth, 
the  greater  portion  being  Irish.  Had  all  these  men  rei)orted.  it  is  probable  that  the  most  of 
them  would  haveTbeen  held  to  service;  for  if  they  had  considered  themselves  physically  disqualified, 
they  wouUl  have  reported  and  had  their  names  stricken  from  the  enrollment.  Those  of  Irish 
nativity  who  did  report  anil  were  exempted  were,  in  nearly  every  instance,  exempted  on  account 
of  local  affections,  occasioued  by  injuries  received  about  the  mines  or  other  public  works,  and  but 
ver,\  few  from  any  constitutional  affections.  I  am  of  opinion  that  the  Irish  as  a  race  are  less 
afflicted  with  constitutional  atfections  than  any  other  uatiouality.  If  this  be  true,  thej'  are  the 
best  qualified  for  physical  eiidurance,  but,  so  far  as  my  experience  extends,  when  considered  as  a 
class,  this  is  their  only  redeeming  quality.  As  regards  moral  qualifications  and  a  mind  capable  of 
looking  u^ion  an^  question  properly,  (which  faculty  is  indispensable  in  the  formation  of  a  good 
soldiei.)  ihey  are  almost  universally  lacking.  I  am  aware  that  there  have  been  a  few  glorious 
exce[)tions  to  this  general  rule  since  the  breaking-out  of  the  rebellion,  but  I  am  aware  also  that 
there  has  been  a  good  deal  of  pai)er  and  ink  wasted  in  portraying  deeds  to  their  credit  which  they 
never  performed.  Considering  the  matter  in  all  its  bearings,  I  am  satisfied  that  we  have  more  to 
charge  to  their  account  than  their  credit  will  balance. 

My  experience  with  the  colored  race  is  too  limited  to  enable  me  to  give  an  opinion  as  to  their 
physical  (jualifications  to  peiform  the  duties  of  the  soldier. 

Section  lli  of  the  enrollment-act,  approved  March  3,  1S(J3,  requires  that  men  drrfted  "shall  be 
notified  of  the  same,  within  ten  days  thereafter,  by  a  written  or  printed  notice,  to  be  served  person- 
ally, or  l)y  leaving  a  copy  at  the  last  place  of  residence,"  &c.  This  is  impracticable,  as  will  appear 
by  the  following  statement:  Llazleton  Township  is  located  about  sixty  miles  from  Sci'^nton,  the 
headquarters  of  this  district,  and  with  no  direct  communication  by  railroad  ;  aud  consists  of  four 
seiiaiate  settlenu'Hts,  or  towns,  built  by  the  coal-interests  of  that  section,  and  had  au  original  enroll- 
ment of  over  lilteen  hundred  names.     The  inhabitants  are  [triucipaily  Irish,  aud,  as  was  the  custom 


surgeons'    reports PENNSYLVANIA TWEl.Pril    DISTRICT.  325 

of  that  nativity,  f()iril)l.v  icsiistwl  the  otliccis  in  tailing  the  eiiroiliii^nt  in  1863.  For  this  reason, 
we  were  compelled  to  resort  to  the  poll  list  and  company  jjay-rolls  in  order  to  obtain  any 
enrollment  whatever.  By  this  means,  the  officers  were  unable  to  designate  the  particular  settle- 
ment or  i)art  of  the  township  in  which  the  men  resided.  In  the  draft  made  in  July,  1SC4,  there 
were  live  hundred  and  seventy  nine  names  drawn  from  this  township.  It  consumed  one  day  atrer 
the  drawing  to  prepare  the  notices,  and  one  day  for  the  deputy  selected  for  the  purpose  to  reach 
llazleton  from  these  head(iuarters  by  private  conveyance.  He  then  had  but  eight  days  to  fill  the 
requi;ements  of  the  law,  and  had  the  inhabitants  all  been  loyal  and  anxious  to  forward  the  interests 
of  the  Government  by  giving  the  necessary  information,  the  time  would  have  been  too  short  to 
deliver  that  number  of  notices.  But  here,  where  the  inhabitants  are  almost  universally  opposed  to 
the  Government,  and  not  oidy  refuse  to  give  information  as  to  the  residence  of  drafted  men,  but 
unite  in  assailing  the  officers  with  stones  and  clubs  to  drive  them  away,  it  is  simply  a  tar(;e  to 
undertake  the  task.  Hazleton  is  but  one  of  many  !o(!alities  in  this  district  where  it  is  impossible  to 
meet  the  requirements  of  this  section  of  the  law. 

The  only  possible  means  of  notilyiiig  this  class  is  by  public  lnind-l)ills  posted  extensively 
through  these  districts,  and  the  law  would  be  much  more  effective  were  this  made  the  lawful  means 
of  notification.  The  employes  of  this  office  have  arrested  a  large  number  of  drafted  men  who  failed 
to  report,  and  they  have  been  forwarded  from  this  office  to  the  general  rendezvous  at  Philadelphia, 
and  there  arraigned,  before  a  com  t-mai  tial.  Many  of  these  have  claimed  that  they  were  never  noti- 
fied, and  iu  almost  every  instance  of  the  kind  they  have  been  acquitted  and  discharged  by  the  court 
for  the  want  of  evidence  that  they  had  received  their  notices  within  ten  days  after  being  drafted. 

If  the  situation  ot  the  country  should  ever  require  another  draft,  and  it  should  be  thought  best 
by  our  law-nuikers  to  retain  this  section  of  the  law,  I  would  respectfully  recommend  that  another 
section  exempting  all  persons  of  Irish  nativity  be  added,  as  a  means  of  curtailing  the  expenses  of 
the  Government.  These  men  knew  that  they  were  dratted,  and  only  failed  to  receive  their  notices 
through  the  united  efforts  of  the  people  of  their  neighborhood  in  opposing  the  officers  who  were 
using  their  every  'effort  night  and  day  to  accomplish  the  requirements  of  the  law.  Now,  if  the  law 
recognizes  them  as  a  i)art  of  the  militia  of  the  country,  that  law  should  be  so  regulated  as  to  make 
itself  effective. 

Section  14  of  the  act  approved  March  3,  1865,  provides  that  all  persons  mustered  into  the 
service  as  volunteers  or  substitutes  shall  be  credited  to  the  ward  or  township  in  which  they  actually 
reside.  This  secti'jn  has  acted  unfavorably  iu  this  district.  The  euTollmentlaw,  as  a  whole,  has 
been  successful  in  fuinishing  men  only  so  far  as  the  prospect  of  a  draft  has  stimulated  volunteering. 
It  has  been  the  custom  of  the  loyal  portions  of  the  district,  when  a  call  has  been  made  for  men,  to 
offer  local  bounties  for  volunteers  to  fill  their  respective  quotas.  By  this  means,  a  large  number  of 
mea  have  been  added  to  the  service.  Loyal  men  of  families  in  limited  circumstances,  whose  mis- 
fortune it  has  been  to  have  a  residence  in  a  disloyal  district,  have,  iu  this  manner,  been  enabled  to 
enter  the  .service  to  the  credit  of  some  loyal  district,  leaving  with  their  families  the  bounties  they 
have  received  as  a  meaus  of  supi)ort.  But  the  larger  class  of  men  mustered  from  these  disloyal 
districts  have  been  men  u|)on  whom  the  Government  had  no  lawful  claini,  as  they  were  not  liable 
to  draft,  either  on  account  of  alienage  or  by  being  under  the  age  of  twenty  years.  These  were  all 
well  qualified  physically  for  the  military  service,  and  have  undoubtedly  rendered  good  service  since 
they  were  mustered,  but  they  were  induced  to  enter  the  service  only  by  the  local  bounties  offered. 
The  district  in  which  these  men  actuall^>  had  their  residence  would  neither  otfer  a  bounty  for  volun- 
teers nor  allow  a  drafted  man  to  enter  the  service  if  it  was  in  their  pow'er  to  prevent  it.  A  compar- 
ison of  the  results  of  the  operations  of  this  office  for  the  last  two  years  in  a  loyal  and  a  disloyal 
district  will  give  an  idea  of  the  workings  of  the  law. 

Hazleton  Township,  with  an  enrollment  of  over  fifteen  hundred  names,  (all  of  whom  have  been 
dratted,)  has  secured  one  hundred  and  lorty-one  credits,  the  most  of  which  were  three-hundred- 
dollar  commutations  paid  by  drafted  men.  The  north  ward  of  Scranton,  with  an  enrollment  of 
eight  hundred  and  seventy-three  names,  turnished  by  draft  in  1863,  fifty-six  credits,  mostly  'jy  three- 
hiindred-doUar  commutations.  Since  that  time  they  have  filled  their  quotas  under  every  call,  and 
have  thus  turnished  actuidly  four  hundred  and  twenty-five  men,  at  an  expense  of  not  less  than  one 
liuiuhcd   and  sixty   thousand   dollars.     At  tlie   time  this  section  became  the  law,  we  were  busily 


326  surgeons'  eeports — Pennsylvania — thirteenth  district. 

eugaj-eil  in  examining  and  uiu^eriug  volunteers  and  substitutes,  at  an  average  of  about  twenty-five 
per  day.  Had  an  order  from  tlie  W;i)-  Department  been  issued  to  discontinue  tlie  business  of  this 
office,  it  would  not  have  been  more  eft'ectual  in  stopping  enlistments  than  this  was.  The  disloyal 
districts  felt  no  interest  in  the  draft.  Their  enrollments  had  long  since  become  exhausted,  without 
having  tilled  a  single  quota,  and  no  quota  had  been  assigned  to  them  under  the  last  call.  Still 
there  existed  in  their  midst  a  large  number  of  young  men,  from  various  causes  not  liable  to  draft, 
who  were  anxious  to  accept  the  large  bounties  offered  and  enter  the  service.  The  requirements  of 
this  section  deprived  them  of  that  privilege,  to  the  great-  detriment  of  the  Government,  without 
conferring  anj'  corresponding  benefit  upon  the  districts  in  which  they  lived.  My  opinion  is  that 
the  men  who  enter  the  field  and  do  the  fighting  should  be  well  paid  lor  their  services,  and  that  those 
who  prefer  to  remain  at  home  should  be  made  to  contribute  freely  for  that  purpose,  and  any  legis- 
lation that  would  prevent  it  is  not  only  a  detriment  to  the  soldier  but  to  the  Government  also. 

H.  P.  MOODY, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Tioelfth  District  of  Pennsylvania. 
SCRANTON,  Pa.,  June  10,  1SG5. 

PENNSYLVANIA— THIRTEENTH   DISTRICT. 

Extracts  from  report  of  De.  W.  S.  Baker. 

•  *  *         I  have  the  honor  to  report  that  about  nine  thousand  two  hundred  and 

seventy-four  uieu  have  been  examined  by  the  surgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment  of  this  district 
since  the  opening  of  the  ofiice  in  May,  1863.         *  *  * 

Drafted  men,  with  rare  exceptions,  are  very  desirous  of  being  exempted  from  service  as  drafted 
men.  The  repugnance  to  serving  in  that  capacity  is  so  grent  that  all  kinds  of  artifices  and  excuses 
are  made  to  avoid  such  service.  The  same  men  who  cheerfully  ofl:ered  their  services  as  volunteers 
when  no  offers  of  large  bounties  induced  thetu,  will  use  artifices  to  obtain  exemptions  when  called 
on  for  service  as  drafted  men.  Americans  do  not  like  compulsion, 'and  yet,  when  obliged  to  go  into 
the  service,  they  generally  do  it  with  a  good  grace;  and  I  see  little  difference  in  the  cheerfulness 
with  which  a  squad  of  drafted  men  or  volunteers  start  for  the  rendezvous. 

Our  Government  has  heretofore  exacted  such  light  duties  and  laid  such  small  burdens  on  the 
people — it  has  been  so  little  felt  as  a  controlling  power,  and  men  were  so  free  to  pursue  the  avoca- 
tions of  their  choice — that  a  mnv  duty  to  be  performed  was  felt  to  be  onerous  and  to  be  avoided  if 
possible. 

The  repugnance  to  serving  as  drafted  men  was  increased  by  the  taunts  of  the  volunteers  at 
the  men  for  waiting  to  be  drafted.  The  efforts  of  the  opi)onents  of  the  Government  to  make  the 
draft  odious  had  an 'effect  in  keeping  up  a  feeling  against  it.  I  think  the  repugnance  to  drafting 
is  less  than  it  was  two  years  ago,  and  when  it  shall  have  become  a  princii)le  settled  in  the  minds 
of  the  people  that  all  able  men  owe  a  service  in  the  armi-es  of  the  reimblic,  which  must  be  paid 
whenever  the  Government  calls  for  that  service,  and  that  it  is  equally  honorable  to  render  the 
service  when  chosen  by  lot  as  in  any  other  manner,  there  will  be  less  hostility  to  the  draft.  It  is 
right  and  judicious  that  bounties  should  be  given;  men  of  small  means  and  dependent  families 
should  have  an  assurance  that  their  dear  ones  are  provided  lor  while  they  are  away,  and  there  is 
no  better  assurance  than  leasing  bounties  received  with  their  families  ;  but  the  bounties  should  be 
uniform  and  given  by  the  authority  of  the  General  Government,  or  at  least  by  the  States.  The 
vicious  system  of  giving  bounties  helped  to  create  and  continue  a  feeling  of  opposition  to  the  sys- 
tem of  drafting.  Each  State,  district,  and  subdistrict  being  in  competition  and  outbidding  others, 
the  less  wealthy  sub  distiicts,  despairing  of  filling  their  qiu)tas  by  volunteers,  allowed  their  men  to 
leave  and  be  credited  to  other  districts  without  an  effort  to  fill  their  quota. 

When  a  draft  is  in  [uospect,  men  begin  to  think  of  volunteering,  and  the  number  of  volunteers 
increases  as  the  amount  of  the  bounties  increases.  The  system  of  offering  bounties  varying  in 
amount  operated  very  unfavorably  in  some  i)articulars.  Bach  sub-district  was  in  competition  with 
every  other ;  larger  and  larger  bounties  were  offered,  and  enlisting  delayed ;  finally,  most  of  the 
enlisting  was  done  duiing  the  few  days  immediately  preceding  the  draft.  The  effect  of  competition 
in  bounties  has  been  to  drain  men  from    the  poorer  and  sparser  settlements  to  the  wealthier  sub- 


surgeons'    reports — PENNSYLVANIA — THIRTEENTH    DISTRICT,  327 

districts — from  tlic  producing  country  to  the  distributing  (dties,  towns,  and  boroughs.  Cities  and 
towns  have  the  advantage  in  money  aud  concentration  of  action;  consequently,  their  quotas  have 
been  largely  tilled  with  men  from  outside  of  their  limits.  There  was  some' compeusatiou  iu  this: 
the  money  was  brought  to  the  rural  districts  at  once,  instead  of  by  the  slower  process  of  produc- 
tive industry.  The  evil  of  draining  the  sparser-peopled  country  of  the  producing  class  was  iu 
rapid  process  of  correction  by  the  reduction  of  the  relative  quotas  in  the  rural  districts  required  by 
the  diminished  number  of  men  enrolled. 

The  amendment  of  the  enrollment-law,  (section  4,  of  March  3,  1865,)  which  requires  every  man 
to  be  credited  to  the  district  of  his  residence,  although  passed  too  late  to  benefit  the  rural  districts, 
obviates  that  evil,  and  will  have  a  happy  effect  in  future  drafts.  The  amendment  is  generally 
approved  in  the  country. 

By  the  census  of  1860,  the  population  of  the  Thirteenth  District  was  one  hundred  and  forty-fiv^e 
thousand  and  twenty-nine;  the  number  enrolled  was  eleven  thousand  two  hundred  and  thirty-six, 
or  about  one  iu  eleven  of  the  population.  The  number  of  men  enlisted  before  the  enrollment  was 
made  iu  Bradford  County  was  three  thousand  and  three  hundred  ;  in  the  other  counties,  it  was 
nearly  as  large  a  ratio.  It  is  estimated  that  six  thousand  and  five  hundred  men  have  enlisted 
out  of  the  district  since  the  war  commenced,  and  I  think  the  estimate  not  sufiQciently  large ;  some 
of  these  were  under  twenty  years  of  age.  The  enrollment  was  exhausted  in  some  sub  districts; 
iu  others,  nearly  so.  It  is  not  probable  that  the  country  will  ever  again  have  so  severe  a  drain 
on  its  population  for  warlike  purposes. 

The  Americans,  as  a  race,  especially  alter  attaining  the  age  of  thirty  years,  have  not  so  large 
a  development  of  fat  and  muscle  as  the  natives  of  England,  Germany,  or  Ireland.  They  are  more 
restless  and  energetic  and  rapid  in  their  work,  and  probably  work  more  hours  iu  the  day;  hence, 
they  exhaust  their  capacity  for  hard  work  sooner  than  Eui'opean  emigrants,  and  when  disabled 
from  pursuing  the  severer  kinds  of  labor  change  readily  to  some  occupation  requiring  less  strength. 
This  will  partly  account  for  a  greater  ratio  of  disabled  men  iu  towns. 

1  note  as  a  peculiarity  of  the  meu  from  Columbia  and  Montour  Counties,  who  are  of  German 
descent,  the  flatness  of  their  feet;  while  in  meu  from  other  parts  of  the  district  the  body  rests  on 
well-arched  feet.     The  flatness  of  the  foot  was  not  sufiQcient,  however,  to  disable  from  service. 

The  Thirteenth  District  of  Pennsylvania  is  a  region  of  hills  and  mountains,  interspersed  with 
valleys  of  moderate  width,  through  which  numerous  small  streams  flow  to  unite  with  and  swell  the 
waters  of  the  north  branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  which  river  passes  through  the  middle  of  the 
district,  from  its  northern  to  its  southern  l)order.  The  streams  are  rapid,  and  the  drainage  very 
good.  There  is  very  little  flat  land  iu  the  district,  and  when  uot  hilly  there  is  sufdcient  inclination 
for  drainage. 

The  elevation  above  tide-water  at  the  highest  point  of  the  Elmira  branch  of  the  Northern 
Central  Railroad  at  Granville,  Bradford  County,  Pa.,  is  1,584  feet,  with  mountain-elevations 
of  perhaps  800  feet  higher  in  Bradford  County.  The  mean  annual  temperature  is  45°  F.  in 
the  southern,  aud  44°  in  the  northern  part.  Mean  winter  temperature,  24°;  spring,  45°;  autumn, 
54°;  summer,  66°  ;  maximum,  98°;  minimum,  — 20°  F.  The  geological  formations  extend  from 
the  Carboniferous  down  to  the  Lower  of  Palaeozoic  strata. 

The  southeast  part  of  the  district  includes  a  very  small  portion  of  the  anthracite-coal  region  ; 
ttie  western  part  a  portion  of  the  bituminous-coal  region,  extendiug  along  the  south  border  of 
Bradford  County  for  nearly  one-half  its  breadth."    The  coal  is  high  up  in  the  mouutains. 

The  northern  portion  of  the  district  has  a  soil  formed  from  disintegiated  shales  and  sandstones 
of  the  Devonian  i)eriod,  (Portage  and  Chemung  groups  of  the  New  York  survey.)  There  is  some 
limestone,  and  the  water  is  slightly  imi)regnated  with  lime.  Large  and  frequent  deposits  of  drift 
are  to  be  found  in  the  northern  part  of  the  district,  (Bedford  County.)  In  the  southern  part  of  the 
district,  the  formations  extend  to  the  Upper  Silurian  strata.  More  limestone  is  found,  aud  the 
water,  in  places,  holds  more  lime  iu  solutiou.     Iron-ore  is  also  mined  and  worked. 

The  inhabitauts  are  intelligent,  active,  and  energetic.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  district, 
one  can  scarce  enter  a  house  without  finding  one  or  more  newspapers  to  be  takeu.  This  part  is 
mostly  settled  by  emigrants  from  the  New  England  States,  New  York,  and  New  Jersey,  and  their 
descendants.     In   the  southern  part  of  the  district,  the  inhabitauts  are  of  German  stock,  with  a 


328  surgeons'    reports PENNSYLVAMIA thirteenth    UISTRICI'. 

large  infusion  of  tlie  descendants  of  Scotcb-Irish  emigrants  aud   recent  emigrauts  Iroin  Ireland, 
Wales,  Germany,  and  England. 

The  land  is  mostly  tilled  by  its  owners  and  tlieir  families,  aud  is  divided  into  moderate-sized 
farms.  Farming  and  grazing  are  the  principal  occupatious,  altbougU  in  limited  portions  of  the 
district  the  miniugof  coal  and  iron-ore  with  the  smelting  and  manufacturing  of  iron  are  carried  on, 
aud  also  the  manufacturirig  of  lumber.  This  class  of  workmen,  with  a  large  percentage  of  mechanics, 
shop-keepers,  and  professional  men,  make  up  the  adult  male  population. 

The  prevalent  diseases  are  mostly  from  atmospheric  vicissitudes,  vicious  diet,  (or  rather  cook- 
'^ry,)  overnnich  labor,  and  insufficient  clothing;  cotton  in  the  last  instance  having  been  used  too 
much  in  place  of  wool.  The  food  is  sufficient  and  wholesome  when  properly  (;ook(  d.  Wheat,  maize, 
buckwheat,  potatoes,  milk,  butter,  and  ap,iles  are  the  chief  articles  of  diet ;  beef,  mutton,  and  fowls 
are  not  scarce ;  and  sugar,  tea,  aud  coffee  are  coMimoiily  us(>d.  iMalarions  diseases  are  rare,  except 
along  the  Susquehanna  Valley.  During  the  time  the  North  Pennsylvania  Canal  was  excavating 
along  the  river-valley, and  for  several  years  alter  its  completion,  malaiious  fevers  prevailed  exten- 
sively, but  for  six  or  seven  ye.irs  they  have  been  infrequent. 

The  early  settlers  were  laborious,  and  underwent  many  privations  while  opening  this  heavily- 
timbered  region  for  cultivation,  and  those  labors  and  privations  show  their  effects  on  the  present 
generation,  their  children  and  grandchildren.  The  labor  and  privations  undergone  by  the  early 
.settlers  were  detrimental  in  an  especial  degree  to  the  women  during  the  period  of  gestation  and 
suckling,  and  even  now  the  work  of  woman  is  too  incessant  and  long-continued  during  those 
periods. 

In  this  climate  of  elevati-d  and  hilly  regions,  the  vital  organs  on  which  the  greatest  demand  is 
made  are  those  contained  in  tiie  thorax  ;  and,  from  the  constant  calls  on  them  for  undue  activity  of 
function,  they  are  preilisposed  ti>  suffer  most  frequently  from  disease.  The  highest  ratio  of  exemp- 
tion is  from  diseases  of  the  lungs,  the  effects  of  repeated  attacks  of  pneumonia,  emphysema,  and 
tuberculosis;  and  from  orgaiiir  disease  of  the  heart,  in  most  cases  consequent  u])on  rheumatism. 

Itlieuaiatism  is  a  very  commo^i  disease,  and  although,  under  the  instructions  contained  in  para- 
graph 85,  Kevised  Regulations  Provost-Marshal-Geueral's  Barean,  the  ratio  of  exemptions  is  not 
large,  yet,  as  the  fruitful  origin  of  cardiac  disease,  the  ratio  should  be  increased.  Perhaps  the  rheu- 
matic diathesis  can  be  Just  ly  attributed  to  diet  anil  vicious  cooking,  although  attacks  of  the  disease 
are  generally  excited  by  exposure  to  wet  and  cold  with  insutih;ient  clothing.  As  cotton  is  dethroned, 
the  sovereigns  of  the  Xorth  may  perhaps  in  future  be  clothed  in  wool,  to  their  equal  benefit. 
Organic  disease  of  the  brain  is  infrequent;  so  of  the  abdominal  viscera.  Chronic  diarrhoea  is 
quite  irequent  since  the  return  of  so  mauy  from  the  Army. 

The  ratio  of  exemptions  from  defects  and  injuries  of  feet  is  very  high,  yet  very  few  defects  of 
feet  are  natural,  being  generally  the  result  of  wounds  and  injuries.  This  arises  from  the  fact  that 
a  large  number  of  the  men  are  axmen,  engaged  in  chopping  the  timber  prei)aratory  to  clearing  the 
land,  or  in  preparing  lumber  for  fuel  and  in  rolling  logs.  The  number  ot  fractures,  dislocations, 
diseases  of  the  bones  and  joints,  is  large ;  to  the  usual  causes  operating  in  other  places  maybe 
added  the  causes  mentioiu'd  in  the  last  ])aragraph,  together  with  a  caielessness  in  having  medical 
treatment  at  the  time  of,  or  soon  after,  the  accident,  the  man  being  olten  remote  from  home  in  the 
forests. 

Inflammation  of  the  pi'riostcum  is  mistaken  for  rheumatism  or  bruise,  and  treated  by  domestic 
remedies,  and  does  not  generally  come  under  a  physician's  care  until  [ins  has  formed. 

Hernia  occurs  most  frequently  in  those  who  make  violent  exertions  in  lilting  weights  beyond 
their  strength,  as  in  log-rolling,  in  clearing  land  and  lumbering,  and  in  men  engaged  in  working  in 
iron.  I  think  the  ratio  isgreater per  thousand  in  theforeign  poi)ulation  than  in  Americans.  Permanent 
physical  disability,  when  not, connected  with  organic  disease,  is  largely  ilue  to  overwork,  prolonged 
beyond  the  strength.  Prolajisus  ani  is  quite  frequent,  and  in  every  case  (except  one)  originated  in 
cliiidliood.  ILeniorrhoids,  old  and  ulcerated  internally,  are  not  a  lieipient  cause  of  exem[)tion. 
Aiuemia  caused  by  hiemorrhage  from  hajmorrhoidal  tumors  of  not  long  standing  is  oftener  the 
cause  of  disability.     The  ratio  is  not  large. 

Decided  deafness,  with  chronic  purulent  otorrhoea,  shows  alarge  ratio.  This  generally  originates 
in  cliihiliood  as  a* sequel   of  eruptive  levers,  and  of  neglected  otitis  from  colds.     Physicians  are 


SUKGEONS'    KEPORTS PENNSYLVANIA THIRTEENTH    DISTRICT.  329 

seldom  called  in  on  aecount  oi  earache,  and  the  disease  runs  its  course  to  suppuration  unchecked; 
attack  follows  attack  until  the  hearing  is  seriously  imi^aired. 

The  ratio  of  chroin'e  ulcers  and  varicose  veins  is  niucii  higher  in  the  foreign-liorii  population, 
especially  among  tlie  Irish,  than  in  Americans.  The  cause  of  the  huge  ratio  in  the  former  may  be 
ascribed  to  neglect  and  the  b.id  liabit  of  l)od.\  induced  by  alcoholic;  stimulants. 

Scroiuladoes  not  exhibit  itself  ofti'u  as  a  cause  of  exemption,  (uidess  tidierculosis  be  consid- 
ered as  sciofula,)  and  in  this  region  is  generally  of  hereditary  origin.  Tiie  people  of  the  district 
live  too  much  in  the  open  air  and  use  too  much  wiiolesonjc  food  to  Tunirish  scrofula  into  existence 
Of  secondary  syjihilis,  the  ratio  is  very  low. 

LoHn  of  ticlli. — The  high  ratio  of  exemptions  for  this  cause  is  in  a  great  measure"owing  to  the 
eflect  of  vicioris  cookery,  anfl  pcriiajis  to  the  general  weakening  of  the  constitution  from  too  long- 
continued  labor;  more  food  is  taken  into  the  stonnich  than  it  can  digest,  and  it  is  taken  in  a  lialf- 
masticateil  form,  hence  disindcr  of  the  stomach  follows,  and  the  organ  fails  to  perform  its  function 
in  a  thorough  manner.  I  noted,  in  my  last  statistical  report  of  the  third  draft,  the  relative  ratio  of 
the  loss  of  teeth  in  drafted  and  enrolled  men  ;  there  were  for  both  upper  and  lower,  thirty  seven ; 
for  upper,  one  hundred  and  ninety-four;  for  lower,  nine.  Perhaps  this  may  be  attributed  to  the 
fact  that  the  lower  teeth  are  more  shielded  from  vicissitudes  of  temperature  from  their  ]>osition 
between  the  tongue  and  cheeks,  and  from  the  manner  in  which  the  air  is  inhaled  through  the  open 
mouth  ;  as  an  ultimate  cause,  the  lower  teeth  are  more  necessary  as  a  sheath  for  the  tongue  in 
old  age. 

InvcUrate  and  extensive  diseaxc  of  the  ,sMn. — The  latio  under  this  section  is  really  very  low, 
althongh  swelled  to  sixteen  per  thousand  by  a  number  of  cases  of  disease  of  the  skin  of  the 
s(!rotum,  pubcs,  thighs,  &t:,  forming  three-fourths  of  all  exenipted.  These  cases  were  from  impure 
coition,  but  could  not  jjroperly  be  exemi)ted  under  section  10,  syphilis.  The  disease  is  primary, 
although  it  had  existed  from  one  to  four  years  ;  all  the  men  had  been  engaged  in  boating,  and  bad 
contracted  the  disease  along  the  line  of  the  canal. 

raragiajih  85,  Revised  Eegulations,  is  a  code  of  instructions  to  the  examining-surgeons  of 
boards  of  enrollment,  so  judiciously* prepared,  that  1  approach  the  subject  of  suggesting  amendments 
with  diftidence.  If  strictly  caiTied  out,  the  effect  of  the  code  is  to  ]irevent  all  able,  drafted  men  from 
escaping  service  on  account  cf  pretended  disability.  In  reviewing  the  sections  of  paragraph  85  in 
their  numerical  oider,  the  first  section  1  would  mention  for  revision  is_ section  3,  epilepsy.  The 
evidence  of  its  existence  must  in  most  cases  be  obtained  from  some  one  else  than  the  man,  ami  a 
door  is  thus  opened  for  fraud.  If  "  the  testimony  of  a  physician  in  good  standing,  who  has  attended 
him  in  the  disease  within  the  six  months  immediately  preceding  his  examination,"  be  interpreted 
to  mean  in  ihefit,  few  ei)ileptics  in  the  rural  districts  can  furnish  snch  testimony,  as  physicians 
seldom  arrive  in  time  to  see  him  during  the  attack.  Further,  epileptics  do  not  long  continue  under 
medical  treatme?it  without  a  reliance  on  the  promise  of  a  cure,  a  promise  no  candid  physician  will 
give.  If  a  physician  in  good  standing  certifies  under  oath  that  he  has  attended  the  man  for 
ejiilepsy  within  two  or  three  yearx  before  the  examination,  and  other  reliable  testimony  of  the  con- 
tinued recurrence  of  the  fits  is  produced,  the  decision  miyht  be  left  to  the  discretion  of  the  lioard 
of  enrollment.  Two  cases  have  occurred  in  the  presence  of  the  surgeon  of  men  waiting  for  exam- 
ination having  eiiileptic  fits:  one  was  a  diafted  man,  who  lived  remote  from  a  physician  and  could 
not  have  produced  the  requisite  testimony,  yet  ihe  man  was  actually  becoming  imbecile;  the 
second  case  was  that  of  a  recruit,  who,  when  examined,  had  asserted  that  he  was  not  subject  to 
fits,  yet  he  had  a  fit  while  clothing  himself     The  former  was  exempted  and  the  latter  rejected. 

The  ratio  of  exemjition  for  permanent  physical  disability  is  very  high,  comprising,  as  it  does, 
men  disabled  fron)  various  causes.  Physical  disabilit,'^  may  exist  to  such  ,a  degree  as  to  leave  no 
doubt  of  the  man's  incapacity  for  military  service,  and  yet  not  he  permanent ;  a  year  or  two  may 
change  his  condition.  Although  oi)ening  a  door  for  liaud,  may  it  not  be  advisable  that  another 
clause  be  added  ? 

So  severe  a  drain  on  the  able  men  of  the  country  for  military  service  will  probably  never  be 
made  again.     If  as  many  men  should  be  again  required,  the  time  will  be  alter  the  population"of 
the  country  shall  have  increased,  and  the  men  need  not  be  culled  so  closely.     I  recommend  that  in 
future  drafts  more  should  be  left  to  the  discretion  au<l  jinlgment  of  the  exaniining-surgeou. 
42 


."530  surgeons'    reports PENNSVLVANIA THIRTEENTH    DISTRICT. 

Section  II.  Clironic  iliL'iiitiatism,  &c. — Tliere  is  a  class  of  cast's  that  slioiild  be  exempted,  aud 
may  be  uuder  section  !•,  Imt  wliicli  are  in  leality  rlieuniatic  eases.  Tlicse  are  iiu'ii  \\  ho  are  subject 
to  attacks  of  acute  rLemiiatism  every  year,  soinetiiues  ofteiier,  and  liave  slij;lit  afteetions  of  the 
heart.  These  men  will  soon  find  tlieir  place  iu  the  hos|)ital  and  ultimately  on  the  pension-list  In 
view  of  the  fact  that  too  frequent  use  of  section  9  is  considered  an  abuse  of  its  powers,  I  would 
suggest  the  iucoriioration  of  a  clause  in  reference  to  acute  rheumatism  of  the  character  described. 

Section  13.  Cleft  bony  palate. — With  one  exception,  all  the  men  examined  with  this  deticienc.\ 
had  no  other  cause  of  exemption,  and  were  robust  men.  The  objection,  I  presume,  is  on  account 
of  the  imperfect  articulation.  Most  of  the  men  speak  intelligibly  enough  to  be  understood;  and 
boards  of  enrollment  might,  I  think,  be  relied  on  to  judge. 

Section  i'S.  Incontinence  of  urine,  if  iccll  established,  should,  in  my'opinion,  be  a  cause  of  exemp- 
tion. 

Section  33.  "  Loss  of  ungual  phalanx  of  light  thumb,"  might  with  propriety  be  omitted.  1 
Lave  known  some  successful  hunters  with  that  defect,  who  handled  the  gun  well  in  spite  of  it. 

Paragraph  So,  as  a  code  of  instructions,  is  so  carefully  and  consid(?rately  drawn,  that  frauU  is 
prevented  and  few  able  men  can  escai)e.  It  narrows  down  the  discretion  of  the  examining  surgeon 
to  very  small  limits.  If  the  mstructions  contained  in  paragraph  85,  together  with  those  of  the  cir- 
cular of  the  Medical  I>ureau  of  June  2.5, 1804,  are  strictly  carried  into  effect,  all  men  able  to  i)erform 
military  service  will  be  held  when  drafted,  and  some,  in  addition,  who  after  a  short  period  of  service 
will  find  their  way  to  the  hospitals,  and  ultimately  become  pensioners  on  the  country.  This  is  a 
consideration  worthy  of  attention,  and,  as  eveiy  man  put  in  the  service  is  estimated  to  cost  the 
Government  from  three  hundred  to  four  hundred  dollars,  I  think  more  discretion  should  be  allowed 
to  the  examining  surgeon.        *  #  # 

To  question  G,  I  answer  :  In  spring  and  summer,  sixty  drafted  men  can  be  examined  daily;  in 
autumn  and  winter,  forty  only,  on  account  of  the  shortness  of  the  days.  Of  recruits,  one-fourth  more 
could  be  examined.  I  have  examined  a  much  larger  number,  but  think  more  time  required  to  do 
it  ill  a  proper  manner.  A  greater  number  of  recruits  can  be  examined  than  drafted  men.  The  latter 
are  apt  to  go  through  the  exercises  and  motions  required  reluctantly,  make  unnecessary  delay,  and 
think  certificates  of  great  importance  in  their  cases.  Although  certificates  of  neiglibois  and  physi- 
cians may  not  be  of  value  as  substantiating  a  claim  of  exemption,  the  reading  of  tliein  tends  to 
satisly  the  bearers  that  injustice  has  not  been  done  them.  The  recruit  goes  through  the  required 
motions  cheerlully  and  rai)idl,\ ,  wasting  no  time. 

From  information  received,  1  think  the  frauds  practiced  or  attem[)ted  have  not  been  so  great  or 
various  as  in  large  cities.  The  frauds  practiced  by  drafted  or  enrolled  men  have  been  mainly  exag- 
gerations of  existing  troubles,  or  of  tlni  scqnclai  of  former  diseases  and  injuries,  of  all  kinds  and 
in  all  [)arts  of  the  body.  These  are  generally  supported  by  certificates  of  neighbors  or  physicians. 
In  the  first  draft,  rheumatism,  lame  back,  piles,  liability  to  cough,  were  the  common  pleas  for  exemp- 
tion ;  the  two  former  esi)ecially.  The  experience  of  the  first  draft  taught  them  that  those  pleas  were 
not  available,  and  they  were  not  so  often  used  in  the  succeeding  drafts.  The  effect  of  wounds  and 
injuries,  mainly  of  the  lower  extremities,  in  disabling  them  from  traveling,  were  exaggerated  atid 
relied  on  for  exemption.  Fits  of  all  kinds,  convulsions,  attacks  of  vertigo,  l'aintings|>ells,  were 
claimed  as  epilepsy,  and  the  claim  supported  by  certificates. 

Teeth  have  been  extracted  qitite  recently  in  several  cases.  A  few  cases  of  mutilation,  by  cutting 
off  fingers  or  toes,  were  noted.  In  one  case,  where  two  fingers  were  cut  off' after  examination,  tlie 
man  was  arrested,  sent  to  the  rendezvous,  tried,  and  sentenced  to  a  severe  punishment.  A  few 
cases  occurred  of  artificial  ulcer  or  ulcers  kept  oi)eii  by  improper  applications,  and  of  feigned  incon- 
tinence of  urine.  Slight  disorders  of  the  kidneys  were  magnified  into  severe  diseases.  Deafness, 
stammering,  and  defects  of  eyesight  were  feigned  or  greatly  exaggerated.  Afiidavits  of  physicians 
and  neighbors,  supporting  claims  for  exemption  on  account  of  diseases  recovered  from,  or  slight  in 
themselves,  were  brought  forward  by  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  drafted  men. 

The  greatest  obstacle  in  examining  men  arose  from  the  noise  and  confusion  mainly  caused  by 
others  than  dratted  men.  I  am  indebted  to  Commissioner  Grier  for  his  assistance  iu  maintaining 
whatever  of  quiet  and  order  did  exist.     I  would  suggest  that  during  the  examinations  of  drafted  men 


surgeons'  RKPOirrs — Pennsylvania — thirteenth  district.  331 

pei'sons  baviiig  bii.siiicss  with  inciiibers  of  the  board  of  t'liroHiiieiit  be  ivquired  to  sstatc  their  busi- 
ness in  writing',  iiu'l  that  it  be  made  a  iiiisdeiiieaHor,  punishable  by  fine,  for  any  person  to  obtruch; 
himself  during  the  sessions  of  the  board  of  enrollment,  or  else  that  the  majority  of  the  board 
have  the  authority  to  appoint,  control,  and  remove  doorkeepers. 

Tlie  most  numerous  attempts  at  fraud  in  recruits  were  made  in  age.  Boys  from  fifteen  years 
and  upward  were  willing  to  make  allidavits  of  being  eighteen  years  old;  and  men  over  forty  live 
years,  that  they  had  not  reached  that  age.  With  beard  close  shaven,  hair  colored  dark,  a,  change 
of  clotheSf  and  sufficient  alcoholic  stimulus  to  send  the  blood  to  the  surface,  the  same  man  would 
appear  from  five  to  ten  years  younger  thau  on  liis  first  exanjination.  Sulphuric  ether  was  the 
stimulant  used  in  a  few  cases.  Hernia  was  attempted  to  be  concealed  by  liaving  the  intestine  kept 
up  with  a  truss,  local  astringents  applied,  and  the  bowels  euiptied  with  laxatives  previous  to  exami- 
nation. Dislocations  of  small  bones  were  kept  out  of  view  as  .much  as  possible,  and  all  diseases 
made  light  of,  or  their  existence  deuied,  when  questioned  in  relation  thereto. 

One  of  the  difticult  points  iu  examining  recruits  arises  from  the  fact  that  when  a  draft  was 
])ending  there  existed  a  double  motive  for  concealment  or  exaggeration  of  the  man's  diseases  or 
disabilities.  Many  men  who  wished  to  escape  the  service  altogether,  when  the  chance  to  escape 
being  drafted  was  very  small,  would  prefer  to  volunteer  and  receive  the  bounties  offered  to  the 
chance  of  being  drafted.  When  examined  and  questioned,  they  would  say  they  were  diseased,  with 
the  view,  if  rejected,  of  bringing  the  fact  of  their  rejection  as  a  warrant  for  exemption  from  the 
draft.  Much  time  is  consumed  in  the  examination  of  such  men  ;  some  of  them  would  even  ask  for 
certificates,  and  some  drafted  men  hadou  their  enlistment-paper  a  certificate  of  rejection  in  another 
State. 

A  number  of  drafted  men  were  held  who  had  been  rejected  as  voUuiteers.  There  is  an  appear- 
aiiceof  injustice  in  this  that  tends  to  make  men  dissatisfied  with  the  operations  of  the  instructions 
of  the  Provost-Marshal-General  and  the  decisions  of  the  surgeons  of  boards  of  enrollment. 

The  most  desirable  nationality  for  military  service  is,  in  my  opinion,  the  American,  from  their 
intelligence,  activity,  self-reliance,  and  resources  in  emergencies.  They  are  impulsive  lor  a  dash, 
and  have  tenacity  and  perseverance,  and  when  satisfied  that  their  cause  is  right,  experieuce  proves 
that  without  long  training  they  become  good  soldiers.  After  the  wild  disorder  and  retreat  from 
Bull  linn,  the  men  were  reorganized  and  re-enforced  into  the  efficient  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and 
that  army,  after  delays  and  retreats,  came  to  battle  again  and  again  with  unshaken  courage,  and 
l»roved  to  the  world  that,  with  a  commander  of  tenacity  to  fight  out  the  battle,  it  would  win  the 
victory.     These  remarks  will  ajjply  also  to  the  western  army. 

My  experience  of  the  qualifications  of  the  African  race  is  very  limited ;  my  opinion,  formed 
from  history,  is  that  the  race  have  sufficient  courage  to  enter  into  a  fight  and  tenacity  to  persist 
when  once  engaged.  The  race  have  pride  in  show  and  parade,  readily  learn  from  imitation  th(^ 
exercises  of  the  soldier,  are  excitable,  and,  when  pioperly  led,  will  not  fail  as  soldiers.  In  southern 
latitudes  they  will  make  efficient  soldiers,  as  they  endure  extreme  heat  and  resist  malarious  poison 
better  than  the  Caucasian  race.  They  are  able  to  endure  the  labor  of  active  campaigning  and  the 
listlessness  of  garrison  life.  The  want  of  aich  of  the  foot  may  lessen  their  endurance  on  the  march, 
or  make  the  ratio  higher  of  men  rejected  on  that  account. 

The  amended  enrollment-law  is  perhaps  as  near  perfect  as  it  now  stands  on  the  statute-books 
as  may  be.  It  might  be  a  subject  for  consideration  whether  substitution  should  be  abolished 
entirely,  or  be  allowed  in  special  cases,  to  be  decided  by  boards  of  enrollment  or  other  authority. 
There  is  in  some  cases  more  thau  commou  hardship  in  depriving  a  sick  wife,  aged  father  or  mother, 
or  de(iendent  family  of  their  natural  protector,  even  for  a  limited  period.  Again,  it  may  be  ages 
before  the  wants  of  the  service  will  require  so  great  a  drain  of  the  able  men  of  the  eouutry,  and 
when  the  exigency  is  not  so  great  substitution  may  not  become  so  great  an  opportunity  for  fraud 
upon  the  Government.        *        *        * 

WM.  S.  BAKER, 
Surgeon  BoariP'of  Enrollment  TJiirteenth  District  of  Pennsylvania, 

Troy,  Pa.,  June  16, 1865. 


332  surgeons'  reports — ^Pennsylvania — fourteenth  district 

PENNSYLVANIA— FOUllTBENTU  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  rcjmrt  of  Dr.  P.  K.  Wagenseller. 

*       .        *  *         My  experience  in  tbe  uieilical  exainiii.itiou  of  uien  for  inilitury  service 

begins  with  tlie  l.st  day  of  January,  180.5,  and  extends  over  a  period  of  nearly  four  months.     Dnrin.!; 
this  time,  I  have  examined  about  one  tliousand  five  hundred  and  fitty  men.         *  »  * 

The  Ponrteentli  District  of  Pennsylvania  is  conii)o.sed  of  the  counties  of  Daujihin,  Juniata, 
Northumberland,  Sn.\der,  and  Union.  Its  extreme  boundaries  lie  between  latitudes  40°  10'  and  41<^ 
1(1'  north,  and  between  the  meridians  45'  west  and  30'  east  from  Washington,  and  the  nuMd)ei'  of 
s(juare  miles  contained  in  the  district  is  1,885.  The  poi)ulation  in  1800  was  121,815.  The  surface 
of  its  territory  is  exceedingly  diversified.  It  is  traversed  by  numerous  aiountaiu-ridges,  between 
which  are  valleys  of  great  beauty  and  fertility,  extending  frequently  over  an  area  of  many  n)iles. 
Large  portions  of  the  countiy,  again,  are  of  a  gently  undulating  character;  and  tlieie  is  scarcely  iiny 
of  its  territory  which  is  not  highly  irrigated  by  large  rivers  or  their  tributaries,  many  of  which  are 
themselves  of  veiy  respectable  size.  The  princijial  streams  are  the  Susquehaniia,  with  its  North  and 
West  Branches,  and  the  Juniata.  These  are  broad  and  shallow,  and,  except  when  swollen  by  freshets, 
have,  as  a  general  thing,  a  current  moving  with  but  little  rapidity. 

Along  the  borders  of  these  rivers,  for  a  very  great  [lortion  of  their  course,  the  land  rises  very 
gradually  on  either  shore,  and  extends  back  into  the  country  many  miles,  forming  an  almost  level 
tract  of  territory,  with  but  little  elevation  above  the  beds  of  the  rivers,  and  scarcely  to  be  surpassed 
anywhere  in  productiveness  of  soil. 

Four  of  the  counties  comiaising  the  district  border  upon  the  Susquehanna;  two,  viz.  Union 
and  Snyder,  being  situated  upon  its  right  bank,  while  the  two  larger  counties  of  Nortliundierland 
and  Dauphin  an-  upon  its  left  baidi.  The  county  of  Juniata,  composing  the  remainder  of  the  dis- 
trict, is  divided  into  two  nearly  equal  portions  by  the  river  bearing  the  same  name  ;  and  the  peculi- 
arities of  this  county,  as  regards  soil,  cliaiate,  and  irrigation,  resemble  very  much  those  of  the 
distiict  previously  described.  The  climate  is  mild  and  siilubrious.  The  mean  average  tenqtera-ture 
of  the  year  is  about  49°,  while  the  greatest  difference  between  the  hottest  and  coldest  month  of 
any  one  year  during  the  last  five  years  (in  my  own  county,  Snyder)  was  43°.  The  total  annual  fall  of 
rain  for  the  last  livi^  years  was  47.30  inches.  This  is  generally  so  e(jually  distributed  that  tliereis 
seldom  any  [)t'riod  in  the  year,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  weeks  of  drought  during  the  summer,  in 
which  the  country  is  not  abundantly  watered  by  light  rains  and  Irequent  showers. 

The  diseases  most  extensively  [irevalent  are  those  which  are  generally  Tccognized  as  endemic  in 
localities  similarly  situated  as  regards  climate,  soil,  temperature,  and  hydrography.  These  are  the 
different  forais  of  miasmatic  intermittent  and  remittent  fevers,  with  dysentery,  diarrha'a,  &c. ;  and 
of  diseases  not  endi  inic;  there  are  very  few  which,  when  i>re\  alent,  have  not  in  some  degree  blended 
with  them  th(^  nuasaiatic  element.  (Jf  late  years,  however,  the  type  of  miasmatic  diseases  has  been 
gradmdly  becoanng  milder,  iind,  while  these  are  now  also  less  frequent  than  formerly,  others  of 
different  origin  are  becoming  more  common. 

Typhoid  fever,  which  was  not  so  generally  recognized  until  within  a  more  recent  date,  is  now 
a  disease;  which  i)revails  lo  a  considerable  extent  during  the  whole,  or  a  greater  portion,  of  the 
year. 

The  causes  of  the  prevalencie  of  miasmatic  levers  throughout  the  district  were,  no  doubt,  the 
abundant  foci  for  the  generation  of  marsh  miasmata,  as  jionds,  stagnant  water,  and  inqierfect 
drainage,  existing  throughout  a  large  ])orti()n  of  its  territory.  These  causes,  although  still  existing  to 
a  certain  degree,  have  been  materially  modified  by  cultivation  and  systems  of  drainage,  and  in  ])ro- 
portion  as  these  liave  been  perfected  have  the  diseases  arising  from  them  been  rendeied  milder 
and  much  less  frequent.  Organic  diseases  of  the  liver  and  spleen,  witlj  old  dyspepsias  and  general 
debility,  in  consecpience  of  severe  or  repeated  attacks  of  miasmatic  disease,  are  frequently  met 
with. 

There  are  but  few  large  towns  in  the  district.  A  large  proportion  of  the  poi)idation  is  rural, 
and  is  composed   mostly  of  Germans  and  I  heir   descendants.     The  inhal)itants,   in   llieii-  general 


srilfJEONS     KKrORTS PENNSYLVANIA I'OUK  I'EKN  III     JilSTUlCT. 


;538 


(liaracter,  art!  a  sober,  thrifty,  aud  industrious  iit'opli',  their  modi's  of  life  plain  and  liiij;al,  and 
tbcir  occupations  chieliy  agricultural. 

The  following  renuuks  apply  only  to  native  Pennsyh  auians,  the  cases  of  loieign  nativity  being 
toofew  to  aft'ord  any  valuable  statistical  intoiination.  The  most  prominent  disability  reniarl<ed  in  the 
men  coming  under  my  owu  observation  was  loss  of  teeth  ;  the  disability  being  applird  to  those  cases 
in  which  there  was  entire  loss  of  teeth  of  one  or  both  jaws,  or  loss  of  front,  eye,  and  tirst  molars, 
according  to  section  liOofi)ara  graph  85.  Of  SOT  men  stricken  from  the  rolls,  L'40  were  rejected  for  this 
cause  alone.  This  gives  the  large  ratio  per  thousand  exemi)tions  for  all  aiti-scs  of  ;50.S.5.  Tiie  ratio 
per  thousand  men  in  the  district  (basing  the  calculation  upon  the  whole  nunjber  of  men  remaining 
upon  the  rolls  liable  to  military  duty  after  their  correction)  would  be  21.'-',  and  this  will  be  found 
very  nearly  the  true  proportion  of  this  disability  per  thousand  men  in  the  district,  since  there 
were  very  lew  entitled  to  exemption  for  loss  of  teeth  who  were  not  at  one  time  or  another  before 
(he  board  for  examination  during  its  sittings  for  the  correction  of  the  lists.  This  disability  occurs 
mostly  in  persons  from  rural  districts,  and  is  due  to  want  of  care  in  keeping  the  teeth  clean,  inat- 
tention to  incipient  caries,  accumulation  of  tartar  in  great  amount,  general  ill-health,  and,  in  some 
cases,  to  some  obscure  cause  inherited  in  the  system  jjredisposing  to  rapid  decay  and  early  loss  of 
teeth.  Quite  a  noticeable  feature  is  the  frequency  with  which  thisdisability  is  fouud  toexist  in  certain 
families. 

Again,  of  the  above  number  of  cases  of  permanent  physical  disability,  (807,)  there  were  15;{ 
cases  of  hernia, as  follows:  right  inguinal,  75  ;  left  inguinal,  62  ;  double  inguiual,  12  ;  umbilical,  '.i ; 
right  femoral,  1. 

The  ratio  per  thousand  exemptions  is  : 

Hernia,  all  kinds 189.5 

Eight  inguinal - 'J'*- 1 

Lett  inguinal •         70.  7 

Double  inguinal ■ li.d 

Umbilical '-•■ 3.  G 

Femoral   1-2 

The  ratio  per  thousand  of  cases  of  hernia,  basing  the  calculation  on  the  whole  number  remain- 
ing on  the  enrollment-lists  after  correction,  is  13.07.  The  occupations  of  those  having  hernia  are  as 
follows: 

Farmers 59  House-painters 1 

Laborers .'50  Clerks 1 

Gari)enters  . ; U  Cigar-makers    1 

Blacksmiths 5       Millwriglits 1 

Shoemakers    5  Landlords 1 

Merchants --■  5  Limners 1 

Boatmen 4  Plasterers . .  1 

Stone-masons' 3  Potters 1 

Teachers    - .  •  2  Grocers 1 

Tinners 2  Agents 1 

Saddlers 2  Machinists 1 

Wagon-makers 2  Physicians 1 

Millers 2  Engineers 1 

Unknown 2 

Hernia  is  actually  a  much  more  comuiun  disability  in  the  district,  and  the  ratio  per  thousand 
is  therefore  greater,  than  is  shown  by  the  above  statistics.  Many  persons  sutfering  from  this  dis- 
ability did  not  present  themselves  to  be  stricken  from  the  enrollment-lists,  feeling  secure  in  the 
conviction  that  their  exem[)tion  was  certain  incase  they  were  drafted  ;  others  were  unwilling  to 
undergo  the  exposure  necessary  to  an  examination.  The  statistics  exhibit  its  much  greater  fre- 
quency among  farmers  and  laborers  than  in  any  other  class  of  men,  which  can  only  be  accounted  for 
upon  the  supposition  that  laborious  and  active  pursuits,  requiring  much  muscular  efl'ort,  are  its 
principal  exciting  causes.         *  ♦  » 


334  SUKGEONS'    KKPOiriS PENNSYLVANIA FOURTEENTH    DISTRICT. 

Section  3  of  paragrapb  85  requires  tlie  existeuce  of  epilepsy  to  be  ^established  by  tbe  afiQdavit  of 
a  pliysiciaii  iu  good  staiidiug  wlio  has  attended  the  applicant  in  the  disease  within  the  six  months 
iiiiimdiateiy  piecediug  his  examination  by  the  board.  This  is  impossible  in  most  instances  of  even 
siverv  nud  u-ell-estuhHshid  cases  of  epilepsy  in  the  country,  since  a  large  majority  (having  sought 
(iiedical  aid  lor  a  long  time  without  permanent  relief)  cease  consulting  the  jihysiciau  ;  and  even  in 
the  majority  of  instances  where  medical  aid  is  sought,  the  Jit  has  passed  off  before  the  arrival  of 
the  physician.  While,  thereibrc,  the  patient  may  be  found  still  suffering  from  the  effects  of  tbe 
l)ai<)xysm,  be  is  seldom  seen  during  the  attacli.  Iu  reference  to  the  other  sections  of  this  para- 
graph, I  have  uo  suggestions  to  make.  They  are  probably  as  nearly  perfect  as  they  can  be 
made.        #  •  * 

The  labor  attending  tbe  thorough  investigation  of  many  cases  appearing  before  surgeons  of 
boards  of  enrollment  is  extremely  perplexing.  Especially  is  this  true  iu  relation  to  disease  of  the 
kidneys,  iheumatism,  some  forms  of  impaired  vision  and  bearing,  as  well  as  in  some  other  disabil- 
ities; and,  in  the  very  limited  lime  allotted  to  surgeous,  it  is  almost  impossible  that  a  diagnosis 
shall  not  occasionally  be  made,  which  a  subsequent  examination,  more  leisurely  conducted,  might 
no'  reverse.  The  number  of  men,  therefore,  that  can  be  actually  examined,  together  with  the 
si;,ning  of  the  exemption  and  enlistment  papers,  will  depend  very  much  on  tbe  nature  of  tbe 
diseases  or  disabdities  of  those  applying.  The  number  should  not  in  any  event  exceed  one  hundred 
per  diem. 

The  frauds  which  drafted  and  enrolled  men  attempt  to  practice  are  of  every  variety.  Feigned 
deafness,  epilepsy,  imi)erfect  vision,  and  rheumatism  are  among  tbe  most  common  ;  tbe  true  condi- 
tion in  regard  to  either  or  all  of  which  can  sometimes  only  be  arrived  at  by  much  care  and  extra 
precaution.  In  those  cases  of  deafness  and  loss  of  vision  which  were  not  otherwise  sufficiently 
t)bvious,  afddavits  of  the  enrolled  or  dralted  men,  fully  corroborated  by  respectable  outside  evidence, 
were  required  in  every  instance. 

In  epilepsy,  tbe  requirements  of  ^;ection  3  were  fully  exacted,  and,  in  addition,  a  particular 
desciiption  of  the  tit  by  the  physician  or  other  parties  was  demanded.  Other  diseases,  resembling 
epilepsy  in  some  minor  particulars,  but  much  milder,  and  amounting  in  many  cases  to  a  single  attack  or 
two  of  vertigo  or  some  other  purely  temporary  disability,  were  thus  excluded.  There  are  numerous 
instances  wherein  persons  will  innocently  make  affidavit  to  the  fact  of  having  seen  a  drafted  or 
enrolled  nnin  suffering  from  a  tit  of  epilei)sy,  though  it  may  iu  reality  have  been  notbiug  more 
I  ban  an  attack  of  vertigo  or  syncope,  arising  from  some  evanescent  cause. 

A  fraud  not  uiifrequently  attempted  is  the  presentation  before  the  board  of  altered  birth- 
records.  To  guard  against  imposition  in  this  direction,  the  affidavit  of  the  applicant  as  to  tbe 
record  being  tbe  true  and  original  oye  was  required.  In  addition,  the  evidence  (on  oath)  of  two 
resitectable  [)ersons,  acquainted  with  the  applicant,  was  required  as  to  their  belief  that  tbe  record 
was  a  true  one,  aud,  also,  that  the  affiant  was  entitled  to  credibility.  The  original  record  was 
always  reijuired  to  be  i)roduced  for  inspection  when  possible. 

By  the  method  of  examination  described  under  section  5  of  this  report,  the  frauds  eudeavored 
to  be  practiced  by  recruits  and  substitutes  in  concealing  physical  defects  were,  I  believe,  most 
effectually  guarded  against.  A  weak,  stiff,  or  distorted  limb,  or  defect  in  the  back,  or  in  any  part 
of  the  bony  or  muscular  system,  was  brought,  out.  During  the  course  of  the  examination,  also, 
hernia,  temporarily  invisible,  was  soon  made  apparent,  iu  consequence  of  the  muscular  e&brt  neces- 
sary in  going  through  all  the  movements  required. 

To  attemjit  a  descriiition  of  the  frauds  of  bounty -jumpers  would  require  an  acquaiutanoe  with 
every  artful  device  ever  conceived  by  the  most  accomplished  villains.  Trained  in  the  school  of 
ex|)erience,  (for  many  had  made  it  a  regular  business  during  se\eral  years,)  it  was  i)erhaps  utterly 
impossible  to  detect  all ;  yet  none  were  ever  accepted  who  coidd  not  give  a  \ery  satisfactory 
account  of  themselves,  aud  all  were  rejected  who  were,  in  the  opinion  of  tiie  board,  gravely 
suspected  of  being  of  the  class  name. I. 

Young  men,  or  even  boys,  from  the  (country,  witii  open,  honest  countenances,  were  always 
accejited  in  preference  to  tliosi^  whose  apiiearance  denoted  tiieir  familiarity  with  the  habits  and 
vices  of  cities  and  large  towns.  The  marks  by  which  tbe  latter  could  geneially  be  recognized  were 
their  manner  of  dress,  general  appearance,  abundant  tattoo-marks  over  different  parts  of  tbe  body, 


.SirUGKONS'    KHPORTS— PENNSYLVANIA FIFTEENTH    UlSTKICT.  335 

and,  in  ;i  very  lai'so  inopoition,  the  too  evident  traces  of  i-eteut  or  old  venereal  disease.     Such  were 
gcuerally  rejected  "on  sust)icion,"  if  tor  nu  other  cause. 

Nearly  all  of  the  men  examined  daring  my  connection  as  surgeon  with  the  board  of  enrollment 
were  natives  of  Pennsylvania.  The  examinations  of  those  of  diftereut  nativities  were  too  few  to 
warrant  an  expression  o(  opinion,  based  upon  my  own  experience,  as  to  what  nationality  presents 
the  greatest  pbysical  ai)titude  for  military  service.  The  records  of  seven  hundred  and  eighty-two 
Peunsylvanians  examined  by  myself  give  the  following  results  i 

Mean  girth  of  chest  at  ins[)iration 35.  97  inches. 

Mean  girth  of  chest  ;it  exi)iration ^3.  95  inches. 

Mean  height G7.  25  inches. 

Mean.age 34. 12  years. 

My  experience  as  to  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  Ibr  military  service  has  been 
limited.        *  *  * 

In  reference  to  the  operations  of  the  enrollment-law  as  it  now  exists,  I  have  no  suggestions  to 
make.        *  *  # 

P.  11.  WAGENS ELDER, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrohmcnt  Fourteenth  District  of  Pennsylvania. 
Selinsgrove,  Pa.,  JuUj  7,  1SG5. 


PENNSYLVANIA— FIFTEENTH  BISTKIOT. 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  W.  S.  Koland. 

•  •  *        With  ttie  excei)tion  of  examining  a  few  volunteers  for  the  Mexican  cam- 

paign, I  had  had  no  experience  in  the  examination  of  men  for  military  service  until  I  was  appointed 
surgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment  ot  the  fifteenth  district  of  Pennsylvania,  which  [josition  I  have 
held  from  the  date  of  my  appointment,  in  April,  1803,  to  the  present  time,  now  over  two  years. 
During  this  period  1  have  examined,  as  near  as  can  be  ascertained,  and  according  to  my  records, 
as  follows : 

Drafted  men   3, 550 

Volunteers 924 

Substitutes 542 

Enrolled  men 1, 268 

Whole  number ....    (i,  284 

My  district  is  composed  of  Yoik,  (Jnniherland,  and  Periy  Counties.  The  area  of  York  County 
is  925  square  miles;  of  Cumberland,  b:>^)\  and  of  Perry,  .540;  aggregate  of  the  district,  2,015  square 
miles.  The  district  is  bounded  cast  and  north  by  the  Susquehanna  and  Juniata  Rivers,  south  by 
the  State  of  Maryland,  and  west  by  the  Sixteenth  Enrollment  District.  It  is  abundantly  watered  by 
large  creeks  and  numerous  springs.  It  is  interspersed  with  mountains  and  hills  and  most  beautiful 
fertile  valleys.  The  soil  is  variously  composed  of  limestone,  .slate,  gravel,  and  red  shale.  The 
chief  mineral  found  is  iron-ore;  limestone  exists  in  great  quantities,  as  also  slate.  The  jn-oduc- 
tious  for  the  markets  are  grain,  beef,  jjork,  and  some  tobacco;  iron-ore,  .slate,  granite,  and  .sand- 
stone. 

The  prevalent  diseases  are  malarial  and  typhoid  fevers,  dysentery,  and  rheumatism;  causes, 
exposure  and  neglect  of  hygienic  rules. 

The  inhabitants  are  industrious,  healthy,  sober,  cleanly,  and  fond  of  making  money ;  their 
modes  of  life  active,  of  a  mixed  character,  with  marked  attention  to  business;  and  their  occupations 
agricultural,  the  mannfa<-ture  ot  iron,  and  other  mechanical  pursuits. 

1  have  no  knowledge  of  any  particular  disea.ses  or  disabilities  disqnalilying  a  gieater  ratio  i)er 
thousand  from  militaVy  service,  except  abdominal  hernia. 


33G  surgeons'  reports— Pennsylvania — seventeenth  district. 

My  views  in  regard  to  alterations  of  tlie  dittereiit  sections  of  paragraph  85,  lievised  Itegula- 
tions,  are  tbese  :  From  section  3,  in  flflb  line,  strike  oiit»all  after  tlie  word  "board,"  and  substitute 
or  such  other  evidence  as  tcill  satisfy  the  board  of.  the  continued  existence  of  the  disease,  (epile[)s,v.)  Sec- 
tion 11  :  strike  out  all  after  the  word  "exempt," in  tbird  line.  Section  20:  strike  it  from  tbe  regu- 
lations. If  tbe  general  bealtb  is  manifestly  impaired  by  reason  of  "loss  of  teetb,"  tbe  drafted  man 
will  be  i)rotected  under  section  9.  Section  22:  transpose  tbe  second  and  tbird  lines.  Section  25: 
strike  out  all  after  "/(«worr/io»'(7s,"  in  first  line.  Section  33:  in  tbe  fourth  line,  strike  out  tbe  word 
"  ;/////f,"  and  insert  ct7/(ec.        *  *  * 

In  my  opinion,  sixty  drafted  men  can  be  examined  per  day  with  accuracy;  but  of  volunteers 
and  substitutes,  I  think,  from  forty  to  fifty  only. 

Tbe  frauds  which  are  most  attempted  by  drafted  and  enrolled  men  are  complaints  of  rheuma- 
tism, weak  back,  disease  of  tbe  heart,  kidney-disease,  impaired  vision,  deafness,  and  general  debility; 
and  many  of  them,  as  has  been  clearly  shown,  bave  bad  their  teeth  drawn  before  reporting,  and 
others  from  the  fear  of  being  drafted.  With  regard  to  substitutes  and  recruits,  under  my  system 
of  examination  I  do  not  much  fear  imposition,  except,  perhaps,  in  some  alleged  cases  of  disease  of 
ihe  kidneys  or  bladder,  or  of  epilepsy. 

"What  nationality  presents  tbe  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  military  service  f — I  answer, 
the  Germans. 

My  experience  as  to  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service  is  not 
very  favorable  to  the  fitness  of  the  uegro. 

I  do  not  recommend  any  change  in  the  enrollment-law  as  it  now  exists,  believing,  under  a 
proper  construction  and  understanding  of  its  provisions,  it  is  operative  and  effective.       *       *       • 

WILLIAM  S.  EOLAND, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Fifteenth  District  of  Pennsylvania. 

Carlisle,  Pa.,  May  3 1 ,  18C5. 

PENNSYLVANIA— SEVENTEENTH  DISTRICT.' 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dk.  A.  Eothrock. 

*  *  *         On  tbe  17tb  of  May,  1SG3,  tbe  board  of  enrollment  convened  at  this  place, 

organized,  and  divided  tbe  district  into  sub-districts,  and  proceeded  from  that  time  in  the  regular 
discharge  of  the  duties  of  tbe  ofBce. 

On  the  17th  of  August,  1863,  we  commenced  the  first  draft,  and  on  the  7th  of  September  began 
to  examine  dralted  men.  During  the  flist  few  days,  1  was  somewhat  embarrassed  in  the  examina- 
tion, and  disposed  to  believe  that  drafted  men  would  sometimes  tell  the  truth ;  but  my  experience 
soon  taught  me  that  the  declaration  of  every  conscript  under  examination  must  be  disregarded  if 
tbe  surgeon  expected  to  do  his  duty  faithfully  to  the  Government.  My  early  impressions,  too,  were 
that  every  -soldier  must  enjoy  perfect  health,  and  be  free  from  blemish  on  his  person,  if  he  would 
endure  the  privations,  hardships,  and  long  marches  incident  to  army-life.  This  impression  led  me 
to  ])ut  a  very  liberal  construction  on  tlie  different  sections  of  i)aragraph  85  ;  consequently,  on  the 
first  day,  I  found,  by  reference  to  my  record,  that,  out  of  fifty-two  men  examined,  twenty-nine  were 
exenq)ted,  and  that,  too,  from  a  lot  of  tolerably  good  men.  I  subsecpieutly  became  more  rigid  as  I 
grew  familiar  with  tlie  duties  of  the  office,  and,  learning  to  distinguish  more  clearly  between  real 
and  feigned  diseases,  I  held  more  men  to  service,  and  grew  every  day  more  incredulous  as  to  the 
honesty  of  drafted  and  enrolled  men,  since  it  was  to  their  interest  to  deceive  the  board.  There  are, 
bowevej-,  honoralile  excei)tions,  ivhich  a  practiced  surgeon  can  readily  detect. 

As  nearly  as  I  can  ascertain,  I  have  examined  ui)  to  this  time — 

Drafted  men = 4,  721 

liecriiits  and  substitutes 3,  796 

Enrolled  men 7,261 

Making  in  all 15,778 

'  No  roiioi-t  was  received  from  tbe  sixteeutli  district. 

f 


surgeons'    REPOUTS PENNSYLVANIA SEVENTEENTH    DISTRICT.  337 

or,  in  round  iinnibers,  10,000  men;  for  many  of  the  recruits  iind  substitutes  presented  themselves 
lor  exainination  who  were  so  manifestly  untit  for  military  duty  tbat  1  dismjssed  them  without 
wasting'  time  or  paper  to  make  their  record. 

T\n-  SeventeenthDistriet  of  Pennsylvania  comprises  the  counties  ofCamhria,  Blair.  ITuntinsdon, 
and  IMitilin,  In  ;i  direct  line  due  east  and  west.  It  is  one  hundred  and  tliiityiive  miles  long  and 
thirty-live  miles  wide;  bounded  on  the  west  by  ludiau.a  aud  Westmoreland  Counties ;  south  by 
Somerset,  Bradford,  aud  Fraidvliu  Counties;  east  by  Juniata  and  Snyder  Counties;  and  north  by 
Centre  and  Clearfield  Counties. 

The  Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad  runs  directly  through  the  long  diameter  of  this  district, 
making  the  headquarters  easily  accessible  from  the  remotest  sub-district,  and,  in  this  respect,  is 
perhaps  the  most  convenient  and  desirable  of  any  one  in  the  State,  excepting  those  in  populous 
cities. 

The  district  is  traversed  north  and  south  by  the  Alleghany,  Brush,  Canoe,  Stone,  and  Jack's 
Mountains,  averaging  from  one  thousand  to  one  .thousand  live  hundred  feet  in  height  over  the 
level  of  the  valleys  at  their  respective  bases.  These  mountains  run  parallel  with  each  other,  with 
beautiful,  fertile  valleys  between. 

Cambria  County  lies  several  hundred  feet  higher  than  Blair,  Huntingdon,  or  Mifflin,  aud  con- 
tributes by  her  springs  to  the  waters  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

At  Bradley's  station,  on  the  larni  of  liuss  Sloyd,  esq.,  on  the  Ebensburgh  and  Cresson 
Railroad,  two  springs  arise,  fourteen  yards  from  each  other,  one  on  the  north  and  the  other  on 
the  south  side  of  the  road.  The  eastern  spring  runs  into  the  West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna 
River,  and  through  the  Cliesapeake  Bay  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  while  the  western  s[)ring  tiows 
into  the  Conemaugh,  and  througii  the  Kiskiininitas,  Alleghany,  and  Mississippi  Rivers,  tinally 
reaches  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

The  whole  surface  of  Cambria  County  being  so  elevated  is  of  mountainous  character;  the 
surface  is  rolling,  with  high  bluffs  and  deep  ravines  ;  the  soil  is  naturally  sterile  and  unproductive 
of  cereals,  but  produces  fair  crops  of  oats,  potatoes,  and  grass. 

Tbe  Alleghany  Mountain  divides  Cambria  from  Blair  County.  On  its  western  slope,  it  may  be 
said  to  be  a  mass  of  mineral  wealth.  Bituminous  coal  and  several  varieties  of  iron-ore  of  sui)erior 
quality  as  well  as  hydraulic  cement  lie  there  in  Jiixtai)Osition,  and  are  inexhaustible.  The  hills 
throughout  this  country  also  contain  large  quantities  of  the  above  minerals.  Along  the  streams 
flowing  through  tbe  ravines,  there  are  strong  indications  of  petroleum,  which  is  uo,w  the  object  of 
attention  of  the  enter[)risiug  men  of  tbe  county. 

The  Cambria  Iron  Comi)any  have  erected  works  at  Johnstown  on  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad, 
yielding  one  hundred  and  tifty  tons  of  railroad-iron  per  day,  and  affording  employment  to  two 
thousand  seven  hundred  bands.  This  comi)aiiy  are  now  enlarging  I  heir  works  with  the  view 
of  doubling  their  capacity.  They  get  all  their  raw  material  within  a  ihvi  hundred  yards  of  their 
works  ;  and,  although  they  own  several  thousands  of  acres  of  mineral-lands  here,  the  w"hole  area 
occui)ied,  including  mines,  does  not  exceed  fifty  acres  in  their  present  operations.  Cresson,  the 
delightful  sum mer-retreat  on  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  too  well  known  from  Maine  to  Mexico  to 
require  descrii)tion,  is  in  this  county.  Tbe  surface  of  Cambria  County  is  covered  with  dense 
forests  of  pine,  hemlock,  poi)lar,  and  oak  timber  where  the  land  has  not  yet  been  cleared. 

The  eastern  slope  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  in  Blair  County,  furnishes  the  headwaters  of 
two  principal  branches  of  tbe  Juniata.  Tliis  river  passes  with  a  rai)id  current  in  an  easterly  direc;- 
tion  through  Iliintiiigdon  and  JNIifflin  Counties,  receiving  tributaries  every  few  miles  in  its  descent 
toward  the  Susquehanna  River,  with  which  it  unites  in  Perry  County. 

Blair  and  Huntingdon  Counties,  being  supplied  with  inexhaustible  beds  of  iron-ore  and  bitumi- 
nous coal,  also  with  dense  forests  of  timber,  yield  large  quantities  of  iron ;  tbe  former  probably 
more  in  proportion  to  its  size,  than  any  county  in  the  State.  In  Blair  County,  near  Birmingham, 
there  are  extensive  lead  and  zinc  mines  now  being  develoi)ed,  which  will  be  made  productive  during 
the  coming  year,  as  an  enterprising  company  are  about  erecting  a  furnace  for  smelting  the  ores. 
These  mines  were  opened  previous  to  the  revt)lutioiiary  war,  and  for  many  years  the  inhabitants 
of  this  country  resorted  thither  to  obtain  their  lead. 

Tuckahoe  Valley,  in  Blair  County,  at  the  base  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  has,  since  the  con- 
43 


338  surgeons'  reports — Pennsylvania — seventeenth  district. 

strnction  of  tbe  Pomisylvania  Kailrond,  fiiniisbod  tlie  eastern  markets  with  very  large  quantities  of 
shingles,  boards,  and  ditfereut  varieties  of  lumber,  of  superior  quality  for  building  purposes. 

Mifflin  County,  lying  out  of  the  range  of  coal  deposits,  with  but  a  limited  aaiouut  of  iron-ore, 
furnishes  a  small  (piaiitity  of  iron  compared  with  other  parts  of  this  district.  Freedom  Forge,  bow- 
ever,  requires  special  notice.  This  establishment  is  the  property  of  the  Pennsylvania  Central 
Railroad  Company;  is  worked  on  a  inagniUcent  scale;  and  here  the  company  manufacture  the 
tires  for  the  large  driving-wheels  of  locomotives,  the  axles,  and  all  such  parts  of  their  rolling- 
stock  as  require  tiie  best  quality  of  charcoal-iron.  They  obtain  their  ore  princii)ally  from  the 
Greenwood  Bank  in  this  county. 

For  many  years,  the  United  States  Government  ]iurchased  the  ''Juniata  iron,"  which  was  made 
from  this  ore,  to  manufacture  into  gun-barrels  at  Har))er's  Ferry  before  the  Pennsylvania  Eailroad 
Company  got  jtosscssion  of  the  works. 

All  this  district  lying  east  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  has  a  strong  limestone  soil,  with  but  few 
exceptions  ;  consequently  the  fields  yield  heavy  crops  of  wheat,  rye,  corn,  barley,  oats,  and  grass. 
Lime  is  burned  in  large  quantities  in  Blair  County,  and  freighted  to  Pittsburgh,  where  it  is  used  iu 
the  manufacture  of  glass,  on  account  of  its  supeiior  quality. 

The  headwaters  of  the  Juniata  River,  rising  in  Blair,  Huntingdon,  and  Mifflin  Counties,  rush 
with  a  rapid  descent  through  this  part  of  the  districit,  and  aflbrd  great  facilities  for  the  employment 
of  water-power.  There  are  many  furnaces,  forges,  tlouring-mills,  and  other  factories  erected  thereon. 
Among  the  principal  of  these  is  Mann's  Ax  Factory,  which  is  bailt  on  Kisliicoquillas  Creek,  four 
miles  above  Lewistown,  where  the  creek  breaks  through  a  goi-ge  in  Jack's  Mountain,  with  peaks 
one  thousand  feet  high  overhanging  the  stream  almost  perpendicularly  as  it  flows  in  torrents 
over  its  rocky  bed  beneath.  The  excellence  of  Mann's  axes  has  given  this  factory  a  wide-spread 
renown. 

Altoona,  situated  at  the  base  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  on  the  eastern  slope,  on  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad,  is  one  of  our  i)rincipal  mantifacturing  towns.  It  contains  8,01)0  inhabitants,  most  of 
wiioin  are  em|)loyds  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company.  Here  the  company  have  extensive 
machine-shops  and  foundries,  in  which  is  made  everything  pertaining  to  rolling  stock  for  their 
road,  from  a  car-wheel  to  a  first-class  locomotive. 

The  Pennsylvania  Railroad  in  its  passage  through  this  district  jiierces  the  Alleghany  Mountains 
by  a  tunnel  three-quarters  of  a  mile  in  length.  This  company  built  and  still  own  the  "Logan 
House,"  (one  of  the  best  hotels  in  Pennsylvania,)  for  the  accommodation  of  the  traveling  community 
over  their  road.     Every  train  stops  here  long  enough  to  accommodate  passengers  with  a  meal. 

The  eastern  i)ortiou  of  the  Seventeenth  District,  through  which  the  Ju  niata  River  runs,  from  as 
far  back  as  the  memory  of  man  extends  until  aUout  the  year  ISO )  was  subject  to  malarial  disease 
in  the  form  of  bilious,  intermittent,  remittent,  and  continued  or  pernicious  fevers,  frequently  of 
severe  grade.  This  intermittent  typo  was  so  prevalent  here  that  pneumonia,  pleurisy,  rheumatism, 
and  all  other  acute  diseases  assumed  its  character,  and  persisted  not  only  during  the  autumnal 
season,  but  the  year  through,  and  such  was  the  inqiression  made  on  the  subject  of  the  disease  by 
malaria  that  apparent  recovery  was  frequently  deceiving;  for  no  matter  what  attention  was  paid 
to  prophylactics,  or  what  system  of  regimen  was  adopted,  relapse  after  relapse  would  occur  in  the 
intermittent  form,  jtroducing  functional  and  organic  disease  of  the  liver,  spleen,  and  other  viscera, 
which  often  terminated  fatally  in  dropsy  or  other  cachexia.  When  a  scrofulous  diathesis  existed, 
tuberculosis  was  frequently  developed  by  this  as  an  exciting  cause.  Such  was  the  poisonous  influ- 
ence of  malaria  that  premature  old  age  marked  our  citizens,  and  it  was  in  fact  rare  to  see  an  indi- 
vidual among  us  over  seventy  years  of  age.  Premature  decay  of  teeth  was  also  apparent,  attribu- 
table, as  we  think,  to  the  same  cause.  Quinine  was  of  course  indispensable  in  the  treatment  of 
every  disease  before  a  cure  could  be  effected,  and  this  remedy  could  frequently  be  used  in  the  early 
staf/c  ot  the  disease  with  advantage.  About  the  autumn  of  185S,  bilious  fevers  in  their  several 
forms  became  less  formidable;  and,  iu  1800,  they  disappeared  altogether.  At  the  present  time,  no 
epidemic  prevails  in  any  part  of  the  district. 

Typhoid  fever  for  several  years  past  has  been  the  predominant  disease,  and  this  in  some  local- 
ities has  broken  out  with  considerable  virulence.  Erysipelas,  diphtheria,  scarlatina,  and  kindred 
diseases  have  prevailed  to  as  great  extent  perha|)s  as  any  class.    Dysentery  and  diarrhoea  are  by 


SURGEONS     REPORTS PENNSYLVANIA SEVENTEENTH    DISTRICT.  330 

no  means  uiicoiiiinon.  Amonjj  ix'tiiiiiod  soldiers,  we  find  more  snireriiig  from  di;trrlio'a  than  from 
any  other  cause. 

In  the  blacksmitli-sliojis  in  Altooiia,  wliere  there  are  many  fires  and  where  the  raihoadcom- 
pany  mainifaetnre  and  repair  tlie  roUiny-stoek  for  this  di\ision  of  their  road,  the  preihiniinaiit  disease, 
is  developed  tubercnlosis.  The  slumps  Inive  a  large  number  of  fires  in  each  of  them,  and  the  ventila- 
tion is  imperfect ;  consequently,  the  atmosphere  is  surcharged  with  all  the  noxious  gases  arising 
from  the  imperfect  combustion  of  the  bituminous  coal,  which  is  exclusively  burned  iiere;  hence  the 
prevalence  of  this  disease  in  these  shoi)s.  When  my  attention  was  attracted  to  the  predominance 
of  tiiliercnhisis  in  this  locality,  I  learned  that  there  was  but  one  man  over  fifty  years  of  age  who 
was  a  regular  hand  in  the  smith-shops;  and  that  when  a  young  man  entered  theshoi)s  to  learn  the 
trade,  it  was  a  rare  occurrence  that  his  health  permitted  him  to  serve  his  full  term  of  api)rentice- 
ship.  1  found  men  in  every  stage,  from  the  earliest  s,\mptom  of  tuberculous  deposit  to  the  last 
form  of  the  disease.  Many  suffer  also  from  bronchitis,  with  or  without  tuberculosis.  In  one  sub- 
district,  of  all  the  men  drafted  and  examined  I  found  scarcely  a  good,  sound  nnm.  U[)on  inquiry, 
I  learned  that,  in  the  early  settlement  of  this  country,  two  families  of  Scotch-Irish  birth  located 
there,  who  were  intelligent,  healthy,  thorough-going  people,  jiossessing  strong  vitality  and  great 
endurance.  Their  children  commenced  marrying  and  intermarrying,  until  now,  in  the  fourth  and 
fifth  generations,  there  is  not  really  a  sound  adiUt  known  in  all  that  extensive  conuection,  proving, 
so  far  as  it  goes,  the  evil  of  the  intermarriage  of  relatives. 

The  inhabitants  of  this  district  are  intelligent.  Every  man  is  a  reading  man.  The  public 
schools  are  becoming  the  object  of  great  solicitude  and  the  pride  of  many  of  our  leading  men.  The 
best  men  that  can  be  obtained  are  einpU)yed  as  county-sui)eriutendents.  School-districts  vie  with 
each  other  in  procuring  the  best  teachers,  and  the  schools  are  visited  regularly  by  the  directors. 
Every  pupil  has  his  ambition  stimulated,  and  spelling-matches  are  a  regular  institution  in  every 
school.  Two  or  more  schools  meet  in  full  representation,  at  least  once  every  year,  to  test  the  quali- 
fications of  each  other,  and  strive  for  the  palm  in  correct  spelling.  Old  and  young  take  an  interest 
in  and  witness  the  contest  with  much  anxiety  and  good  feeling.  Every  adult  reared  in  this  district 
is  supposed  to  be  well  versed  in  English  grammar,  history,  geography,  and  arithmetic.  Those 
who  are  not  are  the  exception,  not  the  rule.  The  veriest  vagabond  that  walks  the  street  is  able  to 
keej)  his  own  accounts  and  transact  his  own  business  intelligently.  The  moral  character  of  our 
inhaliitants  will  comjiare  favorably  with  that  of  any  otlier  district  in  Pennsylvania.  The  predomi- 
nant sentiment  is  decidedly  a  religious  one.  Presbyterian,  Methodist,  Lutheran,  Baptist,  Catholic, 
United  Erethreu,  and  Episcoi)aliau  churches  are  most  numerous,  with  a  fair  representation  of 
others.  Intemperance  prevails  to  some  extent  and  produces  its  consequent  evils  ;  but  jmblic  senti- 
ment frowns  so  decidedly  on  this  iniquity  that  only  those  who  are  lost  to  a  sense  of  shame  are 
among  its  votaries.  A  few  men  were  drafted  who  were  exempted  on  account  of  permanent 
pliysical  disability,  the  result  of  intemperance. 

As  a  general  thing,  the  wealth  is  fairly  distributed  among  the  inhabitants.  There  are,  how- 
ever, a  large  number  of  operatives  and  laboring  men  without  means  employed  by  corporate  com- 
panies and  farmers. 

P.ut  little  dependence  can  be  placed  on  the  operatives  in  our  mines  as  regards  sujtport  of  our 
military  forces.  At  least  nineteentwentieths  of  this  class  are  foreigners,  who  have  no  settled  home, 
and  who  are  ever  ready  to  make  their  budget  and  travel.  When  it  is  their  pleasure  or  interest  to 
become  naturalized  citizens,  they  can  produce  the  necessary  documents  and  vote  at  an  election  ; 
but  when  enrolled  and  drafted,  they  have  gone  to  parts  unknown  ;  or,  if  they  are  perchance  caught 
up,  they  have  no  difliculty  in  avoiding  military  service  by  swearing  alienage. 

The  principal  occupations  of  men  in  this  district  are  those  of  farmer,  laborer,  and  mechanic; 
being  most  numerous  in  the  order  represented.  The  mode  of  life  is  simple,  the  fare  wholesome 
and  substantial.  The  dress  is  not  extravagant,  but  plain,  calculated  more  for  comfort  than  show. 
There  are  of  course  deviations  in  both  extremes  from  the  rule  here  presented.  The  inhabitants 
are  frugal,  industrious,  and  social.  With  the  exception  of  one  or  two  localities,  we  profess 
to  be  a  law-abiding  iieo|)le.  In  the  places  alluded  to,  deserters  from  the  x\rmy  and  dratted  men 
who  failed  to  report  congregated  and  resisted  by  force  of  arms  all  attempts  to  take  them.     lu  due 


340  surgeons'  reports — Pennsylvania — seventeenth  district. 

time,  however,  these  lawless  bands  were  dispersed  by  the  capture  of  some  and  the  routing  of  tlie 
reuuiiniler. 

In  assigning  reasons  why  any  particular  diseases  have  disqualified  a  greater  ratio  per  thousand 
from  military  service,  I  first  mention  the  malarial  influence  prevalent  in  parts  of  this  district,  as 
above  adverted  to.  Although  it  is  now  several  years  since  this  agent  ceased  to  exercise  a  control- 
ling influence  over  every  form  of  disease  on  the  Juniata  Itiver,  its  baneful  ctt'ects  are  yet  percepti- 
ble. Men  who  were  prostrated  by  a  recurrence  of  bilious  fevers  several  years  in  succession  suflered 
constitutiouiiUy,  and  a  large  proportion  of  drafted  men  taijen  from  localities  thus  iul'ected  were 
exempt  under  section  9,  i)aragraph  80,  on  account  of  permanent  physical  disability,  the  conse- 
quence of  functional  or  organic  diseases  of  tlie  liver,  spleen,  or  kidneys. 

Tuberculosis  is  developed  sometimes  under  the  enervating  influence  of  bilious  fever,  although 
it  is  by  no  means  confined  to  malarial  portions  of  this  district,  lor  it  prevails  in  the  mountain-ranges 
and  in  the  valleys,  and  is  the  cause  of  many  exemptions.  Tiie  only  irnitful  source  of  tuberculosis 
worthy  of  notice  is  in  the  blacksmith-shops  in  Aitoona,  to  wliich  1  have  already  adverted;  also  iu 
the  sub-district  in  which  intermarriages  of  relatives  have  beeu  practiced  for  several  generations 
successively,  as  above  stated,  it  is  deeply  rooted. 

In  the  lumbering  parts  of  the  Seventeenth  District,  a  greater  proportion  of  hernia  prevails  th.an 
iu  other  localities,  which  is  readily  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  men  engaged  in  clearing  the  land 
and  removing  heavy  timber  must  necessarily  do  much  heavy  lifting,  thus  exposing  themselves  to 
the  danger  of  this  disability.  In  the  same  localities  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  charcoal-furnaces, 
a  large  proportion  of  men  are  disabled  on  account  of  extensive,  deep,  and  adhereut  cicatrices  on 
the  lower  extremities,  the  result  of  deep  incised  wounds  from  the  ax  in  cutting  timber. 

Sawyers  working  on  saw-mills  Irequently  have  their  hands  mutilated  or  their  fingers  removed 
by  the  saw,  thus  discjuaJifying  them  for  service.  On  the  railroads,  nuuiy  are  disabled  on  account  of 
severe  injuries  by  collisions  of  cars,  explosions  of  boilers,  cars  running  ofl'  the  track,  and  other 
mishaps  incident  to  the  working  of  the  road.  These  accidents  produce  almost  every  variety  of 
injury  in  the  form  of  Iractures,  dislocations,  mutilations  of  limbs,  contusions,  burns,  scalds,  &c. 
Among  this  class  of  injuries  we  find  many  men  who  have  lost  a  leg  or  foot,  arm  or  hand,  or  who 
have  hands  so  mutilated  that  they  are  proper  subjects  of  exemption.  In  our  large  rolling-mills, 
forges,  furnaces,  and  ax-tacitories,  where  heavy  machinery  is  used,  the  same  class  of  injuries  are 
found,  produced  by  similar  causes. 

In  paragraph  85,  Eevised  Regulations,  there  is,  in  my  opinion,  but  little  that  is  liable  to  objec- 
tion. It,  however,  I  were  to  specify  any  section  on  which  auiendinent  could  be  made  advantageously 
to  the  Government,  I  would  mention  No.  C.  This  section  gives  developed  tuberculosis  alone  as 
sufficient  cause  for  exemption,  and  it  has  been  to  me,  in  some  cases,  a  source  of  embarrassment. 
Drafted  men  laboring  under  evident  sym[)tomr,  of  inciiiient  tuberculosis,  with  no  complication  of 
any  other  viscus,  were  so  manifestly  unfit  for  military  duty  that  it  would  have  been  absolute  loss 
to  the  Grovernment  and  cruelty  to  the  men  to  hold  them  to  service,  and  yet  section  6  required  that 
the  tuberculosis  should  be  dvrdopcd  to  authorize  the  surgeon  to  exempt.  My  experience  has  beeu 
tiiat  after  (consigning  iulmi  thus  situated  to  the  Army,  in  most  cases  they  Imve  broken  down  and  gone 
into  the  hospitals  before  they  were  acclimated  to  their  new  locations,  or  became  accustomed  to 
camp-life.  As  this  section  stands,  we  must  either  violate  occasionally  our  own  convictions  of  duty 
to  the  Government  ami  the  men  by  holtling  such  to  service,  or  disobey  the  instructions  of  this 
section  by  exempting. 

In  section  15,  chronic  purulent  otorrliuia  is  given  as  cause  for  exemption.  During  the  i>rogres3 
of  examinations  since  our  organization  as  a  board,  I  have  seen  many  cases'of  this  infirmity;  and 
although  the  disease  uiidoubte  Uy  unfits  some  for  military  duty  by  the  ofl'ensiveness  and  abundance 
of  the  discharge,  a  majority  of  well-marked  cases  were  by  no  means  disqualified  by  this  cause.  I 
would  suggest  that  chronic  purulent  otorrhoea  be  regarded  as  cause  for  exemption  only  when  the 
purulent  discharge  is  very  offensive  and  uhiindtuit  and  the  disease  inveterate. 

In  section  .'!.J,  loss  of  ungual  |)halaux  of  right  thumb  is  given  as  cause  for  exemi)tion.  This,  iu 
my  opinion,  should  not  be  regarded  as  of  sufficient  importance  to  exempt  a  man  otherwise  able- 
bodied.  In  our  lumber-districts,  several  men  were  drafted  who  had  lost  this  iihalanx  by  tlie  acci- 
dental cutting  of  the  circular  saw  in  saw-mills,  yet  Ihe  full  use  of  the  thumb  was  net  in  any  per- 


surgeons'    reports PENNSYLVANIA SEVENTEENTH    DISTRICT.  341 

ccptible  ninimer  iiniwiicd,  niid  there  is  no  duty  of  tbe  soldier  tliat  could  not  be  readily  perronued 
by  tlieiD.  *  *  # 

In  exniuiiKitious  of  driifted  nu'u,  with  a  full  day's  work  ou  hand,  there  is  necessarily  consid- 
erable noise  made  by  walliing-  through  the  looiu,  jnoniiseuous  talking,  and  by  examination  of 
aliens  and  others  who  claim  exemption  Irom  causes  indei)endent  of  physical  disability.  This  pro- 
duces difrtculty  in  detennining  the  fitness  or  unfitness  of  men  when  dose  discrimination  is  required 
to  distinguish  the  normal  from  the  abnormal-sounds  of  resiiiration,  or  to  anal\zt'  the  diflerent 
abnormal  sounds  of  the  heart.  On  these  occasions,  my  nnilorm  practice  was  to  hold  doubtful  cases 
over  until  the  regular  business  of  the  day  was  disposed  of,  and  then,  when  the  room  was  completely 
quiet,  I  reexamined  them.  I  would  here  suggest  the  propriety  of  ordering  the  district  provost- 
marshals,  shoidd  another  draft  ever  be  required,  to  purchase  a  cheap  (luality  of  carpet  or  niatt'ng 
to  lay  upon  the  oftice  floor,  t9  prevent  the  noise  occasioned  by  tramping  about,  which  is  tinavoid- 
able  when  a  number  of  men  are  in  the  same  apartment.  The  cost  would  be  nothing  compared  with 
the  great  advantage  residting  from  the  expenditure. 

The  number  of  men  a  surgeon  can  examine  per  day  with  accuracy  varies  much  under  different 
circumstances.  A  surgeon  accustomed  to  the  work  can  examine  twice  the  number  per  day  that 
one  who  is  not  familiar  with  the  routine  will,  and  he  will  decide  too  with  more  accuracy.  When 
there  is  a  run  of  gooil  sound  men,  whether  volunteers,  substiuUes,  or  couscrijjts,  examinations  can 
be  made  with  more  facility  than  when  the  reverse  obtains.  One  who  has  become  familiar  with  the 
duties  of  the  office  can,  without  an  assistant,  examine  eighty  men  per  day,  and  not  feel  that  he  is 
imposed  upon.  1  did  myself  the  whole  duty  required  of  suigeou  of  the  boar<l  until  the  third  draft 
was  ordered,  when  Dr.  Crawford  Irvin,  of  HoUidaysburgh,  was  a[)poiuted  assistant,  from  whom  I 
derived  much  valuable  aid. 

The  frauds  resorted  to  by  enrolled  and  drafted  men  to  escape  service  are,  in  onr  experience, 
very  uumerous.  Every  species  of  falsehood  and  misrepresentation  is  indulged  iu  to  feign  disease 
where  none  exists.  Kheumafisin,  "weak  back,"  "stitch  in  the  side,''  hiiemorrhoids,  lameness  from 
old  fractures,  old  sprains,  loss  of  sight  of  one  or  both  eyes,  disease  of  the  heart,  consumption,  hai- 
niorrhage  from  the  lungs,  disease  of  the  kidneys,  ankylosed  joints,  and  deafness,  do  not  comi)rise 
even  the  tithe  of  diseases  feigned  by  those  who  wish  to  escape  service.  The  loss  of  sight  of  the  right 
eye  is  claimed  very  often  without  cause.  During  the  first  draft,  conscripts  frequently  came  with 
the  pupil  so  dilated  that  the  eye  presented  the  appearance  of  oiganic  change.  After  exempting 
several  who  came  first  with  this  disability,  I  suspected  fraud.  We  arrested  two  from  one  sub-dis- 
trict, and  had  them  properly  brought  before  the  board.  I  re-examined  them,  found  the  eyes  of 
both  to  be  sound,  and  held  both  to  service.  They  paid  comnuitation  and  were  dismissed.  Within 
one  year  afterward,  one  of  these  men  enlisted  for  a,  bounty,  and  entered  the  service  with  a  pair  of 
sound  eyes.  I  had  reason  often  afterward  to  suspect  tlie  application  of  belladonna  to  the  eye. 
Under  these  circumstances,  we  examined  the  pockets  of  the  man,  and  placed  him  rigidly  under 
guard  until  the  nature  of  the  case  was  clearly  revealed.  Irritating  substances,  such  as  sand  or 
dirt,  are  sometimes  throvvu  into  tbe  eyes  by  conscri[>ts  for  the  purpose  of  producing  conjunctivitis 
preparatory  to  examination.  When  a  man  claims  exemption  from  total  loss  of  sight  of  right  eye, 
if  I  can  see  no  evidence  of  disease,  before  I  decide  his  case,  I  close  the  left  eye  perfectly,  quietly 
stand  a  little  to  one  side,  and  order  him,  in  a  peremi)tory  manner  and  sharp  tone,  to  "  Look  at  me;" 
if  the  sight  is  totally  gone,  the  right  eye  is  motionless,  but  if  any  sight  remains,  before  he  is  aware, 
the  eye  involuntarily  turns  with  its  axis  toward  uie,  which  satisfies  me  that  he  is  attempting  decep- 
tion.   I  will  here  state  that  I  have  never  used  the  ophthalmoscope  to  explore  the  eye. 

Men  frequently  purge  themselves  preparatory  to  examination  with  aloes  and  other  drastic  arti- 
cles to  bring  on  haemorrhoids.  These  cases  are  generally  detected  by  an  erythematous  discoloration 
of  the  skin,  radiating  from  the  anus  to  the  distance  of  one,  two,  or  three  inches,  connected  with 
alternate  contraction  and  relaxation  of  the  sphincter  ani.  A  great  many  men,  otherwise  sound, 
have  had  all  the  teeth  extracted  from  the  upper  jaw.  A  considerable  j)roportion  of  tliese,  1  have 
no  doubt,  resorted  to  extraction  to  avoid  service.  Some  came  with  gums  lacerated  and  swollen 
from  having  had  the  teeth  removed  within  a  few  days  of  examination,  while  others  had  their  teetli 
removed  perhaps  several  mouths  previous.     When  we  had  reason  to  suspect  that  drafted  meu  had 


s 


342  SUBGEONS'   BEPOFTS PENNSYLVANIA SEVENTEENTH    DISTRICT. 

.their  teelb  extracted  to  defraud  the  Government,  we  held  them  to  service  if  they  were  otherwise 
sound,  and  assigned  reasons  for  so  doing,  which  wei'eseiit  with  them  to  the  rendezvous. 

Drafted  men  frequently  came  with  one  or  more  fingers  or  a  great  toe  cut  squarely  oft',  the  bone 
protruding,  making  a  very  sore  stump,  which  they  represented  as  the  result  of  recent  accident. 
They  were  also  held  to  service,  and  reasons  sent  forward  why  tliey  were  held. 

When  a  farmer,  mechanic,  or  laboring-man  claimed  exemption,  and  I  could  not  find  sufticient 
cause  to  dismiss  him,  the  ajipearance  of  his  hands  sometimes  indicated  whether  he  was  trullifiil  in 
his  declarations  of  disability.  If  his  Lands  were  covered  with  a  thick,  hardened  skin,  well  sun- 
burned, the  presumption  was  clear  that  he  could  do  a  good  day's  work  at  home,  and,  therefore, 
could  do  military  service. 

In  examination  of  enrolled  men,  when  any  doubt  whatever  existed  as  to  the  merits  of  a  claim 
for  exemption,  the  name  was  retained  on  the  rolls,  leaving  a  clear  margin  always  in  favor  of  the 
Government. 

Ill  examination  of  substitutes  and  volunteers,  we  had  more  trouble  with  boys  not  over  fourteen 
or  iilteeu  years  of  age  than  with  any  class  of  men.  They  were  often  brought  from  a  distance, 
always  claiming  to  be  eighteen  years  old.  They  were  so  well  drilled  by  the  brokers  having  them 
in  charge  that  they  would  toicc  a  very  full  ins|)iration,  strut  about  as  erect  as  old  soldiers,  and  go 
through  every  process  of  the  examination  with  as  much  activity  as  a  set  of  lofty  tumblers.  They 
were  taught  before  coming  that  in  such  a  cause  there  was  no  wrong  in  persisting  that  they  were 
several  years  older  than  they  really  were.  We  rejected  many  boys  who  were  over  the  minimum 
standard  because  they  were  undeveloped  in  bone  and  muscle,  and  evidently  not  over  fifteen  years 
old.  No  reliance  could  be  placed  on  the  word  of  themselves,  or  of  those  in  charge  of  them,  as  to 
age.  They  presented  every  variety,  from  the  stripling  boy  of  fourteen  to  the  youth  of  fully-devel- 
oped puberty. 

Again,  old  men  over  fifty  years  of  age  came  with  hair  dyed,  and,  in  some  cases,  artificial 
teeth  inserted,  claiming  to  be  aliens,  and  under  forty-five  years.  These  frauds  were  so  easily 
detected  that  I  believe  we  were  not  in  any  instance  imposed  on  by  this  class. 

I  have  no  suggestions  to  ofter  in  addition  to  what  I  have  already  hinted  at  to  avoid  or  over- 
come these  difficulties  in  future,  except  such  resources  as  the  skillful  and  vigilant  surgeon  will 
readily  call  to  his  aid  as  the  exigency  may  occur. 

Of  the  men  examined,  the  number  of  Pennsylvanians  greatly  piTponderated  over  all  others 
combined,  and,  in  my  opinion,  they  presented  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  military  service. 
A  very  large  jjroportion  of  Pennsylvanians  fuinished  by  this  district  certainly  could  not  be 
excelled  in  symmetry  of  Ibrm,  |)hysical  endurance,  and  intellectual  development  by  an  equal  number 
selected  Irom  any  nationality.  This  is  accounted  for  by  the  habits  of  industry,  sobriety,  and  frugal- 
ity, with  the  fostering  care  of  our  commou  schools,  for  which  Pennsylvania  in  general,  and  this 
district  in  particular,  is  {)roverbial. 

This  being  essentially  a  rural  district,  the  inhabitants  are  to  a  great  extent  free  from  the 
degrading  and  demoralizing  vices  incident  to  those  of  densely -crowded  cities  or  districts. 

'The  colored  men,  in  the  estimation  of  this  board,  rank  high  as  soldiers.  The  men  we  examined 
and  sent  from  this  oftice  were,  with  laie  exceptions,  of  the  first  class  in  point  of  size,  muscular 
develo[(ment,  good  form,  and  sound  constitutions".  They,  moreover,  manifested  an  eagerness  to  enter 
the  service.  My  exiierieuce  has  led  me  to  differ  from  high  medical  authority,  inasmuch  as  I  have 
Ibnnd  tubercular  disea.se  le.ss  frequently  developed  in  this  cla.ss  than  in  the  same  proportion  of 
whites.  There  is  one  feature  in  the  character  of  the  colored  man  greatly  in  his  favor  as  a  soldier  : 
1  mean  the  facility  with  w  hich  he  can  accommodate  himself  to  army-life.  The  tran.sition  from  his 
mode  of  living  in  a  cabin  or  house  of  inferior  quality  to  the  army-tent  is  by  no  means  so  great  as 
that  of  the  merchant,  the  farmer,  the  mechanic,  or  a  large  proportion  of  the  laboring-meu,  who  have 
bouses  and  home  luxuries  not  enjoyed  generally  by  the  colored  man;  consequently,  the  change  to 
army-life  does  not  so  seriously  affect  him. 

With  one  or  two  exceptions,  I  cannot  imagine  that  the  present  enrollment-law  requires  any 
amendments.  I  will,  however,  advert  to  oue  point  as  it  now  exists,  viz,  enrolling  ministers  of  the 
gospel,  and  reckoning  them  among  the  military  forces  of  the  United  States.    I  would  respectfully 


SURGEONS     RKPORTS — PENNSYLVANIA — TWENTY-FIRST    DISTRICT.  343 

suggest  lliat  the  eiirollmeiitlaw  bo  so  amcndod  tliat  all  ordaiiu'd  iiiinisteis  of  the  gospel,  having  a. 
regular  charge,  bo  exempt  from  inilitai\  duty.  The  lueseiit  hiw  is,  in  tliis  respect,  certainly  a  retro- 
grade step  in  any  government  founded  on  the  principles  of  civilization.  As  a  class,  we  find  preachers 
physically  uiitit  for  military  duty  to  a  greater  extent  than  an  equal  number  of  men  in  any  other 
calling. 

With  much  defereiKre,  I  would  respectfully  suggest  that  the  importance  of  obtaining  the  first 
medical  talent  in  the  country  in  surgeons  of  boards  of  enrollment  is  so  obvious  that  uo  argument 
is  required  to  establish  it.  It  is  equally  clear  that  the  salary  of  surgeons  iu  this  capacity  was, 
during  the  war,  by  no  means  an  equivalent  for  the  resixnisibility,  labor,  and,  in  some  respects, 
disagreeable  duties  connected  wMth  the  oftice.  A  respectable  physician  in  full  practice  can,  under 
ordinary  circumstances,  collect,  as  the  proceeds  of  his  practice,  double  and  often  treble  the  amount 
prescribed  by  law  as  compensation  of  surgeons  of  boards,  and  have,  besides,  the  advantage  of  enjoy- 
ing the  comtbrts  of  home.  The  inference  is,  therefore,  clear  that  a  physician  who,  from  necessity  or 
choice,  is  anxious  to  secure  a  competency  for  himself  and  family  in  his  declining  years  by  his  pro- 
fessional labors,  will  not  accei)t  this  position  at  the  present  raulv  of  tlie  surgeon. 

The  question  may  be  quaintly  asked  of  your  humble  servant,  "Do  you  not  claim  professional 
respectability,  with  a  profitable  practice  at  home  f  I  answer  yes.  It  is  now  full  thirty-five  years 
since  I  engaged  actively  in  the  practice  of  medicine  in  my  ])resent  locality,  and,  at  the  time  my  ap- 
pointment as  surgeon  came,  (which  was  unsolicited  by  and  nnlinowu  to  me,)  I  was  meditating  retire- 
ment from  the  laborious  part  of  professional  life.  I  decided  to  accept  the  position  as  a  change,  and, 
once  iuitiated,  1  became  interested  in  the  cause,  and  felt  that,  as  we  must  all  make  ^sacrifices  in 
putting  down  this  terrible  rebellion,  I  would  do  what  I  could  toward  the  consummation  of  the  great 
work. 

An  amendment  to  the  law,  ranking  surgeons  of  the  board  as  mojorst^  would,  in  my  humble 
opinion,  hereafter  secure  the  services  of  our  best  me<lical  men;  and  the  additional  expense  would  be 
more  than  comiiensated  for  by  the  assurance  that  the  work  of  the  surgeou  was  committed  to  pro- 
fessional ineu  iu  every  way  competent  to  the  discharge  of  so  responsible  a  duty. 

A.  ROTH  ROCK, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Seventeenth  District  of  I'ennnylvama 

HOLLIDAYSBURGH,  Pa.,  Jime  15, 1865. 


PENNSYLVANIA— TWENTY-FIRST  DISTRICT.'  • 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dk.  Frederick  C.  Robinson. 

*  #        ■    »        J  iia,ve  the  honor  to  herewith  submit  the  following  report,  as  embodying 

the  result  of  my  opinions  and  deductions  as  surgeon  of  this  board  of  enrollment  during  the  last 
two  eventful  years  of  our  historic ,  and  an  experience  derived  from  the  examination  of  six  thousand 
four  hundred  and  sixty-four  recruits,  substitutes,  and  drafted  men.  This  is  exclusive  of  enrolled 
men,  who  would  probably  number  three  thousand. 

The  geographical  position  of  this  district  is  immediately  west  of  the  last  ridges  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains;  Chesnut  and  Laurel  Ridges,  running  through  the  eastern  sides  of  Fayette  and  VVest- 
luorela.nd  Counties,  stand  as  sentinels  or  outposts  guarding  the  western  approaches  to  the  grander 
scenery  of  the  great  Apalachian  range  that  crosses  our  State  farther  eastward. 

The  rest  of  the  district  is  composed  of  a  fertile  agricultural  section,  well  watered  by  the  Monon- 
gahela,  Alleghany,  Youghiogheny,  Loyalhanna,  Cheat,  and  Couemaugh  Rivers,  and  their  tributa- 
ries. It  abounds  in  iron,  coal,  salt,  and  limestone;  the  latter  impregnating  the  water  in  some 
sections  of  the  district  to  a  very  great  extent,  the  well-water  iu  many  places  during  the  summer- 
months  having  a  specific  gravity  of  1000  trom  the  pi'esence  principally  of  the  contained  lime. 

Much  the  largest  portion  of  our  peo])le  is  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits  ;  but  the  mineral 
resources  of  the  district  give  remunerative  and  constant  employment  to  a  large  number  ot  i)ersoii,s. 

'No  reports  wore  received  from  the  eijjhteuutb.nineteeuth,  twoutietli,  twenty-second,  twenty-third,  and  twenty- 
fourth  districts  of  Penusylvauia. 


344  surgeons'  reports — Pennsylvania — twenty-first  district. 

Our  manufacturing  interests,  though  tliey  cannot  compete  in  maguitnde  with  those  of  many  otlier 
sections  of  the  country,  yet  give  employment  to  many  persons.  The  principal  manufactures  are 
those  of  iron,  machinery,  woolen  goods,  salt,  lumber,  &c.  The  usual  professional  and  mechanical 
avocations  are  pursued  in  about  the  same  ratio  as  in  other  prosperous  rural  districts. 

Our  contiguity  to  the  mountains  doubtless  renders  our  ])eople  liable  to  a  greater  prevalence  of 
such  diseases  as  result  from  sudden  changes  of  temperature  than  would  occur  among  a  peoi)Ie 
more  removed  from  this  cause.  Hence  the  prevalence  of  rheumatism,  which,  in  many  cases  assum- 
ing a  chronic  character,  disqualifies  for  military  service.  The  number  of  persons  who  are  exemjjt 
on  account  of  this  disease  is  scarcely  a  true  index  of  its  prevalence,  as  it  does  not  disqualify  unless 
it  has  produced  "  positive  change  of  structure,  wasting  of  the  atlected  limb,  or  putliness  or  distortion 
of  the  joints;"  and  these  results  are  rare  during  the  military  age  compared  with  their  Ireqnency 
after  the  age  of  fortytive.  The  statistics  show  a  ratio  to  those  exempted  for  all  other  causes  under 
the  drafts  of  1801  of  38  per  1,000. 

To  the  same  atmospheric  vicissitudes  may  be  traced  the  great  prevalence  of  acute  diseases  of 
the  lungs  and  air-passages;  the  former  terminating  in  "developed  tuberculosis,''  and  the  latter  in 
chronicbronchitisof  so  serious  a  character  as  to  disqualify  lor  military  sei  vice.  I  find  from  the  same 
statistics  the  ratio  for  developed  tuberculosis  was  70  per  1 ,000.  What  proportion  of  those  exempted 
for  "organic  disease  of  internal  organs"  may  be  traced  to  the  same  cause  I  am  not  informed,  but 
doubtless  to  a  very  large  extent. 

There  is  a  popular  belief  current  here  that  a  prevailing  strong  east  wind  for  two  or  three  days 
during  the  spring  or  early  summer  mouths  will  i)rove  not  only  destructive  to  tender  vegetation, 
such  as  the  young  fruits  and  garden-vegetables,  and  even  cereals  if  they  are  in  blossom,  but  is  also 
a  fiuitful  cause  of  disease  in  the  human  subject.  The  first  ])art  of  this  ojiinion  1  know  to  be  coirect,  • 
and  I  am  not  quite  sure  but  what  there  is  some  foundation  for  the  latter.  During  a  practice  of 
tilteen  years  in  Uuioutown,  Fayette  County,  which  lies  six  miles  west  of  the  summit  of  Chestnut 
Eidge,  and  at  that  point  has  an  elevation  of  from  2,500  to  2,800  feet  above  tide-water,  and  of  from 
1,000  to  1,900  feet  above  the  town,  1  was  frequently  impressed  with  the  truth  of  the  prevailing 
jjopular  belief  on  this  subject.  Patients  whose  vital  powers  were  very  much  exhausted  by  acute  or 
chrouic  disease  were  generally  more  depressed,  and  their  symptoms  worse,  during  the  prevalence  of 
that  wind.  Its  effect  on  vegetation  is  the  result  of  a  hygrometrical  condition  of  the  air.  The  air 
leaves  the  sea-coast  laden  with  the  usual  quantity  of  moisture;  but,  on  reaching  the  higher  altitudes 
of  the  successive  mountain-summits,  its  tenq)erature  is  lowered,  and  it  deposits  its  moisture  on  those 
elevated  wgious.  When,  on  passing  the  last  of  the  mountain-ridges,  it  debouches  into  the  valleys  to 
the  west  of  them,  and  is  again  warmed  by  tbe  rays  of  the  sun  and  the  warm  air  of  the  valley,  the 
usual  quantity  of  moisture  for  air  of  such  a  tenqjerature  must  be  again  supplied,  and  it  consequently 
absorbs  it  from  everything  that  will  yield  it  with  which  it  comes  in  contact.  It  thus  levies  its 
assessment  on  the  succulent  vegetation,  which  withers  and  dies,  and  becomes  almost  pulverizable 
in  a  few  hours  under  this  desiccating  wind.  In  what  way  it  produces  its  deleterious  effects  on  the 
invalid,  whether  by  electrical  action  in  depressing  the  vital  powers,  or  by  parching  the  cutaneous 
surface  and  membranes  of  the  air-passages,  I  do  not  know. 

The  exemptions  under  the  other  sections  of  paragraph  85  will  not  probably  exceed  the  ratio  in 
other  districts. 

The  changes  I  would  suggest  in  that  paragrajih  would  be  to  make  its  provisions  correspond 
more  closely  with  the  Army  Ifegulations  lor  the  examination  and  acceptance  of  recruits.  It  seems 
but  reasonable  that  the  recruits  and  conscripts,  who  are  to  be  placed  under  the  same  general  regu- 
lations and  perform  the  same  duties,  should  be  accepted  or  rejected  by  the  same  standard. 

Under  i)resent  regulations,  the  surgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment  has  frequently  found  himself 
placed  under  the  disagreeable  necessity  of  nyecting  a  man  as  a  reeiuit,  and  in  a  short  time  after- 
ward holding  him  to  service  as  a  dratted  man,  thus  depriving  him  of  the  advantages,  both  pecuniary 
and  in  the  ^selection  of  his  regiment,  that  are  possessed  by  the  recruit.  Such  action  subjects  the 
surgeon  to  the  severest  censure. 

Again,  some  men  whom  he  holds  to  service  in  strict  compliance  with  the  instructions  of  this 
paragrajjh,  on  being  sent  lorward  to  tlie  general  rendezvous,  are  again  examined  by  a  boaid  of 
iuspectois,  who,  acting  under  other  instructions,  discharge  them  as  unfit  for  service.    By  what  right 


SUKGEONS'    REPORTS PENNSYLVANIA TWENTY-FIBST    DISTRICT.  345 

tills  is  doue,  in  tlie  face  of  the  fourteeutli  section  of  the  enrollment-act  of  March  3, 18G3,  which  declares 
the  decision  of  the  board  of  enrollment  ,//»o/,  I  am  uuinformeil. 

Section  3  of  tins  i)ara.!;ra|)!i,  relatiiis  to  cpUcpsy,  and  reqiiiiinji-  tlie  "attidavit  of  a  physician  in 
good  staiidinji-  who  has  attended  him  in  the  disease  within  six  months  immediately  i)recediny;  his 
esamiiiatioii, '  is,  in  my  opinion,  too  restrictive  in  its  character.  Cases  have  come  before  this  board 
of  men  who  had  been  for  years  notorionsly  hopeless  epileptics — so  hopeless  that  they  had  ceased  to 
apply  to  physicians  for  relief — bnt  whose  [)hysical  and  mental  condition  bad  not  been  seriously 
impaired,  and  who  consequently  could  only  be  exempted,  if  at  all,  on  the  ground  of  epilepsy.  One 
case  of  this  kind  I  remember,  in  which  a  whole  neighborhood  was  ready  to  establish  the  fact;  bnt 
such  testimony  not  being  admissible,  the  man  was  held  to  service,  but  before  being  sent  away  he 
was  seized  with  a  convulsion,  which  was  witnessed  by  the  board,  and  he  was  exempted  on  the 
certificate  of  the  examining-surgeon.  I  would  suggest  that  the  same  kind  of  testimony  that  is 
required  in  insanity  be  deemed  sutiicient  in  this  disease.     Let  it  be  "  weJi  established  and  recent.^' 

In  section  5,  relating  to  '■  organic  disease  of  internal  organs,"  1  would  suggest  that  an  exception 
be  made  in  favor  of  organic  disease  of  the  heart;  for  although  the  drafted  man  may  be  at  the  time 
of  his  examination  able  to  pursue  an  "equally  laborious  occupation  in  civil  life,"  yet,  as  the  tendency 
of  this  disease  is  to  become  rapidly  worse  under  the  exciting  influences  of  camp  life,  he  would  very 
soon  be  disqualitied  for  duty. 

In  se(!tion  112,  which  exempts  only  for  "  total  loss  of  sight  of  right  eye,"  I  would  suggest  that  it 
be  either  revoked,  and  men  be  held  to  service  who  had  lost  tbe  right  eye,  or  else  that  it  be  less 
restrictive  for  the  man  who  is  only  just  able  to  distinguish  light,  or  an  opaque  object  at  a  few  inches 
from  his  face;  such  a  man  is  just  as  much  disqualitied  for  service  as  if  laboring  under  a  total  loss 
of  the  eye.  In  my  opinion,  the  first  clause  of  the  thirteenth  section  should  be  made  to  embrace  the 
right  eye  as  well  as  both  eyes. 

I  would  suggest  a  radical  change  in  section  20,  which  reads,  "  total  loss  of  all  the  front  teeth, 
the  eye  teeth,  and  first  molars  even  of  only  one  jaw."  The  holding  of  a  man  to  service  who  has  but 
one  front  or  eye  tooth,  or  one  first  molar  tooth,  with  perhaps,  as  often  hap])ens,  no  antagonist  to  that 
tooth,  and  yet  exempting  another  who  has  a  perfect  set  of  molars  back  of  the  first  ones,  is,  in  my 
oi)iniou,  an  injudicious  regulation.  The  possession  of  one  front  tooth  cannot  materially  aid  in  the 
mastication  of  his  food,  while  the  presence  of  a  set  of  back  molars  would  be  all  that  would  be 
required  for  this  purpose  ;  consequently,  the  exemption  of  men  in  the  latter  category  deprives  the 
Government  of  a  large  number  of  able-bodied  soldiers. 

In  section  34,  relating  to  defects  of  the  feet,  I  would  suggest  that  though  the  defects  might  be 
sufficient  to  prevent  marehiiH/,  yet  if  they  were  not  of  too  serious  a  character  the  men  should  be 
accepted  and  assigned  to  cavalry  regiments,  as  there  are  many  defects  of  the  feet  that  would 
disqualify  for  infantry  service  that  would  not  impair  the  man's  efficiency  for  cavalry  or  heavy- 
artillery.        *        »        * 

My  method  of  examining  men  consumes  so  much  time  that  the  surgeon  cannot  examine  more 
than  fifty  or  sixty  drafted  men  each  day.  This  class  comes  before  him  unwillingly,  and.  they  com- 
])lain  of  many  disabilities  and  diseases  which  must  be  carefully  examined  and  inquired  into;  and 
the  cases  which  present  the  reciuired  evidence  as  to  disability,  alienage,  non-i'esidence,  age,  and 
other  i)leas  for  exemption,  are  so  numerous  and  consume  so  much  time  that  in  my  opinion  the 
maximum  number  that  can  be  examined  daily  is  not  more  than  I  have  indicated.  A  greater  num- 
ber of  recruits  can  be  examined  daily  as  they  come  before  the  surgeon  voluntarily,  and  they  do  not 
raise  the  above  claims  for  exemption.  However,  the  filling-up  of  the  blanks  for  the  examination 
of  recruits,  which  has  been  recently  requited  with  each  recruit,  consumes  so  much  time  that,  with- 
out assistance,  the  surgeon  cannot  examine  a  much  greater  number  than  of  drafted  men. 

The  amendments  that  have  been  made  to  the  enrollment-act  have  closed  the  door  to  many  of 
the  frauds  that  were  practiced  under  the  original  law.  The  frauds  now  most  frequently  practiced 
relate  to  age,  alienage,  and  residence.  The  two  former  are  perhaps  as  carefully  guarded  against 
as  they  well  can  be;  but  the  latter  could  be  prevented  by  delivering  to  every  man  when  he  was 
enrolled  a  notice  informing  him  of  his  enrollment  in  a  i)articular  sub-district,  and  that  if  su(;h  was 
not  his  j)lace  of  residence,  he  should  at  once  establish  that  fact  or  else  be  deprived  of  availing 

4:4: 


546  surgeons'  reports — Maryland — second  district. 

himself  of  that  pica  iu  tbe  cvenfof  his  being  drafted.     The  notice  might  also  require  him  to  present 
the  evidence  of  age  or  alienage  before  draft,  if  he  was  not  on  tbese  accounts  subject  to  duty. 

The  seventeenth  section  of  the  act  of  Februarj'  24,  1804,  has  been  taken  iidvaiitage  of  during 
the  drafts  of  1SG4  by  persons  joining  some  of  the  various  religious  sects  whose  tenets  forbid  the 
bearing  of  arms.  Some  joined  these  sects  after  being  drafted,  but  in  such  cases  the  board  of  enroll- 
ment deemed  their  conscientious  scruples  of  too  receut  a  date  to  avail  in  exempting  them  from 
service. 

Self-mutilation  has  been  resorted  to  by  drafted  and  enrolled  men  in  some  cases.  The  cutting 
off  the  fingers  or  the  great  toe,  or  extracting  the  teeth,  were  the  usual  means  resorted  to;  the  two 
former  methods  not  as  frequently  in  the  second  and  third  drafts  as  iu  the  first  one  in  18(53,  but  tbe 
extracting  the  front,  canine,  and  first  molar  teeth  has  been  quite  frequent.  The  only  remedy  I  can 
suggest  is  to  refuse  to  stiike  the  name  of  any  man  from  the  enrollmeutlist,  or  to  exempt  any  who 
are  drafted  whose  gums  indicate  that  the  teeth  have  been  recently  extracted.  I  pursued  this  course 
w  ith  ctirolled  men  during  the  last  winter.  My  action  iu  these  cases  was  based  on  the  order  froia 
your  oflice  to  report  the  case  of  any  drafted  man  who  attempted,  by  means  of  self-mutilation,  to 
evade  service. 

The  foreign  clement  in  the  population  of  this  district  is  relatively  so  small,  and  so  many  influ- 
ences operate  to  control  the  results  arrived  at  in  determiniug  the  physical  capacities  of  the  different 
nationalities  for  militarj-  service,  that  any  deductions  arrived  at  must  be  very  defective  and  unsatis- 
factory. Out  of  two  thousand  three  hundred  and  eighteen  men  examined,  and  included  in*  my  last 
two  reports,  there  were  but  ninety  of  loreign  birth. 

Taking  the  measurement  of  the  chest  as  a  standard  of  physical  capacity,  I  find  the  Germans 
present  the  largest  average.  This  measurement  cannot  be  regarded  as  a  correct  index,  from  tlie 
fact  that  30  many  native-born  young  men  entered  the  service  as  recruits  between  the  ages  of  six- 
teen and  twenty,  before  the  physical  development  was  completed.  Measurements  of  the  chest,  or 
height,  or  weight,  or  all  combined,  are  not  sufiQcient  to  measure  the  capacity  of  recruits  for  endur- 
ing military  service.  The  temperament  must  also  be  embraced  iu  the  estimate.  Yivacity  and  hope- 
fulness would  sustain  a  soldier  under  fatigue  au<l  wounds  where  one  of  a  less  happily  constituted 
organization  would  sink.  Therefore,  iu  considering  physical  aptitude  for  service,  and  taking  this 
factor  into  the  calculation,  I  am  convinced  that  the  native  soldier  is  unsurpassed. 

Among  the  most  perfect  specimens  of  physical  development  I  have  seen  during  my  examina- 
tions, I  found  some  of  them  belonging  to  the  colored  race.  In  physique,  as  a  class,  they  will  com- 
pare favorably  with  the  whites.  They  arrive  at  maturity  at  an  earlier  age  than  the  latter.  Though 
they  have  not  the  mental  capacity  of  the  whites,  yet  they  possess  many  of  the  requisites  calculated 
to  make  them  hardy  and  enduring  soldiers.  Their  vitality,  when  relieved  of  the  restraints  which 
contact  with  the  whites  impose,  and  their  good  phyaiques,  will  enable  them  to  bear  the  fatigues  of 
a  campaign  as  well  as  any  other  soldiers.  On  the  whole,  I  have  been  very  favorably  impressed 
with  their  jthysical  qualifications  for  military  service. 

I  have  no  suggestions  to  make  in  relation  to  the  "  operations  of  the  enrollment-law,"  further 
than  such  as  I  have  already  made  iu  relation  to  it  and  the  orders  based  upon  it,  in  the  foregoing 
report.  *  *  * 

FRED.  C.  ROBINSON, 
Surgeon  Board' of  EnroUmenl  Twentyjirst  District  of  Pennsylvania. 
Greensburgh,  Pa.,  May  20,  18G5.- 

MARYLAND— SECOND  DISTRICT.' 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dii.  J.  E.  Ward. 

•  *  *        Of  drafted  men  there  have  been  examined  five  thousand  six  hundred  and 

thirty-five.  Of  that  number  there  were  one  thousand  two  hundred  and  eighty-eight  exempted  for 
physical  disability,  leaving  four  thousand  three  hundred  and  forty-seven  held  to  service.  Under 
the  revision  of  enrollment,  there  were  examined  physically  eight  hundred  andfourteeu;  of  this 

'  No  report  was  icceived  t'roui  tlie  first  ilistrict. 


surgeons'   KEPORTS — MARYLAND SECOND   DISTRICT.  347 

Diiiubcr,  tbiee  liuiidicd  ami  scveutysevcn  were  exempted  for  physical  disability,  and  four  butidred 
and  thirty  seveu  were  refused  exemption.         #  *  * 

The  Seeoud  Congressional  Distriet  of  Maryland  embraces  the  fifth,  sixth,  seventh,  ninth,  tenth, 
eleveiill],  and  twellth  districts  of  Baltimore  County,  the  whole  of  Ilarford  County,  and  the  lirst 
seven  wards  of  the  city  of  Baltimore.  The  city  portion  of  the  district  is  bounded  by  Jones's  Falls  on 
the  west.  Tiiis  stream  rises  in  B;;ltimore  County,  runs  partially  around  the  north  of  the  city,  then 
through  the  city,  receiving  into  its  channel  the  washings  of  many  streets,  the  contents  of  sewers 
and  privies,  and  then  empties  into  the  Basin,  so-called,  which  is  an  inlet  of  the  Patapsco  River. 
This  basin  forms  the  southern  boundary  of  the  seveu  wards  of  the  city.  On  the  east  and  north  side 
the  land  is  high  and  rolling. 

The  ninth  district  of  Baltimore  County  is  also  bounded  on  the  west  by  Jones's  Falls.  From 
these  falls  the  city  is  supplied  with  water  by  means  of  an  artificial  lake,  made  by  the  city  a  few 
years  ago. 

The  twelfth  district  of  Baltimore  County  lies,  in  great  part,  on  tide-water.     There  are  several 
rivers  running  through  it,  which  empty  into  the  Chesapeake  Bay.     In  this  district  there  is  much 
low,  swami>y  land,  a  portion  of  Harford  County  lying  on  the  Susquehanna  River.   Excepting  this 
part  of  Harford  County  and  the  twelfth  district  of  Baltimore  County,  the  land'in  both  counties  is 
rolling  and  well  watered.     The  eastern  section   of  the  city,  embraced  in  part  by  the  first  seven 
wards,'  has  been  represented  as  being  most  subject  to  intermittent  fevers  ;  for  the  past  two  years, 
this  fever  has  ]irevailed  to  a  greater  extent  in  the  western  section  of  the  city.     On  Jones's  Falls, 
on  the  north  side  of  the  city,  intermittent  fever  prevails  as  much  as  in  the  twelfth  district  of  Balti- 
more County.     Where  these  falls  run  through  the  city,  there  are  no  cases  of  intermittent  fever. 
From   the  aitpearance  of  the  Asiatic  cholera  in  1832,  until  about  ISui,  all  portions  of  the  State 
liable  to  autumnal  fevers  before  the  former  period  were  less  liable  to  these  diseases  than  had  ever, 
been  known  before.    The  type  of   disease  was  as  much  changed  as  the  character  of  these  dis- 
tricts for  health  was  changed.     In  ISal,  malarial  diseases  prevailed  to  a  great  extent  in  the  Cham- 
bersburgh  and  Shenandoah  Valleys;  it  made  its  appearance  before  harvest,  vegetation  being  in 
its  most  luxuriant  condition,  and  few  families  escaped,  even  when  the  disease  had  not  been  known 
for  many  years.     In  some' families,  scarcely  any  were  left  well  enough  to  attend  tlie  sick.     In  tbose 
l)laces  where  autumnal  diseases  prevailed  to  some  little  extent,  the  inhabitants  were  healthy.    Since 
liSG't,  these  fevers  have  been  annua'ly  becoming  more  prevalent,  and  assuming  a  similar  type  to 
that  which  existed  before  the  advent  of  thercholera,  and  they  require  a  decided  change  in  the  mode 
of  treatment.    A  very  intelligent  and  successful  physician  in  Cecil  County,  Maryland,  informed 
me,  in  the  summer  of  ISUl,  that  bilious  remittent  and  intermittent  fevers  were  then  prevalent,  and 
that  he  had  been  very  successful  in  their  treatment,  prescribing  at  the  onset  emetocathartic  doses 
of  calomel  and  tartarized  antimony.     Such  treatment  iu  this  district,  in  1850,  would  have  been 
ruinous  to  the  patient,  and  would  now  be  at  war  wjth  modern  theory.     The  result  of  actual  prac- 
tice, however,  is  more  to  be  trusted  than  auy  theosy.     Country  physicians  are  generally  governed 
bj'  experience  and  observation  more  than  by  theoretical  system.    They  are  compelled  by  their  iso- 
lated situation  to  rely  upon  their  own  observations,  and  to  draw  their  own  conclusions;  and  their 
exi>eiience  teaches  them  to  adapt  their  treatment  to    the  actual  condition  and  physical  wants  of 
their  patients.    The  experience  of  the  writer  corroborates  the  correctness  of  the  treatment  of  the 
pliysician  from  Cecil  County.    As  before  stated,  the  fever  of  1854  began  when  harvest  vegetation 
was  not  even  declining.     What,  then,  was  the  cause  of  this  exten.sive  epidemic?     What  had  kept 
this  malarial  poison  so  long  in  abeyance"?    The  only  difference  known  was  that  all  the  siuks,^which 
are  very  common  in  limestone  regions,  had  more  or  less  stagnant  water  in  them  from  the  spring- 
rains,  which  had  continued  late  in  the  season.    The  streams  were  sUll  well  supplied  with  water. 
On  the  first  settlement  of   the  valleys  named,  these  fevers  were   unknown  ;   as  the  country  was 
cleared,  they  prevailed  more  or  less  every  year,  until  occasionally  tliere  would  be  no  house  with- 
out some  one  sick  from  that  cause.    Autumnal  fevers  are  now  as  prevalent  and  more  violent  than 
they  are  in   the  lower  counties  of  Maryland,  where,  before  the  advent  of  the  cholera,  they  were 
expected  with  the  fall  of  every  year.     The  inhabitants  of   the  lower  counties  attributed  the  im- 
proved condition  of  their  country,  in  regard  to  health,  to  the  great  quantities  of  lime  used  on-  their 
lands,  and  to  the  iuipioved  system  ol  farming.     No  doubt,  they  are  right  to  a  considerable  degree; 


348  surgeons'  keports — Maryland — second  district. 

tbcir  old  enemy,  bowevor,  is  returning,  and  extending  bis  scepter  over  tbeir  beautiful  country,  and 
prostrating  tbeir  people  before  liiiii. 

Did  tbe  cause  of  cbolera  destroj-  tbe  so  called  malarial  poison  1  or  did  it  enter  into  nature's 
laboratory,  and  stop  tbe  generation  of  tbe  first  poison,  so  prolific  of  disease  and  deatb  ^  or  did  it 
cbange  man's  physical  condition,  so  that  he  was  no  longer  susce[»tible  to  its  deleterious  effects  ?  I 
shall  not  undertake  to  answer  these  questions.  The  fact  is  notorious  that  on  tbe-Upper  Potoiunc, 
lor  years,  bilious  fever  was  a  curiosity  to  the  inhabitaut.s,  who,  previous  to  1832,  bad  been  familiar 
with  it  from  childhood.  There  had  been  no  change  in  the  status  of  tbe  inhabitants,  uoTie  in  mode 
of  living,  nor  any  nuirUed  cbauge  in  the  system  of  farming;  only  more  land  bad  been  cleared  and 
put  in  cultivation.  In  tbe  country,  little  attention  is  i)aid  to  drainage,  even  about  dwellings  and 
out-bouses.  A  highly  respectable  physician  of  Virginia,  some  years  ago,  stated  that  be  ordered  a 
hogshead  of  rain-water,  which  had  been  standing  for  some  time,  to  be  emptied  on  the  grass,  by 
which  tbe  grass  that  was  wetted  by  tliis  water  was  entirely  killed,  not  a  root  being  left  alive. 

As  before  stated,  that  part  of  the  city  through  which  Jones's  Falls  runs  is  free  from  malarial 
fevers,  while  north  of  the  same  city,  on  the  same  falls,  these  fevers  prevail  to  a  great  extent. 
Attention  has  been  called  to  the  nudarial  fevers  of  mouutainous  regions,  of  districts  of  rolling 
laud  on  running  streams,  and  of  tide-water  districts.  In  tbe  two  former,  these  fevers  prevail  fully 
as  much  as  in  the  tide-water  districts  of  the  State.  What  cause  gives  rise  to  these  fevers  ?  I 
think  staguant  putrid  water  is  the  principal  cause.  Jones's  Falls  in  the  citj',  the  receptacle  of 
every  species  of  filth,  has  no  malarial  disease  on  its  borders.  This  part  of  tbe  falls  has  stone  walls 
on  each  side,  confining  its  waters  to  the  bed  of  tbe  stream,  above  the  city,  and  to  the  lake.  There 
are  small  streams  emptying  into  these  falls,  and  bringing  with  them  the  exhalations  from  the  stag- 
uant pools  along  their  banks  into  the  current  of  air  following  the  course  of  the  falls;  this  is  still 
further  increased  from  tbe  putrid  water  along  tbe  main  stream.  As  a  necessary  result,  the  inhab- 
itants soon  feel  its  deleterious  influence;  not  nearly  so  much,  however,  when  their  dwellings  are 
sep.arated  from  those  streams  by  forests. 

The  Potomac  River  and  its  tributaries  are  in  the  same  condition  as  Jones's  Falls,  with  the 
addition  of  many  natural  sinks  containing  stagnant  water.  I  have  gone  beyond  tbe  second  con- 
gressional district  in  speaking  of  disease,  because  the  same  character  of  fever  prevails  throughout 
the  State  ;  the  same  cans  ■  of  disease  must  exist  where  the  same  disease  prevails.  lu  all  these 
sections,  large  collections  of  stagnant  water  are  to  be  found.  The  inference  can,  I  think,  be  Justly 
drawn  that  stagnant  putrid  water  is  tbe  most  prolific  s»urce  of  nudarial  fever.  It  is  a  welt-estab- 
lished, but  hitherto  unexplained,  fact,  that  from  the  appearance  of  the  Asiatic  cbolera,  the  character 
and  tyi)e  aiul  recuri-ence  of  malarial  fever  for  years  were  changed,  and,  to  a  great  extent,  it  disap- 
peared ;  and  that  these  fevers  are  again  slowly  but  surely  returning  to  tbeir  former  character  and 
type,  which  may  possibly  be  checked  by  a  close  and  untiring  attention  to  drainage.  Clearing  aiul 
cultivating  land  will  not  i>reserve  the  general  lu'alth,  unless  the  beds  of  the  streams  are  well  open, 
and  stagnant  pools  cease  to  be  seen  in  our  miihst.  This  can  only  be  accomplished  by  the  appoint- 
ment of  capable  and  efficient  health-oflicers. 

The  iidiabitauts  of  this  district  are  Americans,  Germans,  Irish,  Jews,  and  negroes.  In  the 
country  [tortiou  of  this  district,  the  jieople  are  mostly  farmers  and  gardeners.  Mechanics  are  settled 
to  a  limited  extent  to  suit  tbe  wants  of  the  people.  There  are  also  cotton -factories  and  iron-works. 
The  inhabitants  live  well,  are  industrious,  and  have  tbe  characteristic  of  the  American,  namely,  a 
great  desire  to  be  rich.  Going  to  school  is  appreciated;  education  is  not — that  is,  the  people  think 
going,  to  school  is  education.  The  State  is  entering  upon  a  uew  career  of  educating.  It  is  hoped 
she  will  do  better  than  she  has  yet  done. 

The  seven  wards  of  the  city,  being  the  eastern  portion,  are  principally  occupied  by  mechanics 
and  laborers.     These  classes  are  more  liable  to  accidents,  rheumatism,  and  henna.        #         *  » 

Lpilcpsi/. — Confirmed  epileptics  are  rarely  or  never  under  medical  care.  It  is  often  impossible 
to  procure  a  i)liysiciau'«  affidavit  to  the  witnessing  an  attack  within  six  months.  A  medical  alfi- 
davit  that  the  man  bad  been  seen  in  an  attack,  and  reliable  testimony  that  he  had  had  au  attack 
within  six  mouths,  would  establish  the  fact,  and  entitle  the  man  to  a  discharge. 

Well-ascertained  organic  disease  of  any  internal  organ  should  dis(]ualify  from  military  service. 
The  worst  cases  of  organic  disease  of  the  heart  were  fouiul  in  those  who  never  complained  of  heart 


surgeons'    reports MARYLAND SECOND    DISTRICT.  349 

trouble,  wlio  scarcely  know  they  had  a  heart,  and  who  followed  their  daily  occupations.  Men 
ciaJMiiii^  exemption  from  lieiirt-disease  as  tlieir  cliieC  j-iound  were  mostly  suffering  from  functional 
derangement,  llysteria  simulates  all  diseases;  the  heart  simulates  almost  all  the  symptoms  of 
organic  disease.     Such  cases  might  be  termed  "  hysteria  ot  the  heart." 

Physical  disability  Is  not  necessarily  permanent  ;  when  believed  i)ennanent,  it  shoidd  be  so 
designated.  When  a  man  is  inciapacitated  by  recent  disease,  it  should  be  marked  "  physical  disa- 
bility;"  if  marked  "permanent,"  the  man's  name  shouldbe  erased  from  the  enrollment  list. 

Teeth. — When  the  surgeon  is  satisfied  that  a  man's  teeth  are  so  decayed  as  to  reiuh-r  him 
incai)able  of  masticating  his  food,  he  should  be  discharged,  as  a  mouth  in  sncli  condition  indicates 
feebleness  of  constitution.     The  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  decay  before  those  ot  tlie  lower  jaw. 

Hcemorrhoids. — Old  and  irreducible  external  hieuiorrhoids  unfit  a  man  for  any  active  employ- 
ment.    In  such  cases,  some  discretion  should  be  allowed  the  sui-geon. 

Rheumatism. — Rheumatism  often  aliects  the  lumbar  region  and  the  sacrosciatic  nerves,  there 
being  na  manifest  evidence  of  the  disease;  there  is,  however,  a  radical  physical  defect.  In  such 
cases,  when  i\n?  proof  is  satisfactory  that  the  man  has  been  subject  to  these  attacks,  and  has  had 
one  within  the  last  three  months,  which  attack  incapacitated  him  for  days  or  weeks  from  following 
his  daily  occupation,  and  had  been  brought  on  by  undue  exertion  or  exposure,  he  should  be  exempt. 
Frecjuent  attacks  of  acute  rheumatism  should  not  be  disregarded,  these  attacks  so  frequently 
involving  the  heart. 

Hernia. — Umbilical  hernia  is  more  frequent  in  the  colored  than  in  the  white  race.  I  have  iiot 
met  a  large  nor  a  strangnlated  umbilicial  hernia  in  the  male,  althongh  a  man  may  have  been  a 
laborer  all  his  life,  and  have  had  Uiiibilical  hernia.  These  hernias  remain  stationary,  and  are  i)rob- 
ably  owing  to  a  want  of  care  in  adjusting  the  umbilical  bandage  after  birth.         *  *  # 

Fifty  men  can  be  physically  examined  daily  ;  with  this  number,  justice  is  more  certainly  done 
to  both  Government  and  peo])le. 

Generally,  there  is  uotiiing  left  undone  on  the  part  of  the  drafted  man  to  deceive  the  surgeon. 
The  substitute  will  bear  a  great  amount  of  temporary  pain  to  get  into  the  service.  Chronic  I'heu- 
matism,  consumption,  and  heart  disease  are  most  frequently  claimed  as  grounds  of  exemption.  Fee- 
bleness of  constitution  is  the  nest  most  common  plea.  It  has  always  been  characteristic  of  con- 
sumption that  the  patient  could  not  be  persuaded  that  he  had  the  disease;  when  drafted,  it  was 
impossible  to  persuade  that  consumi)tion  was  not  present.  "  Like  one  of  old,  they  could  die  in  their 
nest,  but  not  in  the  tented  field."  When  consumption  was  made  the  plea,  it  was  considered  as 
almost  conclusive  of  attempted  fraud.  Dr.  Rush  said  only  two  classes  admitted  the  presence  of 
the  disease — the  one  was  sailors,  the  other  christians  indeed.  None  of  our  cases  were  sailors; 
if  of  the  latter  class,  society  is  more  christianized  than  is  generally  believed. 

Sciatica  or  lumbago  were  often  used  as  a  means  to  obtain  a  discharge,  and  such  cases 
were  pressed  with  great  earnestness.  To  do  justice  in  these  cases,  it  was  often  necessary  to 
examine  witnesses,  and  scrutinize  the  testimony  very  carefully  to  prevent  fraud.  Drafted  and 
enrolled  men  seeking  to  escape  usually  come  prepared  with  medical  affidavits,  certifying  to 
their  diseased  condition  and  total  unfitness  for  military  service.  On  ai)plication  for  these 
certificates,  questions  no  doubt  would  be  asked  by  the  physician  about  the  disease  and  its  symp- 
toms, and,  apt  to  learn  what  might  greatly  aid  them  in  their  designs,  they  became  somewhat 
acquainted  with  the  symptoms  and  locality  of  the  disease  they  wished  to  simulate.  It  is  often 
extremely  ditHcult  to  diagnose  disease  with  the  patient  honestly  assisting  you  ;  far  more  so  when 
the  jtatient  is  designedly  leading  you  into  error,  assisted,  perhaps  unwillingly,  by  his  physician  in  the 
contemplated  fraud.  If  unsuccessful  in  his  efforts,  fault  is  found  by  the  man  and  his  fiiends  with 
the  physician  who  gave  the  affidavit  which  was  to  bring  success ;  but  all  unite  in  abusing  the 
examining-surgeon.  Frequently  written  complaints  were  made  to  the  Secretary  of  War  against 
the  surgeon,  sustained  by  additional  medical  testimony  as  to  the  man's  total  unfitness  for  military 
service.  It  is  unpleasant  to  say,  but  it  is  nevertheless  true,  that  these  medical  affidavits  added  gen- 
erally very  much  to  the  labors  and  trouble  of  the  examining-surgeon,  and  yielded  very  little  aid 
in  his  arduous  and  thankless  duties.  Substitute-brokers  soon  became  familiar  with  disqualifying 
causes,  and  instructed  their  men  how  to  conceal  (if  iiossible)  every  cause  of  rejection. 


350  SUKGEONS'    EEPORTS MARYLAND SECON'D    DISTRICT. 

Substitutes  aiifl  recruits  sboiild  be  tirst  carefully  examined  by  the  surgeon,  and  if  passed  by 
bim  should  be  sent  to  rendezvous  for  from  twenty-four  to  forty  eis'lit  hours,  and  tlien  be  reexamined. 
At  the  end  of  the  time  specified,  the  effects  of  stimuhiuts  would  have  passed  off,  aud  the  surgeon 
would  then  be  able  to  correct,  if  necessary,  his  first  decision,  and  learu  the  man's  true  physical 
condition.  ^ 

Stimulants  in  proper  quantities  will  often  give  temporary  tone  to  debilitated  organs;  with  a 
man  in  this  condition,  the  most  experienced  surgeon  may  err,  particularly  so  when  so  short  a  time 
is  possible  to  him  for  examination,  and  no  op|)ortnnity  is  allowed  for  re-examination.  Few  medical 
men  would  be  willing  to  give  a  decided  opinion  in  private  practice  upon  such  examinations  and 
under  similar  circumstances. 

Direct  medical  instructions  and  medical  affidavits  gave  surgeons  great  trouble,  annoyance,  and 
dissatisfaction  both  at  Washington  and  at  home.  Stimulants  and  the  love  of  money  made  the 
substitute  leave  nothing  undone  to  deceive  them. 

Of  the  great  use  of  the  Sanitary  aiul  Christian  Commissions  during  this  wicked  rebellion,  there 
can  l)e  no  doubt ;  if  either  or  both  of  these  commissions  had  established  agencies  for  enlisting  men, 
and  had  charged  a  proper  commission  for  so  doing,  much  loss  of  money  would  iiave  been  prevented, 
and  many  men  would  have  been  saved  to  the  Government.  The  funds  arising  therefrom  could  have 
been  used  lor  the  benefit  of  the  soldiers,  by  whose  loss  and  suffering  substitute-brokers  were  made 
rich. 

Canadians  that  I  have  inspected  are  well-developed  men  ;  how  far  this  may  be  cbaracteristic 
of  them  as  a  nationality  (;annot  be  learned  from  these  examinations,  from  the  fact  that  the  able- 
bodied  oidy  would  come  this  distance  to  go  through  the  ordcid  of  a  rigid  examination,  partuiularly 
so  when  the  most  part  came  for  the  express  purpose  of  robbing  the  people  and  Government  by 
desertion.  The  Irish  and  Germans  show  but  little,  if  any,  difference  in  their  physique.  The  col- 
ored race  have  the  best  physical  development,  and  in  that  respect  have  the  greatest  aptitude  for 
military  service.        *  *  #        q^-Jj^  colored  race  are  decidedly  the  best  physically  devel- 

oped of  all  nationalities  that  were  examined.  This  fact  goes  to  prove  that  the  American  mode  of 
living  deteiiorates  us  physically  more  than  climate.  The  colored  house-servant  shows  the  same 
susceptibility  to  disease  as  his  iiuister  and  family.  The  out-door  servant- lives  more  plainly,  his 
habits  are  more  regular,  and  he  labors  daily,  consequently  he  has  a  well-develoi)ed  phyfiique.  The 
white  man  pursuing  the  same  avocation  spends  the  result  of  his  labor  freely  in  his  own  and  family's 
support,  and  indulges,  in  })roportion  to  his  means,  in  every  luxury.  Eating  destroys  more  of  our 
people  than  drinicing.  Unceasing  mental  excitement  generally  aids  our  excessive  feeding  in  pros- 
trating mind  and  body.  Foreigners,  particularly  the  Irish  and  Germans,  on  reaching  our  shores 
change  their  almost  exclusive  vegetable  diet  to  one  of  animal  food  ;  their  ruddy  complexion  soon  dis- 
appears and  is  succeeded  by  a  thick  yellow  skin.  We  awake  in  the  morning  weak  and  unrefreshed 
from  sleep,  and  at  once  put  on  steam  of  tea,  coffee,  or  more  active  stimulants,  to  set  the  human 
machine  in  running  condition.  The  consequence  is  premature  old  age  and  death.  We  pride  our- 
selves on  our  admitted  su|)eriority  over  the  colored  race.  How  much  of  that  supeiiority  do  we  owe 
to  climate,  soil,  aud  food,  causes  operating  on  us  for  generations'?  Necessity,  absolute  or  supposed, 
forces  a  people  to  mental  and  physical  exertion.  Nature  yields  not  of  her  stores  without  labor. 
Mind  must  act  to  seek  out  the  most  efficient  means  of  opening  nature's  storehouse.  The  negro  is 
finely  developed  in  body,  but  has  shown  little  intellectual  advancement.  Climate,  soil,  and  food 
have  not  stimulated  him  mentally  ;  he  has  had  no  wife  or  children  to  provide  for ;  his  and  their 
«laily  food  has  been  provided  ;  he  has  no  thought,  no  care  for  the  future  ;  the  hope  of  bettering  his 
condition  or  that  of  his  children  finds  no  resting  place  in  his  bosom  ;  he  cannot  call  his- wife  and 
childieu  his  own  ;  the  only  reward  of  his  toil  aud  the  simi)licity  of  his  living  is  a  welldeveloi)ed 
healthy  body.  Does  the  Anglo-Saxon  possess  any  stimulus  so  powerful  as  the  happiness  and 
])ros])erity  of  his  family?  Take  from  him  the  hope  of  reward  and  necessity  of  exertion,  and  how 
long  would  his  superiority  last"? 

Four  hundred  years  were  spent  by  the  Hebrews  in  Egypt,  in  servitude  to  a  people  among  the 
most  distinguished  of  the  Eastern  World,  and  what  was  the  mental  condition  of  the  Hebrews  when 
Moses  and  Aaron  took  them  out  of  Egypt  I  Why,  they  had  almost  forgotten  the  God  of  their 
fa tlx-rs,  Abraham,  Isaac,  and  Jacob.     The  miracles  in  Egyi)t,  the  cloud  by  day,  the  pillar  of  lire 


SUEGEONS'   REPORTS — MARYLAND — SECOND    DISTRICT.  351 

by  iiigbt,  tbe  walling  up  the  waters  of  tlie  Red  Sea,  tlu^  falling  of  tlie  inantia,  the  gnsliing  of  sweet 
water  from  the  roeU,  all  those  wonders  that  followed  them  in  their  wanderings  throngh  tiie  desert 
failed  togive  them  faith  iu  their  omnipotent  leader.  The  lightning,  the  thunder,  the  smoke,  the 
quaking  of  Mount  Sinai,  and  the  presenee  of  Jehovah  were  necessary  to  teach  this  stiff  necked 
and  stiiLiboru  people  the  majesty  and  glory  of  their  maker  and  preserver.  Why  should  we  think 
the  colored  race  too  low  in  the  scale  of  humanity  ever  to  be  elevated  above  their  present  low  and  de- 
gradeil  condition  ?  Are  they  not  in. mortal  ?  Have  they  not  the  capacity  for  mental  improvement? 
If  so,  when  did  we  expect  their  education  to  commence'?  Statesmen  and  divines  thought  and 
taught,  wheu  the  colony  in  Liberia  was  founded,  that  the  mysterious  providence  of  their  being 
brought  here  was  being  cleared  up.  But  it  was  found  impracticable  to  arouse  the  mind  of  the 
negro  to  appreciate  the  bright  prospect  held  up  to  him;  a  home  in  Liberia  was  no  inducement;  ho 
could  not  realize  his  manhood;  all  efforts  failed  to  rouse  him  from  his  lethargy;  and  the  jihilanthro- 
pist  was  at  fault.  A  deei)er  darkness  than  ever  hung  over  the  ini[)enetrable  mystery  of  his  con- 
dition. The  civil  war  came;  the  armed  heel  of  rebellion  was  raised  to  fasten  heavier  chains  upon 
the  lu'gro.  The  white  man's  need  iu  the  fiery  trial  made  the  coloied  man  a  soldier;  for  the  first 
time,  he  realized  his  rUjhts  as  a  man  ;  the  duties  of  a  soldier  taught  him  the  right  of  self-defense; 
he  felt  his  strength,  and  coped  with  mau  as  man.  In  a  sh.ort  time,  military  life  will  teach  him  to 
value  the  liberty  and  appreciate  the  rights  of  which  ho  has  been  so  long  deprived,  and  which  be 
can  now  enjoy.  At  the  same  time,  though,  he  will  learn  that  the  two  ra(!es  are  antagonistic,  but 
be  will  quickly  be  made  to  feel  the  strong  white  arm,  teaching  him  that  true  freedom  is  to  labor 
and  receive  the  reward  therefor,  and  to  render  strict  obedience  to  the  law. 

His  constitution  will  admirably  fit  him  for  military  service  in  the  southern  portion  of  our 
country.  To  gratify  the  aspirations  of  his  now  awakened  mind,  he  will  seek  a  land  where  he  can 
sit  under  his  own  vine  and  lig-tree,  with  none  to  make  bim  afraid;  his  wile  and  children  will  be 
around  him,  and  be  will  feel  that  be  is  their  protector  and  provider.  The  war  will  be  found  to 
have  accomi)lished  that  which  before  had  been  tried  in  vain.  If  the  love  of  freedom,  equality  of 
rights,  and  hope  of  advancement,  if  not  for  himself^  yet  for  bis  little  ones,  induced  the  downtrod- 
den  of  Europe  to  seek  our  shores,  is  there  no  reason  to  hope  a  similar  effect  may  lead  to  similar 
results  in  the  mind  of  the  colored  man,  and  that  he  nr.iy  be  led  to  seek  a  home  in  his  native  Africa, 
where  the  foundation  of  a  mighty  empire  has  already  been  laid  by  the  Colonization  Society '?  Is 
this  too  wonderfuH  Four  millions  of  people  have  been  freed  iu  a  day.  Six  years  ago  who  would 
have  believed  such  a  thing  possible?  Should  this  r««ult  not  follow,  yet  to  watch  the  consequences 
of  freedom  upon  the  colored  race  will  be  well  worth  the  attention  of  the  man  of  science,  and  be 
deeply  interesting  to  the  physician.  The  latter  will  scrutinize  the  effects  of  mental  development 
upon  the  negro  as  regards  disease,  and  may  thereby  add  to  our  scanty  knowledge  of  the  reciprocal 
action  of  mind  and  matter. 

Many  foreigners  iu  Maryland  have  purchased  houses  and  lands  under  ground-rent,  yet  claim 
the  privilege  of  alienage,  notwithstanding  they  never  intend  leaving  the  United  States.  Q'hese 
persons  enjoy  all  privileges  of  citizens  except  the  right  of  voting.  By  the  law  of  Maryland,  real 
estate  can  only  be  held  for  one  year  by  an  alien  unless  he  declare  his  intention  of  becoi;:ing  a  citi- 
zen. To  avoid  liability  to  military  service,  they  buy  leasehold  property.  If  practicable,  such  per- 
sons should  be  uuide  liable  to  draft. 

The  duties  of  the  commissioners  should  be  more  specifically  defined ;  to  them  should  be  given 
the  enrollment,  and  they  should  be  held  responsible  for  all  records  connected  with  the  enrollment 
and  the  draft.  All  enrollments  should  be  made  alphabetically,  thereby  saving  much  time  and 
labor.     Books  similar  to  bank  check-books  should  be  used  for  all  exemptions. 

Surgeons  of  boards  of  enrollment  only  receive  the  pay  and  emoluments  of  assistant  surgeons 
in  the  Army,  exclusive  of  fuel  and  quarters.  Surgeons  are  required  by  the  law  to  be  licensed  and 
practicing  jdiysicians  and  surgeons.  Thej  are  the  only  professional  men  necessarily  in  the  board. 
The  provost-marshal  and  comnnssiouer  had  to  learn  their  duties;  but  the  law  recpiired  the  surgeon 
to  be  prepared  to  perform  the  duties  of  his  responsible  jwsition  on  taking  his  office,  yet  he  receives 
less  pay  for  his  services  than  the  ])rovost-nuushal,  and  only  the  same  pay  as  the  commissioner, 
the  former  being  also  entitled  to  three  months'  extra  i)ay  alter  his  discharge.  Snrgeons  cannot 
bold  their  offlcial  position,  and  fait.htally  perform  the  duties,  withont  materially  affecting  their  pri- 


352  surgeons'  reports — Maryland — third  district. 

rate  practice,  both  on  account  of  tbe  time  occni)ie(l  in  the  exnniinations  ami  the  offense  likely  to 
be  given  to  their  patients  in  the  conscientious  di-schaige  of  tbeir  otlicial  duties.  For  these  reasons, 
and  others,  tbeir  rank  and  pay  should  correspond  to  tbeir  responsibility  and  the  professional 
ability  demanded  of  them  by  the  law. 

The  various  sections  under  paragraph  85  which  I  have  not  commented  on,  in  my  opinion,  need 
no  change. 

J.  ROBT.  WARD, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Second  District  of  Maryland. 
Baltimore,  Md.,  June  15,  1865. 

MARYLAND— THIRD  DISTRICT. 

Extracts  from  rejiort  of  Dr.  Thomas  F.  Murdoch. 

*  *  *        I  have  found,  in  the  examination  of  recruits,  substitutes,  and  drafted  men, 

that  those  presenting  apparently  tbe  finest  physical  development  were  not,  as  a  general  rule,  either 
accepted  or  held  for  service,  for  the  following  reasons:  They  either  had  ulcers,  varicose  veins  of 
the  legs,  hernia,  or  manifest  disease  of  the  heart. 

The  number  examined,  as  far  as  can  be  ascertained,  was  nine  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
seventy-six. 

Had  a  list  of  the  volunteers  and  substitutes  rejected  during  the  first  year  of  the  office  been 
kept,  this  number  would  be  increased  at  least  five  hundred. 

Tbe  Third  Congressional  District  of  Maryland  is  composed  of  tbe  thirteen  upper  wards  (from 
tbe  eighth  to  the  twentieth  inclusive)  of  tbe  city  of  Baltimore,  and,  with  the  exception  of  tbe 
eighth,  ninth,  sixteenth,  and  seventeenth  wards,  occupies  the  high  ground  of  the  western  and  north- 
ern section  of  tbe  city.  The  eighth  and  ninth  wards  are  located  in  the  center  of  tbe  city,  and  are 
divided  by  Jones's  Falls,  a  rapid  stream,  which,  in  most  of  its  course  through  tbe  city,  is  confined  by 
substantial  walls.  The  ground  immediately  'around  this  stream  is  made  or  new  ground.  An 
unusually  wet  spring,  followed  by  severe  drought  in  the  latter  part  of  tbe  summer,  sometimes  pro- 
duces a  mild  form  of  intermittent  fever,  easily  cured,  and  rarely  occurring  west  of  Calvert  street. 
Tbe  same  disease  is  found  in  tbe  sixteentli  and  seventeenth  wards.  In  the  southern  and  south- 
western sections  of  tbe  city,  tbe  proximity  of  tbe  wharfed  water-fronts,  of  tbe  Spring  Gardens,  and 
numerous  brick-yards,  with  their  accompanying  ponds  of  stagnant  water,  i)roduce  and  give  char- 
acter to  other  forms  of  disease.  The  frequent,  and  sometimes  great,  changes  of  temiiorature,  with 
moisture,  may  possibly  increase  our  liability  to  ibeumatism  and  cLest-diseases.  With  these  excep- 
tions, our  diseases  are  so  general  in  tbeir  character  as  to  require  no  special  description. 

The  drainage  is  almost  entirely  on  the  surface.  We  have  several  streams  of  fresh  water  passing 
through  and  around  the  city  of  suliicient  force  to  carry  all  tbe  filth  collected  into  tbe  Basin,  which 
is  kept  clear  by  constant  dredging.  Both  Harford  Run  and  Schroeder's  Run  are  tunneled  tbeir 
entire  course  through  the  city. 

The  inhabitants  are  intelligent,  social,  church-going  i>eople,  live  well,  and  are  principally 
engaged,  at  present,  in  attending  to  their  neighbors'  business. 

The  ratio  per  thousand  of  exemption  for  disease  of  the  heart  is  particularly  large.  This  may 
be  accounted  for  by  the  i)eculiar  moisture  of  our  climate,  with  its  sudden  and  frequent  changes, 
l)ro(lucing  rheumatism.  This  was  especially  noticeable  in  tailors,  shoemakers,  and  workers  in 
tobacco.  The  worksboi)s  of  these  classes  are  generally  kept  at  a  very  high  temperature,  without 
proper  precautionary  measures  as  to  dress  and  exposure.  Many  slight  cases  were  noticed  but  not 
exempted  for  this  cause,  as  at  least  one  in  every  eight  of  these  workmen  had  trouble  about  tbe 
heart.  Among  tbe  Germans,  hernia  was  very  common,  produced  by  violent  gymnastic  exercise 
at  the  "  Turner  Societies,''  to  which  most  of  these  people  belong.  Varicose  veins  were  frequent 
among  the  Iiisb,  also  among  clerks  and  bakers,  and  all  who  are  compelled  to  woik  in  an  upright 
position,  whether  the  Irishman  with  bis  shovel  or  the  clerk  at  bis  desk. 

As  regards  change  in  paragraph  85,  I  would  suggest  that  the  testimony  of  two  or  three  reliable 
witnesses  should  be  sufficient  in  a  case  of  epilepsy.    The  time  is  too  short  for  a  i)hysician's  report; 


surgeons'    reports MARYLAND THIRD    DISTRICT.  353 

very  few  persons  soiid  Tor  ;).  doctor  after  tbe  tirstor  second  fit,  whei".  tlie  cliaracter  of  tlie  coaiplaintis 
established.  A  man  nniy  liave  several  attacks  witbin  tbe  time  and  never  be  seen  by  a  medical  man. 
Tbese  cases  were  of  frequent  occurrence,  and  tbe  men  were  obliged  to  produce  substitutes,  because  a 
l)bysiciau  bad  not  seen  tbeui  in  tbe  required  time.  The  fifth  section  might  be  subdivided  so  as  to 
specify  the  organs  and  the  diseases  of  the  organs  that  should  exempt.  It  is  not  specific  enough 
for  an  honest  man,  while  it  allows  too  much  latitude  for  the  dishonest.  The  sixth  section  is  rather 
iLdefinite,  but  I  cannot  suggest  a  better.  From  tbe  seventli  to  the  nineteenth  sections,  inclusive, 
I  would  propose  no  change.  The  twentieth  section  is  too  sweeping.  I  have  often  been  obliged  to 
hold  a  man,  from  being  the  unfortunate  possessor  of  an  incisor  or  bicuspid,  who,  bad  be  been  able 
to  get  a  false  set,  would  have  relieved  himself  of  it  years  before.  In  the  twenty-first  audtweuty- 
second  sections,  I  recommend  no  change.        #  *  * 

I  do  not  consider  it  necessary  to  exempt  all  cases  of  umbilical  hernia,  as  it  is  a  very  common 
defect  in  negroes.  In  the  twenty -fifth  section,  I  rather  think  that  large  ulcerated  bsemorrboids 
should  exempt;  but  perhaps  it  is  better  as  it  is,  as  the  privilege  might  be  abused. 

Bad  cases  of  varicocele  are  more  disqualifying  than  many  cases  of  hernia.        *  #  * 

The  loss  of  either  thumb,  or  of  tbe  ungual  phalanx  of  either  thumb,  permanent  contraction  or 
extension  of  any  finger  of  tbe  right  hand  except  the  little  finger,  should,  I  tbiiik,  exempt.    »     *     * 

Forty  men  can  be  examined  i)er  day  (if  tbe  surgeon  has  a  clerk  to  make  all  the  necessary  entries) 
on  au  emergency  ;  but  this  could  not  be  sustained  for  any  length  of  time,  for  the  continuous  mental 
and  bodily  exertion  required  would  exhaust  any  ordinary  man.  Twenty-five  volunteers  or  substitutes 
is  a  proper  average  to  do  justice  to  the  Government ;  rather  more  than  this  of  drafted  men,  for  they 
always  have  their  claim  ready,  and,  if  it  be  sufficient  to  exempt,  it  renders  it  unnecessary  to  examine 
the  whole  body. 

Drafted  and  enrolled  men  claim  every  variety  of  disease— dyspepsia,  diseases  of  liver,  kidneys, 
heart,  neck,  and  breast,  internal  haemorrhages,  or  any  disease  which  cannot  be  determined  by  ocular 
demonstration.  Disease  of  the  kidneys  was  a  very  common  complaint ;  and  whenever  I  had  reason, 
from  tbe  appearance  of  the  man,  to  doubt  the  existence  of  disease  of  tbese  organs,  notwithstand- 
ing he  might  have  a  certificate  from  a  physician  to  that  effect,  I  carefully  examined  his  urine 
chemically  and  microscopically,  always  taking  the  precaution  to  make  him  pass  it  (the  urine)  in  my 
presence. 

•  Eruptions  are  sometimes  produced  by  croton-oil,  but  a  physician  familiar  with  eruptive  diseases 
is  not  apt  to  be  deceived  thereby.  Tartar-emetic  ointment  and  crotonoil  were  rubbed  on  the  chest 
in  order  to  convince  the  surgeon  of  long-continued  thoracic  disease.  Such  cases  were  always 
looked  upon  with  suspicion,  and  more  rigidly  examined.  As  a  general  rule,  no  disease  could  be 
"discovered.  In  alleged  hernia,  unless  the  jiresence  of  tbe  tumor  could  be  demonstrated,  tbe  claim 
was  not  allowed,  no  matter  what  the  character  of  the  person  might  be.  Substitutes  and  recruits, 
would  try  to  conceal  hernia,  varicose  veins,  partial  ankylosis  of  joints,  defects  of  hands  and  eyes, 
&c.  I  can  suggest  no  method  of  overcoming  these  difficulties,  except  a  most  careful  and  rigid 
examination  by  the  surgeon,  as  substitutes  and  volunteers  will  always  attempt  to  deceive  if  they 
have  any  defect.        »  *  * 

Canada  shows  tbe  least  number  rejected ;  but  it  is  very  doubtful  if  any  of  these  men  were 
actually  natives  of  that  country  ;  they  were  probably  bounty -jumpers  aiul  deserters.  Of  course,  it 
was  impossible  for  me  to  i)rove  their  nationality.  Of  the  negroes  rejected,  this  is  much  too  large  a 
proportion,  (253  examined,  lo8  rejected,)  as  only  witbin  the  last  few  days  of  the  examination  did  I 
examine  negro  volunteers,  and  persons  drafted  picked  up  any  old  negro  to  go  as  a  substitute.  Tbe 
pure  Africans— that  is,  with  no  admixture  of  blood— as  a  class,  were  the  mostmuscularly  developed 
of  any  men  examined.  The  mulattoes  have  more  intelligence,  from  their  being  made  house-servants, 
and  having  been  somewhat  educated,  but  they  were  scrofulous  and  consumptive.  I  see  no  reason 
why  pure  blacks  should  not  make  as  good  soldiers  as  any  others.  Being  an  imitative  race  and 
accustomed  to  obey,  they  would  soon  acquire  all  that  is  necessary  to  make  good  soldiers  if  n-ell 
officered. 

EnroUmcntlaic— It  is  especially  defective  as  regards  foreigners,  as  has  been  proved  during 
the  late  war.    Foreigners  constantly  claimed  protection  of  their  consuls,  saying  that  they  were  not 
45  ' 


354  surgeons'  reports- — Maryland — fifth  district. 

citizens,  aud  had  never  voted.    It  was  almost  impossible  for  the  board  to  detect  when  they  were 
swearing  falsely. 

I  should  suggest  an  enrollment  of  males  every  two  years.  The  enrollment  should  consist  of  two 
classes :  one  between  the  ages  of  twenty  and  forty -five  years ;  the  other  of  those  over  forty-five  years. 
No  one  shouM  be  allowed  to  vote  nnless  he  presented  a  certificate  of  enrollment,  for  which  he 
should  pay  a  small  fee ;  thereby  the  ofiBce  could  be  made  self-sustaining.  No  man  should  be  allowed 
to  claim  alienage  after  being  drafted,  as  he  should  have  taken  care  to  have  his  name  erased  from 
the  enrollment-sheets,  a  correct  list  being  always  on  file  at  the  office.  We  should  thus  get  rid  of 
the  illegal  votes  of  foreigners,  and  they  would  be  unable  to  escape  military  duty.  Should  an  emer- 
gency arise,  a  draft  could  be  ordered  at  very  short  notice,  and  it  would  be  comparatively  easy  to 
ascertain  the  population  fitted  to  do  military  duty.  If  considered  necessary,  it  might  be  well  to 
have  the  names  of  those  persons  unfit  for  military  duty  (of  course  from  i)liysical  causes)  marked; 
also  that  the  provost-marshal's  department  should  be  required  to  furnish  the  State  and  city  author- 
ities with  a  correct  list  of  all  per.sons  exempted,  with  the  wards  and  districts  in  which  they  lived. 
Those  who  failed  to  report  when  drafted,  or  who  fled  to  escape  the  draft,  and  ]iersons  who  were  in 
the  rebel  army,  should  be  reported  and  excluded  from  the  right  of  suffrage  by  the  act  of  assembly 
of  the  State  of  Maryland. 

THOMAS  P.  MURDOCH, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Third  District  of  Maryland. 

Baltimore,  Md.,  June  28, 1865. 


MARYLAND— FIFTH  DISTRICT.^ 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  R.  E.  Dorse  y. 

«  ♦  *        My  experience  in  the  examination  of  men  for  military  service  is  but  slender : 

commencing  as  late  as  the  2d  of  June,  1864,  and  terminating  Oa  the  15th  of  April,  1865;  a  little  over 
ten  months.  The  number  examined  cannot  be  given  with  precision,  because,  being  much  of  that 
time  without  an  assistant,  aud  not  being  a.ware,  through  inexperience,  of  the  proi)riety  of  providing 
a  regular  book  of  entry  to  be  kept  by  ii  clerk,  I  made  at  the  time  a  few  notes  on  loose  sheets,  to  the 
preservation  of  which  but  little  attention  was  i)aid,  and  it  was  not  till  late  in  November,  in  obedience 
to  orders  sent  from  the  Department,  that  suitable  books  ot  record  were  i)rovided,  hence  the  number 
below  may  be  rather  inaccurate,  more  particularly  as  regards  enrolled  and  drafted  men  : 

Enrolled  men  examined,  not  exempted 1, 248 

Enrolled  men  examined  and  exempted 633 

Drafted  men  examined,  not  exempted  1,  959 

Drafted  men  examined  aud  exempted 1,  267 

Recruits  and  substitutes  examined  and  accepted 895. 

Recruits  and  substitutes  examined  and  rejected 282 

Total 6,284 

The  Fifth  Congressional  District  of  Maryland,. for  which  I  am  examiuiug-surgeon,  is  of  consid- 
erable extent,  reaching  from  Point  Lookout,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Potomac  River  with  the 
Chesapeake  Bay,  to  the  northern  part  of  Baltimore  County,  near  the  Pennsylvania  line,  and  from 
east  to  west  from  the  shore  of  the  Chesapeake  to  the  Point  of  Rocks  on  the  Potomac  River;  in 
some  places  more  than  one  hundred  miles  across  from  opposite  i)oints.  Tbe  counties  of  Balti- 
more, Howard,  and  Montgomery  may  be  called  the  upper  or  hilly  sections  of  the  district,  and 
Anne  Arundel,  Prince  George,  Charles,  Calvert,  and  Saint  Mary's  Counties  the  lower  or  tide-water 
section  of  the  district. 

The  upper  section  is  traversed — in  Baltimore  aud  Howard  Counties  particularly — by  numerous 
Etreams,  which  aflbrd  considerable  water-power,  which  is  employed  for  various  manufacturing 

'No  report  was  received  from  the  fourth  district. 


surgeons'    reports MARYLAND FIFTH   DISTRICT.  355 

pari)oses.  Tbe  soil,  some  of  which  is  excellent,  is  generally  kind,  aud  sufficiently  remunerates  the 
labors  of  the  fainK^r. 

This  section  inuy  be  esteemed  heathful.  The  prevailing  diseases  are  pneumonia  and  miasmatic 
afl'ectious;  the  former  disease  presenting  itself,  not  in  the  tyiie  requiring  active  depletion,  but  in 
a  form  moditied,  as  it  were,  by  being  engrafted  upon  a  system  already  imjjressed  by  malaria  ;  hence 
a  supporting  trciitment,  with  antiperiodic  medicine,  has  been  found  most  successful.  Dysentery 
occurs  to  a  limited  extent  in  some  neigh boi hoods,  aud  is,  I  believe,  due  to  imj)urity  of  the  water  in 
those  places;  the  nature  of  the  contauiiniition  not  yet  having  been  chemically  investigated.  The 
effects  of  malaria  upon  the  system  are  rarely  evinced  iu  attacks  of  fever  usually  so  called,  or  even 
as  intermittent  or  ague  aud  fever,  but  rather  in  the  form  of  neuralgia,  hemicaania,  jieriodical  tooth- 
ache, &c.  Indeed,  the  immunity  of  this  people  from  fever  due  to  malaria  is  incoutrovertible,  as 
compared  with  the  whole  county  of  Frederick  and  part  of  Washington  County,  iu  the  western  part 
of  tbe  State,  and  the  county  borderiug  on  the  Snsquehauna  in  the  northeast.  An  elevated  portion 
of  this  section,  of  some  extent,  is  called  Elk  Eidge,  a  watershed  separating  the  headwaters  of  the 
Patuxeut  River  from  the  Potomac,  which  will,  I  think,  compare  favorably  with  any  part  of  our 
common  country  for  fertility,  beauty,  and  salubrity  ;  for  its  remarkable  exemptiou  from  phthisis, 
that  scourge  of  the  eastern  portiou  of  our  couutry,  aud,  indeed,  of  the  southwestern  portion  also, 
as  proved  by  tbe  mortuary  reports  published  in  Memi>his  aud  New  Orleans.  Thirty  years'  resi- 
dence in  the  neighborhood  has  convinced  me  that  the  ridge  merits  this  favorable  mention. 

The  larger  portion  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  district  (many  being  engaged  in  mechanical  pur- 
suits) are  farmers  of  some  enterjirise,  and  generally  earnest  iu  the  improvement  of  their  lands; 
often  expending  a  portion  of  their  income  in  the  purchase  of  mineral  manures,  so  that  thousands  of 
acres,  a  few  years  since  woiu  out  and  lying  waste,  have  been  reclaimed  by  the  introduction  of  a 
judicious  system  of  agriculture. 

Montgomery  County,  with  a  white  population  of  11,349,  exhibits  least  improvement,  as  com- 
pared with  Baltimore  or  Howard  Counties.  Her  number  of  slaves  at  the  last  census  was  5,421 ; 
Baltimore  and  Howard  Counties,  white  population,  05,800 ;  slaves,  but  6,044.  Montgomery 
County,  though  in  the  way  of  improvement  for  the  last  tweuty  years,  has  not  yet  increased  her 
population  over  what  it  was  in  the  year  1800.  Her  improvement  lately  has  been  rapid,  aud  prop- 
erty is  becoming  much  subdivided.  There  are  but  few  middlemen  or  overseers ;  the  owner  or 
master  generally  superintends  the  men  iu  the  field,  and  thus  a  fairer  amouut  of  work  is  obtained  as 
well  from  compulsory  as  from  hired  labor. 

The  lower  or  tide-water  section  of  this  district  differs  in  many  respects  very  materially  from 
the  upper.  Tbis  section  is  indented  by  numerous  small  bays  and  uavigable  rivers,  affording  con- 
venient transportation  for  produce,  with  very  short  laud-carriage.  Tbe  water  abounds  iu  fish, 
oysters,  and  other  shell-fish,  and,  at  certain  seasons,  in  wiklfowl. 

The  soil  is  light  and  friable,  easily  cultivated,  and  readily  improved,  much  of  it  productive,  and 
portions  of  it  remarkably  fertile.  Wheat,  corn,  and  tobacco  are  the  staples;  particular  attention 
being  paid  to  the  cultivation  of  tobacco.  The  land  is  generally  held  in  large  parcels,  and  its  tilL.ge 
is  performed  by  the  colored  race,  heretofore  slaves,  in  charge  of  overseers.  The  whole  population 
of  this  lower  portion  of  the  district  was,  in  18G0,  whites,  37,945 ;  slaves,  40,G22  ;  total,  78,507. 

The  employment  of  overseers  or  managers,  as  they  are  often  called,  exempts  many  of  the  jirop- 
erty-holders  from  the  care  of  their  estates,  except  that  of  a  general  supervision  ;  hence  they  are 
gentlemen  of  leisure,  fond  of  pleasure,  devoted  to  society,  given  to  hospitality,  often  entertaiuing 
each  other,  to  which  they  are  impelled  by  au  excessive  craving  for  excitement.  They  live  too  fast 
to  attain  longevitj',  and  often  anticipate  their  sales  in  cash  advances  from  their  brokers  or  agents. 
Lauded  estates  are  not  frequently  subdivided ;  the  young  men  either  qualifying  in  the  learned  pro- 
fessions, or  voluntarily  expatriating  themselves,  seeking  new  homes  in  the  Southwest. 

The  coudition  of  tbe  middle  class  or  laboring  white  population  is  very  unpromising;  for  they 
look  forward  to  no  future  of  promise.  They  are  aud  have  been  laborers  from  generation  to  gener- 
ation, and,  not  awakened  by  educatiou,  appear  contented  so  to  contiuue;  hence,  they  are  lazy  and 
improvident,  listless  and  inert  to  the  last  degree,  indicating  great  degradation  ;  too  careless  or  too 
ignorant,  or  both,  to  take  proper  precaution  to  secure  their  health,  they  cousequently  suffer,  aud 
chronic  disease  with  a  broken  constitution  is  the  result.     Now,  that  a  new  system  of  labor  is  about 


356  surgeons'    reports MARVLANU FIFTH    DISTRICT. 

beiug  iiinugnrated,  will  this  people  successfully  compete  with  the  foreigner  or  the  iikiii  of  the  North 
coining  into  the  district  seeking  employment  "I     I  imiigine  not. 

The  diseases  of  this  section  are  almost  exclusively  miasmatic,  prevailing  generally  in  the  form 
of  chronic  intermittent  neuralgia,  diarrhcea,  general  debility,  antemia,  and  the  various  visceral  conges- 

(i^ons rarely  prevailing  epidemically — in  the  form  of  congestive  or  malignant  fever.     The  last 

serious  visitation  of  epidemic  fever  was,  I  believe,  in  1847. 

This  wide-si)read  malarial  influence,  pervading,  as  it  does,  not  only  the  whole  of  this  section  of 
our  district,  but,  perhaps,  nine-tenths  of  our  southern  country,  though  undoubtedly  inimical  to 
health,  can  be,  in  a  great  measure,  restrained  by  a  judicious  attention  to  the  rules  of  health ;  that 
the  influence  of  this  poison  can  be  resisted  in  great  measure  by  persons  of  good  constitution 
continually  residing  in  the  district,  we  have  ample  and  constant  proofs.  When  the  laws  of 
hygiene  are  generally  understood  and  respected,  I  do  not  doubt  the  comparative  healthfulness  of 
this  district.  Then  will  it  become  a  choice  spot  of  our  country,  not  excelled  in  climate.  It  is  situ- 
ated in  a  latitude  adapted  to  the  productions  of  both  North  and  South,  its  waters  teeming  with 
delicious  food,  and  the  laud  only  awaiting  an  intelligent  husbandry  to  produce  iu  abundance  the 
choicest  fruits  and  vegetables. 

Particular  diseases  or  disabilities  have  disqualified  a  greater  ratio  per  thousand  from  military 
.service  in  this  district,  perhaps,  than  throughout  our  country,  a  condition  which  it  will  be  readily 
perceived  has  grown  out  of  our  late  civil  war.  At  the  commencement  of  the  rebellion  many  white 
persons — young  men  particularly— left  the  district  and  joined  the  rebel  army.  Every  part  of  our 
State  furnished  its  renegades ;  but  much  larger  numbers  in  proportion  left  the  lower  district  as  com- 
pared with  the  rest  of  the  State.  So  general,  indeed,  was  the  exodus  that  it  was  remarked  that  but 
"few  young  men  of  respectability  remained  at  home."  Some  of  these  young  men  have  perished  on 
thebattle-field,  many  from  the  fatigues  and  privations  incident  to  military  life  ;  few,  comi)aratively, 
have  sought  their  former  homes,  so  deficient  were  they,  from  wrong  nurture  and  education,  in  the 
powers  of  endurance. 

Our  examinations,  held  at  Benedict,  Charles  County,  for  the  convenience  of  the  drafted  men  of 
the  lower  district,  resulted,  after  a  careful  physical  examination,  iu  the  ratio  of  six  hundred  and 
thirty  rejected  per  thousand,  (the  colored  men  drafted  being  exempted  iu  a  ratio  very  little  in 
excess  of  the  usual  proportions,  and  this  subsequent  to  General  Birney's  enlistments;)  this  large 
proportion  being  due  to  the  number  necessarily  exemi)ted  under  seciion  5,  organic  diseases  of 
internal  organs;  section  6,  developed  tuberculosis,  (phthisis ;)  and  section  9,  permanent  physical 
disability. 

1  have  carefully  examined  the  different  sections  of  this  paragraph,  (85,)  and  find  them  so  judi- 
cious in  general  as  to  leave  little  room  for  suggested  improvement.  I  would,  however,  venture  to 
propose  as  follows:  "Developed  tuberculosis,"  now  numbered  6,  might  immediately  succeed  No.  4, 
(paralysis,)  and  be  entitled  "  Developed  tuberculosis  or  phthisis.''^  It  should  be  confirmed  by 
auscultation,  and  attended  either  by  baBmoptysis  or  other  pathognomonic  signs  of  phthisis  in 
progress.  Succeeding  No.  5  as  above,  1  would  introduce  "  No.  6,"  "  Diseases  of  the  heart  and 
appendages  such  as  would  manifestly  unfit  for  military  service."  No.  7  might  then  read,  "  Organic 
diseases  of  internal  organs"  (except  such  as  were  embraced  by  Nos.  5  and  6)  "  which  have  so 
seriously  impaired  the  general  health  as  to  leave  no  doubt  of  unfitness  for  military  service,  and 
which  prevent  the  pursuit  of  any  equally  laborious  occupation  in  civil  life."  Cancer  and  aneurism 
would  then  be  numbered  8,  &c.,  &c. 

I  suggest  the  above  changes  for  the  purpose  of  separating  the  very  interesting  diseases  of  the 
thorax  from  those  of  the  abdomen,  so  as  to  give  a  greater  degree  of  precision  to  our  statistical 
tables  of  disease;  and  this  would  be  obtained  by  requiring  from  the  exaniiiiiiig-surgeon  a  greater 
degree  of  exactness  in  his  diagnosis. 

Section  No.  20,  "ioss  of  teethP — This  section  has  already  been  modified,  perhaps  twice; 
exemption  depending  at  one  time  ou  the  inability  to  tear  the  cartridge,  at  another  on  inability  to 
chew  the  ration,  and  the  surgeon  is  at  present  ordered  not  to  exempt  the  drafted  man  who  has  not 
lost  "  the  front  teeth,  the  eye-teeth,  and  the  first  molars  of  either  jaw."  The  above  modifications 
are  indicative  of  the  difficulty  of  framing  any  precise  rule  iu  tlie  premises.  A  drafted  man  has 
claimed  exemption  having  but  two  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw,  and  these  two  were  front  incisors  j 


surgeons'    reports MARYLAND FIFTH    DISTRICT.  357 

another  huviiis  but  tbe  two  eye-teeth  leinaiiiiiiij;-.     A  strict  observauce  of  section  20,  i)aragraph  85, 
would  liiihl  these  men  to  military  service,  though  manifestly  unserviceable  when  enlisted. 

Los«  of  teeth  usually  indicates  ill-health,  whether  congenital  or  acquired.  Should  the  health 
be  delicate  during  dentition,  tbe  teeth  evolved  are  frail  and  disposed  to  decay:  or  sliotdd  any  pro- 
tracted disease  impair  the  digestion  or  the  general  health,  loss  of  teeth  is  often  the  result.  Such 
cases  constitute  the  majority  of  those  claiming  exemption  on  account  of  loss  of  teeth  ;  but  their 
general  i)liysieal  condition  will  become  the  ground  of  tbe  surgeon's  verdict.  In  other  cases,  in 
which  the  health  is  not  seriously  impaired,  if  it  be  determined  to  leave  but  little  to  the  discretion 
of  the  surgeon,  it  might  be  ordered  that  no  raan  should  be  exempted  Laving  six  teeth — molars  par- 
ticularly— three  above  and  three  below,  in  coaptation,  so  as  to  enable  him  to  triturate  bis  food  in  a 
proper  manner. 

Section  23,  Hernia. — This  section,  I  would  propose,  should  read  as  follows  :  "  Hernia. — Irre- 
ducible hernia,  double  inguinal,  femoral,  and  ventral  hernia  shall  exempt.  Eeducible  inguinal 
hernia  and  ventral  hernia,  which  can  be  restrained  by  a  well-fitting  and  suitable  truss,  shall  not 
exempt."  In  tbe  concluding  portion  of  section  5  of  the  i)aragraph  already  quoted,  we  are  required 
not  to  exempt  "  excei)t  where  there  is  no  doubt  of  bis  incapacity  for  military  service,  and  which 
l)revents  his  pursuing  any  equally  laborious  occupation  in  civil  life."  Very  many  persons  with 
rupture  are  observed  not  to  be  hindered  in  their  occupation,  even  when  of  a  laborious  character. 
Circus  riders  and  performers,  many  of  whom  become  rui)tured  by  the  athletic  exertions  which  they 
are.  required  to  make,  nevertheless  continue  their  profession,  protected  by  a  well-adjusted  truss. 

Tbe  number  of  men  that  can  be  physically  examined  per  day  with  accuracy  cannot,  I  believe,  be 
above  sixty.  Indeed,  without  an  assistant,  fifty  would  be  found  enough.  Tbe  duties  of  tbe  surgeon 
of  the  board  are  multifarious ;  physical  examinations  being  but  a  part  of  his  functions.  Questions  of 
age,  involving  tbe  authenticity  of  family-records,  inental  disease,  and  in  many  cases  long  medical 
certificates,  consume  considerable  time.  The  minute  physical  examinations,  and  long  and  particu- 
lar descriptive  records  now  required  by  the  department,  being  of  necessity  made  at  the  moment, 
though  dictated  to  a  clerk,  cause  considerable  detention.  It  would  manifestly  be  imi^ossible  to 
comply  with  tbe  order  on  file  requiring  the  examination  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  per  day. 

Frauds  to  be  guarded  against. — Since  the  enactment  of  the  law  for  the  admission  of  the  colored  race 
info  military  service,  the  proportionate  number  endeavoring  to  obtain  exemption  by  fraud  or  feigned 
disease  has  greatly  increased.  Uneducated,  but  of  ready  cunning,  it  is  of  interest  to  notice  their 
consummate  acting,  and  the  ingenuity  of  their  defense  when  narrowly  questioned  and  particularly 
examined. 

The  white  man  attempting  fraud  or  feigning  disease,  when,  after  examination,  taxed  with 
deception,  yields  the  matter  at  once.  The  negro  persists,  and  sometimes  succeeds  in  bis  imposition. 
Of  all  affections,  chronic  rheumatism  is  most  frequently  feigned  or  exaggerated,  especially  by 
the  negro.  Weakness  in  the  back,  tbe  alleged  result  of  rheumatism  or  of  injury,  or  rheumatic  pains 
in  the  knees  or  ankles,  are  the  most  common  localities  of  complaint.  The  excellent  directions, 
however,  given  in  this  section  of  iiaragraph  85  for  the  government  of  tbe  surgeon  renders  the  course 
to  be  pursued  perfectly  clear,  so  that  these  cases,  though  numerous,  are  easily  decided. 

Chronic  diseases  of  the  joints,  the  effects  of  dislocation  or  sprains,  feigned  by  both  white  and 
colored,  are  olten  claimed  as  giving  a  title  to  exemption,  owing  to  permanent  lameness  therefrom. 
A  thorough  examiniitiou,  and  watching  when  not  on  their  guard,  generally  leads  to  a  correct 
decision. 

Two  cases  of  pretended  hernia,  both  drafted  and  both  colored,  and  coming  from  the  same 
neighborhood,  one,  no  doubt,  prompting  the  other,  came  before  me  the  day  after  our  examination 
commenced,  when  tbe  room  aiul  passage  were  crowded  by  persons  impatiently  waiting  their  turn. 
These  two  bad  correctly  applied  well-worn  trusses,  and  so  well  did  they  enact  their  part  that  they 
were  exempted.  The  fraud  was  soon  after  discovered  by  testimony,  and  they  were  sent  to  camp. 
This  led  to  the  adoption  of  a  rule,  either  to  require  a  sensible  proof  of  the  iuiirmity,  or  the  affidavit 
of  a  physician  in  good  standing,  or  other  very  reliable  testimony,  never  admitting  the  mere  statement 
of  the  drafted  man.  When  a  truss  is  well  adjusted  and  carefully  confiued  to  its  place,  tbe  escape  of 
tbe  bowels  may  be  very  effectually  prevented,  and  a  length  of  time,  even  twenty-four  months,  may 
sometimes  elapse  without  its  protrusion.    In  these  cases,  tbe  patieut  may  determiuately  and  perhaps 


358  surgeons'  reports — Maryland — fifth  district. 

uatnially  resist  our  desire  to  satisfy  ourselves  experimentally  of  the  existence  of  hernia.  He 
brings  convincing  medical  testimony  of  his  having  had  the  complaint.  May  not  some  of  these 
cases,  during  the  lapse  of  twenty-four  months,  have  eventuated  in  radical  cnres?  These  men,  I 
judge,  should  be  exempted. 

Deafness  is  a  disability  almost  always  exaggerated  by  those  partially  deaf;  and,  notwithstand- 
ing the  utmost  care,  I  feel  satisfied  that  the  number  exempted  is  above  the  proper  ratio.  For  no 
other  disability  are  certificates  so  readily  obtained,  and  are  of  such  little  value.  The  best  we  can 
do  is  to  procure  a  history  of  the  case,  ascertain  the  present,  condition  of  the  organ  by  observing 
the  man's  manner,  and,  by  a  regulated  tone  of  voice  in  conversation,  judge  for  ourselves  whether 
the  deafness  be  so  decided  as  to  leave  no  doubt  of  his  unfitness  for  service.  But  so  important  is 
this  sense,  especially  in  doing  picket-duty,  that  doubt  always  favors  the  man's  exemption.  This 
affection  is  feigned  generally  by  whites. 

A  very  ingenious  deception,  simulating  disease  of  the  skin,  was  attempted  in  one  instance, 
with  temporary  success.  A  colored  man  (drafted)  procured  from  a  physician  some  liniment  or 
ointment.  This  application  produced  excessive  pnstulation,  and,  having  been  cunningly  applied  at 
intervals  so  as  to  represent  successive  crops  of  pustules,  I  was  led  to  exempt  him  from  the  present 
draft.    The  fraud  was,  however,  soon  discovered,  and  the  man  arrested  and  sent  to  camp. 

Frauds  in  respect  to  age  are  frequently  attempted  by  recruits  and  substitutes,  as  well  as  by 
the  drafted — the  former  with  a  view  of  entering,  and  the  latter  to  avoid,  the  service.  Boys  under 
eighteen  years  of  age  often  offer  themselves  as  recruits  or  substitutes,  many  of  whom  do  not  hesi- 
tate to  make  affidavit  that  they  are  of  legal  age.  The  act  for  enrolling  and  calling  out  the  national 
forces  very  wisely  limits  the  minimum  age  at  twenty  years,  and  I  very  much  regret  that  the  regu- 
lation with  regard  to  recruits  and  substitutes  fixes  the  minimum  at  eighteen  years.  I  have 
determinately  rejected  all  those  in  whom  the  two  upper  deutes  sapientise  are  not  fully  developed  ; 
wherein  the  pubes  is  not  fully  invested  by  hair,  with  other  marks  of  virility  ;  when  the  chest  at 
medium  between  inspiration  and  expiration  does  not  measure  thirty  inches;  and  when  the  cutis  of 
the  hand  is  not  hardened,  indicating  ability  for  labor.  A  well-developed  chest  at  eighteen  years  of 
age  I  consider  indispensable.  On  the  other  hand,  a  recruit  or  substitute  presenting  himself  with  a 
face  newly  shaved,  and  the  hair  well  trimmed  and  combed  or  brushed,  at  once  awakens  suspicion, 
and  a  close  examination  generally  reveals  the  fact  that  the  beard  has  been  removed  because  gray, 
and  that  the  hair  has  been  dyed.  The  wrinkles  about  the  eyes  and  mouth,  and  the  well-worn 
teeth,  if  they  are  not  already  much  decayed,  furnish  additional  evidence,  if  wanting,  that  the  per- 
son is  over  forty -five. 

Questions  with  regard  to  the  age  of  drafted  men  are  much  more  difficult  of  solution.  A  time- 
honored  custom  enters  the  ages  of  the  members  of  the  family  in  the  Sacred  Volume.  Repeatedly 
have  we  seen  this  record  altered  or  replaced,  and,  in  many  instances,  so  awkwardly  done  as  to  be 
evident  to  the  least  observant.  The  oath  of  parents  we  have  been  unwillingly  taught  not  to 
respect.  Gray-headed  men,  over  age,  have  represented  their  drafted  sons  of  the  same  name,  and 
brothers  have  exchanged  names,  the  one  presenting  himself  being  entitled  to  exemption;  so  that  it 
is  only  by  the  testimony  of  neighbors,  and  through  a  strict  physical  examination,  that  we  can 
determine  these  cases  with  any  degree  of  accuracy. 

Aptitude  for  service. — I  consider  myself  justified  in  the  opinion  that  our  own  western  people 
possess  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  military  service,  as  has  of  late  been  exempllBed  in  Sher-' 
man's  great  march  through  the  Southern  States;  a  march  as  remarkable  for  its  length  as  for  the 
powers  of  endurance  dis})layed  by  the  soldiers.  As  far  as  we  have  ascertained,  the  number  of  sick 
and  stragglers  was  remarkably  few,  and  well  may  these  men  display  this  great  endurance  when  we 
consider  they  are  the  pioneers  of  our  country,  inured  to  constant  hardship  and  exposure,  so  that 
their  entrance  into  the  military  service  is  but  a  continuance  of  the  hardship  and  exposure  under 
which  they  have  lived  and  thriven. 

The  French  are,  in  many  respects,  quite  equal  to  the  above,  perhaps  superior  to  tliem  in  sobri- 
ety and  abstemiousness,  and  in  that  irrepressible  and  inexhaustible  cheerfulness  and  buoyancy  of 
spirits  which  so  usefully  sustains  in  vicissitudes.  They  are  also  active  and  impetuous,  but  are,  I 
think,  inferior  to  our  people  in  stern  resolve  and  in  patient  endurance. 

The  Irish  deservedly  stand  high  as  possessing  many  soldierly  qualities;  but  1  cannot  indorse 


surgeons'   reports MARYLAND FIFTH    DISTRICT.  359 

the  opinion  that  they  are  of  all  the  soldiers  in  our  service  the  most  capable  physically.  Thoymay, 
indeed,  jjossess  a  more  abundant  vitality  ;  but  I  am  confident  that  the  Irishman's  constitution  could 
not  brook  the  southern  summer.  His  system  is  irritable  and  inflammatory,  and  lie  would  aptly 
fall  a  victim  to  congestive  or  malarial  fever. 

The  Germans,  Dr.  Bartholow  observes,  are  the  least  desirable  recruits,  being  less  capable 
of  enduring  fatigue,  more  frequently  subject  to  hernia,  varicose  veins,  deformities  of  the  feet,  &c. 
My  experience  is  very  limited;  but  I  am  inclined  to  agree  in  opinion  with  the  doctor.  The  Ger- 
mans are  also  the  most  frequent  malingerers.  Bo  people  are  more  in  love  with  ease,  and  hence 
will  more  often  jjiactice  fraud  to  pass,  either  from  the  ranks  into  the  hospital,  or  from  the  hospital 
to  their  final  discharge. 

The  colored  race. — The  impression  appears  to  prevail  universally  that  the  colored  race  make 
good  soldiers.  All  military  men  with  whom  I  have  conversed  unite  in  this  opinion.  Experience 
has  taught  us  that  they  are  more  easily  drilled  and  mass  better;  that  they  are  more  obedient  to 
their  ollicers,  both  from  disposition  and  habit;  that  they  possess  courage,  but  do  not  bear  a  hand- 
to-hand  conflict  as  well  as  the  whites,  though  they  stand  artillery- firing  better  ;  and  that  they  are, 
when  yielding  or  diRjiosed  to  flight,  more  readily  recalled,  or  brought  back  by  example,  because 
they  are  essentially  imitative,  as  well  as  more  obedient.  They  are  both  secretive  and  cunning, 
qualities  often  of  great  service;  but  they  lack  individuality,  and  are  hardly  to  be  trusted  with 
expeditions  requiring  presence  of  mind  in  uncertainty  or  unexpected  changes  in  the  position  of 
aflairs.  •  In  endurance,  they  are  not  equal  to  the  whites,  certainly  not  at  the  North;  at  the  South, 
possibly  they  may  be,  though  a  recent  publication  states  that  in  those  British  possessions  in  which 
colored  soldiers  are  employed,  they  possess  less  physical  stamina  than  the  whites,  the  mortuary 
statistics  standing  as  follows :  deaths,  whites,  ten  per  cent.;  colored,  twelve  and  one-half  per 
cent.  This  difference  may  be  caused  by  the  fact  that  the  more  arduous  duties  are  ifnposed  on  the 
latter  class.  The  writer  also  states  that  cousum])tion  is  more  prevalent  with  the  colored  than 
with  the  white  race.  My  own  observation  enables  me  to  say  that  the  colored  man  more  readily 
gives  up  to  sickness,  even  of  a  mild  character,  and  much  more  slowly  does  he  rally  from  the  debil- 
ity consequent  upon  disease.  Further  experience  will,  I  think,  place  the  colored  soldier  in  a 
position  below  the  white  in  regard  to  his  physical  qualities.  I  am  disposed  to  believe  that  he  can 
never  be  more  than  at  times  a  useful  auxiliary  ;  that  the  Government  will  never  find  it  feasible  to 
support  a  permanent  corps  of  colored  troops. 

Enrollment-laws. —        *  *  *        I  would  propose  the  following  change  in  the  act 

under  consideration :  A  board  of  enrollment  to  be  composed  of  two  persons,  one  of  whom  shall  lie 
•  a  licensed  and  practicing  physician  ;  that  the  United  States  shall  be  divided  into  districts,  of  which 
the  District  of  Golumbia  shall  constitute  one,  each  Territory  of  the  United  States  shall  constitute  one 
or  more,  as  the  President  shall  direct,  and  each  congressional  district  of  the  respective  States  as  fixed 
by  law  of  the  State  next  preceding  each  enrollment  shall  constitute  o/«;/t«//of  an  enrollment-district ; 
that  the  two  congressional  districts  in  charge  of  a  board  of  enrollment  shall  be  contiguous,  and,  when 
possible,  within  one  State;  that  the  enrollment  of  each  district  shall  be  made  in  alternate  years;  that 
each  congressional  district  shall  be  divided  by  the  board  as  nearly  as  may  be  into  eighteen  sub-dis- 
tricts, in  each  of  which  the  board  shall  hold  a  session  of  two  weeks'  duration  each  alternate  year,  no 
session  of  enrollment  or  exemption  being  held  during  the  months  of  July,  August,  and  September, 
these  three  months  being  devoted  to  office  business.  Due  notice  shall  be  given  by  the  board  of 
the  time  and  place  of  meeting  in  each  sub  district.  All  persons  above  twenty  years  shall  report  to 
the  board  for  enrollment;  the  omission  so  to  do  to  be  punished  by  a  fine.  The  surgeon  of  the  board 
shall  examine  each  person  at  the  time  of  enrollment,  and  shall  give  to  all  who  are  permanently 
disabled  a  certificate  of  exemption.  The  board  shall  ascertain  the  age  of  each  person  enrolled  as 
accurately  as  possible.  Persons  changing  their  residence  shall  report  the  same  to  the  board  of 
enrollment  of  the  district  which  they  are  leaving,  plainly  stating  to  what  district  and  sub-district 
they  intend  removing,  or  be  subject  to  a  fine.  The  board  shall  forward  to  the  Secretary  of  War, 
on  the  30th  of  September  of  each  year,  an  exact  account  of  the  whole  number  enrolled,  the  num- 
ber enrolled  during  the  twelve  months  previous,  and,  as  nearly  as  may  be,  the  number  stricken 
from  the  list  by  reason  of  death  or  disability ;  this  to  be  accompanied  by  a  report  from  the  surgeon 


360  surgeons'  repobts — west  Virginia — third  district. 

of  the  board,  giviug  au  exact  account  of  all  cases  of  exemption,  stating  the  particular  disease  or 
disability;  the  whole  arranged  so  as  to  suit  the  divisions  established  in  paragraph  85  of  the  pres- 
ent revised  regulations.        *  *  * 

E.  E.  DOESEY, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Fifth  District  of  Maryland. 
Ellicott's  Mills,  Md.,  June  12, 1865. 

WEST  VIEGINIA— SECOND  DISTElCT.i 
Extracts  from  report  of  De.  Thomas  Kennedy. 

*  *  *  My  term  of  office  has  continued  about  ten  months.  The  number  of  men 
examined  during  that  time  was  sixteen  hundred. 

The  Second  District  of  West  Virginia  is  generally  mountainous,  heavily  timbered,  well  watered, 
and  healthy.  The  most  prevalent  diseases  are  dyspepsia  and  rheumatism,  caused  by  the  use  of 
hot  bread,  the  excessive  use  of  cotJ'ee  and  tobacco,  and  imprudent  out-door  exposure.  The  inhabi- 
kuits  generally  are  engaged  in  agriculture. 

Dyspepsia  and  its  concomitants  has  probably  disqualified  a  greater  ratio  from  military  service 
in  this  district  than  any  other  disease. 

In  reference  to  the  diflf'ereut  sections  of  paragraph  85, 1  have  no  suggestions  to  make,  except  it  be 
in  respect  to  section  23,  hernia.  This  section,  I  think,  should  be  modified  so  as  not  to  exempt  all  cases 
of  hernia.  I  am  well  aware  of  the  fact  that  many  persons  slightly  raptured  have  been  enduring 
all  the  fatigues  and  hardships  of  the  service  since  this  war  commenced  without  suffering  any  great 
inconvenience.         *  #  * 

As  regards  the  number  of  men  that  can  be  accurately  examined  in  a  day,  I  would  say  that  I  have 
examined  at  this  office  from  sixty-five  to  seventy-five  per  day,  recruits  and  substitutes. 

Of  the  frauds  practiced  by  recruits  and  drafted  ineu,  I  found  rheumatism  the  most  frequently 
feigned  by  the  latter  and  the  most  easily  concealed  by  the  former. 

"  What  nation  presents  the  greatest  ^physical  aptitude  for  military  service  f  " — I  reply,  the  Ameri- 
can. 

*  *  *  In  the  examination  of  over  one  hundred  colored  men  at  this  office, 
I  found  the  ratio  of  those  physically  qualified  for  military  service  equal  at  least  to  that  of  the 
whites.        *           ♦  • 

THOMAS  KENNEDY, 
Surgeon  of  Board  of  Enrollment  Second  District  of  West  Virginia. 
Geapton,  W.  Va.,  May  29,  1865. 


WEST  VIRGINIA— THIRD  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  De.  S.  G.  Shaw. 

*  •  *        The  returns  already  forwarded  give  a  detailed  account  of  men  examined  by 

me  and  my  predecessor.  Dr.  James  Putney,  from  the  7th  day  of  October,  1864,  to  the  14th  day  of 
April,  1865,  numbering  six  hundred  and  ninety-seven.  There  was  no  record  of  medical  examina- 
tions kept  in  this  office  prior  to  October,  1864.  For  the  mbst  part  being  young  and  healthy  men, 
coming  from  all  parts  of  the  nineteen  counties  of  which  this  district  is  composed,  there  were  scarcely 
any  cases  of  physical  malformation,  nor  were  there  observable  any  traces  of  latent  disease  which 
would  eventually  unfit  the  recruit}  for  the  arduous  and  trying  duties  of  a  soldier's  life.  This  healthy 
condition  I  attribute  to  the  geograjihical  position  of  the  country.  Lying  between  37°  and  40°  north 
latitude,  it  is  not  affected  by  the  extremes  of  either  heat  or  cold;  and  being  situated  on  the  swiftly- 
flowing  Ohio  River,  with  her  many  tributaries  passing  through  the  ravines  of  its  rolling  or  semi- 

'  Ko  lepoit  was  received  from  the  first  district. 


surgeons'    reports WEST    VIRGINIA THIRD    DISTRICT.  361 

mountainous  surface,  which  water  tbem  abundantly,  but  not  too  i)rof'usel.v,  the  soil  is  thus  drained 
of  all  those  impurities  which  iu  less  hilly  districts  stagnate  in  accumulating  quantities,  and  evoutu- 
ally  generate  noxious  gases  or  miasms,  the  evolution  of  which  is  so  detriuieiital  to  health.  These 
are  the  main  causes  of  the  unusually  robust  habit  of  the  population,  and  account  for  the  almost  en- 
tire absence  of  any  peculiar  form  of  disease,  either  local  or  epidemic  ;  in  fact,  West  Virginia  com- 
pares most  favorably  with  adjoining  States,  and  now  that  bodily  exertion  has  become  a  necessity 
on  the  part  of  the  inhabitants,  she  must,  from  her  natural  resources  and  abundant  but  undeveloped 
wealth,  ere  long  take  a  foremost  position  in  the  Union. 

Agriculture,  at  present,  forms  the  chief  occupation  of  the  people,  and  corn,  wheat,  and  tobacco 
are  the  general  products.  Tliey  raise  some  cattle,  a  few  sheep,  and  horses;  but  hogs  appear  to  be 
their  staple,  the  flesh  of  which,  with  corn-bread,  is  the  universal  and  never-varying  diet.  They  spin 
and  weave  their  own  wool  as  clothing  for  both  sexes  ;  in  fact,  having  nearly  all  the  requirements 
within  themselves  for  a  people  unacquainted  with  the  wants  of  more  refined  life,  they  have  little 
necessity  for  communication  with  the  outer  world,  so  that  it  becomes  surprising  in  the  present  day, 
in  the  "Old  Dominion,"  and  in  the  first  settled  State,  to  find  such  primitive  manners  and  customs 
as  are  met  with  even  among  the  better  classes  of  West  Virginia.        *  #  * 

As  there  was  never  a  very  large  number  of  men  on  hand  at  one  time  to  be  examined,  I  can 
scarcely  say  how  many  might  be  examined  iu  one  day.  I  should  tliiuk,  however,  that  fifty  or  sixty 
would  be  as  many  as  could  be  carefully  examined  per  day. 

Having  had  only  the  third  district  to  deal  with,  I  do  not  feel  competent  to  give  an  opinion  as 
to  what  nationality  presents  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  military  service.  Here  we  have 
nearly  every  European  natioji  represented  by  descent :  the  large-boned,  heavy  Scot ;  the  muscular, 
but  lithe  Irishman  ;  the  smooth-skinned  and  enduring  Saxon  ;  the  silent,  plodding  German  ;  and  the 
lively,  agile  Gaul,  all  are  represented  here,  and  all  of  them  favorably  so,  as  will  no  doubt  appear 
from  other  records  than  mine. 

As  regards  the  colored  race,  never  having  had  an  opportunity  of  seeing  tbem  tried  either  under 
fire  or  on  a  line  of  march,  I  cannot  speak  from  experience  as  to  their  physical  endurance  for  military 
purpo.ses;  but  I  may  remark  that  I  deem  it  a  mechanical  impossibility  that  a  pure-blooded  negro  can  be 
a  good  marching  man.  lie  may  man  a  rampart  or  serve  a  gun,  and  have  sufdcient  courage  to  mount 
a  breach  or  make  a  sudden  dash ;  but  for  long-continued  exertion,  where  his  legs  are  to  come  into 
action,  it  is  out  of  the  question — he  can  never  compete  or  compare  with  the  white  man.  His  con- 
genital conformation  forbids  it.  Take,  for  instance,  his  feet:  in  the  white  man,  such  feet  are 
thought  sufficient  disqualification  for  military  service ;  iu  the  negro,  yon  have  added  to  the  flat 
foot  the  long  heel  and  bowed  leg;  the  length  of  the  fibula  causing  the  flexure  of  the  knee,  and  pre- 
venting the  free  use  of  the  muscles  of  the  calf  and  posterior  muscles  of  the  thigh,  gives  him  that  sling- 
ing and  ungainly  pace  characteristic  of  all  the  South  African  tribes,  and  which  will  ever  prevent 
their  descendants  from  cnduiing  the  fatigue  and  exertion  of  a  long  march  or  from  making  efilcient 
soldiers  for  field-service.  This  opinion  will  be  found,  I  think,  to  coincide  with  that  of  any  one  who 
has  observed  the  negro  soldier  in  the  West  India  Islands,  at  Sierra  Leone,  or  elsewhere. 

I  cannot  say  that  tliere  were  any  frauds  attempted  either  to  escape  the  enrollment  or  draft. 
Some  few  tliere  were  who  complained  of  their  lungs  or  heart  being  affected ;  but,  on  the  whole,  the 
men  came  freely  and  patriotically  forward,  and  when  family-ties  or  some  other  cogent  reason 
prevented  their  personally  fulfilling  their  country's  call  a  substitute  was  readily  found,  so  that  I 
think  the  returns  will  show  that  this  district  was  not  behindhand  in  bravery  at  least. 

Whatever  views  I  may  entertain  in  reference  to  paragraph  85  of  the  Provost-Marshal's  Regu- 
lations, as  also  the  operations  of  the  existing  enrollment-law,  I  do  not  feel  justified  in  expressing 
an  opinion,  from  the  limited  term  of  my  service;  and,  as  compared  with  the  opinions  of  officers  of 
greater  experience  and  competency  in  such  matters,  mine  would  be  but  valueless. 

S.  G.  SHAW, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Third  District  of  West  Virginia. 
Point  Pleasant,  W.  Va.,  June  7,  1865. 

46 


362 


SUEGEONS     REPORTS KENTUCKY FIRST    DISTRICT. 


KENTUCKY— FIRST  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  J.  M.  Best. 

•  *  *        By  openiug  a  map  of  Kentucky,  it  will  be  seen  that  tbe  First  Cougres- 

sional  District,  of  which  it  is  required  to  give  some  geographical  as  well  as  other  description,  lies 
in  the  western  extremity  of  the  State,  and  is  rudely  triangular  in  shape,  with  one  comparatively 
straight  and  two  curving  and  irregular  borders.  Aggregated  within  these  lines  are  to  be  found 
the  fourteen  counties  that  constitute  the  district;  the  names  and  numbers  of  each  as  sub-districts 
will  be  giveu  in  tabular  form  below. 

The  extent  of  surface  in  altitude  presents  three  levels  or  tables.  Starting  on  the  Ohio  River, 
at  Paducah,  at  a  point  midway  between  its  highest  freshetmark  and  lowest  stage,  and  ascending 
to  the  height  of  tliirty  feet,  tbe  first  table,  which  is  that  of  overflow,  will  be  reached.  The  Cumber- 
land and  Tennessee  Rivers  flow  from  the  south  through  the  upper  counties;  Clark's  River,  May- 
field,  and  Massac  Creeks  rise  in  the  central  and  lower  counties,  with  numerous  other  and  smaller 
tributaries,  inclusive  of  ponds  and  lakes.  The  shores  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi,  in  extent  nearly 
half  of  the  entire  outline  of  the  district,  present  tbe  banks  and  lowlands  that  constitute  the  first 
table. 

Rising  twenty  feet  above  this,  a  greater  extent  of  level  surface  is  found,  called  glades. '  Ascend- 
ing one  hundred  feet  still  higher,  the  highest  uplands  are  entered,  mostly  undulating  and  beautiful, 
with  some  broken  parts. 

TABULAE   DESCEIPTION. 


No. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 


Counties. 


McCiacken 
Marshall  .. 
Calloway.. 

Graves 

Hickman  .. 

Fulton 

Ballard 

Livingston 

Lyon 

Caldwell  .. 

Trigg 

Union 

Webster. .. 
Crittenden 


be  n 
o  >■    . 

^  —  'C 
u  C3  S 

tH      !3      ^ 


20 
10 

74 
15 
10 
18 
20 
25 

3 

5 
12 
12 

8 
12 


c^ 
bot- 
es ° 

Q   oj   CO 
O    C^    Q 


45 
30 

40 
15 
48 
40 
45 
10 
15 
3S 
10 
5 
18 
20 


3 


0.5 


35 

60 

524 

70 

42 

42 

35 

G5 

82 

CO 

72 

83 

74 

68 


Undulating  uplands. 

Undulating  and  broken. 

Not  much  broken. 

Not  much  broken. 

Gently  undulating. 

Undulating  and  broken. 

Gently  undulating. 

Undulating  and  brokeu. 

Undulating  and  much  broken 

Gently  undulating,  with  ponds. 

Uudulating  and  much  broken,  with  a  number  of  ponds. 

Much  brokeu. 

Undulating  and  broken. 

Undulating  and  broken. 


Attempting  t()  be  approximative  only  with  the  above  table,  it  is  sufficient  to  show  the  relative 
percentage  of  the  low  as  well  as  the  flat  lauds  to  the  uplands  as  a  source  of  malaria  and  other  cau.ses 
of  disease.  The  soil  of  the  uplands  is  quite  fertile;  that  of  the  glades  or  second  table  com])ara- 
tively  so;  while  that  of  the  table  of  overflow,  being  low,  rich,  and  damp,  is  remarkable  for  fertility 
and  luxuriant  growths.  The  uplands,  from  their  height  and  better  air,  together  with  being  less 
thickly  -set  with  trees  and  being  better  drained,  offer  fewer  causes  for  the  production  of  disease  than 
the  other  parts,  and  have  a  corresponding  reputation  for  being  healthful. 

Descending  to  tbe  glady  portion,  or  second  table,  with  a  surface  so  level,  and  with  fewer  nat- 


SUKGEONS'    KEPOKTS KENTUCKY FIRST    DISTRICT. 


363 


ural  advantages  for  drainiug,  and  from  tbc  nature  of  the  ...il  being  such  as  to  hold  the  water  which 
accumulates  during  winter  and  spring,  and  including  the  eflects  of  shade  from  huge  trees  and 
stronger  undergrowth,  it  will  be  found  that  much  water  is  consequently  reuunwl  Mud  dampness 

engendered.  .     ,      ^       i  i  ■     »  *^ 

Descending  again  to  the  first  table,  or  lowlands,  they  are  characterized  not  only  as  subject  to 
overflow,  but  by  the  depth  and  fertility  of  their  soil,  the  luxuriant  growth  and  height  ot  their  lorest- 
trees,  with  their  thick  foliage  and  shade,  and  the  profusion  of  fallen  leaves  and  accumulating 
drifts  that  decay  with  time,  moisture,  and  summer  heat. 

The  following  are  the  prevailing  diseases:  remittent  fever,  intermittent  lever,  bilious  lever, 
pernicious  fever,  congestive  chills,  typhoid  pneumonia,  chronic  congestion  of  the  liver,  chronic  and 
acute  congestion  of  the  spleen,  dyspepsia,  anemia,  dropsy,  small-pox,  measles,  scarlet  fever,  ery- 
sipelas, latent  pneumonia,  cancrum  oris,  tousilitis,  bronchitis,  .jainsy,  diphtheria,  asthma,  simple 
pneumonia,  flux,  diarrhoea,  mucoenteritis,  spinal  irritation,  neuralgia,  and  rheumatism. 

The  causes  of  the  above  diseases  are  manifestly  malaria,  sudden  changes  of  temperature,  wet 
and  dampness  of  the  earth,  humiditv  of  the  air,  continued  heat  of  summer,  exposure  to  the  contin- 
ued cold  of  winter,  peculiar  electric  states  of  the  air  and  earth,  epidemic  causes,  excessive  exercise, 
and  the  want  of  comforts  that  necessarily  exists  in  a  sparsely-settled  country. 

In  peaceful  times,  the  inhabitants  are  hospitable,  temperate,  social,  and  industrious,  with  a 
good  deal  of  manifestation  of  enterprise. 

There  beiu--'  but  one,  city  in  the  district,  and  but  few  towns  of  importance,  the  agricultural 
interests  are  th"e  greater;  hence  the  people  are  mostly  farmers,  and  some  are  enterprising  ones; 
the  rest  are  merchants,  artisans,  and  traders. 

Of  the  sections  of  paragraph  85,  Eevised  Regulations  Provost-Marshal-General's  Bureau,  I 
would  suggest  the  following  alterations  in  sections  5,  22,  29,  and  32;  the  additions  being  in  italics: 
Section  5.  ''Ftinctional  us  well  as  organic  disease  of  internal  organs  which  have  so  seriously  im- 
paired bis  general  health  as  to  leave  no  doubt  of  his  incapacity  for  military  service  and  which 
prevents  him  from  pursuing  any  equally  laborious  occupation  iu  civil  life  ;  and  any  of  the  xdiopatlm 
feccrs  ichlle  in  progress  that  would  of  necessittj  incapa,  itate  Mm  for  the  same." 

Section  22.  "Excessive  deformity  of  the  chest  or  limbs,  or  excessive  curvature  of  the  spine  sut- 
flcient  to  prevent  the  carrying  of  arms  and  military  equipments.  Caries  of  the  spine,  ribs,  or  ster- 
num, attended  with  ulcerati»>n." 

Section  29.  "Confirmed  or  malignant  sarcocele,  or  organic  disease  of  the  cord  ;  hydrocele,  it  com- 
plicated with  organic  disease  of  the  cord  or  testicle.     Varicocele  of  itself  is  not  disqualifying." 

Section  32.  "Fractures,  irreducible  dislocations,  rupture,  or  serious  injury  of  ligaments,  or  an- 
kylosis of  the  large  joints,  or  acute  as  well  as  chronic  disease  of  the  joints  or  bones  that  would  pre- 
vent marching,  or  otherwise  unfit  the  man  for  military  service." 

Through  necessity,  the  ottice  has  l)een  removed  several  times  to  different  points  in  the  city  since 
it  was  established  here,  with  attendant  discomforts  and  disadvantages.  But  latterly  three  rooms 
were  secured  :  one  for  the  use  of  the  board  and  one  or  two  attending  clerks;  another  was  occupied 
by  the  main  clerical  force;  the  third,  or  largest,  was  kept  mainly  for  a  reception-room^  where 
dratted  men,  substitutes,  and  recruits  were  received,  and  kept  until  disposed  of.        * 

The  number  of  men  physically  and  legally  examined  iu  the  ofhce,  as  shown  by  the  records, 
amounts  to  two  thousand  three  hundred  and  twelve.  Much  more  time  is  necessarily  consumed  in 
examinino-  drafted  men  than  the  same  number  of  recruits  or  substitutes,  from  the  fact  that  al- 
though fraud  and  artifice  are  met  with  in  the  two  latter,  the  reluctance  to  serve  of  the  former  occu- 
pies more  time  to  dispose  of  them.  But  the  average  number  ot  the  three  clas.ses  that  can  be  phys- 
ically examined  per  day  with  accuracy,  including  the  time  occupied  iu  the  legitl  examinations  and 
decisions  of  the  board,  would,  in  my  judgment,  be  forty-fire. 

Of  the  attempts  at  iraud  by  drafted  men,  that  of  alleging  the  existence  ot  hernia  was  by  tar 
the  most  frequent ;  and,  when  not  at  all  discoverable  by  examination  at  the  points  of  supposed  rup- 
ture, the  man  would  aver  that  though  it  was  not  then  <lown,  still  he  had  it,  and  had  been  wearing 
a  truss  for  months  or  years.  I  would,  if  time  permitted,  require  him  to  go  without  his  truss  lor  six, 
twelve,  or  twenty-four  hours,  and  report  as  soon  as  he  could  make  the  tumor  manifest.  This  nearly 
always,  by  the  time  of  his  return,  disposed  of  the  illusion. 


364  surgeons'  reports — Kentucky — first  district. 

The  next  iu  frequency  was  to  claim  the  existence  of  stricture  of  the  urethra  ;  and  when  the  test 
was  proposed  of  the  introduction  of  a  metallic  catheter,  it  was  in  most  cases  waived  or  declined,  uo 
further  effort  being  made  on  that  point  by  the  party  ;  the  next,  a  bad  form  of  haemorrhoids,  or 
pretended  tistula  in  ano,  which  nearly  always,  on  examination,  turned  out  imaginary  or  feigned. 

In  some  instances,  the  existence  of  stone  in  the  bladder  was  alleged,  but  by  the  proposed  im- 
mediate use  of  the  soiud,  the  difficulty  was  quickly  disposed  of.  The  frauds  that  recruits  endeav- 
ored to  perpetrate  who  had  had  pressuie  applied  to  them  to  make  them  unwilling  to  enlist,  or  from 
their  own  aversion,  were  the  same  as  those  of  drafted  men.  On  the  other  hand,  recruits  and  sub- 
stitutes, being  desirous  of  enlisting,  would,  when  necessary,  resort  to  the  concealment  of  hernia  as 
far  as  practicable,  and  attempt  to  deceive  iu  regard  to  age,  both  the  under  and  over  age,  represent- 
ing themselves  withiu  the  limits  of  exclusion.  The  frauds  that  engaged  the  legal  attention  of  the 
board  were  those  attempted  by  men  who,  learning  that  they  were  enrolled  or  drafted,  would  get 
withiu  the  rebel  lines  to  be  conscripted  by  them,  and  those  who,  on  learning  the  same,  would  be- 
come guerrillas  lor  a  while.  Both  classes,  on  reporting  to  the  office,  would,  present  the  plea  that 
they  were  rebel  deserters. 

The  records  of  the  office  show  that  the  diseases  classed  uuder  section  5,  organic  diseases  of  the 
internal  organs,  have  disqualified  the  greatest  ratio  per  thousand  from  military  service.  It  is  known 
that  diseases  of  internal  organs  are  divided  into  organic  and  functional.  Many  of  the  latter  do 
not  exist  to  a  degree  that  would  disqualify  from  military  service ;  but  there  are  others  that  do,  and 
they  were  classed  with  organic  diseases  of  necessity,  as  there  was  no  other  section  to  receive  them 
so  appropriately.         #         *         * 

The  people  of  the  United  States,  possessing  as  they  do  a  fine  physique,  active  temperament, 
and  great  powers  of  endurance,  including  their  familiarity  with  fire-arms  and  horsemanship,  may 
be  successfully  compared  with  any  nationality,  and  held  as  superior  to  any  other  in  their  aptitude 
for  military  service. 

Of  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race,  judging  from  what  J  have  seen  of  them  during 
the  exercise  of  the  duties  of  the  office,  I  would  say,  as  far  as  i)hysical  qualificatious  are  concerned, 
their  well-developed  muscles,  particularly  of  the  superior  extremities  and  chest — probably  the 
result  of  continual  physical  labor — in  connection  with  their  powers  of  enduring  fatigue,  heat,  and 
malaria,  eutitle  them  to  be  estimated  as  well  suited  for  military  service. 

In  regard  to  the  operations  of  the  enrollment-law,  I  can  only  say,  as  far  as  my  knowledge 
extends,  it  has  worked  in  all  its  parts  harmoniously  and  well. 

The  uplands,  so  Irequeutly  referred  to,  though  producing  little  or  uo  malaria,  are,  nevertheless, 
not  entirely  free  from  it  and  its- consequent  diseases,  from  the  fact  that  it  is  carried  by  the  winds 
over  them  from  the  low  and  overflowed  lands.  The  uplands,  therefore,  estimated  comparatively 
healthy,  are,  in  common  with  the  two  lower  tables,  subjected  to  all  the  causes  of  disease  that  have 
been  enumerated  in  the  catalogue,  but  to  a  far  less  extent.  The  two  latter,  the  flat  lands,  or  glades, 
and  the  lowlands,  are  conspicuous  for  their  dampness  and  the  production  of  malaria.  But  of  the 
three  tables,  in  view  of  pathology,  it  is  iu  the  first,  or  that  of  overflow,  which  lies  within,  and  helps 
in  part  to  form,  the  wide  valley  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississii)pi,  that  the  greatest  interest  concentrates. 
Bearing  the  projjortion  of  nearly  13  per  cent,  of  surface  to  the  district  when  compared  with  the 
other  parts,  it  may  be  considered  the  great  laboratory  for  malarial  evolution,  and  where  pernicious 
fever  and  others  oi'  the  gravest  forms  of  disease  of  that  class  are  to  be  found. 

Here  several  facts  in  the  province  of  pathology  present  themselves  that  are  striking:  first,  the 
remarkable  sameness  that  exists  in  the  diseases  of  the  district  and  valley  ;  secondly,  that  they  are 
more  frequently  functional  iu  character  than  organic  ;  thirdly,  that  there  is  much  less  of  diphthe- 
ria as  a  form  of  dlst»ase  thau  is  represented  ;  a  collateral  and  partially  explanatory  fact  consists  in 
the  too  frequent  habit  of  taking  its  existence  for  granted  from  expressed  or  entertained  fears  of 
parties,  and  treatii}g  it  without  examining  the  fauces,  which,  when  done,  95  per  cent,  of  the  cases 
reveal  merely  siiii|)le  tonsilitis.  Another  matter,  which  has  engaged  my  attention  oftener  practi- 
cally, and  which  has  excited  in  me  more  surprise  than  any  other  of  a  general  character,  is  the  nu- 
merous mistakes  that  have  been  and  are  being  made  in  diagnosis,  here  and  in  the  West,  by  taking 
many  of  the  common  diseases  of  the  country,  mainly  tho.se  of  malarial  origin,  for  Ujphoidfcrer,  and 
treating  them  on  the  expectant  plan.     For  example,  numerous  cases  occur  of  enlarged  liver  and 


surgeons'    reports KENTUCKY SECOND    DISTRICT.  365 

chrouic  portal  congestion  of  that  organ,  with  the  blood  both  in  the  liver  and  general  circulation  laden 
with  vitiated  elements  of  bile  and  other  impure  particles,  and  where  remittent  fever,  whether  sligiit 
or  considerable  in  degree,  is  added  to  make  up  the  sum  of  the  disease.  This,  in  the  absence  of  all 
the  characteristics  of  typhoid  fever,  is  taken  for  the  latter  disease.  Tlie  blood  in  typhoid  fever  is 
also  perverted;  but  it  is  of  a  diss^olved  character,  and  does  not  admit  of  speedy  depuration,  as  in 
the  above-mentioned  condition.  The  humoral  element  in  the  example  given  is  ignored,  as  well  as 
the  diseased  state  of  the  liver,  which  constitutes  its  main  part.  Often  in  such  cases,  after  quantities 
of  quinine  have  been  given  without  the  fever  being  conquered  or  the  condition  otherwise  inqiroved, 
a  rash  and  heroic  mode  of  reasoning  is  instituted.  It  begins  and  is  stated  in  this  way  :  it  is  obsti- 
nate like  typhoid  ;  it  will  not  yield  to  quinine  ;  therefore  it  must  be  typhoid.  The  extent  to  which 
this  has  been  carried,  I  think,  has  never  been  fully  comprehended. 

This  mode  of  reasoning  is  only  one  instance  out  of  many  of  a  kindred  nature  that  might  be 
cited.     The  disease  has  a  treatment  tliat  is  appropriate  to  it  to  shorten  its  duration  and  hasten  a 
return  to  health;  a  treatment  that  will  siniply  put  all  in  order  that  is  out  of  order:  a  chronically- 
engorged  liver,  which  nearly  always  has  coupled  with  it  sluggish  action,  is  to  be  put  in  order ;  the 
same  must  be  done  for  the  vitiated  blood  circulating  in  the  whole  vascular  system— it  is  to  be  put 
in  order  through  depuration  as  far  as  practicable.     But  when  the  rule  of  exploration  is  passed  by 
in  silence,  and  the  expectant  plan  resorted  to,  which  leaves  all  of  this  diseased  state  unrecognized 
and  unattended  to,  what  is  there  left  of  medical  .science  ?    Pathologists  look  upon  and  use  this 
rule  as  a  primary  one  in  their  researches  for  disease  to  yield  them  perspicuous  results,  and  give 
them  more  of  certainty  in  its  treatment  than  from  any  other.     It  is  unquestionable  that  the  French 
pathologists,  through  Louis  and  others,  have  made  many  advances  in  medical  science  :  they  have 
discriminated  between  typhus  and  typhoid  fevers,  and  between  the  latter  and  symptomatic  typhoid, 
and  between  tyidioid  pneumonia  and  the  three  former,  by  which    developments  all  four  of  them 
stand  out  in  classification  as  belonging,  through  a  principle  upon  which  the  classification  is  founded, 
to  the  same  family,  and,  save  symptomatic  typhoid,  were  shown  to  be  in  reality  separate  and  dis- 
tinct diseases.     The  latter  is  equally  distinct,  but  dependent  upon  a  previously-diseased  .state.    It 
requires  but  a  moment's  reflection  to  be  assured  that  the  advance  did  not  end  here,  but  that 
another  group— that  of  the  malarial  class— through  them  and  others  have  been  equally  explored 
and  comprehended.        #  *  # 

J.  M.  BEST, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  First  District  of  Kentucky 
PaducAH,  Ky.,  Juhj  G,  1865. 

KENTUCKY— SECOND  DISTEICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  J.  W.  Compton. 

*  *  *        I  ]jad  previous  to  this  time  some  twelve  months'  experience  in  the  field  in 

performing  the  active  duties  of  surgeon  of  a  volunteer  regiment. 

The  number  of  men  physically  examined  by  me  from  the  15th  day  of  September,  18G3,  to  the 
20th  day  of  May,  1865,  was  about  eight  thousand  five  hundred. 

The  geographical  features  of  this  district  are  diversified.  The  eastern  third,  embracing  Breck- 
enridge,  Grayson,  Hancock,  Butler,  and  Edmonson  Counties,  is  broken  and  hilly,  almost  mount- 
ainous. Although  no  great  elevations  are  attained,  the  country  has  a  rugged,  mountainous  appear- 
ance. The  geological  formation  is  principally  limestone.  Bold,  running  springs,  of  clear,  excellent 
water,  are  very  abundant;  and  the  numerous  large  creeks  furnish  excellent  water-power  for  mills 
and  manufactories.  The  vales  between  the  hills  and  the  sides  of  the  hills  liave  rich,  productive 
soil ;  and  the  bottoms  bordering  each  side  of  the  streams  through  these  counties  have  a  dark,  allu- 
vial soil  of  exceeding  richness,  which  produces  the  most  luxuriant  vegetation. 

The  remaining  portion  of  the  district  is  not  so  rough  and  hilly,  but  is  undulating,  with  large 
tractsof  flat  land,  having  rather  a  marshy  aspect  until  cleared,  when  it  becomes  the  most  pro- 
ductive farming-land.     Although  well  watered  by  streams  navigable  for  steamboats,  and  others 


566  surgeons'  reports — Kentucky — second  district. 

suitable  for  water-power,  the  water  is  not  good.  Springs  are  scarce ;  wells  and  ponds  supply  tbo 
country  with  drinking  and  stock  water,  which  is  easily  obtained  by  digging,  as  there  is  a  stratum 
of  blue  clay,  from  three  to  eight  feet  in  thickness,  some  fifteen  feet  below  the  surface,  so  dense 
that  all  the  surface- water  passes  over  the  top  of  it. 

Sandstone  abounds  here,  with  but  little  limestone.  Almost  the  entire  district  is  covered  with 
dense  and  lofty  forests  of  excellent  timber.  No  country,  I  think,  excels  it  in  beauty,  variety,  and 
usefulness  of  its  trees,  among  which  may  be  named  the  tulip,  (or  poplar,)  black  and  white  walnut, 
oak,  hickory,  beech,  gum,  chesnut,  and  cypress  trees. 

The  district  may  be  classed  as  considerably  above  the  average  in  the  productiveness  of  its  soil. 
Tobacco,  wheat,  and  corn  are  the  principal  products  cultivated  ;  yet  the  soil  is  well  adapted  to  the 
growth  of  domestic  grasses,  the  cereals,  and  a  great  variety  of  vegetables  and  esculent  roots. 
The  climate  is  delightful  in  the  spring,  summer,  and  autumn  months.  The  winters  are  severe  iu 
consequence  of  the  liability  to  sudden  changes  of  temperature,  being  situated  midway  between  the 
extreme  north  and  the  extreme  south.  If  we  have  a  southern  wind  in  midwinter,  we  may  have  a 
day  so  w^rm  that  a  person  will  be  comfortable  in  shirt-sleeves;  but,  should  the  wind  change  during 
the  night,  the  next  day  may  be  so  cold  and  the  change  so  sudden  that  the  same  person  can  scarcely 
be  made  comfortable  with  all  the  clothing  he  can  put  on.  The  winters  are  becoming  gradually 
more  intensely  cold,  because  of  the  country  being  more  opened  by  clearing  aw  ay  the  forests  in 
cultivating  farms.  The  change  in  this  respect  during  a  period  of  thirty  years  is  quite  perceptible. 
At  this  season  of  the  year,  and  in  early  spring,  inflammatory  diseases,  such  as  pneumonia,  rheuma- 
tism, and  flux,  or  dysentery,  prevail,  caused  by  the  sudden  changes  of  temperature,  and  the  frequent 
rains  and  thaws,  which  leave  the  ground  wet  and  icy.  Typhoid  tendencies  are  also  prevalent  at 
this  season  ;  and  the  inflammatory  diseases  above  named  are  liable  to  assume  a  typhoid  type  after 
the  vital  energies  have  become  depressed. 

In  the  more  malarial  portions  of  the  district,  where  vegetation  is  most  luxuriant,  and  where 
large  Ibrests  have  been  killed,  and  the  trees  have  fallen  upon  the  ground  to  decompose,  much 
miasmatic  effluvium  is  thrown  off ;  and,  in  addition  to  the  ordinary  ujalarious  fev^ers,  we  have  occa- 
sional visitations  of  malignant  erysipelas  in  an  epidemic  form,  quite  intractable  and  fatal,  generally 
attacking  the  throat,  face,  and  head.  Diphtheria  has  also  made  its  appearance  several  times  of  late 
years  iu  an  epidemic  and  fatal  form.  The  atmosphere  acting  as  a  medium,  these  influences  appear 
often  to  be  transported  several  miles  into  the  table-lands,  which,  but  for  their  being  contiguous  to,  or 
within  reach  of,  these  influences,  would  be  comparatively  free  from  these  epidemic  diseases.  Late 
in  summer,  and  during  the  fall  months,  l)ilious,  intermittent,  and  enteric  fevers  prevail,  and  are 
ascribable  to  malarious  influences.  At  this  season  of  the  year,  in  the  less-improved  portions  of  the 
district,  where  there  is  not  sufficient  cleared  land  to  pasture  domestic  animals,  and  they  have  to 
run  at  large,  a  disease  prevails  known  as  miUc-sicJcness  or  bilious  vomiting,  and  the  system,  once 
prostrated  by  this  disease,  rarely,  if  ever,  recovers  its  former  vigor  or  endurance. 

This  disease  is  supposed  to  be  caused  by  a  poison  which  enters  into  the  flesh  of  sheep,  hogs,  and 
beef  cattle,  and  into  the  milk  and  butter  of  cows.  The  legislature  of  Kentucky  has  long  since  ofi'ered 
a  large  reward  to  be  paid  to  any  one  discovering  the  cause  of  this  disease,  so  destructive  to  human 
life  and  that  of  domestic  animals.  Many  investigations  have  been  made,  but  as  yet  no  person  has 
been  able  to  earn  the  reward.  That  it  is  caused  by  vegetation  is  sustained  by  the  well-known  fact, 
that,  as  soon  as  the  ground  where  it  prevails  is  cleared  and  cultivated,  the  disease  disappears. 

A  large  majority  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  district  are  engaged  in  the  active  pursuit  of  agri- 
culture, with  mechanics,  merchants,  and  professional  men  iu  sufiicient  numbers  to  supply  the  home 
demand  lor  implements  and  merchandise  and  the  successful  prosecution  of  the  professions  of  law 
and  medicine. 

The  principal  products  of  exportation  are  tobacco  and  hogs. 

The  inhabitants  may  be  described  as  plain  and  substantial  in  habits,  dress,  and  diet.  They 
are  large  consumers  of  their  own  "/«?(/  and  /iowu'w?/,"  and  perhaps  eat  more  gross  meat  than  is  con- 
sistent with  delicacy  and  refinement;  but  it  admirably  fits  them  for  the  hardships  of  a  western  agri- 
cultural life.  Keligious  ami  moral  institutions  are  the  rule  here;  and  the  largest  amount  of  tolera- 
tion to  the  various  religious  denominations  is  cheerfully  conceded.  The  number  of  square  miles 
in  the  district  is  five  thousand  five  hundred  and  eleven. 


surgeons'  reports KENTUCKY SECOND  DISTRICT.  36? 

Fractures  and  diseases  of  bones  and  irreducible  dislocations  of  large  joints  disqualify  a  greater 
ratio  per  thousand  than  the  diseases  embraced  in  any  other  one  section  in  paragraph  85.  This  is 
owing  to  the  life-long  permanence  and  intractable  character  of  this  class  of  disabilities,  which  do 
not  yield  to  remedies  as  other  diseases  do. 

Hernia  may  next  be  enumerated,  and  the  same  reasons  are  applicable.  These  disabilities  pre- 
vail in  the  district  because  of  the  laborious  occupations  of  the  inhabitants  in  clearing  away  the 
immense  forests  of  heavy  timber,  the  erection  of  numerous  log-hoiises  and  tobacco-baiiis,  and  the 
management  of  wild  and  vicious  horses,  and  working  of  various  coal-mines.  The  discxualifying 
character  of  the  above  disabilities  is  apparent. 

My  experience  would  recommend  the  following  changes  in  paragraph  85  : 

Section  3, epilepsy ;  the  restrictions  requiring  "  the  duly-attested  afiidavit  of  a  physician  in  good 
standing  who  has  attended  him  (the  man)  in  the  disease  within  the  six  months  immediately  preceding 
his  examination  by  the  board"  should  be  changed.  This  disease  is  permanent,  and  generally  incura- 
ble, and  the  man  subject  to  the  horribly  affliction,  after  exhausting  the  catalogue  of  remedies  and 
employing  many  physicians,  completely  despairs  of  ever  being  cured ;  his  family  and  friends  take  pre- 
cautions to  ward  off  the  danger  of  violent  injury  during  the  paroxysms,  and  a  physician  does  not  see 
him  perhaps  for  many  years  preceding  his  examination.    Other  competent  evidence  should  suflBce. 

Section  20  will  put  into  the  service  a  man  totally  unfit  for  military  service.  He  may  have  lost 
all  his  molar  teeth  and  be  entirely  incapable  of  masticating  his  food,  and  indigestion  and  diarrhoea 
will  soon  make  him  an  inmate  of  the  hospital,  just  because  he  is  unfortunate  enough  to  have  a 
snag  of  a  front  or  eye  tooth  left,  though  it  is  of  no  service  to  him.  In  the  hands  of  honest  and 
competent  surgeons,  the  old  form  of  "  loss  of  a  sufQcieut  number  of  teeth  to  prevent  mastication 
of  food  "  is  best. 

Section  29.  Varicocele  should  be  disqualifying  where  the  veins  are  large,  numerous,  and  pen- 
dent. 

Not  more  than  one  hundred  drafted  or  enrolled  men  can  be  carefully  and  accurately  examined 
per  day,  where  the  proof  offered  is  considered. 

The  frauds  most  to  be  guarded  against  in  the  examination  of  drafted  and  enrolled  men  are 
feigned  diseases;  principally  general  physical  disability,  deafness,  impaired  vision,  hernia,  lum- 
bago, and  inability  to  use  well  some  one  or  more  of  the  large  joints. 

Prominent  and  prolific  among  the  frauds  and  obstacles  with  which  the  surgeon  had  to  contend 
was  the  rebellious  character  of  many  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  district,  and  its  occupation  much 
of  the  time  by  the  enemy's  guerrilla-bands.  More  than  one-half  of  those  remaining  at  home  were 
rebels  at  heart,  and  bitterly  opposed  to  rendering  to  the  Government  the  least  amount  of  aid  or 
loyalty.  Demoralized  regarding  the  sanctity  of  an  oath,  and  presenting  themselves  with  the  most 
urgent  appeals  and  protestations,  saying  at  the  same  time  that  they  were  "law-abiding  men,  and 
willing  to  do  anything  the  Government  saw  lit  to  put  upon  them  if  they  were  able-bodied;"  backed 
by  lengthy  aflUdavits  of  their  entire  inability  to  perform  military  duty — that  "one  night's  ex- 
posure would  send  them  to  hospital  or  kill  them  outright" — if  it  was  found  that  regulations  did 
not  apply  to  their  case,  and  exemption  was  refused  them,  they  would  soon  after  desert  to  the 
rebel  army,  and,  report  says,  make  very  efficient  soldiers. 

To  overcome  the  difiiculties  arising  from  feigned  diseases,  I  would  suggest  a  rigul  and  careful 
examination.  If  the  subject  be  a  laboring-man,  examine  his  hands,  and  if  found  to  be  hard,  and 
the  skin  much  thickened  in  the  palms,  and  his  muscular  development  to  be  good,  he  will  do  for  serv- 
ice.   For  the  frauds  and  obstacles  of  disloyalty,  the  law  furnishes  a  better  remedy  than  medicine. 

As  my  former  reports  will  show,  my  exijerience  is  quite  limited  as  to  the  greatest  physical  ap- 
titude of  the  different  nations  of  men  for  militarj'  service ;  but  I  am  decided  in  the  belief  that  the 
intelligent,  hard-fisted  yeomanry,  the  laboring-classes  of  the  Western  States  of  the  Union,  excel  all 
others  in  enduring  difficult  campaigns,  and  in  performing  feats  of  heroism  in  battle,  of  either  small 
or  great  magnitude.  Their  occui)ation  in  first  treeing  these  States  from  the  warlike  savage, 
and  afterward  in  clearing  and  preparing  the  dense  forest  for  cultivation,  has  developed  a  race 
of  athletic  and  muscular  men,  who,  having  been  educated  with  the  rifle  in  their  hands,  are  ex- 
cellent marksmen,  and,  being  good  horsemen,  they  have  the  physical  ability  to  do,  the  bravery 
to  dare,  and  the  intelligence  to  accomplish  the  greatest  military  triumphs.     Without  speaking 


3(-:8  surgeons'  eeports — Kentucky — secont>  district. 

except  in  the  highest  terms  of  all,  I  may  say  that  after  the  men  of  the  North  had  had  sufficient  train- 
iag,  they  displayed  the  most  irresistible  and  indomitable  bravery,  and,  amid  showers  of  the  enemy's 
bullets  and  shells,  moved  forward  with  the  unyielding  regularity  of  clock-work,  while  the  western 
men  displayed  their  aptitude  for  military  success  in  their-  very  first  battles.  The  battles  of  Shiloh 
and  Donelson,  as  contrasted  with  Bull  Eun  and  Manassas,  are  referred  to  as  exemplifying  this  view. 

The  colored  man  possesses  some  excellent  physical  qualificatious  for  making  a  good  soldier. 
His  mode  of  life  gives  him  great  strength  in  his  chest  and  arms,  which  enables  him  to  handle  a 
gun  or  sword  with  much  facility  and  effect.  Accustomed  from  his  childhood  to  obedience,  he  will 
pay  the  strictest  attention  to  the  commands  of  his  officers.  Having  an  innate  idea  of  time,  and  pos- 
sessing inuisuai  imitative  powers,  he  will  readily  learn  the  most  difficult. evolutions.  That  he  pos- 
sesses courage  sufficient  to  make  him  an  effective  soldier,  no  person  acquainted  with  him  can  deny. 
Let  his  officers  inform  him  that  he  has  a  right  to  do  a  thing  desired,  and  that  the  officers  want  it 
done,  and  he  will  do  it  if  it  be  possible  for  bravery,  determination,  and  physical  manhood  to  accom- 
plish it.  To  insure  the  greatest  efficiency  of  the  colored  man  as  a  soldier,  much  care  should  be 
exercised  in  the  appointment  of  officers  over  him.  They  should  be  competent  men,  well  acquainted 
with  the  character,  habits,  and  peculiarities  of  this  race  of  men. 

Observation  has  imjiressed  npon  my  mind  the  necessity  and  duty  of  reporting  a  feature  in  the 
organization  of  colored  troops  in   the  United  States  armies,  that  is  seriously  detrimental  to  the 
service,  viz  :  that  surgeons  and  assistant  surgeons  to  regiments  of  colored  troops  have  invariably 
been,  so  far  as  my  observation  extends,  appointed  from  States  in  which  there  were  no  negro  slaves.' 
These  surgeons  are  wholly  unacquainted  with  the  idiosyncracies  of  the  negro,  a  perfect  knowledge 
of  which  could  be  acquired  only  by  years  of  practice  among  the  sick  of  this  race,  with  frequent 
opportunities  of  observing  their  peculiarities  and  habits  during  sickness  and  health.     Some  of 
these  peculiarities  I  shall  attempt  to  describe,  and  will  here  repeat  that  they  can  only  be  learned 
by  extensive  observation  and  research  into  the  history  of  the  black  man  at  diiferent  periods  and 
under  diflerent  circumstances.     He  differs  as  widely  from  the   white  man   physiologically   and 
psychologically  as  does  his  skin  or  hair;   hence  the  importance  of  understanding  his  peculiarities, 
in  order  to  treat  his  diseases  successfully.     He  is  almost  invariably  of  phlegmatic  temperament,  and 
consequently  predisposed  to  strumous  disease.    The  phlegmasise  ruu  a  rapid  course,  soon  become 
asthenic  in  type,  and,  unless  soou  relieved,  terminate  in  scrofulous  or  tuberculous  disease,  which 
makes  much  more  rapid  progress  in  the  negro  than  the  white  man,  and  soon  terminates  in  death. 
He  is  not  a  native  of  the  cold  humid  climate  in  which  we  find  him,  and  cannot  endure  cold  or  wet 
weather  or  exposure  of  any  kind  as  well  as  the  white  man.     It  is  necessary  for  him  to  be  better 
clothed  and  fed,  and  protected  from  cold  and  wet  weather;  also  to  be  watched  over  and  regulated  in 
everything.    His  diet,  exercise,  and  sleep  should  be  regulated.    He  will  eat  too  much  meat,  and  not 
enough  vegetables,  both  in  health  and  disease ;  will  sleep  too  much,  and  take  too  little  exercise.    He 
should  be  kept  under  strict  discipline,  both  in  health  and  disease;  for  being,  almost  without  excep- 
tion, uneducated,  he  has  no  knowledge  of  the  laws  governing  his  health,  and  does  not  know  what 
to  do  to  preserve  it,  or  to  restore  it  when  lost.     He  is  entirely  incompetent  to  give  a  correct  history 
of  his  case,  generally  expressing  himself  as  "feeling  better  or  sick  all  over."    He  complains  but 
little  of  pain,  sleeps  much,  and  seems  to  feel  no  interest  in  his  welfare,  and  generally  auswei's  in  the 
affirmative  all  questions  asked  him  in  a  medical  examination  of  his  case.    Nothing  is  positive 
ordecided  in  bis  answers.     He  will  take  no  medicines  of  his  own  accord;  every  dose  should  be  given 
him  by  a  reliable  nurse.     His  rations  should  be  measured  to  him  inhealth  and  disease,  as  in  health 
he  will  eat  too  much,  and  in  disease  he  will  eat  nothing  until  convalescent,  and  then  eat  too  much, 
and  of  the  grossest  food  he  can  procure.    The  surgeon  should  be  governed  in  his  diagnosis  entirely 
by  the  physical  signs  and  objective  symptoms.     The  subjective  symptoms  are  not  reliable.     In  the 
treatment  of  his  disease,  great  caution  should  be  observed,  and  a  close  watch  kept  over  him.     He 
does  not  bear  active  treatment  in  any  disease  for  any  considerable  length  of  time.    All  inflamma- 
tory diseases  run  their  course  more  rajjidly  than  in  the  white  man,  and  soou  become  asthenic  or 
typhoid  in  tyiie,  and  require  stimulants,  tonics,  nourishing  diet,  &c.    He  does  not  bear  well  either  an- 
timonials  or  blood-letting;  both  rapidly  depress  his  vital  powers,  and  do  irreparabledamage  if  pushed 
too  far.    He  does  not  boar  mercurials  well,  is  easily  salivated,  and  the  disposition  to  struma  greatly 
increased  by  the  antiplastic  properties  of  the  mercury.    As  purgatives,  castor-oil,  aloes,  and  rhubarb 


surgeons'   reports KENTUCKY SECOND    DISTRICT.  369 

answer  best.  He  bear-s  opium  well,  and  this  is  the  most  valuable  ajjent  we  possess  in  the  inflam- 
matory diseases  of  the  negro.  He  also  bears  stimulants  well,  and  will  take  them  with  eagerness 
when  he  objects  to  everything  else.  He  will  not  eat  anything  while  sick,  unless  urged  to  do  so, 
though  it  is  necessary  in  the  treatment  of  most  of  the  diseases  he  is  subject  to.  In  zymotic  diseases, 
he  should  be  treated  with  restoratives  from  the  beginning,  and  a  close  watch  kept  over  him  at  all 
times  that  be  be  kept  conifortable,  for,  if  left  to  himself,  he  will  close  up  his  room,  and  cover  him- 
self with  all  the  cover  at  his  command,  even  in  the  warmest  weather,  and  will  wrap  most  of  it 
around  his  head,  if  his  feet  have  to  bo  uncovered  to  accomplish  it.  If  allowed  to  sleep  before  the 
fire,  he  will  cover  himself  as  above,  and  turning  his  head  to  the  fire  will  leave  his  feet  out  in  the  cold. 
His  mind  is  always  dull  in  disease,  and  frequently  troubled  with  superstitious  notions  that  have 
been  handed  down  to  him  by  tradition.  One  is  that  he  may  be  poisoned  or  "  conjured,"  as  he  calls 
it,  by  some  mysterious  person  of  his  race ;  and  that  no  one  can  cure  him  except  some  person  possess- 
ing power  to  remove  disease  inflicted  by  these  conjurers,  and  that  ho  will  certainly  die  unless 
relieved.  These  superstitious  notions  are  fast  disappearing  among  Kentucky  negroes  :  but  when 
they  do  exist,  the  illusion  should  be  removed  as  quickly  as  possible,  as  they  tend  to  prolong  his 
illness,  and  frequently  to  destroy  his  life  through  his  taking  some  supposed  antidote  for  his  poison. 
There  are  many  other  facts  that  might  be  mentioned  that  would  be  useful  to  surgeons  unacquainted 
with  the  distinctive  peculiarities  of  this  race  of  men  in  health  and  disease.  I  only  submit  these  re- 
marks as  suggestive  of  the  importance  of  eaiploying,  as  medical  men  and  officers  to  colored  regiments, 
men  who  have  been  familiar  with  the  colored  man's  idiosyncracies,  iu  order  that  bis  diseases  may 
be  successfully  treated. 

The  average  height  of  the  white  men  examined  at  this  office  is  two  inches  greater  than  the 
average  height  of  the  negro.  A  great  majority  of  the  examinations  embraced  in  this  report  were 
Kentucky  colored  recruits  and  substitutes,  which  will  account  for  the  average  height  in  Kentucky 
being  less  than  in  other  States.  All  those  examined  from  free  States  were  white  men,  and  many 
from  slave  States  other  than  Kentucky  were  white  men.  In  some  of  the  States  and  countries,  the 
number  of  examinations  was  from  one  to  four  or  six  only,  and  the  men  examined  were  generally 
selected  as  acceptable  substitutes,  and  were  of  more  than  medium  size.  It  will  not  be  correct 
to  take  these  few  men  as  an  average  of  the  men  in  the  State  or  country  of  which  the  few  are 
natives.        *  #  * 

Many  improvements  have  been  made  in  the  original  enrollment-law,  but  some  changes  are  still 
needed. 

The  enrollment-sheet  should  contain  a  complete  descriptive  list  of  every  enrolled  man,  together 
with  pertinent  remarks  opposite  each  name,  so  that  there  could  be  no  possibility  of  one  man  pre- 
senting himself  for  examination  in  the  name  of  another. 

Boards  of  enrollment  should  hold  a  session  once  a  year,  or  oftener,  in  each  countj'  iu  the  dis- 
trict, and  a  penalty  should  be  attached  to  the  failure  of  any  enrolled  man  to  present  himself  for 
examination. 

One  reason  for  this  change  is  apparent :  there  being  no  steamboat  nor  railroad  transportation 
from  remote  counties  to  headquarters  of  many  of  the  districts,  men  who  know  that  they  have  physical 
disabilities  that  will  exempt  them  should  they  ever  be  drafted  will  not  often,  even  if  they  be 
pecuniarily  and  physically  able  to  do  so,  make  the  trip  at  their  individual  expense  and  labor,  when 
they  know  that,  if  compelled  to  come  when  drafted,  transi^ortation  will  be  iumished  and  their 
exemption  be  certain.  The  Government  is  thus  put  to  the  expense  of  furnishing  transporta.tion 
both  ways ;  and,  the  names  of  these  men  not  being  stricken  off  before  the  draft,  the  quota  is  made 
up  from  an  excessive  enrollment. 

J.  W.  COMPTON, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Second  Dintrict  of  Kentuclcy. 

OwBNSBOROUGn,  Ky.,  Mmj  20,  18G5. 

47 


370  SUKGEONS'    REPORTS ICENTUCKY FOURTH    DISTRICT. 

KENTUCKY— FOUllTH  DISTRICT.^ 

Extracts  from  report  o/Dr.  John  C.  Maxwell. 

*  *  *        My  appointment  to  the  position  of  examiuiug-surgeou  for  the  Fourth  Dis- 

trict of  Kentucliy  date.s  23d  of  April,  1SG4,  a  little  upward  of  one  year  ago.    From  that  time, 
wholly  abandoning  civil  practice,  I  have  been  devoted  to  the  work  assigned  me  in  this  department. 
It  would  be  an  approximation  to  the  number  of  recruits,  substitutes,  and  drafted  men  physically 
examined  by  me  to  put  it  at  five  thousand. 

I  entered  upon  this  duty  not  without  some  previous  experience,  having  been  examiuing-surgeon 
of  the  Thirty-seventh  Kentucky  Mounted  Infantry.  This  describes  the  field  of  my  operations  as 
nearly  as  can  be  ascertained. 

The  Fourth  District  comprises  fourteen  counties,  with  a  territorial  area  of  four  thousand  three 
hundred  and  forty-three  and  one-fourth  square  miles.  The  district  is,  geographically,  middle  or 
central  in  Kentucky,  on  the  line  dividing  the  limestone,  or  what  is  called  the  blue-grass  region 
from  the  sandstone  or  barrens  of  Kentucky.  It  may  for  the  most  part  be  styled  the  hill  district, 
diversified,  however,  with  rich  alluvial  lands  upon  the  water-courses,  and  fair  uplands  for  purposes 
of  agriculture. 

The  inhabitants,  including  quite  a  large  jiopulation  of  colored  laborers,  are  (excepting  a  small 
population  in  the  towns)  devoted  to  agriculture.  They  are  emphatically  a  farming  people,  and 
have  furnished  the  Government  material  which  for  physical  aptitude  for  military  service  will  com- 
pare favorably  with  any  other.  I  would  state  here  that  my  opportunities  for  a  comparison  of  men 
of  different  States  and  nationalities  have  been  very  limited ;  only  as  between  the  white  and  black 
races  composing  this  district  am  I  able  to  give  an  intelligent  opinion.  But  few  men  of  other  States 
and  nationalities  have  been  before  this  board.  From  a  limited  number  of  examinations,  however, 
I  am  prepared  to  award  equal  merit  to  the  Canadian  and  western  soldier  from  Indiana,  and  pro- 
nounce them  unsurpassed  by  any  in  point  of  physical  aptitude. 

The  quota  of  this  district  has  been  mainly  filled  by  colored  recruits  and  substitutes.  I  have, 
therefore,  examined  physically  a  large  number  of  negroes.  Even  of  drafted  men,  a  larger  proportion 
of  them  have  been  held  to  service,  showing  a  smaller  percentage  of  disqualifying  conditions  of  body 
with  the  black  race.  I  think  I  may  state,  without  the  fear  of  contradiction,  that  the  colored  man 
in  this  locality,  if  bone  and  sinew,  muscle,  chest  measurement,  and  general  physique,  are  the 
criteria,  presents  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  military  service ;  and,  in  making  this  statement, 
I  would  add  another,  that  the  white  men  in  this  district,  in  physical  aptitude,  are  equal  to  any  in 
the  State  for  the  same  occupation.  The  negro  in  this  latitude,  partly  by  reason  of  his  contact  with 
a  higher  civilization,  has  lost  much  of  the  grosser  peculiarities  which  characteinze  the  race  in  more 
tropical  latitudes;  and,  now  that  the  present  crisis  of  our  country  has  made  the  demand,  he  enters 
upon  the  military  arena  fully  endowed,  physically,  as  a  man,  with  good  promise,  in  my  judgment, 
to  run  the  race  in  successful  competition  with  the  soldiers  of  the  most  favored  nationality. 

In  regard  to  prevalent  diseases,  or  any  particular  disease  or  disabilities  contributing  to  dis- 
qualify a  greater  ratio  per  thousand  for  military  service,  I  would  simply  state  that  nothing  special 
has  been  observed.  The  ordinary  diseases  incident  to  any  people  prevail  in  this  district.  The 
medical  history  of  the  locality  is  that  it  has  always  been  comparatively  Iree  from  epidemics  or 
endemics.  This  portion  of  the  State  escaped  in  a  great  measure  a  visitation  from  cholera  in  1833 
and  1834,  and  where  it  did  prevail  it  was  not  so  malignant  as  in  the  northern  or  southern  districts. 
Upon  an  examination  of  my  final  reports  of  drafted  men,  it  will  be  seen  that  a  proportion  of 
those  exempted  for  ])hysical  disability  were  classed  under  section  9,  paragrajih  8.'5,  which  goes  to 
show  the  operation  of  general  deteriorating  influence,  viz,  enervating  habits  of  life,  hereditary  taints, 
&c.,  entailing  a  condition  of  body  fitly  styled  "  permanent  physical  disability." 

*  *  *         To  be  accurate,  sere«/^;/(rc  examinations  is  the  highest  number  which  any 

surgeon  should  undertake  to  conduct  in  a  day.     I  have  no  changes  to  recommend  in  paragraph  85, 
Revised  Regulations  Provost-MarshalGeneral's  Bureau.     It  is  an  improvement  upon  the  preceding 

'  Norei)oit  was  received  from  the  third  district. 


SURGEONS 


'    REPORTS KENTUCKY ITFTII    DISTRICT.  371 


regulations,  and  its  provisions  are  complete  and  exhaustive.    I  have  found  no  drafted  man  who 
was  unfit  for  military  service  who  could  not  be  exempted  under  one  or  the  other  of  its  thirty-six 

sections.  ,  .  ^      mi     i 

In  reference  to  any  improvement  of  the  enrollment-law,  I  have  nothing;  to  suggest.  The  law, 
as  it  appears  to  me,  is'perfect  enough  in  all  its  provisions,  if  they  were  strictly  observed.  The 
trouble  is  that  men  manifestly  and  permanently  disabled  do  not,  in  many  cases,  trouble  themselves 
to  appear  before  the  board  of  enrollment  to  be  stricken  from  the  rolls,  confident  that,  in  case  of 
bei'uo-  drafted,  they  will  be  exempted  anyway.  Something  seems  to  be  needed  to  make  the  enrolled 
men'Iilaiming  exemption  feel  some  responsibility  for  their  delinquency  in  failing  to  come  before  the 

board.  '  ^-  x<  -i.  ^  j.  i 

The  district  is  large  and  the  distance  is  great  for  residents  ot  many  portions  ot  it  to  report  to 
the  board,  located  as  it  is  at  only  one  given  point.  In  the  case  of  the  poor,  the  expense  of  the  trip 
often  cannot  be  borne.  It  has  been  .thought  advisable  to  accommodate  all  portions  of  the  district 
bv  appointing  sessions  of  the  board  to  take  place  in  the  different  sub-districts. 

JOHN  C.  MAXWELL, 
Surf/eon  Board  of  Enrollment  Fourth  District  of  Kcntucly. 
IjEBANon.  Ky.,  June  1,  1S65. 

KENTUCKY— FIFTH  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  DrT  J.  Gardner. 

*  *  *        As  I  had  served  in  the  Medical  Department  for  three  years,  I  had  enjoyed 

very  fair  opportunities  for  observing  what  class  of  men  was  most  suitable  for  military  service. 

The  whole  number  of  men  examined  physically  by  me  since  my  connection  with  the  board 
amounts  to  about  seven  thousand  sis  hundred  and  fifty. 

The  Fifth  Congressional  District  is  composed  of  four  counties,  namely,  Jefferson,  Henry,  Uld- 
ham  'ind  Owen  Counties ;  two  of  which  border  on  the  Ohio  Elver,  one  upon  the  Kentucky  River, 
and  the  other  is  inland.  The  entire  district  is  gently  undulating,  with  small  exceptions,  and  is  well 
adapted  to  agriculture.  Considerable  portions  of  Jefferson,  Oldham,  and  Owen  Counties  are  of 
alluvial  formaUou ;  the  remainder  being  limestone.  The  whole  district  is  well  watered  by  springs 
and  creeks,  and  the  water  is  of  a  superior  quality. 

The  diseases  most  prevalent  are  generally  of  an  intermittent  or  remittent  type,  pneumonia, 
and  occasionally  typhoid  fever ;  typhus  is  unknown.  All  other  diseases  are  of  the  same  character, 
with  trifling  modifications,  that  prevail  in  all  other  sections  of  the  country. 

The  city  of  Louisville  is  in  Jefferson  County,  situated  ou  the  Ohio  River,  and  was  formerly  at 
the  head  of  the  rapids,  but  is  now  both  above  and  below.  It  is  of  a  variable  population,  which  at 
this  time  numbers  eighty  or  ninety  thousand.  Its  location  at  the  rapids  renders  it  somewhat 
malarious  in  autumn,  when  fogs  are  prevalent.  ,  .,     ,       •  •  e 

The  merchants  of  the  city  are  mostly  engaged  in  trade  and  manufactures,  while  the  citizens  ot 
the  counties  are  devoted  to  agriculture,  and  formerly  manufactured  considerable  quantities  ot 

hemp-cordage  and  bagging.  ,      ^  .  .  ,        i    „,  ,i 

Before  the  war,  there  was  great  attention  paid  to  the  raising  of  stock  of  improved  breeds  and 
horses  of  fine  blood;  but  the  guerrillas  made  that  species  of  property  so  unsafe  that  the  people  par- 
tially abandoned  the  pursuit.  lu  one  or  two  of  the  counties,  an  article  called  Bourbon  whisky  is 
manufactured,  principally  for  home  consumption,  and  is  quite  popular  as  a  beverage. 

There  has  been  much  division  of  sentiment  among  the  people  in  our  late  struggle ;  those  who 
were  loyal  being  intensely  so,  and  those  who  were  disloyal  passing  through  every  gradation  froni 
straight-out  resistance  to  "Lincoln  tyranny,"  down  to  the  "no-more-men  and  no-more-money 
"peace-at-any-price"  souls,  who  had  not  the  principle  to  iight  for  the  Government,  nor  the  courage 
to  fight  against  it.  The  inhabitants  are  tar  above  the  average  m  intelligence  and  education,  and, 
in  the  city  of  Louisville  and  adjacent  country,  live  in  elegance  and  luxury. 

The  educational  institutions  of  the  State,  its  public  buildings,  charitable  institutions,  &c.,  are 
justly  a  matter  of  pride  to  its  citizens. 


372  surgeons'  reports — Kentucky — sixth  district. 

There  is  but  one  disability  which  disqualifies  a  greater  ratio  per  thonsaud  for  military  service, 
which  is  veutral  hernia  iu  negroes,  probably  superinduced  by  neglect  during  infancy;  they  being 
allowed  to  cry  excessively  before  the  abdominal  parietes  become  perfected. 

In  view  of  the  pecuniary  and  professional  responsibility  and  nice  accuracy  required,  neither 
Dr.  Bell,  the  former  surgeon  of  the  board,  nor  myself,  think  that  more  than  seventy-Jive  men  can  be 
examined  by  day -light  in  winter,  and  perhaps  ten  more  in  summer. 

The  principal  deceptions  to  be  guarded  against  in  examination  of  substitutes  are  iu  regard  to 
age :  if  too  old,  there  are  always  convenient  witnesses  to  swear  to  their  being  less  than  forty-five 
years  of  age ;  if  too  young,  to  swear  to  their  being  past  eighteen  years.  The  converse  obtains  iu 
examination  of  drafted  men;  there  being  parties  who  are  always  ready  to  devise  testimony  to  show 
unsuitableness  of  age  "  by  reason  of  being  over  forty-five  or  less  than  twenty."  The  board  caused 
several  parties  to  be  indicted  for  perjury  for  testifying  to  the  good  moral  character  of  reprobates, 
and  thus  getting  them  passed  as  substitutes.  In  one  instance,  a  complete  set  of  npper  teeth  was 
inserted  in  a  negro's  mouth,  and  he  was  passed  as  a  substitute.  The  deception  was  discovered,  and 
the  parties  forced  to  put  in  another  substitute,  and  the  money  obtained  by  the  first  one  was  handed 
over  to  the  United  States.    A  detailed  account  of  the  same  was  submitted  to  you  at  the  time. 

The  county  of  Owen  was  so  infested  with  guerrillas  that  it  was  impossible  to  get  the  notices 
properly  served,  and,  when  served,  to  compel  the  attendance  of  the  parties ;  thus  rendering  all 
attempts  to  bring  them  before  the  board  abortive.  Unless  these  men  had  some  physical  disqualifi- 
cation,' they  almost  invariably  failed  to  report;  and,  when  in  a  few  cases  our  special  ofiBcers  suc- 
ceeded iu  making  arrests,  they  always  brought  forward  the  plea  that  "  they  did  not  know  of  their 
having  been  drafted."  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  there  are  not  a  score  of  men  in  the  whole  district 
who  were  drafted  that  were  not  cognizant  of  the  fact.  Still,  as  the  law  stands, no  man  can  be  con- 
sidered or  treated  as  a  deserter  from  the  draft  until  he  shall  have  been  legally  notified  by  having  a 
notice  left  at  his  last  place  of  residence. 

I  do  not  think  that  any  nationality  has  a  greater  physical  aptitude,  and  none  so  great  a  com- 
bined physical  and  mental  fitness,  for  military  service  as  the  Anjerican. 

From  a  tolerably-extended  experience  in  the  examination  of  the  colored  race,  I  do  not  at  all 
think  them  equal  to  the  whites,  physically,  in  vitality  and  endurance ;  yet  I  believe  that  they  have 
the  capacity  to  be  made  very  cfQcient  troops.  Wounds  and  diseases  from  which  white  troops 
readily  recover  often  prove  fatal  to  the  colored. 

I  think  that  the  enrollment-law  as  it  now  stands  works  as  well  as  any  that  can  be  devised,  and 
I  have  no  suggestions  or  alterations  to  recommend. 

J.  GAEDNEE, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Fifth  District  of  Kentuclcy. 

Louisville,  Ky.,  June  15,  1865. 

KENTUCKY— SIXTH  DISTEICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  E.  P.  Buckner. 

*  *  *        My  experience  is,  that  the  examination  of  men  for  military  service  is  the 

most  responsible,  laborious,  trying,  sometimes  perplexing,  and  often  most  thankless,  work  that  a 
surgeon  is  ever  called  upon  to  perform. 

Recruits,  under  the  stimulus  of  a  good  local  bounty,  will,  if  need  be,  try  every  possible  means 
to  get  into  the  service,  by  attempting  to  deceive  in  reference  to  the  disabling  effects  of  such  dis- 
eases and  disqualificatio:;s  as  they  may  actually  and  mauifestly  have  and  cannot  conceal.  Men 
with  large  and  knotty  varicose  veins,  of  one  or  both  legs,  will  walk,  run,  and  jump  with  the  activity 
of  a  racer,  declaring  in  the  most  solemn  manner  that  their  disabilities  do  not  injure  them  iu  the 
slightest  degree.  Others,  with  the  most  abominable  hremorrhoids,  will  do  the  same  thing.  An 
obscun^  hip-disease,  trouble  about  the  knee-joints,  partial  stiffness  of  the  ankle  or  ankles,  are  all 
carefully  concealed,  and  iu  many  cases  even  denied  when  attention  is  called  to  tliem.  A  man  with  a 
hernia  will  declare  it  nothing  but  a  bubo,  and  perhaps  show  real  signs  of  syphilis  to  prove  the  truth 
of  this  declaration.    Others  with  organic  disease  of  the  heart,  manifest,  clear  beyond  all  doubt, 


v-f.' 


SURGEONS     REPOKTS KENTUCKY — SIXTH   UISTKICT.  373 

will  deny  to  tbc  last  all  its  usual  eflects,  though  congliiufr,  panting,  and  gasping  for  breath  nndei- 
very  slight  exojcise.  Men  with  tiibercnlar  deposits  \i\\\  deny  all  disease  whatsoever,  expand  their 
chests  to  the  utmost,  and  stiike  with  their  clenched  lists  under  the  clavicles  to  show  how  perfectly 
sound  they  are,  while  at  the  same  time  there  is  flattening,  dullness  on  percussion,  and  harsh  or 
tubular  respiration. 

Drafted  men  are  as  anxious  to  keep  out  of  the  service  as  recruits  are  to  get  into  it.  They  will 
declare  or  show  all  the  diseases  denied  or  concealed  by  recruits,  and  increase  the  list  by  scores  and 
even  hundreds.  They  will  either  feign  disease  when  none  exists,  or  exaggerate  and  magnify  such 
disabilities  as  they  may  actually  have.  The  surgeon  who  ex[iects  the  honest  truth  from  them,  and 
relies  upon  their  statements  merely,  makes  a  simpleton  of  himself. 

Enrolled  men  appearing  before  the  board  for  examination  are  generally  pitiable  and  contemptible ; 
pitiable  for  their  despicable  lack  of  patriotism  and  manliness,  and  contemptible  because  of  their  utter 
destitution  of  honest  purpose  and  truthfulness. 

Substitutes  are  largely  the  scamps  and  scoundrels  of  the  world.  If  foreigners,  unless  Germans, 
there  is  no  honesty  of  purpose  in  them.  They  will  practice,  if  possible,  to  the  very  utmost  upon  the 
credulity  of  the  surgeon.  He  cannot  be  too  rigid  or  exacting  in  their  examination.  When  appro- 
priate exercise  before  me  has  developed  a  hernia,  I  have  seen  the  man  quickly,  as  if  his  modesty 
were  abashed  by  the  exposure  of  the  genitals,  clap  his  hands  to  the  parts  and  dexterously  reduce  it 
iu  a  moment.  When  I  have  suspected  the  ears  as  being  defective,  and  the  truth  iu  the  case  has 
been  denied  iu  every  possible  way,  all  doubt  has  been  instantly  removed  by  closing  the  uostrUs  and 
compelling  the  man  to  fill  his  mouth  with  air,  when  the  wind  has  whistled  at  once  through  a  per- 
foration in  each  tympanum.  The  resources  of  their  frauds  are  nmucroHs,  if  not  inexhaustible.  All 
that  brazen  effrontery,  lying,  and  general  rascality  can  do  they  will  attempt. 

Meu  who  have  been  in  the  Army  for  a  time,  veterans  and  natives,  more  especially  if  farmers  or 
hard-working  mechanics,  are  mostly  honest,  as  much  so  perhaps  as  recruits,  and  one  has  but  little 
trouble  comparatively  with  them. 

Experience  has  taught  me  that  a  man  to  succeed  well  as  au  oxamining-surgeon  to  a  board  of 
enrollment  must  be  absolutely  incredulous ;  must  be  cautious,  watchful,  sharp,  shrewd,  cunning, 
and  quick.  His  whole  nature  should  be  made  up  of  positive  elements,  and  those  of  the  strongest 
character.  He  must  be  a  man  of  icill  and  purpose,  with  decision  of  character  as  firm  and  unbend- 
ing as  a  column  of  granite;  otherwise  he  will  or  can  do  the  Government  no  good,  will  dishonor 
his  own  noble  profession,  and  be  nothing  but  a  mere  top,  whirled  at  the  will  and  by  the  dexterity 
of  every  iinfit  recruit,  sound  drafted  man,  and  rascally  substitute. 

Besides  these  iutellectual  and  moral  qualities,  the  surgeon  must  have  a  competent  knowledge  of 
anatomy,  physiology,  and  pathology,  or  he  wiil  grope  in  the  dark  contiiuially,  and  his  decisions, 
instead  of  being  the  result  of  enlightened  judgment,  will  be  nothing  but  bungling  guesses  or  vague 
and  ill-defined  conjectures. 

The  entire  number  of  men  examined  by  me,  as  nearly  as  can  be  ascertained,  is  about  six  thou- 
sand. This  number  embraces  drafted  men,  recruits,  substitutes,  and  enrolled  men,  both  white  and 
colored. 

This  district  is  one  hundred,  or  possibly  one  hundred  and  twenty,  miles  in  length  from  east  to 
west  in  a  straight  line  from  one  extreme  point  to  the  other,  and  sixty-five  miles  broad  in  the  widest 
))ortion  from  north  to  south.  The  north  side,  following  the  course  of  .the  stream,  lies  upon  the 
Ohio  Eiver  for  a  distance  of  full  two  hundred  miles.  Two  rivers,  both  heading  southward,  the 
Licking  and  the  Kentucky,  one  in  the  eastern  third  of  the  district  and  the  other  in  the  western,  ruu 
northward  and  empty  into  the  Ohio  about  eighty  miles  apart.  The  counties  composing  the  terri- 
tory thus  generally  outlined  are  Kenton,  Campbell,  Bracken,  Pendleton,  Harrison,  Grant,  Boone, 
Gallatin,  Carroll,  and  Trimble.  The  face  of  the  country  is  in  a  few  favored  portions  level  or  gently 
rolling,  but  generally  it  is  hilly  or  broken,  especially  along  the  rivers  and  the  numerous  smaller 
streams  emptying  into  them.  Though  populous,  the  country  is  largely  and  thickly  wooded.  It  is 
almost  universally  underlaid  with  limestone. 

The  prevalent  diseases  are  typhoid,  intermittent,  remittent,  and  bilious  fevers;  pneumonia  and 
pleurisy  in  the  early  spring  and  late  fall,  and  during  the  winter  when  sudden  changes  take  place: 
rheumatism,  nearly  always  arising  from  wet  and  cold ;  phthisis,  scrofula,  dyspepsia,  fuuctioual  and 


374  surgeons'  reports — Kentucky — sixth  district. 

organic  disease  of  the  heart.  No  doubt,  one  great  cause  conducive  to  consum])tioi»  and  scrofula  is 
the  character  of  the  climate.  Here  the  cold  of  the  north  and  warmth  of  the  south  meet  in  con- 
tinual conUict,  one  prevailing  for  a  short  time  and  then  the  other.  As  a  rule,  not  more  than 
thiee  or  four  days  at  a  time  of  either  very  cold  or  moderately  warm  weather  are  ever  witnessed 
here  in  thi'  winter-season.  The  changes  are  sudden  and  violent;  the  difference  in  temperature  occa- 
sionally amounting  to  thirty  and  forty  degrees  between  one  day  and  another.  The  thermometer 
frequently  indicates  sixty-live,  seventy,  and  eighty  degrees ;  then  the  mercury  is  down  to  zero, 
sometimes  ten  and  twelve  degrees  below,  and  at  times  fifteen,  twenty,  and  even  twenty-four. 
These  constant  changes  during  one-half  at  least  of  each  year  must  necessarily  affect  all  who  are 
delicate  and  feeble,  or  who  are  predisposed  to  chest-diseases;  hence  consumption  is  developed  out- 
right, if  such  a  thing  is  possible,  the  result  of  cold,  pneumonia,  or  ])leurisy,  acting  as  exciting  causes 
upon  a  constitution  already  predisposed. 

The  people  almost  universally  eat  hot  bread  at  every  meal,  lightened  or  raised  with  soda  or 
"baking-powders,"  drink  hot  tea  or  coffee  morning  and  night,  together  with  copious  draughts  of  cold 
water  at  intervals.  Supper  is  as  hearty  a  meal  with  them  as  dinner,  at  which  they  eat  as  much 
meat,  which  is  nearly  always  hot  fried  pork  or  ham.  They  retire  to  sleep  early,  with  their  stomachs 
filled  with  ill-masticated  and  indigestible  food;  hence  dysi)epsia.  Thousands  also  bring  the  disease 
upon  themselves  by  the  vicious  and  constant  habit  of  chewing  and  smoliing  tobacco. 

Functional  disease  of  the  heart  exists  largely  in  conjunction  with  tubercular  deposits,  curvature 
of  the  spine,  indigestion,  habitual  constipation  of  the  bowels,  irritation  in  the  biliary  organs,  and 
internal  disorders.  It  is  also  caused  in  many  cases  by  the  influence  of  tobacco  chewing  and  smok- 
ing, and  by  the  constant  habit  of  drinking  mean  whisky.  Tea  and  coffee,  on  some  constitutions, 
have  the  same  effect,  especially  if  strong.  The  surgeon  should  bear  all  these  things  closely  iu 
mind,  or  he  will  sometimes  be  misled,  and  conclude  upon  organic  mischief  where  there  is  nothing 
but  functional  disorder. 

Organic  disease  of  the  heart  is  more  frequently  the  result  of  rheumatism  than  of  any  other  cause 
known  to  me.  When  this  cannot  be  traced,  the  affection  is  often  produced  by  constant  heavy  lift- 
ing, by  labors  that  require  an  incessant  hurry,  by  occupations  that  put  a  continued  strain  upon  all 
the  physical  energies.    In  some  cases,  no  cause  whatever  can  be  assigned. 

Diarrhoea,  cholera  morbus,  and  dysentery  are  quite  prevalent  from  about  the  first  of  June  until 
decided  frosts  come  in  the  fall. 

Diarrhoea  is  caused  by  eating  immature  vegetables,  unripe  fruits,  especially  those  of  strong 
acid  qualities,  (such  as  cherries,)  fresh  pork,  and  by  heat. 

Cholera  morbus  can  nearly  always  be  traced  to  the  eating  of  cherries,  young  potatoes,  green  corn, 
fresh  shote,  or  to  overwhelming  heat. 

Dysentery  does  not  prevail  except  during  intensely  hot  weather,  and  then  any  of  the  causes 
mentioned  as  producing  diarrhoea  and  cholera  morbus  act  as  exciting  causes  iu  the  production  of 
the  disease.    It  is  occasionally  endemic  and  sometimes  epidemic. 

The  people  are  iudustrious,  energetic,  intelligent,  and,  inx^eaceful  times,  remarkably  hospitable, 
social,  kindly,  and  generous.  They  are  managing,  thrifty,  and  money-making.  Since  the  war 
commenced,  however,  a  majority  of  them  have  been  rebels  of  the  genus  Diabolus ;  such  is  their 
general  character. 

The  occupation  of  the  people  is  almost  universally  that  of  farming.  jNIuch  attention  is 
paid  to  the  breeding  of  fine  horses  and  cattle,  and  to  the  rearing  of  mules.  Large  profits 
are  realized  from  the  production  of  tliese  animals.  The  vine  has  been  introduced  to  some  extent 
iu  two  or  three  counties,  and  the  cultivation  of  the  peach  in  its  finest  varieties  has  received  much 
attention  of  late  years. 

There  are  large  iron-manufactories  in  the  counties  of  Kenton  and  Campbell.  Immense  quan- 
tities of  tobacco  are  manufactured  iu  the  city  of  Covington  by  twenty-five  or  thirty  different  estab- 
lishments—more,  perhaps,  than  in  half  the  State  besides.  Such  are  the  "modes  of  life  and  occu- 
jiations  of  the  peo[)le." 

The  parti(;ular  diseases  and  disabilities  that  have  disqualified  a  greater  ratio  per  thousand  of 
men  from  military  service  than  others  are  hernias,  fractures,  wounds,  organic  disease  of  internal 
organs,  developetl  tuberculosis,  loss  of  teeth,  and  varicose  veins.     A  considerable  proportion  of 


surgeons'    reports — KENTUCKY SIXTH   DISTRICT.  375 

those  exempted  for  lieruia  are  foreigners,  principally  Germans,  among  whom  this  disability  is  very 
common.  They  have  been  already  rejected  under  the  conscriptions  in  Europe,  and  have  brought 
the  disability  with  them  when  they  emigrated  to  this  country.  Amoug  onr  own  people,  farmers 
are  oftener  the  subjects  of  hernia  than  any  other  class;  no  doubt  because  their  calling  subjects 
them  to  nuich  heavy  lifting  and  hard  straining. 

Fractures  and  wounds  are  accidental  occurreuces;  but  the  uegro  is  comparatively  free  from 
the  former,  which  would  seem  to  indicate  that  there  is  some  peculiarity  in  the  bones  of  the  white 
race  predisposing  them  to  fractures. 

The  number  of  disabilities  coming  under  the  head  of  organic  disease  of  internal  organs  is  prin- 
cipally made  up  of  chronic  pleurisy,  chronic  pneumonia,  bronchitis,  asthma,  liver-complaints,  kid- 
ney-affections, chronic  disease  of  the  bowels,  and  the  various  forms  of  organic  disease  of  the  heart. 
This  last  disease,  as  already  uoticed,  is  traceable  in  a  large  number  of  instances  to  rheumatism;  in 
other  cases,  to  occupation.  It  is  not  uncommon  among  sbip-calkers,  blacksmiths,  rowers,  rail- 
splitters,  wood-choppers,  men  who  drill  and  blast  rock,  who  shovel,  grade,  and  pave  streets,  or  who 
load  and  unload  vessels. 

Tuberculosis  is  nearly  always  hereditary.  Most  of  the  cases  that  have  come  under  my  official 
uotice  could  be  traced  to  this  cause. 

The  loss  of  teeth  is  made  common  by  the  universal  habit  of  eating  biscuit  lightened  with  soda 
or  bitartrate  of  potassa,  and  neglecting  to  clean  them  with  a  brush  after  meals.  But  the  element  of 
race  also  seems  to  have  something  to  do  with  their  premature  decay  aud  loss;  for  we  find  them 
comparatively  good  in  the  German,  good  in  the  Irish,  aud  perfect  Iti  the  uegro.  Scrofula  is  another 
cause  of  their  loss,  especially  amoug  Americans  and  Germans.  They  are  commonly  decayed,  aud 
often  entirely  gone,  in  curvature  of  the  spine  and  in  scrofulous  disease  of  the  joints  or  l)ones. 
The  negro  preserves  his  teeth,  though  he  never  cleans  them,  and  is  frequently  scrofulous. 

Varicose  veins  depend  upon  a  peculiar  constitutional  organization  of  the  vascular  system, 
especially  the  venous,  which  might  be  calleil  the  varicose  diathesis  ;  for  hajmorrhoids  and  varicocele, 
forms  of  the  same  disease,  often  exist  when  there  is  ujarked  varix.        *  #  * 

Sections  1  and  2  of  paragraph  85  are  right  as  a  matter  of  necessity.  Section  3  requires  a  modifi- 
cation. In  some  of  the  clearest  cases  of  epilcpsii  that  ever  came  under  my  notice  exemption  was  impos- 
sible because  "  the  fact"  that  "  must  be  established  by  the  duly-attested  affidavit  of  a  physician  in 
good  standing,  who  had  attended  him  in  the  disease  icitliin  the  six  months  immediately  preceding  his 
examination  by  the  board,"  eunld  not  he  so  established.  There  are  epileptics  living  all  over  the  country 
who  have  been  afflicted  with  the  disease  for  ten  and  fifteen  years,  but  who  have  long  since  ceased 
to  send  for  a  physician  when  an  attack  comes  on,  because,  regarding  themselves  as  incurable,  they 
believe  that  he  can  do  them  no  good,  aud  that  his  presence  would  oitly  be  a  useless  expense  ;  all 
their  families,  all  their  neighbors,  everybody  that  knows  them,  physicians  included,  will  make  affi- 
davits as  to  the  jwsj^^fe  and  constant  existence  of  the  ciiileptiG  condition  of  the  unfortunate  men; 
but  all  this  will  not  exempt  them,  because  no  physician  can  swear  that  he  has  "  attended  them  in  the 
disease"  within  the  "last  six  months  preceding  their  examination  by  the  board."  All  such  men 
are  utterly  worthless.  What  is  to  be  done?  for,  as  the  case  now  stands,  exemptiou  is  impossible. 
The  re(iuirement  about  the  physician  aud  the  last  sis  months  should  be  altered,  or  made  to  conform 
to  that  whicii  in  praefieable  in  such  cases. 

Section  4.  No  remarks.  Section  5.  Valvular  disease  of  the  heart  and  hypcrtropht/ may,  und  in  a 
majority  of  instances  do,  exist  without  "  seriously  impairing  the  [leneral  health,"  indeed  without 
impairing  it  at  all;  yet  men  so  aifiicted  can  do  little  or  nothing.  The  least  excitement,  any  consid- 
erable exertion  or  exercise,  brings  on  horrible  dyspnoea  and  lays  them  up.  The  existence  of  the 
disease  iajter  .se  disabling,  utterly  so,  whatever  may  be  the  condition  of  the  general  health.  Yet  I 
have  always  acted  upon  the  section  as  it  now  stands. 

Section  G.  Developed  tuberculosis. — This  needs  a  clear,  preci.se,  ;uid  unequivocal  definition. 
When  crude  tubercles  exist,  however  small  in  size  or  few  in  number,  whether  in  one  or  both  lungs, 
there  is  to  all  intents  and  purposes  "developed  tuberculosis;"  yet  in  such  a  case,  and  it  is  no  un- 
common one,  there  is  no  emaciation  or  other  signs  of  failing  g'eneral  health,  but,  on  the  contrary, 
the  man  looks  tolerably  well  and  appears  hearty,  labors  fiurly  at  his  trade  or  on  his  farm,  can 
endure  considerable  exertion,  and  will  not  in  all  probability  die  for  years.     Should  such  a  man  be 


376  surgeons'  keports — Kentucky — sixth  district. 

exempted?  I  have  said  " No"  in  luy  ofiicial  action,  although  tubercles  evidently  existed.  Is  the 
commencing  stage  of  softening  what  is  meant "?  or  is  it  something  between  this  and  the  tirst  devel- 
opment of  crude  tubercle?  Only  wbere  the  rational  corresponded  with  the  physical  signs  have  I 
exempted  men  for  this  disease.  There  should,  however,  as  I  believe,  be  a  more  accurate  definition 
of  what  is  meant  by  the  phraseology  of  the  section. 

Section  11.  Men  with  rhenmatism  of  long  standing,  the  facts  in  each  case  made  out  in  the  clear- 
est and  established  in  the  most  satisfactory  manner,  have  frequently  come  before  me,  in  whom  there] 
was  no  "  change  of  structure."  The  diathesis  was  so  strong  and  overwhelming  that  the  men  were 
snffering  all  the  time ;  they  could  not  labor  and  had  not  for  years,  yet  nutrition  was  good  and 
they  looked  well.  "Though  knowing  theai  to  be  worthless  for  any  military  purpose  whatever,  I  could 
not  exempt  them  under  this  section,  and  they  have  been  compelled  either  to  pay  the  commutation 
or  to  furnish  substitutes. 

Section  20.  This  requires  that  twelrc  teeth  shall  be  toialli/  lost  in  either  the  uiiper  or  lower  jaw  be- 
fore a  jnan  can  be  exempted  for  loss  of  teeth ;  but  he  may  only  have  eleven  of  the  specified  num- 
ber out,  and  two  or  three  of  the  back  molars  gone,  or  all  the  molars,  front  teeth,  canines,  and  one 
or  more  of  the  bicuspids  may  be  missing;  or  he  may  have  all  the  molars  in  both  jaws  out,  and  only 
three,  four,  or  five  straggling  teeth  of  all  the  remainder  left,  which  do  not  come  into  apposition  when 
the  mouth  is  closed.  In  such  cases,  and  they  are  drawn  from  nature — from  what  I  have  seen — the 
men  cannot  be  exempted  as  the  section  now  stands;  but  how  can  such  mouths  tear  a  cartridge  or 
masticate  solid  food? 

Section  22.  Men  are  so  dissatisiied  who  have  curved  spines,  for  which  they  are  not  exempted,  that 
I  think  what  is  meant  by  "  excessive  curvature"  should  be  defined  as  nearly  as  possible  by  measure- 
ment, to  save  the  surgeon  from  undeserved  ill-will,  hatred,  and  abuse,  and  the  board  from  being 
regarded  as  a  set  of  barbarous  military  tyrants.  Besides,  it  is  very  hard  to  tell  what  is  "  sufficient 
to  prevent  the  carrying  of  arms  and  military  equipments"  in  the  cases  of  nnicillinrimen.  The  con- 
struction of  what  is  "excessive  curvature  of  the  spine"  is  regarded  as  wholly  and  purely  nothing 
but  the  opinion  of  the  surgeon;  but  if  a  standard  of  measurement  could  be  laid  down,  the  judg- 
ments of  men,  when  exemption  is  refused  in  such  cases,  would  be  different,  and  the  decision  of  the 
surgeon  and  board  would  be  satisfactory. 

If  "  caries  of  the  spine,  ribs,  or  sternum  "  is  or  ean  be  positireJii  made  out,  whether  "attended 
with  ulceration"  or  not,  is  not  such  a  man  of  no  military  value  whatever? 

Section  23.  Hernia. — The  surgeon  should  be  allowed  some  discretion  upon  this  subject.  That 
large  numbers  of  men  with  hernia  can  perform  good  military  service  I  am  fully  convinced.  1 
have  seen  many  men  with  small  hernias  who  labored  hard  every  day  throughout  the  year,  who 
never  suffered  from  them,  never  used  trusses,  and  never  believed  there  was  anything  the  matter 
with  them  until  they  were  drafted.  I  have  also  seen  men  who  had  hernia  when  they  went  into  the 
service,  who  had  fought  and  marched  for  three  years  without  ever  being  in  a  hospital.  They  have 
told  me  that  they  never  suffered  from  their  ruptures  when  marching  or  at  any  other  time.  If  no 
discrimination  can  be  judiciously  allowed,  then  such  men  should  be  held  to  guard  fortifications,  &c.; 
otherwise  many  valuable  soldiers,  or  men  that  would  become  such,  are  lost  to  the  service  entirely. 

Section  2o.  I  have  seen  men  with  external  haemorrhoids  who  could  walk  only  with  difficulty, 
and  who  could  do  no  labor  requiring  considerable  exercise.  The  parts  were  large,  thickened,  and 
ulcerated,  and  the  disease  had  been  standing  for  years.    Are  such  men  of  any  use  to  the  service? 

Section  29.  It  is  more  than  questionable  whether  a  man  with  an  enormous  varicocele  can  per- 
form military  duty  or  not. 

Section  32.  Is  not  the  bare  fact  of  the  dislocation  of  one  of  the  large  joints  sufficient  in  itself  to 
exempt  a  man,  whether  it  be  reducible  or  not?  If  a  man  should  be  accepted  with  such  a  disloca- 
tion, but  not  irreducible,  tcho  is  to  reduce  it,  and  when  is  it  to  be  done?  Is  it  right  to  compel  a 
man  to  submit  to  the  torture  of  reduction  for  the  sake  of  putting  liim  into  the  Army  ?  If  reduction 
should  be  attempted  and  prove  successful,  would  not  the  condition  of  the  ligaments  prevent  him 
liom  being  of  any  service  for  months,  and  perhaps  years  ?  Sjirains  of  the  ankle  and  knee  joints 
have  often  disabled  men  not  only  for  months  and  years,  but  for  life;  would  the  case  be  any  better 
in  dislocation  of  these  joints  when  reduction  was  not  made  at  the  time  of  the  accident? 

Section  33.  Before  I  had  any  experience  in  the  examination  of  injured  and  defective  hands, 


surgeons'    reports KENTUCKY SIXTH    DISTRICT.  377 

this  section  seemed  to  nie  iliscrimiuatiiig  and  just.  Since  then,  Lowever,  I  have  found  it  objec- 
tionable, because  tailing  to  meet  many  cases  of  what  I  am  confident  are  decided  and  j;erwaHC)i«  disu- 
hilities.  As  a  matter  of  aecessity,  "  total  loss  of  any  two  fingers  of  same  hand  "  may  do,  (such  men 
being  better  than  none,)  when  the  country,  as  is  the  case  now,  lias  become  well-nigh  exhausted  of 
all  better  material  by  recruiting  and  dralting;  but,  until  such  is  the  case,  "tot;ll  loss  of //(f?e.r-_/('))(/t'r 
of  right  hand"  should  exempt.  It  looks  hard  to  reject  a  man  with  this  defect  as  a  recruit  one  day, 
when  he  miglit  get  a  bounty  to  leave  with  his  family,  and  have  the  honor  of  going  as  a  vojunteer, 
and  the  next  day  to  accept  the  same  n)an  because  drafted,  without  bounty  or  help  for  his  wife  and 
children,  and  the  thought  of  conscription  staining  his  honor  and  manliness  every  moment  of  waking 
consciousness.  Suppose  a  man  has  lost  the  first  and  second  phalanges  of  all  the  fingers  of"  the 
right  hand  except  the  little  finger,  is  the  hand  of  any  value  ?  IIow  can  he  hold  a  gun,  finger  a  car- 
tridge, or  i>ull  a  trigger?  Of  what  account  is  a  man  with  total  loss  of  the  first  and  second  pha- 
langes of  all  the  fingers  of  the  left  hand  °i  Such  a  misfortune  leaves  him  but  a  mere  stump,  instead 
of  a  hand;  nearly,  if  not  quite,  useless,  unless  in  case  of  a  trained  soldier,  for  he  can  neither  lift 
nor  grasp  anything  with  facility  or  to  purpose  ;  yet  no  exemption  is  now  allowable.  Jf  there  should 
be  permanent  contraction  of  two  fingers  of  the  left  hand,  say  the  iudex  and  middle,  how  could  the 
man  support  his  gun  during  an  engagement,  resting,  as  it  would,  upon  the  backs  or  knuckles  of 
his  fingers  every  time  he  went  to  firi>.  ?  The  fingers  would  become  sore  and  painful,  and  the  longer 
the  fight  continued  the  worse  it  would  be.  The  barrel  of  the  gun  would  not  rest  in  an  oblong  con- 
cavity open  at  both  ends,  but  rather  upon  a  convexity,  and  the  thumb  and  ring-finger  would  not 
close  around  it  so  as  to  hold  the  gun  steady.  Permanent  extension  of  any  two  fingers  of  the  same 
hand  would  not  be  quite  so  bad,  but  they  would  be  more  trouble  to  him  as  a  soldier  (unless  he  were 
trained)  than  he  could  make  himself  worth  as  such  to  the  Army.  Ko  allowance  is  made  for  total 
loss  of  the  left  thumb,  yet  the  loss  of  the  ungual  phalanx  of  the  right  exempts.  Is  a  man  in  a 
worse  condition  as  a  soldier  for  the  loss  of  the  umjual  phalanx  of  his  right  thumb  than  for  the  entire 
loss  of  the  left  % 

No  allusion  is  made  in  this  section  to  deformities  oi  eiih&v  the  right  or  left  hand;  some  of 
these  are  hideous.  How  is  the  surgeon  in  such  cases  to  exempt  the  man  ?  It  is  true  that  section  9 
would  cover  such  instances  of  congenital  malformation,  but  it  is  an  awkward  way  of  getting  at  it. 
There  should  be  a  provision  of  this  kind :  "  Deformity  of  one  or  both  hands  manifestly  inc(q)aei- 
tating  the  man  for  military  service." 

Section  34.  A  man  can  walk  but  little,  if  any,  better  with  the  ungual  phalanx  of  either  great 
toe  off  than  he  could  if  he  had  suffered  a  total  loss.  Take  off  the  ungual  phalanx,  and  no  part 
remaining  touches  the  ground  in  walking.  It  seems  to  me,  therefore,  that  it  is  immaterial,  so  far 
as  the  use  of  the  foot  is  concerned,  whether  the  ungual  phalanx  of  either  great  toe  is  off,  or  whether 
the  loss  is  total ;  for  neither  in  the  one  case  nor  in  the  other  can  the  man  march  to  do  much 
good.        *  #  » 

The  number  of  recruits  that  can  be  examined  with  accuracy  in  a  day  is  governed  by  circum- 
stances. If  the  room  of  the  surgeon  be  kept  clear  of  all  interlopers,  so  that  there  shall  be  no 
noise,  talking,  or  confusion,  one  hundred  can  be  examined  in  eight  hours  or  less  time.  In  the 
examination  of  substitutes,  forty  per  day  would  be  a  good  work.  Of  drafted  men,  if  all  who  are 
drafted  would  come  promptly  according  to  notice,  seventy  or  eighty  could  be  examined  in  a  day.  In 
the  case  of  enrolled  men,  _^/^(/ to  «(■.«;<]/ can  be  gotten  through  with  in  a  day.        *  *  * 

The  fraud  most  to  be  guarded  against  which  is  practiced  by  dratted  and  enrolled  men  to 
escape  military  service  is  lying  in  all  its  varieties,  forms,  and  ])ossibilitics.  As  a  rule,  my  experi- 
ence is  that  but  few  drafted  men  will  tell  the  truth  if  they  believe  it  possible  to  impose  upon  the 
surgeon  with  a  falsehood.  Indeed,  but  two  of  the  whole  number  drafted  in  this  district,  and 
examined  by  me,  have  had  the  candor  and  honesty  to  say  frankly  that  there  was  nothing  whatever 
the  matter  with  them.  The  answers  of  drafted  men  to  all  questions  propounded  are  either  e\asive 
equivocations  or  downright  falsehoods.  They  nearly  always  come  with  a  heavy  batch  of  aflidavits, 
carefully  and  cunningly  prepai'ed  by  some  pettifogging  dapper  case-lawyer.  Besides,  they  gener- 
ally bring  an  aflidasit  or  two  from  one  or  more  physicians,  in  many  cases  awkwardly  and  buii- 
gliiigly  [irepared,  testifying  to  a  most  miserable  couditioii  of  health,  although  the  men  may  look 
hearty,  pluuq),  and  robust.  The  lungs,  the  heart,  the  bowels,  the  kidneys,  the  liver,  the  bladder, 
48 


378  SUHGEONS'   REPORTS — KENTUCKY SIXTH   DISTRICT. 

the  auus.  aiul  rectum — these  are  the  great  fortresses  of  drafted  men.  When  a  man  has  little  or 
nothing  the  matter  with  him,  the  surgeon  may  expect  to  hear,  with  infallible  certainty,  horrible 
complaints  in  reference  to  one  or  more  of  these  important  organs.  The  most  effective  way  of 
guarding  against  these  things  is  to  believe  nothinf/  whaterer  that  is  said  by  the  drafted  man,  unless 
the  examination  verities  the  stateoieuts.  Affldavits  should  never  be  read  until  the  examination  has 
been  thoroughly  made,  and  then  only  in  obscure  or  doubtful  cases;  and  even  here  the  mind,  edu 
cation,  and  attainments  of  the  sui'geon  testifying  should  be  well  known  before  attaching  much  im- 
portance to  them.  The  less  attention  the  examining  surgeon  pays  to  such  papers,  the  more  cer- 
tainly and  sacredly  he  will  be  guarding  the  interest  of  the  Government.  They  are  generally  great 
nuisances.  Any  man  can  get  them,  and  any  and  all  men  will  give  them.  By  examining  the  man 
only  when  entirely  stripped,  reading  no  affidavits,  and  believing  little  or  nothing  that  is  told  him 
by  the  conscript,  the  surgeon  will,  in  ninety-nine  cases  out  of  a  hundred,  reach  a  correct  conclusion, 
one  that  will  stand  the  test  of  any  examination  whatever. 

The  frauds  of  enrolled  men  are  principally  in  the  same  direction.  They  all  come  up  with  pon- 
derous and  numerous  affidavits.  The  riile  is,  examine  the  man  and  pay  little  or  no  attention  to 
his  papers.  Other  attempts  at  fraud  are  alleged  chronic  rheumatism,  disease  of  the  kidneys,  liver, 
weak  back,  pain  in  the  side,  neuralgia,  &c.  Where  there  is  no  atrophy,  swelling  of  the  parts,  or 
pufBness  of  the  joints,  the  claim  of  chronic  rheumatism  need  not  trouble  the  surgeon  much  or  long  as 
the  regulations  now  stand.  If  there  is  alleged  stifl'eniug  of  the  joints,  all  doubts  are  immediately 
cleared  up  by  the  exhibition  of  sether.  Where  the  organ  is  not  enlarged  or  indurated,  or  the  skin 
sallow,  the  general  appearance  indicating  no  marked  departure  from  health,  the  liver  need  not  be 
either  a  trouble  or  a  bother.  Neuralgia  requires  no  attention  unless  the  general  health  is  broken 
down.  In  my  experience,  when  a  man  alleges  kidney-disease,  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten  there  is 
nothing  at  all  the  matter  with  his  renal  organs. 

In  cases  of  disease  of  the  lungs  and  heart  or  other  aft'ections,  alleged  to  be  of  a  disabling  char- 
acter, when  I  have  deemed  affidavits  of  any  value,  my  rule  has  been,  in  order  to  guard  as  efl'ectu- 
ally  as  possible  against  all  frauds  in  such  papers,  to  require  that  they  should  be  from  men  who  have 
never  been  exempted  under  any  draft,  and  who  are  over  twenty  years  old  and  under  forty-live. 
This  rule  has  saved  me  much  trouble,  and  has  made  mau.y  sound  men,  comparatively,  out  of  many 
who  iireviously,  according  to  the  affidavits  offered,  were  very  much  diseased,  and  hence  very  worth- 
less. Under  its  operation,  men  have  frankly  confessed  to  me  at  last,  when  they  found  that  decep- 
tion was  impossible,  that  their  complaints  were  really  only  of  a  trifling  character. 

The  obstacles  with  which  I  have  had  to  contend  in  the  discharge  of  my  duties  are,  Jirst,  the  lack 
of  quiet  and  sufficient  room  in  which  to  operate  without  disorder  and  with  ease  and  freedom ; 
secondly,  the  presence  of  prominent  visitors,  such  asmditary  officers,  wealthy  leading  citizens,  law- 
yers, doctors,  &c. ;  thirdly,  crowds  of  substitute-brokers ;  fourthly,  not  having  clerks  of  my  own  selec- 
tion and  under  my  own  exclusive  direction  and  control ;  fifthly,  men  having  to  undress  and  then  dress 
again  in  my  room,  thus  consuming  as  much  time  in  tlie  examination  of  one  man  as  would  have 
sufficed  to  get  through  with  two  or  three;  sixthly,  the  umlicious  hatred  of  rebels,  and  the  supreme 
disgust  of  Union  men  when  not  exempted.  All  these  difficulties,  except  the  last,  can  be  overcome 
or  avoided  in  the  future  by  allowing  the  surgeon  to  have  two  good  rooms,  both  to  be  under  his 
exclusive  control,  one  for  the  men  to  undress  in,  the  other  for  his  examinations.  He  should  have  two 
clerks,  both  selected  and  chosen  by  himself,  to  be  under  his  direction  and  control  only,  to  attend  to 
no  business  but  such  as  he  directs  and  pertaining  to  his  department.  One  of  these  clerks  would 
keep  the  record  of  drafted  men,  substitutes,  and  recruits,  and  of  enrolled  men,  besides  keeping  up 
appropiiate  reports  on  loose  sheets,  to  be  handed  to  the  chief  clerk  in  the  evening,  from  which  to 
perfect  his  daily  reports ;  the  other  should  record  notes  dictated  to  him  in  the  case  of  each  man 
after  examination  and  till  up  exemption-papers.  Both  should  be  accountable  to  the  surgeon  for  the 
completion  and  accuracy  of  his  tri-mouthly  and  monthly  reports  in  appropriate  time. 

As  to  tlu'  hatred  of  rebels  and  disgust  of  Union  men,  they  are  at  the  worst  but  trifling  annoy- 
ances to  a  man  who  respects  himself,  who  has  nerve,  purpose,  will,  and  an  iron  resolution,  who 
loves  liis  country,  and  is  determined  to  do  his  whole  duty  as  defined  by  law,  by  orders,  by  circulars, 
and  by  the  regulations,  regardless  of  consequences.  A  man  who  cannot  endure  the  most  unde- 
served abuse  from  drafted  rebels  or  drafted  Union  men,  who  cannot  bear  cursing  from  both  be 


SUUGKONS'    REPORTS KENTUCKY SIXTH    DISTRICT.  379 

cause  he  liuds  tlicin  soiiiul,  or  fit  for  military  duty  accordius'  to  the  regulations,  had  better  resign 
at  once.  He  is  utterly  unlit  for  the  place,  aud  will  be  iu  a  fret  or  fume  uutil  he  gets  out  of  it.  These 
things  are  simply  aunoyauces,  nothing  more,  and  should  be  serenely  despised.  Because  the  air 
teems  with  gnats  and  flies,  that  is  no  reason  why  a  man  should  be  confounded  and  overcome  in 
carrying  out  the  great  purposes  of  life.  lie  must  simply  brush  them  away,  and  labor  on  in  the 
performance  of  duty  as  nobly  and  energetically  as  if  such  miserable  creatures  had  never  existed. 
"Wo  unto  you"  only  "  when  all  men  speak  well  of  you." 

The  number  of  men  examined  by  me  from  other  nationalities  than  our  own  is  so  very  small  that 
I  am  without  that  experience  necessary  to  give  an  intelligent  opinion  upon  this  subject.  So  far  as 
my  experience  goes  in  reference  to  recruits,  I  have  seen  none  that  excel  those  of  our  own  country. 
There  is,  however,  among  the  Canadians  and  Irish  who  oft'er  themselves  as  subslitutes — and  of 
course  it  would  be  the  same  if  they  came  as  recruits — a  physical  development,  perfection  of  form, 
and  symmetry  of  proportion  that  I  have  rarely  seen  equaled  in  men  from  any  other  nationality. 
The  negro,  iu  many  of  liis  physical  characteristics,  is  well  calculated  to  make  as  good  a  soldier  as 
ever  marched  to  the  field  of  battle. 

Drafted '.men  who  show  themselves  to  the  board  of  enrollment  are  generally  a  miserable  set; 
so  that,  judging  from  those  that  make  their  appearance,  the  conclusion  would  be  that  there  is  no 
physical  aptitude  in  the  American  people  for  military  service.  But  such  a  conclusion  is  manifestly 
erroneous.  Nearly  all  the  Germans  who  are  drafted  are  2'%stca/'^  worthless ;  they  have  already 
been'rejected  from  the  armies  of  Europe,  and  have  come  here  physically  disabled,  as  tailors,  tin- 
ners, shoemakers,  gardeners,  milk-men,  vine-dressers,  rag-pickers,  and  small  shop-keepers. 

The  Irish  and  English  mostly  claim  alieiuuje ;  and,  if  not  exemi)ted  ujjon  that  plea  or  some 
other,  the  Irish  all  run  off.  Upon  the  whole,  therefore,  I  am  inclined  to  give  an  opiuion  in  favor 
of  the  American  people,  though  I  believe  the  Irish  may  possibly  excel  them;  but  I  have  not  a 
sufiQcient  number  of  facts  from  experience  to  verify  this  conjecture  in  reference  to  them. 

Within  the  last  year  I  have  examined  ahont  nixteen  hundred  negroes,  some  drafted  men,  more 
as  substitutes,  but  by  far  the  larger  number  as  recruits.  Except  for  being  over  age  or  under  age, 
very  few  comparatively  have  been  rejected  ;  not  more  perhaps  than  ten  per  cent.  Out  of  a  hundred 
recruits  examined  on  one  occasion,  but  five  were  rejected,  three  tor  hernia,  one  for  loss  of  the 
right  eye,  and  one  for  some  difficulty  about  the  ankle-joints.-  Fifteen  drafted  men  (colored)  reported 
on  the  same  day ;  they  were  examined  carefidly  one  after  another  and  not  one  rejected.  The  same 
thing  could  not  occur  among  a  like  number  of  white  men,  except  by  a  miracle.  The  negro  is  rarely, 
according  to  my  experience,  the  subject  of  hernia,  except  iu  the  umbilical  form,  until  he  becomes 
forty-five  or  fifty  years  old.  Their  bones,  too,  would  seem  to  be  tougher,  and  less  brittle  than  the 
osseous  structure  of  the  white  race,  for  fractures  are  very  ■uneommon  among  them.  They  are  almost 
entirely  exempt  from  Imeiuorrhoids ;  indeed,  I  never  saw,  as  far  as  I  can  now  recollect,  a  case  of 
internal  piles  in  one  of  them,  nor  of  prolax>sus  ani,  and  only  one  or  two  of  fistula  in  auo.  This  last 
disease  is  a  very  extraordinary  thing  iu  a  colored  man.  They  have  no  complaints  to  make  about 
their  livers,  stomachs,  bowels,  kidueys,  or  bladders.  Tuberculosis  is  comparatively  rare  among 
them ;  and,  coutrary  to  the  generally-received  opinion  iu  the  slave  States,  they  are  not,  as  far  as  my 
experience  goes,  more  subject  to  scrofulosis  than  other  people.  Though  often  the  subjects  of  rheuma- 
tism, I  have  never  met,  so  far  as  recollection  goes,  with  more  than  four  or  live  cases  of  organic  dis- 
ease of  the  heart,  (curvature  of  the  spine  may  exist,  and  functional  disease  of  the  heart,  but  are 
both  matters  of  surprise  when  met  with,  such  is  almost  their  universal  exemption  from  these  troubles 
which  so  often  afHict  the  white  race.  Their  teeth  are  nearly  -dlways 2)erfect.  But  few,  if  any,  have 
ever  been  rejected  or  exeini)ted  ou  account  of  the  loss  of  these  organs.  The  eye,  however,  is  not 
as  perfect  as  iu  the  white  uuin.  Rheumatism  affects  their  joints  more  seriously,  according  to  my 
observation,  than  in  the  white  race.  Being  well  fed,  upon  coarse  aud  common  food,  but  substan- 
tial, nutritious,  and  abundant,  they  are  generally  finely  developed.  The  muscles  are  powerfid,  the 
joints  large,  the  chest  round  aiul  full,  and  the  abdomen  rather  concave  thau  otherwise.  Their  forms 
are  not  as  beautiful,  nor  is  their  symmetry  as  perfect,  as  the  white  man's,  nor  do  I  believe  that  their 
powers  of  endurance  are  as  great,  especially  in  cold  weather.  They  come  before  the  examiniiig- 
surgeon  with  fewer  disabilities,  to  begin  with,  iu  proportion  to  the  number  examined,  and,  when 
sound,  their  physical  qualifications  for  military  service  are  certainly  good,  if  not  quite  equal  to 


380  surgeons'  reports — Kentucky — sixth  district. 

tbose  of  auy  other  race.  Properly  trained  ami  disciplined,  they  are  the  very  men  with  which  to 
garrison  the  sonthern  forts,  as  neither  a  hot  climate  nor  malarial  fevers  affect  them  in  any  material 
degi-ee.        #  *  » 

The  "oath"  or  "afiirmation"  required  to  "  verify  all  claims  to  exemption  "  is  absurd,  and  ii 
waste  of  time.  Does  a  blind  eye,  a  cleft  palate,  lupus  or  cancer  of  the  tongue,  an  aneurism,  a 
dislocated  or  ankylosed  joint,  a  curved  spine,  the  total  loss  of  a  right  thumb  or  great  toe,  stone  in 
the  bladdei',  hernia,  fistula  in  ano,  prolapsus  aiii,  varicose  veins  of  the  legs,  bunions,  malformation 
of  the  feet,  club-foot  deformities,  the  loss  of  a  hand  or  foot;  does  any  of  these,  I  say — and  they  are 
not  all  that  are  in  the  same  category — require  an  oath  or  afiirmation  before  exemption  can  be  right- 
fully granted?  Unless,  the  surgeon  is  a  Mind  man,  or  has  no  feeling  in  his  lingers,  are  not  oaths 
and  afiirmations  worse  than  useless  iu  all  such  cases!  Under  the  most  favorable  circumstances, 
they  are,  in  my  judgment,  of  but  very  little  value. 

It  is  my  sincere  belief  that  iihyaicians  and  surgeons  are,  as  a  class,  just  as  honest  and  trust- 
worthy as  agents  or  attorneys  can  possibly  be.  Hence  the  justice  of  allowing  stipulated  fees 
to  one,  and  refusing  to  allow  anything  to  the  other,  is  not  perceived.  Perhaps  the  reason  of  the 
law,  as  it  now  stands,  was  founded  in  the  belief  that  where  nothing  is  given  the  truth  is  sure  to 
come  forth,  and  that  a  fee  to  physicians  or  surgeons  would  be  productive  of  affidavits  of  the  most 
exempting  character,  or  that  they  would  be  more  willing  with  than  without  a  fee  to  make  them, 
and  therefore  seek  to  have  the  number  given  as  large  as  possible.  But  according  to  my  experience, 
the  papers  now  made  out  by  attorneys  for  drafted  men  are  of  a  character  more  absolute  than  any 
physician  or  surgeon  could  truthfully  make  out  under  any  circumstances  whatever.  The  former 
are  paid,  the  latter  are  not;  yet  one  has  as  much  to  do  in  the  exemption  of  the  man  as  the  other; 
for  what  a  man  would  not  swear  to  himself  concerning  disease  or  disability  iu  his  own  person,  most 
assuredly  no  physician  or  surgeon  would  swear  to  for  him.  Either  pay  the  physician  and  surgeon  as 
the  attorney  is  now  paid,  or  put  both  upon  the  same  footing,  and  allow  neither  of  them  anything. 
Lawyers  are  much  more  annoying  and  troublesome  than  it  is  possible  for  auy  physician  or  surgeon 
to  be.        »  *  # 

Commutation  might  be  restored  ami  made  a  valuable  thing.  The  Secretary  of  War  should, 
however,  fix  the  amount  sufficiently  high  to  secure  beyond  a  doubt  the  voluntary  enlistment  of  a 
better  man  for  the  money  so  paid ;  and  if  tlie  money  thus  paid  by  each  drafted  man  were  placed  iu  the 
hands  of  the  receiver  of  internal  revenue,  to  be  disbursed  by  him  to  each  recruit  enlisted  and  mus- 
tered in  by  the  provost-mai\shal,  upon  a  certificate  from  him  properly  identifying  each  man,  great 
good  would  be  done  to  the  country  and  to  the  service  by  securing  in  this  way  a  large  bounty-fund 
to  stimulate  recruiting,  that  could  not  be  secured  so  eiiectually  in  any  other  way.  It  is  true  that, 
for  the  amount  so  fixed  by  the  Secretary  of  War  as  commutation,  each  man  paying  it  might  secure  a 
substitute;  but  subs' itutes,  it  is  well  known,  are  largely  unprincipled,  and  will  desert,  while 
recruits  come  in  under  the  prestige  of  honor,  and  generally  feel  a  pride  in  maintaining  that  virtue 
inviolate.  Most  of  the  men  who  would  pay  commutation  never  would  go  into  the  Army  under  any 
circumstances,  but  would,  as  a  last  resort,  put  in  substitutes.  By  adopting  the  plan  suggested,  the 
Government  would  with  the  same  money  that  would  otherwise  go  into  the  hands  of  substitutes, 
get  recruits,  men  of  honor  and  integrity  of  purpose,  and  not  bounty  jumpers  and  unprincipled 
scoundrels.         *  #  * 

Notwithstanding  the  evils  already  alluded  to  as  connected  with  the  subject,  the  principle  of 
substitutitm  should,  I  believe,  be  inviolably  maintained  ;  for  thousands  of  men  who  would  otherwise 
be  compelled  to  go  into  the  Army  would  furnish  good  substitutes  that  would  do  all  that  the  princi- 
pals themselves  could  do,  while  the  latter,  by  remaining  at  home  and  conducting  large  manufactories 
and  business  establishments,  would  do  what  the  substitutes  never  could  and  never  would,  by  pay- 
ing an  enormous  internal  revenue  to  the  Government,  thus  keeping  up  the  public  finances,  besides 
being  fairly  and  fully  represented  in  the  Army.  Such  drafted  men  would  therefore  be  a  double 
benefit  to  the  country,  having  each  sent  a  soldier  to  the  Army,  while  from  all  would  pour  a  constant 
stream  of  treasure  into  the  coffers  of  the  nation,  thus  supplying  the  sinews  of  war  as  well  as  the 
men.  But  tlie  privilege  of  substituting  should  be  more  guarded  than  at  present,  to  make  it  safe  and 
valuable  as  a  means  of  obtaining  reliable  and  trustworthy  soldiers  for  the  military  service.  As  the 
matter  stands  now,  if  the  man  is  iihi/sicaUi/  soiaul,  tlie  other  re(]uirements  of  the  law  having  been 


surgeons'   reports — KENTUCKY — SEVENTH   DISTRICT.  381 

met,  the  board  are  compelled  to  taJce  Mm,  though  they  may  be  fully  convinced  that  he  is  a  rascal, 
or  a  scoundrel,  or  a  thkf,  or  all  together,  or  that  he  intends  to  desert  as  soon  as  he  gets  his  money. 
They  should  be  allowed  to  exercise  their  discretion  to  some  extent  in  reference  to  accepting  a  man 
offered  as  a  substitute  merely  because  he  is  physically  sound,  and  should  be  allowed  to  report  him 
as  a  fraudulent,  worthless  villain,  if  he  does  not  come  before  them  with  satisiactory  evidences  of 
where  he  was  born,  where  he  has  lived,  what  his  calling,  and  what  is  his  character  for  honesty  and 
integrity.  His  faee,  manner,  and  answers  to  questions  should  be  allowed  also  to  have  their  full 
weight  in  the  category  of  evidence  upon  which  he  is  to  be  accepted  or  rejected.  In  nine  cases  out 
often,  rascality  and  villainy  can  be  read  with  unerring  certainty  in  the  face,  manner,  and  talk  of  a  sub- 
stitute if  he  be  a  scoundrel.  The  provost-marshal  and  commissioner  might  hear  and  determine  all 
these  points  in  one  room,  while  the  surgeon  is  busily  examining  in  another.  It  is  believed  that  but 
few  desertions  would  take  place  if  some  such  plan  as  the  above  were  adopted.  The  great  object  of 
the  law  should  be  to  get  not  merely  suhsfitutes,  but  honest  ones,  and  the  board  are  better  judges  iu 

this  matter  than  any  one  else  can  be.        *  *  * 

E.  r.  BUCKNER, 

Surgeon  Board  of  EnroUmcnt  Sixth  IHstrict  of  Kcntv.vlcy. 
Covington,  Ky.,  June  15,  1805. 

KENTUCKY— SEVENTll  DISTRICT. 

Extracts  from  report  of  Du.  S.  F.  Gano. 

#  «  #        In  June,  1863,  I  received  my  appointment  as  surgeon  of  the  board  of 

enrollment  of  this  congressional  district,  and  at  the  period  of  my  discharge  from  the  service  I  had 
examined  over  four  thousand  men. 

The  Seventh  Congressional  District  of  Kentucky  embraces  eleven  counties,  occupying  the  central 
portion  of  the  northern  division  of  the  State;  is  about  one  huudred  miles  in  length,  and  between 
fifty  and  sixty  miles  in  width  ;  its  greatest  diameter  being  north  and  south,  between  the  thirty- 
seventh  and  thirty-ninth  degrees  of  latitude,  in  the  most  populous  and  productive  portion  of  the 
State,  known  widely  as  "  the  Uue-grass  region:^  It  contains  a  population  of  about  one  hundred  and 
forty  thousand,  one-fifth  of  which  resides  in  towns  and  villages.  Lexington,  the  headquarters  of  the 
district  and  the  largest  city  iu  it,  has  a  population  of  ten  thousand.  The  number  of  enrolled  men  at 
the  first  draft  was  about  fifteen  thousand. 

Geological  formation.— TMs  consists  of  the  Lower  Silurian  deposit,  composed  almost  wholly  of  a 
blue  semi-erystallinc  limestone,  which  is  easily  disintegrated  by  atmospheric  agencies.  Its  strata 
are  nearly  horizontal,  presenting  anticlinal  axes,  but  an  endless  variety  of  gentle  swells,  that  give 
this  portion  of  the  State  its  characteristic  features.  The  eye  of  the  traveler  detects  at  once,  from 
the  peculiar  undulating  surfiice,  as  well  as  from  the  characteristic  vegetation,  the  superficial  limits 
of  the  Lower  Silurian  formation  in  Kentucky.  In  the  cultivated  portions,  the  blue-grass  asserts  its 
supremacy  by  excluding  from  the  soil  all  other  grasses  with  which  it  may  come  in  contact,  retain- 
ing its  vitality  during  the  most  destructive  droughts,  and  its  verdure  during  the  frosts  of  winter. 
It'thus  furnishes  at  seasons  when  all  other  grasses  fail  a  most  nutritious  food  for  the  flocks  and 
herds  for  which  this  region  is  famous.  The  soil,  being  neither  calcareous,  argillaceous,  nor  siliceous, 
but  a  combination  of  the  constituents  of  these  three,  is  adapted  to  the  growth  of  every  kind  of 
vegetable  for  which  the  climate  is  suitable. 

Thedistrictis  watered  by  the  Kentucky  and  Licking  Elvers  and  their  numerous  tributaries, 
and  by  creeks  formed  by  the  union  of  "  branches"  having  their  origin  in  the  springs  that  everywhere 
abound.  It  is  without'lakes,  swamps,  or  morasses  ;  the  largest  bodies  of  standing  water  being  arti- 
ficial ponds  of  small  extent,  formed  by  arresting  the  course  of  the  spring-branch  on  its  way  to  the 
creek  or  river ;  consequently  diseases  induced  by  miasmatic  exhalations  from  stagnant  water  are 

infrequent. 

Its  forests  are  principally  of  maple,  hickory,  oak,  ash,  beech,  and  poplar.  The  climate  is  variable, 
but  sufficiently  temperate  to  admit  of  outdoor  exercise  during  almost  the  entire  year. 


382  surgeons'  reports — Kentucky — eighth  district. 

The  inhabitants  are  for  the  mo8t  part  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits;  a  large  number 
employed  as  laborers  for  the  support  of  themselves  and  families.  The  majority  are  quite  independ- 
ent, and  there  exists  but  little  poverty  or  want. 

The  most  prevalent  diseases,  and  those  that  are  found  to  disqualify  the  greatest  ratio  of  drafted 
men,  are  diseases  of  the  internal  organs,  first  of  the  stomach  and  bowels,  liver  or  digestive  ©rgans, 
and  next  of  the  Inngs  and  their  appendages.  The  causes  most  conducive  to  these  diseases  are  to  be 
found  in  excesses  in  eating  and  drinking,  intemperance,  and  indolence.  Climatic  influences,  due  to 
the  variableness  of  the  climate,  are  the  fruitful  source  of  disease  of  the  lungs.  The  greatest  number 
of  diseases  are  those  afi'ectiug  the  vital  orgaus,  among  which  pulmonary  diseases  of  every  form  are 
conspicuous. 

Paragraph  85,  Revised  Regulations. — I  do  not  know  that  the  list  of  exemptions  embraced  in  the 
Eevised  Eegulatious  could  be  much  improved;  it  is  judicious  and  well  selected.  I  am  inclined, 
however,  to  think  varicocele  a  sufQcient  cause  for  exemption.  The  loss  of  either  eye  should 
exempt.    There  should  be  a  fixed  standard  for  height. 

From  sixty  to  seventy  men  can  be  thoroughly  and  carefully  examined  in  a  day,  with  justice  to  the 
men  and  to  the  Government. 

Diseases  most  frequently  feigned. — Deafness,  blindness,  and  affections  of  the  heart  are  the  dis- 
eases or  conditions  most  frequently  feigned  by  drafted  men.  Hurried  respiration  and  a  rapid 
circulation  may  sometimes  be  readily  detected  by  delaying  the  examination.  Eecruits,  and  those 
desiring  to  enlist  as  substitutes,  very  frequently  attempt  to  deceive  as  to  their  ages.  Imbeciles, 
epileptics,  and  those  laboring  under  periodical  diseases,  occasionally  desire  to  enlist  as  substitutes 
or  recruits. 

The  American  citizen,  inured  to  out-door  labor,  is  the  best  specimen  of  physical  manhood,  and 
presents  the  greatest  aptitude  for  the  performance  of  any  physical  service. 

The  colored  race  are  not  inferior  to  the  whites  in  physical  organization,  except  in  the  forma- 
tion of  the  feet  and  ankles,  in  which  a  number  are  defective. 

The  enrollment-law  is  greatly  amended,  but  still  there  are  some  defects.  This,  however,  may 
not  be  in  the  law,  but  in  its  execution.  Men  should  not  be  enrolled  who  are  obviously  and  mani- 
festly unfit  for  the  service;  and  there  should  be  some  convenient  mode  of  purging  the  rolls  of  the 
names  of  those  who  are  legally  exempt  before  they  are  returned  to  the  board  of  enrollment  for 
examination.  A  mixed  commission,  resident  in  each  county  or  sub-district,  or  a  civil  magistrate, 
with  power  to  take  proof,  to  administer  oaths,  and  keep  a  record  of  the  parties  claiming  legal 
exemption,  would  have  advantages  and  offer  better  facilities  for  correcting  the  rolls  than  the  present 
mode. 

The  draft  may  not  have  accomplished  all  that  was  expected  of  it  directly,  but  it  certainly  has 
indirectly  been  a  most  potent  means  of  filling  up  the  ranks  of  our  great  army. 

S.  F.  GANO, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Seventh  District  of  Kentucky. 

Georgetown,  Ky.,  July  15,  18C5. 

KENTUCKY— EIGHTH  DISTRICT. 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  James  D.  Foster. 

*  *  *        I  have  examined  about  twelve  hundred  drafted  men,  recruits,  and  substi- 

tutes, besides  some  two  thousand  enrolled  men. 

Our  district  is  composed  of  seventeen  counties,  and  embraces  an  area  equal  in  extent  to  nearly 
one-fourth  of  the  whole  State  of  Kentucky.  The  most  of  it  is  a  rough,  broken,  and  mountainous 
region,  presenting  a  diversified  surface  of  hills  and  valleys,  mountains  and  glades.  It  is  intersected 
with  rivers  and  creeks.  The  soil,  as  a  general  thing,  is  not  very  rich,  but  portions  of  the  <listrict 
contain  as  fine  land  as  can  be  found  in  Kentucky.  The  counties  of  Madison  and  Garrard  are  par- 
ticularly rich  and  productive.    Corn,  wheat,  and  hemp  are  the  principal  products.    These  counties 


surgeons'    reports — KENTUCKY — EIGHTH    DISTRICT.  383 

are  abundantly  supplied  witli  excellent  springs  rising  through  the  limestone.  The  remaining  coun- 
ties are  generally  broken  and  rough,  but  the  purest  air,  most  delightful  scenery,  and  in  ordinary 
times  the  most  healthful  section  of  Kentucky  is  to  be  found  iu  our  mountain-region.  The  inhab- 
itants are  generous,  noble,  liberal,  intelligent,  and  as  a  general  thing  patriotic  and  loyal.  The  dis- 
trict gave  in  favor  of  the  new  term  to  our  lamented  President  a  majority  of  twenty-four  or  twenty- 
five  hundred ;  and  although  the  third  draft  was  enforced,  we  show  upon  a  re-adjustment  an  excess  on 
future  calls  of  some  sixteen  hundred  men. 

As  to  the  more  grave,  exciting  causes  of  disease,  we  have  nothing  to  complain  of.  On  the 
rivers  and  large  creeks,  we  have  periodic  fevers;  but  there  is  no  general  exciting  cause  of  disease 
in  the  district.  Of  course,  we  have  inflammatory  diseases,  pneumonia,  pleurisy  gastritis,  rheuma- 
tism, typhus  and  typhoid  fevers.  We  rarely  have  any  epidemics ;  sometimes  flux,  during  the  months 
of  summer  and  autumn,  rages  in  our  district. 

The  principal  disqualifications  are  from  injuries.  Our  people  are  nearly  all  farmers;  occasion- 
ally you  meet  a  man  who  will  tell  you  he  is  a  merchant,  and  when  yon  begin  to  inquire  into  his  avo- 
cations you  reduce  him  to  the  rank  and  file  of  a  farmer.  He,  jierhaps,  lives  on  a  large  farm,  on 
which  he  has  a  store-house  about  ten  feet  square.  We  of  course  have  some  merchants,  who  follow 
that  business  to  the  exclusion  of  everything  else;  also  a  few  lawyers,  preachers,  mechanics,  &c. ; 
but  as  a  general  thing  our  citizens  are  farmers.  They  live  upon  farms  containing  from  one  to  sev- 
eral hundred  acres.  They  raise  their  own  produce,  manufacture  their  own  clothes,  tan  their  own 
leather,  make  their  own  shoes,  and  live  upon  the  products  of  their  own  lauds  and  thelabor  of  their 
own  hands. 

The  counties  of  Garrard  and  Madison  had  a  great  many  negroes,  who  did  a  vast  amount  of 
labor;  the  whites  not  doing  so  much  labor  as  in  the  other  counties,  which  were  and  are  more  des- 
titute of  negroes.  Our  district  has  been  sacked  for  the  last  four  years;  for  we  are  u]ion  the  frontier, 
separated  from  Jeff  Davis's  anticipated  despotism  only  by  a  night  and  day's  ride.  Many  of  our  best 
citizens  have  been  murdered,  robbed,  or  carried  off  to  die  in  loathsome  southern  prisons.  Anxiety 
and  fear  have  been  the  most  prolific  causes  of  disease.  Men  have  had  to  stay  in  the  woods,  exposed  to 
all  kinds  of  weather,  night  and  day.  We  have  not  known  when  we  might  not  be  killed  or  captured, 
and  there  has  been  no  security  for  us ;  consequently  exposure  to  cold  has  sapped  the  health  of  many 
a  man,  and  has  enervated  and  ruined  the  constitutional  vigor  of  numbers  of  our  best  men.  We 
have  had  practical  knowledge  of  the  horrors  of  war. 

Under  paragraph  9,  I  have  classified  the  number  of  exempted  men.  Of  these,  twenty-one  were 
exempted  for  chronic  dyspepsia,  nineteen  for  chronic  gastritis,  twenty-seven  for  haimorrhage  of 
the  lungs  and  chronic  bronchitis,  with  dilatations;  all  of  these  cases  were  somewhat  complicated, 
and  accompanied  with  manifest  permanent  physical  disability.  Our  real  disqualifying  disabilities 
are  hernia,  fractures,  and  dislocations.  Men  in  our  district  are  accustomed  to  the  hardest  manual 
labor  from  their  earliest  boyhood.  Heavy  lifting  is  the  principal  cause  of  hernia  in  our  district. 
Our  country  is  heavily  timbered,  and  men  iu  removing  and  clearing  the  trees  from  their  land  injure 
themselves  by  heavy  lifting,  resulting  frequently  in  hernia.  Fractures  and  dislocations  occur  from 
accidental  falls  from  horseback,  falling  from  precipices,  and  injuries  from  timber. 

As  to  my  views  iu  reference  to  the  difterent  sections  of  paragraph  85,  Revised  Regulations,  I 
do  not  think  I  could  make  any  profitable  suggestions  iu  the  way  of  changes  or  amendments  thereto. 
I  think  the  diseases  therein  contained  all  disqualifying,  and  any  case  that  may  come  into  the 
examiniug-room  may  be  disposed  of  scientifically  under  the  difterent  sections  embraced  in  that 
paragraph. 

The  number  of  men  that  can  be  examined  with  accuracy  in  a  day  does  not,  in  my  judgment, 
exceed  one  hundred. 

The  frauds  most  to  he  guarded  against  ichich  are  practiced  by  drafted  men  and  enrolled  men  to  avoid, 
and  hy  recruits  and  suhstitutcs  to  enter,  the  service. — They  practice  any  kind  of  artifices.  Drafted 
men  feign  a  hundred  diseases  to  avoid,  and  recruits  maneuver  to  conceal  their  maladies.  The 
drafted  man  will  tell  you  that  he  has  consumption  ;  that  he  has  disease  of  the  heart;  that  he  has 
been  afflicted  for  years.  You  see  that  he  is  alarmed  when  he  enters  the  room:  he  runs  off  into  an 
enumeration  of  his  troubles,  and  it  is  sometimes  hard  to  quiet  him.  I  generally  meet  the  man 
kindly,  and  use  every  efibrt  to  make  him  easy  and  quiet,  and  to  calm  him  as  much  as  possible.     I 


384  surgeons'  eepokts — Kentucky — ninth  district. 

tell  bim  that  the  law  makes  it  liis  duty  to  be  examiued,  aud  then  request  liiin  to  strip.  He  begins 
to  reply  by  saying  it  is  altogetber  useless,  tliat  bis  doctor  or  his  neighbors  all  say  he  is  not  able  to 
stand  a  campaign.  He  seems  to  be  intelligent  and  respectable — what  is  to  be  done  with  him  ?  He 
is  to  be  examiued  systematically  without  one  word  of  attention  being  paid  to  what  he  says  about 
himself.  He  says  he  has  a  certificate  from  a  doctor  or  two.  He  is  asked  if  he  ever  had  or  does 
have  fits.  If  he  says  no,  then  proceed  with  the  examination  and  pass  upon  him.  Another  one 
enters,  steps  up,  speaks  loud,  and  tells  you  he  cannot  bear;  that  he  has  been  deaf  for  years.  Just 
set  him  down  and  commence  a  pleasant  conversation,  making  himself  the  subject  of  it  principally; 
get  a  little  lighter  and  lighter  in  tone  with  bim,  until  he  is  involved  with  others  in  the  crime  of  having 
attempted  to  defraud  the  board.  If  he  is  not  unusually  sharp,  you  will  detect  him.  Speak  to  the 
guard  in  a  low  tone,  directing  him  to  take  him  and  convey  him  to  the  guard-bouse.  If  this  fails, 
speak  of  exempting  him,  and  the  tidings,  if  he  is  an  impostor,  will  generally  warm  up  bis  ears  and 
disclose  bis  artifice;  or  have  some  one  to  enter  the  room  aud  make  some  alarming  declaration,  as,  for 
instance,  that  the  rebels  are  in  town  and  are  murdering  the  citizens.  Bloody  urine,  fits,  weakness 
of  a  certain  limb,  and  a  hundred  bke  artifices  are  attempted;  but  unless  there  is  corroboration  to  be 
seen  in  the  man's  general  appearance,  all  such  stories  are  to  be  disregarded.  On  the  other  hand, 
ask  a  recruit  if  there  is  anything  wrong  with  him,  and,  if  there  is,  be  immediately  begins  to  con- 
ceal his  troubles.  A  thorough  knowledge  of  our  profession,  together  with  a  good  understanding 
of  human  nature,  is  the  greatest  and  safest  guarantee  against  imposture.  I  might  write  for  a  week 
upon  the  various  tricks  and  artifices  of  drafted  and  enrolled  men,  recruits,  and  substitutes. 

"  What  nationality  ^J>T.s■f?^^s  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  the  serinceP — To  this  query  I  can- 
not give  a  satisfactory  answer  from  my  own  experience,  having  never  examined  to  auy  extent  any 
other  people  than  our  own.  I  am,  however,  of  opinion  that  they  are  not  surpassed  by  any  nation 
for  symmetry,  activity,  intelligence,  aud  muscular  strength. 

Bfy  vieics  as  to  the  physical  qiialifications  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service. — For  symmetry, 
muscular  strength,  aud  endurance,  I  do  not  think  the  Kentucky  negro  can  be  surpassed  by  any  people 
on  earth.  The  stoutest  and  most  muscular  men  I  ever  examined  were  the  negroes  I  examiued  at 
this  office.  If  they  bad  the  ?«e«frt7  qualification,  I  would  think  the  white  man  was  not  their  superior 
for  military  duty.  I  think  the  negro,  if  he  was  better  informed,  aud,  as  a  consequence,  possessed  of 
more  moral  courage,  would  be  more  enduring,  as  he  is  certainly  more  muscular,  than  the  white  man. 
He  is,  in  addition,  generally  better  develoxied  in  the  chest  than  the  white  man.        *  *  * 

I  have  noticed  the  practical  bearing  and  operation  of  the  enrollment-law  as  it  exists.  I  think 
it  is  equitable,  just,  and  harmonious  in  all  its  applications.  I  do  not  tliink  it  would  be  disadvan- 
tageous to  the  comnxinity  to  have  an  enrollment-law  that  would  include  all  men  between  the  ages 
of  eighteen  and  forty-five.  I  think  there  are  very  many  men  at  the  age  of  eighteen  who  would 
make  as  good  soldiers,  or  even  better,  than  some  men  who  are  included  under  the  law  as  it  now 
exists.  A  young  man  at  that  age  has  as  much  interest  in  the  Government  as  one  older;  in  fact, 
he  has  the  promise  of  more  days  in  which  to  enjoy  the  liberties  aud  privileges  that  are  assailed,  and 
■which  makes  war  necessary  and  inevitable.  It  is  my  experience  and  observation  that  there  are  a 
great  many  precocious  youths  who  are  better  men  morally  at  the  age  of  eighteen  than  they  ever  are 
in  life  alter  that  age.  I  speak  of  the  American  youth.  I  believe  in  a  liberal  government  in  time  of 
peace;  but  when  such  dark  clouds  lower  over  us  as  did  during  this  rebellion,  I  believe  in  quick 
work  iu  bringing  all  means  to  bear  to  crush  the  monster  at  a  blow.        *  *  # 

JAMES  D.  FOSTER, 
tiurgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Eighth  District  of  Kentucl<y. 

London,  Ky.,  Jtme  10,  18G5. 


KENTUCKY— NINTH  DISTEICT. 

Extracts  from  report  of  Db.  A.  Spalding. 

*  *  *        The  number  of  men  examined  by  me  was  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and 

thirty -four;  whites,  nine  hundred  and  thirty-two;  colored,  eight  hundred  and  two. 

The  Ninth  District  of  Kentucky  lies  on  the  Big  Sandy  Eiver  for  a  distance  of  one  hundred  aud 


surgeons'   KEPORTS — KENTUCKY NINTH    DISTRICT.  385 

tliirty  miles,  iiiul  on  the  Ohio  about  one  Iinndred  and  two  miles;  the  Ilig  S.mdy  forming  its  eastern 
and  the  Ohio  its  northern  bou'idary. 

From  the  Ohio  lliver,  along  its  western  boundary,  it  includes  Mason,  Fleming,  and  Montgomery 
Counties;  and  thence,  on  its  southern  boundary,  it  includes  Bath,  Powell,  MagofBn,  Floyd,  and 
Pike  Counties.  There  are  sixteen  counties  in  the  district.  Of  these.  Mason,  Fleming,  Montgomery, 
and  Bath  baA'e  a  rich  limestone  soil,  and  very  generally  partake  of  the  characteristic  of  the  well- 
known  blue-grass  region  of  Kentucky.  The  reaiaining  twelve  counties  are  generally  rough,  hilly, 
and  mountainous,  abounding  in  coal  and  iron-ore.  In  these  counties  there  are  some  very  rich  inter- 
vale or  bottom  lands,  lying  on  the  Ohio  and  Big  Sandy  Eivers,  and  the  principal  Streams  passing 
through  them,  which  are  Little  Saudy,  Tygart's  Creek,  Kinnacouiek  and  Licking  Rivers.  The 
principal  productions  are  corn,  wheat,  and  tobacco.  Pig-iron  is  the  chief  material  of  manufacture. 
Flour,  whisky,  and  jeans  are  manufactured  to  some  extent. 

In  Mason,  Fleming,  Montgomery,  and  Bath  Counties,  the  labor  has  heretofore  been  principally 
l)erformed  by  slavies.  In  tbe  other  counties,  this  has  not  been  the  case;  there  being  comparatively 
very  few  blacks  in  them.  In  Greenup,  Boyd,  Carter,  and  Lewis  Counties  there  are  twelve  furnaces 
for  the  manufacture  of  charcoal-iron.  Each  furnace  employs  from  three  hundred  to  five  hundred 
hands,  though  some  of  them  have  been  idle  during  the  last  four  years.  With  the  exception  of 
these  men,  and  of  a  few  hundred  employed  in  the  coal-oil  mines,  and  those  engaged  in  the  professions 
and  trades — which  coMiprise  a  very  small  part  of  the  population — the  inhabitants  of  tiiis  district 
are  purely  agricultural  in  their  habits  and  occupations. 

Along  the  Ohio  Eiver,  and  the  principal  streams  passing  through  the  district,  tlie  prevalent  dis- 
eases are  intermittent,  remittent,  or  bilious-remittent  fevers,  and  such  diseases  as  are  produced  by, 
and  are  consequent  ui)ou,  malarial  causes.  Indeed,  to  some  extent,  this  is  the  case  over  the  whole 
district.  What  is  commonly  termed  typhoid  fever  here  has  seemed  to  me  very  often  to  be  a  remit- 
tent fever  of  a  typhoid  grade;  and  affections  of  the  liver,  lungs,  bowels,  &c.,  are,  in  many  instances, 
more  or  less  modified  by  the  same  cause.  Dysentery  and  diseases  affecting  the  bowels  are  common 
in  the  limestone  counties.  It  has  been  thought  to  be  owing  to  the  water.  The  general  and  rather 
immoderate  use  of  tobacco  here,  we  were  led  to  believe,  had  an  injurious  effect  upon  the  health  of 
the  i)opulation,  and  |)erliaps  in  some  degree  impaired  tbe  i)hysical  qualiQcations  of  the  men. 

From  JIays  Lick  and  its  vicinity,  in  Mason  County,  a  larger  number  of  tuberculous  cases  in  i)ro- 
portion  to  the  other  diseases  presented  themselves  than  from  any  other  part  of  the  district.  I 
have  not  as  yet  been  able  to  ascertain  any  cause  for  this,  and  it  may  have  been  purely  accidental. 

Excepting  hernia  and  injuries  growing  out  of  the  war,  if  there  are  any  particular  diseases  or 
disabilities  which  have  disqualified  men  for  the  service,  they  may,  I  believe,  be  attributed  to 
malarial  causes. 

In  regard  to  changes  in  the  different  sections  of  paragraph  85,  there  are  others  who  have  had 
far  larger  opiiortunities  of  ob.servation,  and  whose  suggestions  will  prove  of  greater  value  than  any 
that  could  be  made  by  me. 

Making  the  examination  and  keeping  the  record,  (as  I  myself  always  did,)  I  do  not  believe  any 
one  could  make  an  average  of  more  than  ten  men  per  hour,  where  the  work  was  honestly  and  accu- 
rately done. 

After  a  surgeon  has  had  considerable  experience  in  the  examiuatiou  of  men,  and  a  man  comes 
before  him  stripped,  he  detects  almost  at  a  glance  whether  there  is  any  defnct  that  would  disqualify 
for  the  service,  and  it  is  only  iu  obscure  cases,  difficult  to  decide  upon,  that  he  is  detained  in  his 
examination;  consequently,  if  he  had  a  clerk  to  record  the  residts,  and  there  was  no  delay  in  bring- 
ing the  men  before  him,  he  would  be  able  to  examine  a  large  number. 

Frauds  were  not  much  practiced  at  this  office.  A  good  many  deserters  came  into  remote  parts 
of  this  district,  and  hired  themselves  out  to  work  as  common  laborers.  After  working  for  some 
months,  (some  for  nearly  a  year,)  they  would  enlist  as  recruits  for  bounty  oi-  as  substitutes  lor  pay, 
and  would  present  themselves  here  for  examination.  In  some  places,  it  was  no  difhcult  matter  to 
get  proof  that  they  were  well  known,  had  lived  iu  the  district  for  a  long  time,  had  never  been  in  the 
service,  &c.  It  is  believed  that  a  few  of  these  were  received,  but  the  cheat  was  soon  discovered. 
Nearly  all  of  them  wore  foreigners — mostly  Canadians.  Whenever  one  of  these  men  presented 
himself  for  examination,  it  was  very  safe  to  conclude  he  was  a  deserter.  lie  was  required  to  give 
a  minute  historv  of  himself  for  two  or  three  vears  back,  and  to  explain  how  he  came  here.     If  this 


X 


386  SUBGEONS'   REPORTS KENTUCKY — NINTH    DISTRICT. 

led  to  any  suspicion,  he  was  taken  into  a  room  by  bimself,  talked  to  as  thongli  we  knew  all  about 
him,  knew  be  was  a  deserter,  &c.  It  almost  invariably  turned  out  as  we  suspected,  and  in  most 
instances  the  man  confessed  it  bimself.  As  has  already  been  stated,  the  tendency  in  this  district 
was  to  magnily  or  exaggerate  the  effect  of  some  diseases  or  injury  which  really  existed  or  bad 
recently  existed,  but  did  uot  at  the  time  seriously  impair  the  man's  usefulness  for  the  service.  Proof 
was  often  presented  to  corroborate  the  statements.  It  is  hardly  worth  while  to  repeat  the  various 
methods  that  have  been  practiced  to  detect  certain  conditions,  such  as  stiffness  of  joints,  deafness, 
&c.  The  surgeon  must  in  reality  depend  upon  his  own  judgment,  and,  having  made  an  honest,  care- 
ful examiuation'  he  will,  in  almost  every  instance,  be  able  to  get  at  the  facts  of  the  case,  so  as  to  do 
justice  both  to  the  Government  and  the  man. 

The  men  who  were  examined  at  this  office  were  nearly  all  native-born  citizens  of  the  United 
States.  So  few  of  other  nativities  presented  themselves  here,  that  no  valuable  opinion  could  be 
formed  as  to  what  nationality  presents  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  military  service. 

If  we  were  to  confine  ourselves  entirely  to  the.  2)hysical  qualifications  of  the  colored  man  for  the 
military  service,  we  might  say,  so  far  as  the  examinations  went  here,  that  he  compared  very  favor- 
ably with  the  white  man. 

The  colored  men  who  were  sent  from  this  office,  it  is  believed,  were  among  the  very  best  that  were 
obtained,  from  the  fact  that  there  are  very  few  towns  of  any  considerable  size  in  the  district,  and 
consequently  very  few  blacks  who  bad  been  employed  as  house-servants  and  confined  exclusively  to 
indoor  work.  Most  of  them  were  what  are  termed  farm-hands,  always  employed  at  outdoor  work. 
Many  of  them  had  been  accustomed  to  work  about  the  iron-furnaces,  shantying  out,  and  chopping 
wood  during  the  winter,  making  charcoal,  driving  teams,  and  doing  such  other  work  as  was 
required  about  the  furnaces  in  the  summer.  The  negro,  from  his  great  powers  of  imitation  and  the 
discii)line  to  which  he  has  been  subjected  while  in  servitude,  easily  adapts  bimself  to  a  soldier's  life. 
At  the  present  day,  negroes  of  purely  African  descent  are  rarely  met  with  here.  The  race  has 
become  essentially  a  mixed  one,  and  from  this  cause  it  is  believed  his  health  and  jihysical  efficiency 
have  been  impaired,  and  that  he  is  far  more  predisposed  to  scrofula.  This  has  certainly  been  true; 
but,  i4i  the  mixed  race  as  it  now  exists,  may  it  uot  also  possibly  be  true  that  where  the  parties  were 
both  sound,  of  healthy,  robust  constitutions,  one  white  and  the  other  colored,  the  ofi'spring  both  physi- 
cally and  intellectually  may  be  as  likely  to  possess  the  requisite  qualifications  for  the  military  service 
as  where  the  parents  are  both  colored  ?  The  opportunities  for  observation  were  not  great  here,  but 
some  of  the  best  colored  men  examined  were  known  to  be  the  children  of  white  fathers  and  col- 
ored mothers.  There  was  one  instance  where  the  father  was  a  mulatto  and  the  mother  a  white 
woman.  He  was  a  substitute,  and  is  said  to  have  made  a  good  soldier,  always  having  been  healthy 
and  able  to  perform  any  duty  required  of  him  while  in  the  service,  which,  however,  was  only  for 
one  year.  A  few  of  the  colored  men  examined  here  could  read  and  write,  and  were  able  to  sign 
their  own  names.  I  regret  that  T  did  not  keep  a  record  of  the  exact  number.  Those  who  came  from 
the  rough,  mountainous  parts  of  the  districts  seemed  to  possess  the  highest  physical  qualifications; 
and  this  was  also  the  case  with  the  white  men.        *  *  « 

The  following  is  the  result  of  the  examination  of  the  chest  in  1,007  men  : 

Inches. 

Average  circumference  of  chest  at  inspiration 35.  44 

Average  circumference  of  chest  at  expiration   . .     32.  93 

Greatest  circumference  of  chest  at  insi)iration -  — 44.  00 

Least  circumference  of  chest  at  inspiration 28.  5 

Greatest  circumference  of  chest  at  expiration 41.00 

Least  circumference  of  chest  at  expiration 20.  00 

Total  number  of  men  examined,  1,007. 

Heights : 

luches. 

Average  height  -  - .     08.  9 

Greatest  height  of  any  examined 72.  5 

Least  height  of  any  examined 58. 5 

Total  number  examined,  752. 

The  greatest  and  least  heigh tr  would  api)Iy  to  1,734  men. 


SURGEONS     EEPOKTS — MISSOUEl THIRD   DISTRICT.  387 

Age: 

Years. 
Average  age 26. 37 

Greatest  age  of  auy  examiued 53.  00 

Least  age  of  any  examined 15. 00 

Total  number  examined,  904. 

The  greatest  and  least  age  would  apply  to  1,734  men. 

Weight : 

Pounds. 
The  greatest  weight  of  all  examined 242 

The  least  weight  of  all  examined 85 

Total  number  examined,  1,734  men. 

These  were  enrolled  men,  and  were  weighed  with  their  clothes  on.  The  man  weighing  85 
pounds  was  twenty-five  years  old;  height  58.75  inches.  I  always  weighed  the  men  I  thought  to  be 
very  heavy  or  very  light. 

The  only  deformities  met  with  during  my  examinations  were  in  the  cases  of  two  men  with 
double  thumbs,  one  on  the  right  and  one  on  the  left  hand.  One  drafted  man  cut  off  two  of  his 
fingers,  it  was  said,  to  avoid  being  put  in  the  service.  He  was  a  tall,  narrow-chested  man,  and 
would  have  been  rejected  even  with  two  good  hands.        #  »  # 

A.  SPALDING, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Ninth  District  of  Kentucky. 
Greenupsburgii,  Kv.,  Amju.st  10,  1805. 

MISSOURI— THIRD  DISTRICT.' 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  James  R.  McCormick. 

*  *  *         While  acting  in  this  capacity,  I  have  examined  seven  hundred  and  thirty- 

two  men,  making  in  all  about  fifteen  hundred  and  thirty-two  examinations.        *  *  » 

This  congressional  district  is  composed  of  twenty-two  counties,  bounded  as  follows:  On  the 
north  by  the  couii,ties  of  Jefferson,  Franli^jn,  Crawford,  and  Pheli^s;  on  the  south  by  the  Arkansas 
line;  on  tlie  east  by  the  Mississijipi  River;  and  on  the  west  by  the  counties  of  Howell,  Texas, 
Phelps,  and  Crawford.  It  includes  an  area  of  about  fifteen  thousand  square  miles,  presenting  a 
mountainous,  undulating,  and  swampy  surface,  which  features  modify  diseases  and  influence  the 
mode  of  life  and  occupation  of  the  inhabitants.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Saint  Francois,  Black, 
Castor,  Whitewater,  Merrimac,  and  Mississippi.  With  the  exception  of  the  latter,  none  are  navi- 
gable to  any  considerable  extent  within  the  limits  of  the  State. 

The  principal  towns  are  Cape  Girardeau,  New  Madrid,  and  Sainte  Genevieve  on  the  Mississippi 
River.  Potosi,  Farmington,  Ironton,  and  Frederickton  are  the  largest  inland  towns.  Niimerons 
small  villages  and  county-seats  have  been  located,  but  are  slightly  improved  as  yet.    *      *      * 

The  mountainous  poi'tiou  is  embraced  in  the  counties  of  Iron,  Washington,  Dent,  Oregon, 
Shannon,  Ripley,  Reynolds,  and  Carter,  the  surface  of  which  is  broken  by  spurs  of  the  Ozark  Mount- 
tains  and  numerous  ranges  of  high  bills. 

In  many  places,  the  soil  is  rocky  and  barren,  but  rich  and  productive  along  the  streams.  Some 
of  the  uplands  also  produce  well.  The  bills  abound  in  forests  of  oak,  pine,  and  other  valuable 
timber. 

Valuable  minerals  are  here  found,  of  wbich  iron  is  the  most  abundant.  Pilot  Knob,  eighty-six 
miles  south  of,  and  eleven  hundred  feet  above,  the  city  of  Saint  Louis,  alone  presents  an  inexhaust- 
ible supply  of  that  metal.  Lead,  copper,  cobalt,  zinc,  nickel,  kaolin,  marble,  and  granite  are  found 
in  various  localities  and  in  considerable  quantities. 

The  air  is  salubrious  and  the  water  pure;  the  latter  in  some  places  possesses  mineral  jjroper- 
ties;  chalybeate  being  most  frequently  found. 

The  inhabitants  are  vigorous  and  healthy.     The  greater  portion  of  them  are  engaged  in  agri- 
cultural and  mining  pursuits,  displaying  considerable  industry,  intelligence,  and  enteri)rise. 
'  No  reports  were  received  fiioui  the  first  and  second  districts. 


388  surgeons'  repoets — Missouri — third  district. 

Intlainmatory  fevers  are  more  active,  and  iu  tbeir  treatment  bloodletting  is  more  frequently 
demanded,  in  tbe  mountainous  country  than  iu  the  swamp  districts.  The  cause  of  tliis,  I  believe, 
is  due  to  the  fact  that  among  tbe  iuhabitants  of  the  mountains  a  vigorous  condition  of  health  is 
enjoyed,  a  higher  tone  of  the  nervous  system  exists,  and  a  greater  percentage  of  iron  is  present  iu 
the  circulation,  which  circumstances  give  energy  to  inflammatory  action.  Typhoid  fever  made  its 
appearance  in  Southeast  Missouri  about  ten  years  ago,  since  which  time  it  has  prevailed  more  or 
less  every  year.  During  the  last  four  years,  it  has  increased  in  frequency  and  intensity.  The  causes 
of  this  are,  I  think,  to  Im  found  in  the  habits  of  camp-life  and  the  privations  to  which  civil  war 
subjects  a  people,  the  wretched  habitations,  unwholesome  food,  and  mental  depression  so  com- 
monly seen  among  the  refugees  at  military  posts  and  garrisoned  towns  of  this  State. 

Erysipelas  is  frequently  met  with  iu  the  mountainous  district,  generally  assuming  the  erratic 
or  phlegmouic  form,  and  is  easy  of  cure;  while,  in  the  malarious  or  swsnnp  district,  at  times  it 
appears  as  a  malignant  epidemic.  The  "black  tongue"  of  New  Madrid  is  a  gangrenous  form  of 
this  disease,  generally  attacking  the  throat,  and  accompanied  by  typhoid  symptoms,  which  prove 
speedily  fatal  in  a  majority  of  cases.  Hernia  is  of  frequent  occurrence,  and  is,  in  part  at  least, 
owing  to  the  occupations  of  the  inhabitants,  who,  iu  raising  buildings,  felling  timber,  rolling  logs, 
and  performing  other  heavy  work  necessary  to  clear  land  and  open  mines  in  a  new  country,  must 
of  necessity  subject  themselves  to  frequent  strains. 

Phthisis  i)ulmonalis  is  more  frequent  in  the  mountains  than  along  tlie  marshes.  It  would  seem 
that-tbis  and  bilious  affections  are  antagonistic  diseases;  that  climate  and  locality,  which  favor  the 
one,  tend  to  retard  the  development  of  the  other;  and  that  medicines  beneficial  iu  the  one  are  often 
hurtful  in  the  other. 

Lead-colic,  or  mine-sickness,  as  it  is  called  here  by  miners,  is  frequently  met  with  about  smelt- 
ingestablishuients  and  the  lead-mines,  and  is  induced  by  careless  handling  and  want  of  cleanliness 
upon  the  part  of  the  operatives.  '  Ague  and  mild  forms  of  bilious  fever  occur  along  the  water- 
courses in  the  mountainous  districts  during  the  mouths  of  August  and  September. 

The  undulating  portion  of  this  district  is  embraced  in  the  counties  of  Saint  Franyois,  Madison, 
Saiute  Genevieve,  Perry,  Gape  Girardeau,  Bollinger,  and  Wayne.  The  lauds  are  in  general  pro- 
ductive; the  whole  country  well  timbered  ;  the  water  of  a  good  quality,  but  not  so  uniformly  pure 
and  cold  as  in  the  mountainous  country.  With  the  exception  of  the  lead  and  cobalt  mines  of  Mad- 
ison County,  (which  also  yield  nickel,)  no  mines  are  worked  in  the  counties  last  named.  Gold  iu 
small  quantities  is  found  near  the  Saint  Franj'.ois  River,  in  the  county  of  Madison.  Large  beds  of 
black  oxide  of  manganese  and  kaolin  are  Ibund  in  Bollinger  and  Perry  Counties.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  the  Salt  Springs  of  Perry  County,  (which  have  not  been  worked  for  many  years,)  I  am  not 
aware  of  the  existence  of  mineral  water  in  the  undulating  portion  of  this  district. 

A  large  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits,  and  are  intelligent 
and  respectable.  Many  German  families  have,  withiu  the  last  twenty  years,  emigrated  to  this  dis- 
trict, and  a  number  of  neighborhoods  are  almost  w-hoUy  made  up  of  that  class  of  citizens.  The 
diseases  peculiar  to  this  section  of  the  district  are  similar  to  those  of  the  mountainous  counties, 
with  this  difierence,  that  bilious  diseases  are  more  common,  and  phthisis  less  so ;  remitting  and 
intermitting  bilious  fevers  are  common  from  July  to  October;  dysentery,  bilious  diarrhoea,  and 
cholera  infantum  are  more  or  less  prevalent  also. 

During  the  hot  season,  if  the  winds  prevail  a  day  or  two  from  the  south,  the  malaria  gen- 
erated in  the  great  swamp  regions  of  Southeast  Missouri  is  wafted  to  the  higher  country,  and  not 
iinfrequeutly  sickness  is  produced  by  causes  which  have  been  generated  at  <i  great  distance  from 
the  locality  where  the  effects  are  displayed.  The  malaria  thus  generated  and  brought  by  the  south 
winds  becomes  less  pernicious  to  the  health  of  the  inhabitants  iu  a  ratio  with  the  distan(-e  from 
or  elevation  above  the  swamp  country,  until,  at  the  distance  of  one  hundred  miles,  or  an  elevation 
of  one  thousand  feet,  its  effects  cease  to  be  obser\ed. 

During  the  winter-season,  i>neumonia,  rheumatism,  catarrh,  and  other  affections,  induced  by 
vicissitude  of  climate  and  habits  of  exposure,  are  met  with,'  but  are  generally  quite  manageable. 

The  swamp  portion  of  this  congressional  district  is  embraced  in  the  counties  of  Scott,  Jlissis- 
sippi,  New  Madiid,  Butler,  Stoddard,  Dunklin,  and  Pemiscot.  In  the  county  of  Cape  (Jirardeau, 
and  about  six  miles  south  of  the  city  of  that  name,  the  nndiilating  portion  of  this  district  is  abruptly 


SUIiGEONS'    REPORTS MISSOUKI THIRD    DISTRICT.  380 

termiiuited  by  a  range  of  limestone  bliifFs  nuining  southwest.  The  face  of  these  blufls  bears  evi- 
dence of  the  action  of  water,  and  I  am  impressed  witli  the  belief  that  the  Mississi[)[)i  liiver  once 
flowed  at  tlieir  base.  From  this  range  of  blutfs  southward  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  is  one  almost 
unbroken  plain,  lyiug  west  of  the  Mississippi  River,  widening  as  it  extends  south,  and  embracing 
Eastern  Arkansas  and  Western  Louisiana.  This  entire  country  is  driftfornuition  of  recent  date, 
and,  to  all  appearances,  at  no  remote  period  iu  its  geological  history,  was  submerged  by  the  waters 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

In  ISU,  this  country  was  convulsed  by  earthquakes,  which  sunk  large  tracts  of  land  in  Soutii- 
east  Missouri.  The  rivers  Castor,  Whitewater,  and  a  number  of  large  creeks,  losing  their  channels, 
si)read  their  waters  over  the  suuken  lands,  producing  the  present  swamp  regions  of  Southeast  Mis- 
souri and  Northeastern  Arkansas. 

The  waters  thus  spread  over  the  country  are  again  collected  below  the  swamps  into  New 
Kiver,  and  through  that  channel,  in  part,  tind  their  way  to  the  Mississippi  River.  The  suidven 
laujjs  are  tilling  up  l)y  yearly  deposits  made  by  the  streams  which  have  spread  themselves  over 
their  surface,  and  will,  in  time,  become  dry  again.  Large  tracts  of  uniidiabited  country  now  only 
piesent  a  marshy  api)earance  during  the  wet  season,  and  are  clothed  with  exteiisive  forests  of 
immense  growth.  Cypress,  poplar,  walnut,  oak,  and  almost  every  other  variety  of  timber  peculiar 
to  rich  lands  in  this  latitude  are  produced,  presenting  a  beautiful  country  of  forests  and  rich  [)ast 
nres,  where  horses,  cattle,  and  hogs  flourish,  almost  without  food  or  care  from  man. 

This  great  swamp  country  is  the  haunt  of  wild  animals,  bands  of  guerrillas,  and  outlawed  men  ; 
the  latter  for  the  last  four  yeai's  have  continually  committed  depredations  upon  the  lives  and  ])rop- 
erty  of  citizens,  and  waylaid  and  fired  upon  soldiers  in  camp  and  on  the  march.  It  is  in  these 
swamps  that  malaria  is  generated;  ague  and  bilious  affections  make  yearly  inroads  upon  the  health 
and  constitutions  of  the  inhabitants;  enlarged  spleens  and  dropsical  atfections  are  common.  Dur- 
ing the  winter-season,  pneumonia  is  verj  prevalent  and  fatal,  reaching  the  stage  of  hei)atization  in 
an  unusuallv  short  time. 

The  climate  is  fatal  to  children;  cLolera  iufantum,  worms,  ague, and  pneumonia  carry  many  off 
in  the  first  few  years  of  childhood.  The  cause  of  many  of  the  diseases  peculiar  to  this  country  is  the 
miasma  which  is  generated  here,  the  swamps  being  wet  and  boggy  in  the  winter,  over  which  the 
inhabitants  hunt  game  and  look  after  stock,  and  thereby  expose  themselves  to  cold  and  wet,  which 
induce  pneumonia ;  and  when  this  disease  is  grafted  upon  old  agues,  or  constitutions  already  injured 
by  the  influence  of  climate,  it  is  apt  to  prove  fatal. 

Parts  of  every  county  embraced  in  the  swamp  district  are  dry  and  susceptible  of  cultivation  ; 
the  lands  are  exceedingly  rich  and  productive.  The  inhabitants  who  gave  their  attention  to  agri- 
cultural pursuits  i)rior  to  the  present  war  were  prosperous  and  growing  wealthy ;  but  the  better 
class  have  lett  their  homes,  and  many  farms  are  now  tenantless  and  in  ruins.  Persons  living  in 
and  on  the  margin  of  the  swamps  are  generally  idle,  ignorant,  and  vicious,  following  hunting,  and 
giving  but  little  time  or  labor  to  farming  or  improving  the  country;  in  many  instances,  they  have 
joined  guerrilla  bands,  and  have  played  the  outlaw  during  the  present  rebellion. 

Id  conducting  medical  examinations  with  a  view  to  military  service,  I  have  found  developed 
tuberculosis  a  cause  for  exemption  iu  more  cases  than  any  other  disease,  the  ratio  being  seventy- 
four  in  every  thousand.  Aside  from  hereditary  predisposition,  1  am  inclined  to  attribute  its  com- 
mon occurrence  to  the  sudden  and  frequent  changes  of  temperature  peculiar  to  this  climate,  the 
humidity  of  the  atmosphere,  and  the  constant  exposure  of  the  inhabitants  to  the  inclemency  of 
winter. 

Hernia  is  also  common  ;  the  ratio  of  exemptions  on  account  of  it  being,  at  this  ofUce,  forty- 
three  in  the  thousand,  a  still  greater  percentage  being  found  among  men  over  forty-five  years  of 
age.  Probably  ten  per  cent,  of  all  males  over  the  age  of  twenty-one  years  are  afflicted  by  this  dis- 
ease in  some  one  of  its  forms ;  its  frequent  occurrence  is  in  part,  as  I  have  heretofore  stated,  owing 
to  the  laborious  occupations  of  the  inhabitants. 

I  am  impressed  with  the  belief  that  the  standard  of  physical  capability  for  military  service  as 
defined  by  paragraph  85,  Revised  Regulations  Provost-MarshalGeneral's  Bureau,  is  in  some  par- 
ticulars too  low. 


3i)0  SURGEONS     REPORTS MISSOURI THIRD    DISTRICT. 

Tubercles  to  exempt  must  be  developed,  but  wbeu  tbey  produce  constitutional  symptoms,  or 
physical  signs  which  leave  no  doubt  of  their  existence,  tbey  should  disqualify  from  military  service. 

Total  loss  of  either  eye,  I  think,  should  also  disqualify.  I  have  almost  invariably  found  vision 
in  the  remaining  eye  more  or  less  impaired,  either  from  sympathy  with  the  eye  lost  or  overexer- 
tion  of  the  one  remaining. 

Loss  of  the  index-linger  does,  I  think,  disqualify  from  military  service  as  fully  as  does  the  loss 
of  the  two  last  fingers  of  the  same  hand. 

Much  depends  upon  the  ability  of  the  troops  to  perform  long  and  rapid  marches,  and  to  accom- 
plish this  the  feet  and  legs  must  be  capable  of  endurance ;  the  loss  of  any  one  toe,  or  the  existence 
of  varicose  veins  in  any  considerable  numbers,  will,  I  think,  on  such  marches  compel  the  man  to 
drop  out. 

Carefully  and  correctly  to  examine  men  with  a  view  to  military  service  under  the  existing  reg- 
ulations governing  the  same,  and  to  examine  and  sign  the  papers  connected  therewith,  will  require 
at  least  ten  minutes  to  each  person.  Fifty  examiuations  made  per  day  by  one  surgeon  is,  in  my 
opinion,  all  that  can  be  well  done. 

Feigning  diseases  was  the  fraud  most  commonly  attempted  to  be  practiced  upon  me  by  drafted 
and  enrolled  men.  Disease  of  the  heart  and  kidneys  and  impaired  vision  and  hearing  were  those 
most  commonly  feigned. 

In  detecting  feigned  disease  of  the  heart,  I  have  been  mainly  governed  by  the  physical  signs 
of  that  organ,  and  by  the  answers  to  interrogations  which  I  made. 

Diseases  of  the  kidneys  are  more  obscure,  and  to  me  moi'e  difficult  of  diagnosis.  In  some  cases, 
I  have  been  under  the  necessity  of  subjectiBg  the  urine  to  test  before  I  could  be  fully  satisfied  that 
uo  imposition  was  being  attempted. 

When  impaired  vision  is  feigned,  near-sightedness  or  amaurosis  being  most  frequently  claimed, 
it  is  well  to  bear  in  mind  the  occupation  of  the  person ;  if  a  farmer  can  see  to  plow  suudl  corn  or 
shoot  birds  about  his  plantation,  his  sight  is  sufficient  to  do  military  duty.  A  carpenter  who  can 
dress  boards  to  a  scribe  can  also  see  to  shoot. 

Persons  feigning  deafness  generally  wish  themselves  to  be  thought  decidedly  so,  and  for  this 
purpose  when  in  the  presence  of  the  board  of  enrollment  thrust  their  ear  in  the  face  of  persons  who 
may  address  them.  A  little  observation  and  tact  will  convince  an  observer  that  they  understand 
what  is  being  said  in  another  part  of  the  room  by  persons  conversing  in  a  usual  tone  of  voice. 

Bribes  are  not  unfrequently  offered  by  drafted  and  enrolled  men ;  their  prompt  and  positive 
refusal,  accompanied  with  a  sharp  rebuke,  is  the  best  and  quickest  way  to  get  rid  of  this  evil. 

I  have  been  at  times  beset  by  persons  urging  me  to  hear  all  the  history  of  their  past  ill  health, 
to  read  letters  from  family-physicians  and  other  ac(]uaintauces;  parents  sometimes  come  with  their 
sons  when  drafted,  and  mothers  in  particular  at  times  give  trouble  by  their  importunity  ;  drafted 
men  of  families  sometimes  urge  with  strong  feelings  the  helpless  condition  of  their  family,  and  the 
want  and  suffering  which  their  absence  inflicts.  I  think  the  best  plan  to  meet  all  these  difficulties 
is  to  treat  persons  with  uniform  courtesy  and  respect,  and  to  act  with  firmness  without  manifesting 
impatience  or  harshness. 

According  to  the  medical  record  which  I  have  kept  while  on  duty  at  this  place,  it  appears  that 
twenty  i^er-ceut.  more  Germans  than  Americans  in  an  equal  number  of  each  examined  were  held 
to  service;  the  Irish  ranking  next  to,  and  almost  equal  with,  the  Germans. 

The  very  small  number  examined  at  this  office  from  other  portions  of  Europe  render  it  impos- 
sible to  deduce  facts  by  institut  ing  a  comparison.  Probably  the  sui)eriority  of  that  class  of  citizens 
of  foreign  countries  who  have  emigrated  to  this,  the  revulsive  inflaence  of  sea-voyaging  and  change 
of  climate,  may  have  had  something  to  do  in  placing  them  higher  in  the  scale  of  physical  capability 
than  we  find  among  the  Americans,  when  observed  en  masse. 

Tiie  i)hysical  capability  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service  is,  in  my  opinion,  good.  This 
circumstance,  I  believe,  is  in  part  owing  to  their  recent  condition  of  slavery,  in  which  they  were 
required  to  observe  ha))its  of  industry,  frugality,  and  temperance;  and  whether  these  wholesome 
restraints  thus  throw7i  around  tli«  slave  by  his  master  were  the  dictates  of  avarice  or  of  moral  recti- 
tude, tliey  have  had  tlie  effect  of  securing  to  the  black  race  vigoi'ous  constitutions  and  fair  powers 
of  ))hysical  endurance. 


surgeons'    reports MISSOURI FOURTH    DISTRICT.  391 

I  am  iini)resse(l  with  tbebelief  that  colored  troops  in  cold  cliuiates  cannot  endure  tlie  hard- 
sbips  of  a  winter  campaign  equally  well  with  white  men;  but,  in  southern  latitudes  and  malarious 
districts,  they  will,  I  believe,  endure  more  fatigue  and  enjoy  better  health  than  will  wliite  troops 
similarly  situated. 

That  portion  of  the  enrollment-law  which  provides  for  a  system  of  substitutes  should,  in  my 
opinion,  be  repealed,  for  the  reason  that  in  society  it  gives  rise  to  business  in  the  transaction  of 
which  vice,  crime,  want,  and  ignorance  of  men  are  made  subservient  to  its  success.  Ujjon  the 
Army  it  has  the  effect  of  lowering  its  morale  and  impaii'ing  its  efficieucy  by  smuggling  into  its 
ranks  the  slaves  of  vice  and  the  scum  of  society,  to  whom  should  not,  in  time  of  peril,  be  confided 
the  honor  and  safety  of  the  country. 

That  portion  of  the  enrollment-law  which  provided  that  drafted  persons  might  pay  a  stipulated 
amount  as  a  commutation  for  military  service  was,  I  think,  wise  and  judicious. 

In  my  opinion,  the  enrollment-law  should  be  so  amended  as  to  enable  all  persons,  after  being 
drafted,  to  volunteer,  with  the  same  bounty  and  privileges  as  those  entering  the  service  under  the 
volunteer  system.  Many  purely  patriotic  men  have  not  volunteered  on  account  of  the  strong  claims 
which  they  believed  their  families  held  upon  them,  and,  when  compelled  to  enter  the  service  by 
draft,  they  should  be  elevated  to  the  same  privileges  as  others;  while  now  a  stigma  attaches  to 
drafted  men,  notwithstanding  they  arc  in  many  instances  drawn  from  the  best  circles  in  society, 
and,  as  a  class,  in  point  of  intelligence  and  moral  worth  compare  favorably  with  volunteer  troops. 

Exemptions  granted  from  military  service  under  the  provisions  of  section  2  of  an  act  approved 
March  3, 1863,  are,  I  believe,  just  and  humane,  and  should  be  again  permitted. 

In  my  sphere  of  action,  it  has  been  impossible  for  me  to  obsmve  the  whole  bearing  of  the  enroU- 
ment-hirw  in  the  intricacy  of  its  working,  and,  consequently,  I  do  not  feel  justified  in  suggesting 
other  amendments  than  those  already  named. 

A  system  of  volunteering  to  supply  our  Army  is  more  compatible  with  the  genius  of  our  Gov- 
ernment and  spirit  of  our  people  than  that  of  conscription,  and,  when  the  former  can  be  made  to 
meet  the  wants  of  our  country,  should  alone  be  resorted  to.        #  #  * 

JAMES  E.  McCOEMICK, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Third  District  of  Missouri. 

Ironton,  Mo.,  May  30,  18G5. 

MISSOURI— FOIJETH  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  Edwin  Ebert. 

•  *  *        I  have  examined  between  twelve  and  fifteen  hundred  recruits,  substitutes, 

and  enrolled  men.  I  am  proud  to  say  that  I  never  have  had  the  opportunity  of  examining  drafted 
men,  for  the  reason  that  the  Fourth  Congressional  District  of  Missouri  always  furnished  its  quota, 
and  had  a  surplus  besides. 

It  has  been  my  experience  that  examining  men  for  military  service  is  anything  but  a  pleasant 
occupation,  at  least  in  this  part  of  the  country,  whatever  it  may  be  elsewhere.  A  large  majority  of 
those  presented  to  me  for  examination  were  recruits  from  the  southwest  border  of  Missouri,  the 
Boston  Mountains,  and  the  wilds  of  Northern  Arkansas;  men  who  had  lain  in  the  brush  from  six 
to  eighteen  months  to  avoid  guerrillas  and  parties  conscripting  for  the  rebel  service,  during  which 
time  they  were  badly  clothed  and  fed,  and  suffered  almost  unendurable  hardships,  in  consequence 
of  which,  when  they  were  presented  for  examination,  nine-teuths  of  them  were  very  nuich  reduced, 
their  muscles  soft,  eyes  dim,  couq)lexion  livid  and  countenance  dejected,  body  filthy  and  fre(iueutly 
covered  with  vermin.  But,  when  served  with  a  bath,  suit  of  blue,  and  good  diet,  their  physical 
condition  improved  rapidly,  and  they  invariably  made  good  soldiers;  for,  having  been  driven  from 
their  homes,  they  fought  hard  for  revenge. 

This  district  consists  of  twenty-one  counties,  situated  in  the  southwest  corner  of  the  State. 
The  Ozark  Mountains,  a  chain  running  southwest  and  northeast,  divides  the  waters  of  tiie  IMissouri 
and  Arkansas  Rivers,  those  on  the  north  being  tributaries  to  the  former,  and  those  on  the  south 
being  tributaries  to  the  latter.     This  i)oint,  (Springfield,  Greene  County,)  being  nearly  the  center 


392  surgeons'  reports — Missouri — fourth  district. 

of  tbe  district,  is  situated  at  an  altitude  of  about  eleven  hundred  feet  above  that  of  Saint  Louis, 
and  is  considered  the  highest  point  between  that  city  and  the  Eocky  Mountains. 

The  eastern  and  southern  portions  of  the  district  are  hilly  and  generally  well  timbered.  The 
■western  portion  is  princii)ally  prairie,  with  some  timber  along  the  water-courses.  The  soil  is  fer- 
tile;  the  sta[)le  productions  are  oats,  corn,  wheat,  and  tobacco.  Cattle,  horses,  and  swine  were 
raised  in  great  numbers  previous  to  the  rebellion.  In  the  western  portion,  lead  is  found  in  great 
;»bundance,  and  coal  in  considerable  quantities.    The  climate  is  variable,  but  generally  healthy. 

The  most  prevalent  diseases  in  this  district  are  remittent  and  intermittent  fevers,  dysentery, 
and  diarrhcea,  during  the  summer  and  autumn,  caused  by  the  miasm  arising  from  luxuriant  growth 
of  vegetation  in  the  bottoms  and  along  our  streams.  During  winter  and  spring,  typhoid  fever, 
pneumonia,  and  rheumatism  are  most  prevalent,  caused  i)rinci[>ally  by  the  changeableness  of  our 
climate.  '     • 

The  inhabitants  are  not  noted  for  either  industry,  enterprise,  or  intelligence;  the  country 
being  settled  mostly  by  emigrants  from  the  border  slave  States,  who,  as  modern  improvements 
advanced,  kept  moving  westward,  preferring  .semi-civilization  to  civilization  itself.  Those  who  were 
old  settlers  previous  to  the  rebellion  entertained  an  idea  that  the  whole  Southwest  belonged  to  them, 
that  God  had  created  it  for  their  especial  benefit,  and  a  stranger  was  looked  upon  as  an  intruder, 
l)articularly  if  lie  hailed  from  a  free  State.  Then  he  was  looked  upon  with  suspicion,  and  spoken  of 
as  an  Abolitionist.  (I  speak  from  experience,  being  myself  a  native  of  Pennsylvania.)  Their  mode 
of  life,  as  a  rule,  is  very  simple.  Previous  to  the  rebellion,  a  very  large  majority  lived  comfortably, 
but  not  sumptuously ;  their  dwellings  being  generally  the  rude  log-cabin,  built  from  the  unhewn  log 
as  it  came  from  the  forest,  located  in  some  grove  of  trees,  and  convenient  to  one  of  the  many  si)rings 
which  are  found  over  the  greater  portion  of  the  district.  Occupation,  principally  farming  and 
grazing. 

In  regard  to  the  different  sections  in  paragraph  85, 1  do  not  know  that  I  would  recouimeud  any 
changes;  believing  that,  as  they  now  exist,  if  properly  studied  and  construed,  there  are  ample  pro- 
visions uuder  which  enrolled  and  drafted  men  can  be  exempt. 

As  to  the  number  that  can  be  examined  per  day  with  accuracy,  1  would  state  that,  if  a  surgeon 
examines  thirty  men  properly,  he  has  done  a  full  day's  work. 

The  frauds  and  feigned  diseases  generally  practiced  by  drafted  and  enrolled  men  I  very  for- 
tunately did  not  have  to  contend  with,  for  two  reasons:  first,  there  was  no  draft  uuide  in  this 
district;  secondly,  the  enrolled  men  who  presented  themselves  for  examination  were  invariably  very 
plain  cases  either  for  or  against  exemption,  and  none  appeared  to  be  versed  in  the  chicanery  gen- 
erally practiced  by  tiiat  class  of  men  who  seek  to  avoid  the  duty  of  support  and  encouragement 
which  every  man  owes  to  his  Government  in  time  of  war. 

■  This  district  not  having  beeu  cursed  by  those  sharks  and  swindlers  commonly  caWqA  substitute- 
brolcers  and  bounty  jumpers,  I  was  not  annoyed  by  them.  The  greatest  trouble  that  I  experienced 
was  in  keeping  boys  uuder  age  out  of  the  service,  a  large  majority  of  the  able-bodied  men  having 
enlisted  a-t  an  early  period  of  the  rebellion,  (a  large  number  against  the  Government.)  A  great 
portion  of  this  district,  in  1862,  1863,  and  186i,  was  overrun  by  guerrillas  and  bushwhackers,  no 
person  being  safe  at  home  if  but  a  short  distance  from  a  military  post.  Consequently,  boys  thirteen 
and  fourteen  years  of  age  would  seek  to  enter  the  service  for  protection. 

As  to  what  nationality  presents  the  greatest  aptitude  lor  military  service,  I  am  not  prepared 
to  give  an  opinion,  my  experience  being  so  very  limited.  Not  more  than  one  in  a  hundred  of  those 
presented  to  me  for  examination  were  of  foreign  birth. 

My  experience  in  examining  colored  men  for  military  service  has  also  been  very  limited,  having 
examined  but  a  small  number;  and  the  negro  in  this  State,  as  in  Virginia,  had  beeu  used  prin- 
cipally for  propagating  his  race  for  the  slave  markets  in  the  more  Southern  States,  so  that  those 
who  did  come  under  my  notice  were  physically  very  far  beneath  the  average  of  their  race. 

The  euroUmentlaw,  as  it  now  exists,  has  never  been  put  fully  into  operation  in  this  district; 
.we  have  never  had  to  raise  men  by  draft.  The  law  worked  well  here  as  far  as  tested.  My  exi)eri 
ence  and  observation  teach  me  that,  if  the  office  of  provost-marshal  is  filled  by  au  intelligent, 
efficient,  and  true  man,  the  law  will  be  a  great  instrument  with  which  to  uphold  the  Govcrnuu'nt. 
In  this  district,  the  office  was  held  by  Capt.  J.  M.  Kichardson,  who  was  fully  posted  as  to  every- 


surgeons'    reports MISSOURI FIFTH    DISTRICT.  31)3 

thing  Ibat  was  going  ou^  and  no  conversation  discouraging  enlistment  or  volunteering  was  unre- 
ported to  bim,  and  pro[)er  notice  and  action  were  always  taken;  and  I  am  convinced  that  in  times 
of  trial  the  Government  of  the  United  States  will  do  well  to  enforce  the  enrollment-law  by  a(;tive, 
iutelligeut,  eflflcient,  and  true  civilians.     I  cannot  see  that  the  law  can  be  bettered  by  amendments. 

EDWIN  EBERT, 
Surgeon  Board  of  EiiroUment  Fourth  District  of  Missouri. 
Springfield,  Mo.,  Juli/  13,  1865. 

MISSOURI— FIFTH  DISTRICT. 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  J.  R.  Veeter. 

*            »            *        The  number  of  substitutes  and  recruits  examined  and  accepted 65 

The  number  of  drafted  men  examined  and  not  exempted    85 

The  number  of  substitutes  and  recruits  rejected  .  . 27 

The  number  of  drafted  men  exempted 119 

The  number  of  enrolled  men  exempted 128 

The  number  of  enrolled  men  not  exempted 74 

Total 498 

The  above  was  under  the  call  of  July  18,  1864.  The  second  call,  of  April  10,  18G5,  was  stopped 
by  order  of  the  Secretary  of  War. 

The  largest  portion  of  the  country  in  the  fifth  district  can  be  called  high,  especially  the  prairie 
])ortiou,  which  forms  the  greater  part.  Real  swamps  do  not  exist,  except  in  the  lowest  bottoms 
along  the  Moreau  River.  The  main  river  is  the  Missouri,  on  the  northwestern  boundary;  second 
to  it  the  Osage,  having  a  northeastern  cour>'e  ;  and  the  Moreau,  being  nearly  parallel  to  the  Osage, 
a  little  river  which  is  apt  to  rise  in  twenty-four  hours  for  fifteen  and  twenty  feet  even,  but  to  fall 
as  rai)idly  as  the  rise  occurred.  The  prevalent  diseases  are  intermittent  and  bilious  fevers,  which 
exist  most  in  those  parts  of  the  country  where  new  land  has  been  broken.  In  respect  to  chronic 
diseases,  it  would  be  difBcult  to  decide  whether  they  have  been  acquired  here  or  brought  from  other 
parts. 

1  cannot  judge  about  the  general  character  of  the  inhabitants,  as  the  greatest  portion  of  them 
are  emigrants  from  all  parts  of  the  United  States,  Ireland,  Germany,  and  England,  following  their 
own  modes  of  life  such  as  they  have  been  used  to  live  in  their  respective  countries;  the  occupa- 
tion of  most  of  them  is  farming. 

As  to  the  prevalent  diseases  in  nationalities,  I  will  observe  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  Eastern 
States  suffer  most  from  diseases  of  the  organs  of  respiration  ;  ruptures  are  most  common  among 
the  Germans,  and  heart-disease  among  the  English.        *  #  * 

My  views  in  reference  to  the  difi'erent  sections  of  paragraph  85,  Revised  Regulations  Provost- 
Marshal-General's  Bureau,  are  that  they  need  hardly  any  change  at  all.  Referring  to  tuberculosis, 
though,  I  would  most  respectfully  suggest  that  the  paragraph  mentions  only  "developed  tubercu- 
losis" as  the  cause  of  exemption  and  rejection.  Many  individuals  are  tuberculous,  but  the  disease 
is  slumbering,  and  needs  but  a  slight  impulse  to  develop  itself.  It  would,  in  my  opinion,  be  better, 
and  would  save  the  Government  needless  expense,  if  we  were  allowed  to  reject  any  man  who  labors 
under  tuberculosis.  I  admit  that  it  is  a  difficult  task  for  the  surgeon  to  be  correct  in  his  diagnosis, 
as  it  needs  a  physician  well  versed  in  the  diseases  of  the  respiration,  experienced  in  auscultation 
and  percussion,  and  especially  in  pathology,  for  the  purpose  ;  but  if  we  proceed  as  we  have  done, 
we  have  the  responsibility  on  our  minds  that  many  a  poor  fellow,  seemingly  well,  was  put  into  a 
regiment,  and  the  very  first  night  in  camp  without  blanket  and  tent,  caught  a  cold,  as  he  terms  it, 
and  from  that  moment  feels  that  something  is  wrong — either  he  falls  a  victim  to  acute  tuberculosis, 
and  dies  in  a  short  time,  or  he  is  lingering  in  hospitals  for  years,  goes  home,  and  death  closes  the 
scene.  Humanity  gives  us  a  right  to  demand  a  change,  or  an  extension,  of  this  paragraph.  Every 
surgeon  in  the  field  will  support  my  suggestion  ;  as  nearly  every  one  underwent  that  sad  experi- 
ence. *  «  * 
50 


394  surgeons'  keports — Missouri — eighth  district. 

By  my  method  I  was  uot  able  to  examine  more  tlian  ticentij  men  a  day. 

Drafted  men  and  enrolled  men  complained  most  of  a  "  weak  breast '"  and  rheumatism.  I  had  in 
some  instances  to  use  chloroform  to  ascertain  that  a  pretended  stiffness  of  either  arm  or  leg'  was 
feigned.  A  little  Irishman  (drafted)  walked  around  with  a  stiff  knee,  but  forgot  that  he  commenced 
with  the  left  knee,  and  after  being  under  the  iuflueuce  of  chloroform  and  told  to  march  around 
again  lie  was  stiff  in  the  right  knee.  After  beinjj  sworn  in  he  confessed  that  he  "  wanted  to  i^lay  a 
trick  on  the  surgeon."  I  believe  that  by  letting  the  men  know  that  examinations  are  conducted 
very  strictly,  and  that  any  fraud  whatever  will  be  detected,  tliey  will  not  be  likely  to  nialce  the 
attempt. 

Our  population  is  more  honest  and  simple-minded  than  those  in  large  cities,  whicli  is  the  reason 
why  we  have  not  so  many  tricks  played  upon  us.  Rebels  generally  procured  a  substitute.  Itecruits 
and  substitutes  when  they  found  that  they  were  rejected  offered  bribes.  The  law  is  not  strict 
enough  in  regard  to  this.  It  is  an  insult  to  an  officer  to  be  offered  money  to  make  him  forget  his 
duty,  oath,  and  honor;  and  it  would  be  well  in  future  to  punish  the  briber  more  severely  than  the 
bribed. 

In  regard  to  nationality,  I  think  that  the  native-born  American  of  the  West  is  the  most 
suitable  for  military  duties;  his  frame  has  been  from  childhood  more  exposed  to  the  changes  of 
climate,  and  bis  frugal  way  of  living  gives  him  a  great  advantage  in  enduring  hardships  in  the 
tield  over  any  other  nationality. 

As  to  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race,  I  would  say  that,  leaving  out  the  mal- 
formation of  the  feet,  the  negro  is  better  qualified  tor  military  service  than  many  whites.  lie  is 
more  used  to  subordination,  as  most  of  the  race  have  been  slaves,  and  will  in  this  regard  make  always 
a  better  soldier.  Bodily,  the  negro  is  more  strongly  developed,  and  his  lungs  expand  more  freely. 
His  muscles  are  better  developed  also  ;  in  short,  the  African  race  when  pure  and  not  mixed  with 
white  blood  is  more  capable  of  enduring  hardships,  especially  in  low  swampy  countries  and  in  hot 
climates,  than  the  white  race.        ^  *  * 

J.  E.  VEETEK, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Fifth  District  of  Missouri. 

Jefferson  City,  Mo.,  July  30, 1SG5. 

MISSOURI— EIGHTH  DISTRICT.' 
E.itracts  from  rejwrt  of  Dk.  Z.  T.  Knight. 

In  reply  to  the  tirst  interrogation,  I  can  state  that  I  examined  about  three  thousand  men,  and 
found  about  fifty  per  cent,  of  the  number  fit  for  service. 

The  general  geograi)hical  description  of  my  district  may  be  briefiy  stated  as  follows :  a  high 
rolling  country,  embracing  the  northeast  corner  of  the  State,  and  extending  from  the  Mississippi 
to  the  Missouri  River;  it  is  diversified  iu  prairie  and  timber,  the  former  generally  being  on  the 
divides  between  the  streams,  and  the  land  is  sufficiently  rolling  to  make  it  admirably  adapted  to 
farming  purposes,  favorable  to  the  health  of  the  occupants,  and  with  its  rich  soil  well  insuring  a 
large  reward  to  the  agriculturist,  as  well  as  producing  all  kinds  of  fruit.  The  timbered  land  is 
mostly  confined  to  the  breaks  and  streams  into  which  they  lead,  and  is  covered  principally  by 
the  different  kinds  of  oak,  walnut,  elm,  hickory,  hackberrj",  grape,  &c. 

The  country  is  sparsely  populated,  with  inhabitants  from  all  the  States  of  the  Union  and  from 
Europe;  but  a  large  majority  are  from  the  States  of-Tennessce,  Kentucky,  and  Virginia,  many  of 
whom  brought  slaves  with  them,  settled  on  large  tracts  of  land,  and  adopted  a  loose  and  slovenly 
manner  of  larming  and  cultivation,  raising  corn,  wheat,  hemj),  tobacco,  hogs,  cattle,  and  mules, 
and  in  many  instances  accumulated  considerable  wealth.  There  are  no  poor  people ;  every  one  with 
industry  being  able  to  support  himself  and  family  in  a  comfortable  manner. 

After  an  experience  of  twenty-five  years,  I  find  the  diseases  of  remittent  and  intermittent 
fevers  incident  to  early  settlements  of  the  West  disappearing  with  the  small  log  cabins  iu  which 

.  'No  reports  roceivod  from  tlio  sixth  auil  scvoutli  districts. 


surgeons'   reports — MISSOURI — NINTH   DISTRICT.  395 

large  familiet,  were  crowded  aud  confined.     We  now  find  some  tendencies  to  disease  of  the  lungs, 
and  others  incident  to  civilization  ;  but  tbere  appears  to  be  no  disease  that  is  endemic  to  this 

locality. 

In  the  whole  course  of  my  duty,  and  experience  therefrom,  1  can  state  that  the  best  nation- 
ality for  military  service  was  found  in  the  white  males  of  the  United  States. 

"  It  is  deemed  unnecessary  at  this  time,  since  the  war  is  over,  to  refer  to  the  other  matters  of 
inquiry,  which  were  very  pertinent  at  the  time,  but  are  now  irrelevant ;  and  I  will  merely  add,  in 
conclusion,  that  if  anything  of  importance  is  omitted,  it  will  afford  me  pleasure  to  furnish  it  when- 
ever YOU  require  it.        *  *  * 

Z.  T.  KNIGHT, 

Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Eighth  District  of  Missouri. 
Canton,  Mo.,  September  11, 1SG5. 


MISSOUllI— NINTH  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Uk.  C.  F.  Walden. 

"  #  *  *        My  experience  in  the  examination  of  men  for  military  service  is  limited. 

I  have  been  in  the  office  as'surgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment  of  the  NinL>  District  of  the  State  of 
Missouri  since  the  16th  day  of  January,  18G5,  since  which  time  I  have  examined  nineteen  dialled 
men,  ten  of  whom  were  deserters  from  draft  No.  3.  Four  of  these  were  held  to  service;  the  other 
six  Ijeing  discharged  as  fanflt.  Nine  were  examined  by  me  on  the  fourth  or  last  draft.  They  were 
all  exempted.  It  is  commonly  the  case  for  those  that  are  disabled  to  report  first.  I  have  exam- 
ined seventeen  substitutes,  thirteen  of  whom  were  put  in  the  service;  the  other  four  were  rejecte<l. 
I  have  examined  three  hundred  and  sixty-two  enrolled  men,  all  of  whom  were  exempted  excepting 
twenty ;  making  all  the  men  examined  four  hundred  and  five. 

I  am  too  little  acquainted  with  the  district  to  give  anything  like  a  correct  description  of  it.  It 
is  situated  immediately  between  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  Rivers.  It  is  in  the  shape  of  the  letter 
V,  and  every  county  of  the  district  but  two  is  bounded  on  one  or  the  other  of  its  sides  by  one  or 
the  other  of  these  rivers.  Cuvre  River  runs  through  nearly  the  whole  of  the  district.  There  are 
also  several  large  creeks  in  the  diiferent  counties. 

The  lace  of  the  country  is  undulating,  and  abounds  with  fine  timber  on  the  rivers  and  other 
streams ;  the  high  laud  is  prairie.  The  diseases  most  prevalent  are  intermittent,  remittent,  inflani- 
matory,  and  typhoid  fevers,  with  all  other  diseases  peculiar  to  the  West,  or  the  valley  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, or,  indeed,  to  the  older  States. 

The  chief  causes  of  disease  are  to  be  found  in  the  changeableness  of  the  climate  and  the  decay 
of  vegetation  caused  by  the  overflowing  of  the  rivers  aud  creeks  in  the  months  of  May  aud  June. 
This  overflow  takes  place  annually  in  one  or  the  other  of  these  months.  The  inhabitants  are  gen 
erally  industrious  farmers,  mechanics,  laborers,  &c. 

So  far  as  my  experience  extends,  hernia  has  disqualified  more  per  thousand  than  any  other 
disease  or  disability.  The  cause  of  this  disability  is  too  well  known  for  me  to  attemi.t  to  say  any- 
thing about  it.        *  *  * 

I  do  not  recommend  any  change,  believing  that,  although  frauds  may  exist,  yet,  with  a  proper 
construction  and  understanding  of  the  list  as  now  given  in  paragraph  85,  Provost-Marshal-Gen- 
eral's Bureau,  all  drafted  and  enrolled  men  who  are  really  unfit  for  military  service  can  be  exempted 
in  accordance  with  its  provisions.        *  ♦  * 

I  think  that  irom  fifty  to  sixty  meil  are  as  many  as  can  be  examined  with  accuracy  per  day. 
The  frauds  most  to  be  guarded  against  are  pretended  diseases  of  the  lungs  and  kidneys  aud 
rheumatism,  which  attempts  are  easily  detected.     Substitutes  and  recruits  always  aim  to  hide  all 
such  diseases  or  other  defects,  avowing  all  the  time  that  nothing  is  the  matter  with  them.    I  know 
of  no  suggestion  to  make  to  avoid  the  difficulties. 

My  experience  .suggests  the  Ameri(-ans  first  and  the  Irish  next  in  order  of  military  capacity. 


396  surgeons'  reports — oiiio — thiru  district. 

My  experience  is  too  limited  for  lue  to  express  an  oiiiiiiou  on  tbe  subject,  but  I  cannot  see  why 
negroes  should  not  make  as  good  soldiers  as  any  other  race. 

I  am  not  well  enough  acquainted  with  the  oiieratiou  of  the  enrollment  law  to  say  anything 
about  it,  but  would  suggest  that  all  men  be  included  iu  the  law  from  eighteen  years  old  to  forty-five. 

C.  F.  WALDEN, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Ninth  District  of  Missouri. 

Saint  Charles,  Mo.,  May  29,  18G5. 

OHIO— THIKD  DISTRICT.' 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  W.  L.  Schenck. 

•  #  *        Since  aiy  present  appointment,  1  have  examined  about  four  thousand 

recruits  and  substitutes,  three  hundred  drafted  men,  and  three  thousand  enrolled  men  ;  total,  seven 
thousand  three  hundred. 

The  Third  Congressional  District  of  Ohio  is  composed  of  the  counties  of  Montgomery,  Butler, 
Warren,  and  Preble.  It  is  situated  in  the  valleys  of  the  Miami  Kivers,  and  for  fertility  of  soil  is 
not  excelled  by  any  equal  area  of  land  iu  the  United  States.  Its  diseases  are  those  incident  to  its 
alluvial  soil  and  climatic  changes,  though  the  malarious  fevers  so  common  during  the  first  settle- 
ment of  the  country  are  now  comparatively  rare,  and  are  replaced  by  the  atonic  fevers  which  mark 
the  age.  We  have  our  full  share  of  inflammatory  diseases,  dependent  on  our  sudden  clianges  of 
temperature,  and  of  the  physical  ills  consequent  upon  our  numerous  breweries  and  still-houses. 
The  chief  occupation  of  tbe  people  of  the  district  is  cultivating  the  soil ;  but,  like  all  rich  agricul- 
tural districts,  it  is  thickly  dotted  over  with  villages  and  cities,  in  which  flourish  the  professions, 
arts,  and  manufactures,  giving  it  a  fair  distribution  of  the  various  vocations  of  life.  Its  citizens 
are  generally  industrious,  intelligent,  and  patriotic,  though  Montgomery  County  has  her  Vallan- 
digham,  and  Butler  her  snake-bitten  miscreants,  who  resolved  to  resist  the  draft,  and  straightway 
concealed  themselves  behind  some  fellow-citizens  of  African  descent. 

Bv  far  the  most  common  cause  for  exemption  from  enrollment,  discharge  from  draft,  and  rejec- 
tion of  recruits  has  been  hernia.  The  reasons  why  it  has  disqualitied  so  large  a  number  are  of  so 
general  a  nature  that  they  scarce  require  comment.  Whilst  the  imperfect  development  of  the  poor 
and  squalid  inhabitants  of  crowded  cities  and  the  wasted  and  flaccid  muscles  of  the  consumptive  are 
usually  considered  the  predisposing,  and  their  severe  labors  and  straining  coughs  the  exciting, 
causes  of  this  disea.se,  iu  this  district  neither  of  these  have  existed  to  any  considerable  extent,  nor 
have  the  cases  been  confined  to  any  nation,  class,  or  A'ocation.  The  next  most  common  cause  has 
been  varix.  Under  paragraph  85,  only  varicocele  of  the  lower  extremities  has  warranted  exemp- 
tion, though  I  have  rejected  many  recruits  for  circocele ;  and  it  is  surprising  how  many  young  men 
have  that  form  of  the  disease.  I  think  about  onethird  of  all  the  recruits  examined  have  had  more 
or  less  enlargement  of  the  spermatic  veins,  and  I  am  convinced  that  the  growing  moral  and  phys- 
ical sin  of  self  pollution  is  a  common  cause  of  this  form  of  varix. 

Of  all  the  causes  for  rejection  of  recruits,  imperfect  development  has  been  greatly  in  excess. 
Those  thus  rejected  have  usually  claimed  they  were  lull  eighteen  years  of  age,  though  I  am  satisfied 
such  was  rarely  the  case.  They  were  generally  induced  to  present  themselves  with  a  lie  in  their 
mouths  by  unprincipled  brokers  and  recruiting  committees,  who  found  in  their  inexperience  lit  sub- 
jects for  their  cupidity,  or  a  cheap  means  of  clearing  the  quotas  of  their  townships,  and  there  was 
no  risk  to  thetn  whether  the  recruits  were  accepted  or  rejected. 

In  my  examinations,  I  have  observed  an  unusual  amount  of  eruptive  diseases,  almost  enough 
to  warrant  the  assertion  of  Hahnemann,  (/'  t]iere  was  any  philosophy  in  it,  that  "  psora  is  the  only  real 
fundamental  cause  and  producer  of  all  the  numerous,  I  may  say  innumerable,  forms  of  disease." 
(Organon,  p.  183.)  But  is  this  eruption,  so  frequently  noticed,  psora  ?  Some  physicians,  I  believe, 
are  calling  it  "army-itch," and  deciding  it  is  it(;h,  but  different  from  scabies,  because  in  many  cases 
they  find  no  acari,  and  fail  to  cure  it  with  sulphur.  The  name,  1  imagine,  comes  from  a  too  com- 
mon practi(!e  of  adopting  popular  names  for  diseases  without  sufficient  care  in  diagnosing  and 

'  No  roports  were  reteivod  from  tbe  tirst  iind  second  districts. 


SUEGEONS     RKPOK'TS OHIO — TIIIKU    UISTKICT.  397 

classifyinj?  tbera.  A  huge  number  of  tlio  cases  wliicb  liave  fallen  niuler  my  observation  weie 
simply  scabies,  of  which,  for  several  years,  we  have  bad  in  this  district  a  full  share,  and,  tlionyh 
irequeiitly  exteDsive  and  aggravated,  I  am  well  satisfied  would  have  yielded  to  sidphnj-  and  soap. 
Another  large  class,  confined  chiefly  to  those  who  bad  been  witli  the  Army,  tbougii  often  conii)!i- 
cated  with  psora,  arose  principally  from  debility,  and  the  gastro-intestinal  diseases  so  common  in 
camp  and  hospital  reverted  to  the  surface,  aggiavated  by  vermin  and  scratching,  and  usually 
consisted  of  varieties  of  ekzema,  erythema,  and  lichen  ;  the  former  occurring  among  soldiers  just  as 
it  has  been  observed  for  years  among  the  emigrants  from  Europe  who  have  suflered  from  iiui)r()pir 
and  perhaps  insufficient  food,  uncleanliness,  and  vermin,  and  wbicii  cases  have  often  closely  sim- 
ulated scabies.  Whilst  the  causes  existing  in  every  army  are  sufficient  to  produce  ah  increased 
amount  of  the  various  eruptive  diseases,  it  would  seem  impossible  that  any  should  escape  who 
have  been  kept  for  months  .and  yeais  on  the  miserable  diet  and  in  the  more  miserable  filth  of 
those  accursed  hells  in  which  the  demons  of  this  rebellion  have  confined  so  many  of  our  prison- 
ers. To  call  these  diseases  "  army-itch,"  and  hope  to  cure  them  with  sulphur-unguents,  is  of  course 
unpardonable. 

Tliere  are  a  few  sections  in  paragragh  85,  Revised  Regulations,  in  which  I  would  recommend 
changes.  Section  5  reads,  "  Organic  diseases  of  internal  organs  which  have  so  seriovsly  impaired 
the  general  health  as  to  leave  no  doubt  of  bis  incajiacity  for  military  duty,  and  which  prevent  his 
performing  any  equally  laborious  occupation  in  civil  life."  The  very  slight  change  of  the  copulative 
and  to  the  disjunctive  or  would  cover  important  cases  for  which  provision  is  not  elsewhere  made. 
As  it  reads  now,  the  latter  clause  adds  nothing  but  toords  to  the  paragraph,  for  certainly  any  one 
whose  (/cntTrt?  health  is  so  seriously  imitaired  as  to  leave  no  doubt  of  bis  incapacity  for  performing 
military  service,  is  incapable  of  performing  any  equally  laborious  duty  elsewhere;  but  it  is  by  no 
means  evident  that  ha  whose  general  health  is  not  manifestly  impaired  is  always  capable  of  per- 
forming either  military  or  other  labor.  The  general  liealth  may  be  good,  and  yet  disease  of  internal 
organs  exist  to  such  an  extent  as  to  prevent  the  ]>erformance  of  any  labor.  There  may  be  asthma, 
emphysema  of  the  lungs,  or  valvular  disea.se  of  the  heart,  to  such  an  extent  as  to  forbid  all  violent 
exercise,  and  yet,  with  proper  prudence,  the  nutritive  lunctions  acting  bealtblully,  the  general 
health  may  be  pood.  These  diseases  are  too  easy  of  diagnosis  to  be  mistaken,  and  totally  disqualify 
their  subjects  for  the  performance  of  military  duty ;  yet  they  cannot  be  exempted  by  this  section 
as  it  now  stands,  and  if  exempted  under  section  9,  wLicb  is  made  to  cover  all  the  ground  of  this, 
then  section  5  might  be  stricken  out.  Under  section  11,  rheumatism  can  only  exempt  when  jnani- 
fested  by  positive  changes  of  structure.  Certainly  there  are  rheumatic  patients  in  whom  such 
change  does  not  exist,  who  are  wholly  unfit  for  the  service.  The  strong  rheumatic  idiosyncrasy, 
being  properly  substantiated  by  reliable  medical  testimony,  should,  in  my  judgment,  exempt. 

The  change  in  section  23  is  not  an  improvement.  How  can  a  man  live  on  the  diet  of  a  soldier 
who  has  lost  all  bis  teeth  except  a  right  canine  above  and  a  left  below '!  As  this  section  now  stands, 
if  drafted,  such  persons  must  be  mustered  into  the  .service.  Men  applying  for  exemption  have  only 
been  examined  in  reference  to  the  particular  disability  of  which  they  have  comi)laiued. 

Recruits,  substitutes,  and  drafted  men  have  always  been  examined  naked.  When  prepared, 
they  were  required  to  walk,  hop,  jump,  and  run  across  the  room,  and  were  then  minutely  inspected 
from  hea<l  to  foot,  their  height  and  measurements  of  ehest  at  inspiration  and  expiration  being  also 
taken.  To  thus  examine  a  recruit  will  require  full  five  minutes,  and  a  drafted  man  will  occupy 
twice  that  time,  so  that  from  Jifty  to  one  hundred  men  may  be  considered  as  many  as  can  be  exam- 
ined with  accuracy  per  day.        #  »  * 

In  examining  the  applicants  for  exemjitiou  in  this  district,  though  but  a  small  proi)ortion  of 
its  citizens  are  foreigners,  I  find  little  more  than  half  the  applicants  were  Americans.  In  examin- 
ing drafted  men  1  have  scarcely  met  with  a  foreigner  who,  if  he  told  the  truth,  was  in  good  health, 
evidencing  to  me  that  the  foreign  population  lack  to  a  iar  greater  extent  than  the  natives  that 
nervous  constitution  which  is  more  essential  to  the  fortitude  and  endurance  of  the  soldier  than  any- 
thing else.  If  we  rely  oidy  upon  measurements,  other  nations  may  excel ;  but  if  we  throw  into  the 
balance  that  most  important  of  the  physical  systems — the  nervous — then  Americans  possess  the 
greatest  physical  aptitude. 


398  surgeons'  reports — ohio — fourth  district. 

My  experience  in  the  examination  of  colored  recruits  is  that,  if  they  have  a  stomach  for  fight- 
ing— a  proper  nervous  constitution — they  have  an  abundance  of  lung,  bone,  and  muscle.    »     *    * 

W.  L.  SGHENGK, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Third  District  of  Ohio. 
Dayton,  Ohio,  May  20,  1865. 

OHIO— FOURTH  DISTRICT. 

Extracts  from  report  of  De.  I.  Fisler. 

As  nearly  as  can  be  ascertained,  the  number  of  men  that  have  been  examined  in  this  district 
is  as  follows : 

Recruits  and  substitutes ". . , .     2, 455 

Drafted  men 1, 013 

Enrolled  men 1, 650 

Total 5,118 

This  district  lies  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  and  consists  of  the  counties  of  Champaign, 
Darke,  Logan,  Miami,  and  Shelby. 

Cliampaign  County  is  situated  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  district.  The  surface  is  generally 
level,  but  in  some  places  it  is  rolling,  and  in  others  quite  hilly,  while  a  twentieth  pait  is  wet  prairie, 
well  adapted  to  grazing.  The  uplands  are  heavily  timbered  with  white  oak,  burr-oak,  beech,  sugar, 
walnut,  poplar,  hickory,  &c.  The  soil  is  very  productive,  producing  wheat,  corn,  oats,  barley,  and 
hay  in  abundance.    Mad  River  and  its  tributaries  water  the  county. 

Darke  County  is  situated  in  the  western  part  of  the  State.  The  surface  is  generally  level, 
with  some  prairie,  and  the  soil  is  exceedingly  fertile.  Heavy  timber  gi'ows  spontaneously,  and 
walnut,  sugar,  beech,  and  hickory  trees  everywhere  abound.  It  is  watered  by  Stillwater  and 
Greenville  Creeks. 

Logan  County  is  situated  north  of  Champaign  County.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  though 
broken  in  some  i)laces;  the  soil  varied,  but  uniformly  fertile.  It  is  watered  by  the  Miami  River 
and  its  tributaries.  In  the  western  part  are  eight  lakes,  each  covering  from  two  to  seventy  acres. 
The  county  is  heavily  timbered,  and  much  of  it  unimproved. 

Miami  County  lies  west  and  southwest  of  Champaign  County,  and  is  watered  by  the  Miami 
River  and  its  branches.  On  the  east  of  the  Miami  the  surface  is  rolling,  on  the  west  level ;  and 
in  both  portions  the  soil  is  very  fertile.  Excellent  limestone  abounds  throughout  the  county.  This 
is  one  of  the  richest  agricultural  counties  in  the  State. 

Shelby  County  is  situated  north  of  Miami  County.  The  surface  is  varied ;  the  southern  moiety 
undulating  and  somewhat  hilly.  The  northern  part  is  a  high,  flat  table-land,  and  forms  a  part  of 
Loraine  Summit,  nearly  four  hundred  feet  above  Lake  Erie.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  is  adapted  to 
all  kiiuls  of  agricultural  productions. 

Prevailing  diseases,  and  causes  condticive  thereto. — It  can  hardly  be  said  that  we  have  any  pre- 
vailing diseases  in  this  district.  Occasionally,  in  the  fall,  a  few  sporadic  cases  of  the  autumnal  fever 
peculiar  to  the  interior  valley  of  the  Mississippi  occur,  but  seldom  in  an  epidemic  form.  Malaria 
arises  from  dead  and  decomposing  organic  matter.  The  soil  of  every  habitable  part  of  the  district 
has  resting  on  its  surface  a  layer  of  dead  and  decomposing  matter  of  this  kind,  abundant  in  pro- 
portion to  its  fertility  and  its  favorable  exposure  to  rains  and  the  heat  of  the  sun,  or  to  that  condi- 
tion which  cherishes  the  growth  of  animals  and  vegetables. 

Hernia. — The  ratio  per  thousand  on  account  of  this  disability  has  been  greater  than  any  other 
in  this  district.  The  greater  part  of  the  district  being  a  heavily-timbered  country,  still  in  process 
of  being  cleared  and  opened  up,  the  inhabitants  generally  are  occujiied  in  agriculture,  and  in  clearing 
their  lands  necessarily  do  a  great  deal  of  heavy  lifting  at  log-rollings,  &c.,  consequently  a  very  great 
number  of  the  men  become  subject  to  rupture  in  its  various  forms  and  degrees.  All  of  these  men 
by  the  regulations  are  disqualitied  ;  but  two-thirds  of  them  are  still  really  and  truly  able  to  do  more 
hard  labor  than  many  who  have  served  their  country  for  the  last  four  years. 


surgeons'   reports OHIO FIFTH    IjISTRICT.  399 

I  woulil  not  advise  ii  change  in  the  list  of  diseases  and  intirniities  as  given  in  paragraph  85, 
Revised  Kegidatious  Provost-Marshal-Geueral's  Bureau,  as  I  believe  that,  with  a  proi)er  construc- 
tion and  understanding  of  them,  all  drafted  men  who  are  really  unfit  for  military  service  can  be 
exempted  in  accordance  with  its  jjrovisions.         *  *  * 

From  seventy-Jive  to  one  hundred  men  can  by  vigorous  effort  be  examined  with  accuracy  in  a 
day. 

I  have  had  but  little  diflflculty  with  drafted  men  through  feigned  or  exaggerated  disease  or 
disability.  Some  did  pretend  to  be  deaf,  to  have  diseased  lungs,  lame  back,  rheumatism,  disease 
of  heart,  &c.,  but  were  easily  detected. 

I  could  not  lay  down  any  fixed  rule  for  diagnosing  simulated  disease.     The  surgeon  must  use 
his  own  judgment  and  ijowers  of  observation,  and  his  peculiar  tact,  or  instinct,  to  detect  it. 

Substitutes  and  recruits. — With  these  I  have  no  difficulty,  as  I  make  it  a  rule  to  accept  none 
but  such  as  are  without  blemish.  Those  coming  before  me  having  any  i)hysical  discpialiflcatlon 
never  made  any  attempt  to  conceal  it  that  I  am  aware  of;  on  the  contrary,  appeared  honestly  to 
be  unaware  of  having  any  disability  existing. 

The  native-born  citizens  of  the  United  States  present  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  mili- 
tary service.  Their  stature  being  generally  medium  or  above,  their  chest  well  formed  and  capa- 
cious, limbs  muscular,  and  possessing  a  generally  perfect  condition  of  the  organs  of  sense,  there 
was  thus  indicated  a  just  proportion  between  the  trunk  and  different  members  of  the  body. 

The  average  perfection  of  physical  qualilicatious  of  the  colored  men  examined  bj'  me  at  this 
office,  I  think,  surpasses  all  otht^rs. 

I  would  suggest  but  one  change  in  the  enrollment-law  as  it  now  exists,  viz: 

Upon  a  call  made  and  assignment  of  quotas  under  the  call,  the  percentage  in  any  given  sub- 
district  being  ascertained,  (say  one  in  ten,)  the  number  of  citizens  required  to  furnish  one  recruit 
should  be  permitted  to  furnish  that  recruit,  and  the  board  authorized  to  record  their  names  and 
remove  their  cards  from  the  box /or  that  call. 

I  am  satisfied  if  this  change  was  made  all  calls  would  be  filled  without  draft ;  that  prices  would 
be  less  by  one-half;  and  that  bounty -jumping  would  be  at  an  end. 

1.  FISLEE, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Fourth  District  oj  Ohio. 

Ukbana,  Ohio,  June  8,  18G5. 


OHIO— FIFTH  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  C.  I.  Neff. 

*  *  #        J  have  held  the  position  of  surgeon  of  this  board  since  its  organization,  in 

May,  18t!3.  During  this  period,  I  have  examined  about  fifteen  thousand  men,  including  recruits, 
substitutes,  drafted,  and  enrolled  men. 

The  Filth  Congressional  District  of  Ohio  is  composed  of  the  counties  of  Van  Wert,  Mercer, 
Auglaize,  Allen,  Hancock,  Hardin,  and  Wyandot.  The  surface  of  the  country  is  generally  level, 
and,  with  the  exception  of  Wyandot  County,  is  heavily  timbered.  The  soil  is  generally  a  black 
loam. 

The  prevailing  diseases  are  malarious.  Rheumatism  and  erysipelas  also  prevail  to  a  consider- 
able extent.  The  inhabitants  are  generally  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits,  are  industrious,  sober, 
simple  iu  their  habits,  and,  as  a  consequence,  thrifty. 

As  the  result  of  numerous  long  and  severe  attacks  of  remittent  and  intermittent  fevers,  there 
are  many  cases  of  chronic  hepatitis,  siilenitis,  &c.  It  will  also  be  .seen  from  my  final  report  that 
organic  disease  of  the  heart  is  very  common.  I  have  taken  great  pains  to  trace  this  disease  to  its 
origin,  and  find  that  very  many  cases  are  caused  undoubtedly  by  erysipelas.  This  disease  has  pre- 
vailed in  a  portion  of  this  district  as  an  e[)idemic,  especially  in  Hancock  County.  There  are  also 
many  cases  directly  traceable  to  the  immense  labor,  the  lifting  and  straining  necessary  to  clearing 
the  heavilvtinil)ei(Mt  lands. 


400  surgeons'  reports — ohio — fifth  district. 

Varicose  veius  and  hernia  have  also  been  fruitful  sources  of  exemption.  The  prevalence  of 
these  are  undoubtedly  to  be  accounted  for  from  the  same  cause. 

There  are  but  one  or  two  sections  of  paragraph  85  as  to  which  I  have  any  modifications  to 
suggest. 

Scclion  3. — In  very  many  cases,  it  is  absolutely  impossible  for  the  persons  suffering  from  epi- 
lepsy to  procure  the  evidence  required  by  the  rule.  This  is  almost  invariably  true  in  cases  of  long 
standing.  After  the  malady  has  become  confirmed,  the  patient  usually  abandons  all  hope  of  relief. 
He  concludes  that  the  ])rofession  has  exhausted  its  skill,  and  that  the  only  result  of  continued  pro- 
ff ssional  attendance  will  be  "  a  doctor's  bill  to  pay,"  without  any  benefit  to  himself.  Hence  there 
•were  many  cases,  and  honafide  ones  too,  where  physicians  had  not  been  in  attendance  for  years, 
and,  of  course,  no  such  certificate  as  that  required  by  the  rule  could  be  obtained.  1  am  thoroughly 
satisfied  that  this  provision  ought  to  be  so  modified  as  to  permit  the  evidence  of  two  or  three 
disinterested  neighbors  being  received  as  to  the  fact  of  the  existence  of  the  disease.  Such  testimony, 
coupled  with  a  thoiough  examination  by  an  intelligent  and  conscientious  physician,  would,  I  believe, 
be  just  both  to  the  Government  and  citizen. 

Section  '20. — I  would  respectfully  suggest  that  this  section  also  be  modified.  1  am  satisfied  that 
many  men  have  been  held  to  service  who  were  unable  to  properly  masticate  their  food.  The  rule, 
however,  was  so  abnulutc,  that  I  did  not  feel  authorized  to  direct  their  discharge.  I  am  aware  that 
surgeons  are  liable  to  abuse  their  discretion;  but  I  suggest  that,  if  they  were  allowed  more  iu  cases 
of  this  character,  the  service  would  be  benefited  thereby.        *     .       *  * 

With  two  rooms,  (one  for  dressing,)  a  surgeon  can,  if  he  has  a  clerk  to  keep  his  records,  exam- 
ine one  hundred  men  per  day.  I  did  not,  however,  average  more  than  seventy,  even  when  busy  from 
early  mornitg  until  evening.  I  had  but  one  room,  and  was  compelled  to  wait  for  the  men  to  dress 
and  undress. 

Malingering  among  drafted  and  enrolled  men  applying  for  exemptions  was  almost  universal. 
Ninety -five  jier  cent,  of  tiie  drafted  men  claimed  exemption  on  account  of  some  physical  defect. 
The  v^'pine  was  usually  the  seat  of  these  imaginary  defects.  It  was  not  unusual  for  men  to  produce 
affidavits  of  their  friends,  confirming  their  own  statements,  that,  in  conseijueuce  of  a  "lame  back" 
or  a  "pain  in  the  side,"  they  had  not  been  able  to  do  any  labor  for  a  period  varying  from  one 
to  five  years.  On  examining  their  hands,  they  v^ould  be  found  to  be  hard  and  calloused  to  such  an 
extent  as  to  prove  the  statements  to  be  absolutely  false. 

Deafness  was  the  disability  most  frequently  assumed,  and  its  detection  was  the  easiest.  I 
generally  appeared  to  have  no  doubt  of  the  fact,  but  pretended  to  find  some  other  defect  that  would 
exemi)t  them,  and  would  then  converse  with  them  in  a  low  tone  of  voice,  as  if  I  did  not  want  the 
clerk  to  overhear.  If  the  deafness  did  not  exist,  he  was  soon  thrown  oft  his  guard,  and  his 
attempted  fraud  thus  easily  exposed. 

To  iUustrate  one  of  the  means  by  which  both  recruits  and  substitutes  may  have  passed  suc- 
cessful examinations  when  they  sliould  probably  have  been  rejected,  I  will  mention  a  circumstance 
which  occurred  at  this  office.  A  recruit  was  rejected  by  reason  of  inguinal  hernia;  the  next  day  a 
veteran,  (at  home  on  furlough,)  of  about  the  same  size,  presented  himself  iu  citizen's  clothes,  was 
examined,  imd  i)assed  under  the  other'' s  name.  After  the  i)a])ers  were  properly  signed  by  me,  they 
■were  passed  over  by  the  confederate  to  tlie  man  who  had  been  rejected.  The  latter  went  into  the 
provost-marshal's  room  and  was  mustered  in.  After  he  had  been  forwarded  to  his  regiment,  he 
wrote  to  me,  telling  the  joki',  as  he  called  it.  I  then  adopted  a  rule  requiring  all  recruits  and  sub- 
stitutes to  bring  their  papers  iu  with  them,  and,  if  accepted,  the  description  was  entered  upon 
them,  and  they  were  signed  iu  my  room. 

Another  fraud  that  has  been  perpetrated  at  this  office  is  that  of  procuring  forged  "  parents' 
consent."  In  a  iew  cases,  minors  have  forged,  or  proc-ured  the  forgery  of,  their  parents'  consent; 
and  iu  a  number  of  cases  they  have  deliberately  and  falsely  sworn  as  to  their  age. 

In  regard  to  the  nationality  which  presents  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  military  service, 
I  think  our  own  native-born  citizens,  without  doubt,  possess  the  best  physical  qualities,  as  far  as 
the  experience  of  this  otlice  lias  extended. 

I  have  not  had  data  sufficient  upon  which  to  base  a  definite  opinion  as  to  the  physical  qualifi- 


SURGEOJVS     ItEPOKTS OHIO SIXTH    DISTRICT.  401 

cations  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service^  as  but  few  of  this  class  have  presented  themselves 
for  examination  at  Ihis  office.  1  am  convinced,  however,  from  what  knowledge  1  have  of  them,  that 
the  colored  men  who  are  born  aud  reared  in  northern  latitudes  are  more  subject  to  strumous  dis- 
ease than  the  white  race  in  the  same  regions,  while  those  born  and  reared  in  tiie  southern  country 
are  uniformly  of  good  physique. 

There  is,  in  my  opinion,  one  very  important  defect  in  the  enrollment-law.  Persons  from  eighteen 
to  fortyfice  years  of  age  should  be  made  liable.  My  experience  convinces  me  that  as  good  soldiers 
as  any  that  have  been  furnished  to  the  Army  from  this  district  have  been  between  the  ages  of 
eighteen  ami  twenty.  I  would  establish  a  standard  for  those  under  twenty-one  ;  for  instance, 
reject  all  those  who  do  not  present  a  good  physique,  measure  thirty  inches  around  the  chest  at 
expiratioti,  show  a  height  of  at  least  five  feet  four  inches,  a  weight  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  five 
pounds,  aud  an  expansion  of  chest  of  three  inches. 

Hundreds  of  young  men  in  this  district  were  exempt  from  the  operations  of  the  euroUmeut-law 
who  were  by  all-  odds  better  able  to  discharge  the  duties  of  a  soldier  than  thousands  who  ivere 
liable.  Another  consideration  is,  that  persons  of  this  age  usually  have  no  family  to  care  for,  aud 
hence  can  go  with  less  inconvenience  than  their  elders. 

C.  I.  NEFF, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Fifth  District  of  Ohio. 

Lima,  Ohio,  June  8,  1865. 


OHIO— SIXTH  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  David  Noble. 

*  *  *        The  number  of  men  examined  by  me  for  military  service  and  for  the  pur- 

pose of  exemption,  as  nearly  as  can  be  ascertained,  is  four  thousand  five  hundred.  A  very  large 
number  of  these,  especially  those  who  wished  to  be  exempted,  were  able  bodied;  about  twenty  per 
cent,  of  those  claiming  exemption  were  stricken  from  the  rolls ;  and  about  fifteen  per  cent,  of  those 
offering  themselves  as  recruits  and  substitutes  were  rejected.  Soldiers  discharged  on  account  of 
physical  disability  swell  the  amount  of  rejections  considerably. 

The  district  is  composed  of  the  counties  of  Highland,  Brown,  Clermont,  Clinton,  and  Fayette, 
and  contains  about  four  thousand  five  hundred  and  fifty  square  miles.  The  Ohio  River  bounds  the 
counties  of  Clermont  and  Brown  on  the  south.  Highland,  Clinton,  and  Fayette  Counties  are  situ- 
ated north  of  the  aloresaid  counties.  The  principal  streams  are  the  Little  Miami,  Paint,  White 
Oak,  and  Bullskin;  the  first  named  being  designated  with  the  name  of  river,  while  the  others  are 
denominated  creeks. 

Highland  County,  as  its  name  indicates,  is  very  uneven  and  hilly,  although  it  cannot  be  said 
to  be  mountainous,  aud  is  considered  the  most  elevated  i)ortion  of  land  in  the  State.  The  laud  on 
which  the  county  seat  is  built  is  one  hundred  and  thirty-four  feet  higher  than  the  base  of  the 
foundation  of  the  State-house  at  Columbus. 

Three  miles  from  this  place  (Hillsborough)  is  a  farm-house,  the  water  dripping  from  the  eaves 
of  which  during  a  shower  contributes  to  swell  the  waters  of  the  Little  Miami  and  the  Scioto  Rivers ; 
the  one  emptying  into  the  Ohio  River  at  Portsmouth,  Ohio,  the  other  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  two  hun- 
dred miles  apart  at  their  mouths.  The  soil  is  clayey,  with  the  exception  of  the  lowlands  (bottoms) 
bordering  on  the  large  streams,  which  are  alluvial.  Brown  and  Clerujont  Counties  may  be  included 
iu  what  is  .said  of  Highland  in  relation  to  surface  aud  soil. 

Fayette  and  Clinton  Counties  are  more  level,  and  are  moie  fertile;  the  soil  of  tiie  former 
being  loamy,  the  latter  clayey.  In  Fayette,  there  is  a  large  extent  of  lauds  called  by  the  inhabitants 
"barrens,"  which  is  entirely  destitute  of  forest-trees,  resembling  prairies  in  the  West,  but  is  dif 
fereut  from  what  its  name  would  indicate,  since,  under  a  proper  system  of  drainage  and  cultivation, 
they  are  very  fertile. 

Diseases. — In  this  county,  (Fayette,)  intermittents  are  very  prevalent  during  the  fall  months; 
the  patients  frequently  continuing  to  have  the  chills  during  the  winter  months ;  the  caus(>  evidently 
51 


■Uy2  surgeons'    reports OHIO SIXTH    UISTItlCT. 

being  mnrsb  miasmata.  The  tertian  and  quartan  type  ot  the  disease  is  the  most  prevalent  during 
the  winter  mouths.  Occasionally,  cases  of  ague  are  found  on  the  streams,  although  it  yields 
very  readily  to  treatment;  however,  in  the  early  history  of  this  disease — say  twenty-five  years 
ago — the  inhabitants  of  the  lowlands  bordering  on  tiie  large  streams  were  subject  to  intermittent 
fever  during  the  fall  and  winter  mouths,  aud  the  disease  often  proved  fatal  to  the  people  residing 
near  the  Little  IVIianii  River.  The  cause,  no  doubt,  was  the  effluvia  arising  from  the  stagnant 
water,  caused  by  the  falling  of  trees,  which  obstructed  the  free  flow  of  the  current;  of  late  years, 
since  the  lands  are  nearly  all  cleared  of  their  timber,  few  cases  occur. 

Typhoid  fever  is  also  very  prevalent  in  this  district,  and  is  contined  to  no  particular  locality; 
it  is  not  so  fatal  as  it  was  some  twenty  years  ago.  When  it  llrst  made  its  appearance  here,  twenty 
l)er  cent,  of  all  those  attacked  died.  Of  late  years,  the  disease  is  mihler,  aud  is  not  so  fatal.  Milk- 
sickness  prevails  in  several  localities  iu  Fayette  and  Clermont  Counties,  though  no  satisfactory 
explanation  of  the  cause  has  ever  been  given.  It  evidently  results  from  some  plant  that  is  eaten 
by  the  milch-cows  during  the  months  of  June,  July,  and  August.  At  other  times,  the  milk  may  be 
used  with  impunity.  The  type  of  all  our  fevers  is  asthenic.  The  most  successful  course  of  treat- 
ment is  tonic  and  stimulant;  mercurials  are  but  little  used.  Remittent  fever  is  not  so  frequent  or 
so  fatal  as  it  was,  say  twenty  years  ago;  at  tiiat  time,  mercurials,  cathartics,  alteratives,  vesication, 
and  venesection  characterized  the  treatment  of  this  malady  by  every  regular  practitfoner.  But 
calomel,  tartar  emetic,  and  the  lancet  are  fast  becoming  obsolete  iu  the  treatment  of  our  fevers  at 
this  time.  At  the  time  mentioned,  (twenty  years  ago,)  irregular  practitioners — botanies  et  id  genus 
omne — were  very  unsuccessful  from  the  sthenic  character  of  the  disease;  their  tonic  and  stimu- 
lating course  aggravating  rather  than  alleviating  the  symptoms.  Diphtheria  is  now  a  very  ])reva- 
lent  disease  iu  this  district.  It  first  made  its  a|)pearance  in  this  county,  and  I  might  add  district, 
ten  years  since.  It  is  very  fatal  iu  some  localities;  all  the  younger  members  of  some  families  being 
alfected  with  it.  Sometimes  adults  are  attacked  with  tlie  disease,  and  it  generally  ])roves  fatal  in 
such  ca.ses.  No  satisfactory  cause  can  be  given  for  the  prevalence  and  advent  of  this  disease. 
Temperature  and  season  have  no  appreciable  iutiuence  ui^on  its  course.  Phthisis  pulmonalis  and 
scrofula  prevail  to  a  greater  extent  here  than  in  the  prairies  of  the  West.  I  have  never  heard  any 
satisfactory  reason  assigned  for  the  circumstance.  We  have  all  the  varieties  of  scailatina  here ;  the 
malignant  form  prevailing  to  a  greater  extent  in  the  vicinity  of  the  large  streams  of  water.  It  is 
endemic  in  these  localities,  and  often  occnra  sporadically.  Remote  from  the  watercourses,  it  is  not 
so  fatal. 

Inhabitants. — The  people  of  the  district  are  principally  farmers,  and  composed  of  different 
nationalities,  Irish,  French,  German,  English,  and  Scotch.  The  natives  are  generally  Virginians 
or  their  descendants,  are  an  industrious,  frugal,  and  (before  the  war)  a  jieaceable  people.  No  large 
manufacturing  establishments  are  found  in  this  district.  All  the  cereals  are  raised  in  abundance, 
aud  large  quantities  of  wine  are  manufactured  iu  the  southern  part  of  Brown  County,  the  soil  of 
which  is  well  adapted  to  the  successful  cultivation  of  the  grape. 

Causes  of  exemptions. — So  many  exemptions  occurring  under  paragraph  85,  sections  31  and  32, 
may  be  attributed  to  wounds  received  in  felling  the  trees  of  the  forest;  this  country  being  heavily 
timbered  and  comparatively  new.  The  greater  ratio  per  thousand  exempted  under  section  9  may 
be  accounted  for  from  the  fact  that  functional  diseases  of  the  liver,  heart,  kidneys,  and  pancreas 
are  common  here.  A  general  cachectic  condition  of  the  system,  produced  either  from  unwholesome 
food  or  solitary  vice,  producing  muscular  tenuity,  anaemia,  lack  of  physical  power,  are  all  embraced 
under  that  section,  (No.  9.) 

Paragraph  85. — Taking  in^o  consideration  the  difiSculty  of  meeting  all  the  different  phases  of 
disease  that  would  disqualify  a  man  for  military  service,  and  tlie  liability  which  too  lax  a  rule  would 
present  for  abuse,  I  do  not  know  that  I  can  offer  anything  amendatory  to  paragraph  85,  combining 
it  with  i)aragrai)h  95,  Revised  Regulations.  I  would,  however,  except  sections  G  and  9  of  said 
paragraph.  For  example,  two  enrolled  men  present  themselves  belbre  the  board  for  examination, 
the  one  for  exemption,  tlie  other  to  enter  the  service  or  be  accepted.  Both  have  a  tendeucy  to 
hereditary  phthisis,  although  the  disease  has  not  developed  itself.  Under  ])aragraph  85,  section  6, 
you  could  not  exempt  the  one,  and  it  would  be  doing  injustice  to  the  .service  to  accept  the  other. 


I 


surgeons'    reports OHIO SIXTH    DISTRICT.  40.'T 

Again,  it  is  not  unusual  to  find  men  wbo  present  tlieniselves  for  exemption  and  acceptance  as 
recruits  who  have  no  positive  disease.  Bad  air  and  unwholesome  food  have  produced  a  general 
cachectic  condition  of  the  system  with  flaccidity  of  muscle;  the  abdominal  walls  are  in  close  prox- 
imity to  the  vertebrae,  and  the  assimilative  functions  are  feeble.  They  cannot  be  exempted  under  par- 
agraph 83,  section  0,  nor  can  they  be  accepted  as  recruits.  "  Decided  feeble  constitution"  are  the  only 
words  that  fully  express  their  condition.  The  first  part  of  the  sentence  iu  section  13,  paragraph  95, 
will  meet  the  case;  but  the  nomenclature  will  not  be  ada]>ted  to  paragraph  85,  section  9.  Obesity 
and  nearsightedness  should  be  cause  for  exemption,  especially  when  the  cases  are  extreme;  and 
the  regulations  might  be  amended  by  qualifying,  as  in  the  case  of  varicose  veins,  haemor- 
rhoids, &c.        *  #  # 

Eighty  men  are  as  many  as  can  be  examined  thoroughly  and  the  proper  record  made  each 
day.  As  a  matter  of  course,  by  extending  the  time  beyond  the  usual  hours,  the  number  could  be 
increased. 

The  frauds  that  are  most  frequently  practiced  by  enrolled  men  seeking  exemption,  and  by 
drafted  men,  are  the  placing  of  irritating  substances  in  the  eyes  and  feigning  ojjhthalmia,  or  by 
extracting  the  teeth.  The  first  can  be  delected  by  the  character  of  the  inflamed  surface  after  ask- 
ing the  duration  of  the  disease;  the  second  by  the  alveolar  i)rocess  not  being  absorbed.  A  man 
presented  himself  before  the  board  for  exemption  on  account  of  loss  of  teeth  ;  on  being  asked  how 
long  they  had  been  out,  he  said  "  two  weeks ;"  and,  thrusting  his  hand  down  to  the  bottom  of  a  long 
pocket  in  his  jeans  pantaloons,  exhibited  twelve  sound  teeth  that  had  been  recently  extracted,  thus 
settling  the  question  that  a  man  may  stand  the  steel,  but  fear  the  powder  and  lead.      *        *        * 

The  late  rule  adopted  by  the  Provost-Marshal-General's  Bureau  requiring  surgeons  of  boards 
to  forward  monthly  reports  with  appropriate  remarks,  would  in  a  great  measure  dispense  with 
reexaminations,  provided  that,  in  addition  to  the  other  descriptions  we  now  give,  we  were  to 
give  the  tceight  of  each  man  accepted  or  rejected.  The  chief  medical  officer  at  Washington  could 
form  some  idea  of  the  capability  of  the  examiner  as  also  of  the  quality  of  the  recruit.     *      »      * 

The  best  physically  developed  men  I  have  examined  in  this  district  are  of  Oeltic  origin.  Per- 
haps my  experience  here  is  not  a  fair  test,  as  quite  a  number  of  foreigners  presented  themselves  as 
substitutes,  and  claimed  to  come  from  Ireland  or  Canada  very  lately.  As  a  general  thing,  they 
were  men  who  led  a  kind  of  peripatetic  life,  attached  to  circuses  and  other  traveling  exhibitions. 
A  great  many  could  perform  acrobatic  feats,  in  which  they  would  rival  the  best  performers  attached 
to  any  circus.  But,  for  good  fighting  material,  1  think  the  Western  Americans  can  excel  any 
nationality.  The  cause  may  be  found  in  their  early  habit  of  handling  a  gun,  their  unerring  aim 
bringing  down  a  squirrel  from  the  loftiest  tree.  Nor  is  this  opinion  based  upon  any  precon- 
ceived notion  as  to  my  particular  locality,  being  a  foreigner  myself,  but  from  actual  observation  on 
the  battle  field ;  having  served  during  the  years  1862  and  1863  as  surgeon  to  an  Ohio  regiment 
in  active  field  service.  Their  occupation,  being  principally  farming,  has  a  tendency  to  develop  their 
physical  system,  and  pure  air  and  healthy  invigorating  exercise  render  them  eai)able  of  enduring 
hard  and  fatiguing  marches. 

The  pure-blooded  African  is  every  way  physically  equiil  to  the  European;  and,  when  a  free 
man  from  the  North,  or  even  a  contraband  from  the  South — if  a  house-servant,  and  intelligent,  and 
not  brutalized  by  the  lash  of  a  hard  overseer  or  master — from  his  imitative  qualities,  would,  I 
presume,  be  readily  taught  the  manual  of  arms.  Negroes  are  easily  molded  to  the  will  of  their 
superiors  when  well  treated,  and  as  subordination  and  discipline  are  the  qualities  that  characterize 
the  true  soldier,  I  would  venture  the  opinion  that  they  are  inferior  to  no  other  as  common  soldiers, 
and  are  emine'ntly  well  fitted  for  military  service.  Their  mixture  with  the  white  race  deteriorates 
very  much  from  tbeir  physical  development.        *  *  • 

DAVID  NOBLE, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Sixth  District  of  Ohio. 

Hlllsborough,  Ohio,  May  31,  1865. 


404  surgeons'  eepoets — ohio — seventh  district. 

OHIO— SEVENTH  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  M.  LeiIen. 

*  *  *        I  have  made  the  following  number  of  examinations: 

Recruits  and  substitutes  —  -  •. 7, 000 

Drafted  men .         650 

Enrolled  men    -       G,  000 

Total : 13, 650 

As  many  of  these  enrolled  men  have  been  examined  twice,  the  number  is,  therefore,  conse 
quently  great.    As  near  as  can  be  estimated,  about  sixteen  hundred  have  been  examined  the 
second  time.    This  is  also  the  case  with  the  exemptions.    Many  having  been  re  enrolled  by  the 
eurollingofiQcers  and  committees,  they  have  been  a  second  time  exempted  for  physical  disability. 

The  Seventh  Congressional  District  of  Ohia  is  composed  of  the  counties  of  Franklin,  Madison, 
Greene,  and  Clark,  and  is  situated  near  the  center  of  the  State;  Franklin  County  occupying  the 
central  portion,  Madison,  Greene,  and  Clark  Counties  joining,  and  extending  in  a  westward  and 
southwestwardly  direction.  It  lies  in  latitude  forty  degrees  north  and  longitude  six  degrees  west 
from  Washington,  D.  C.  Its  population,  according  to  the  census  of  18G0,  numbered  one  hundred 
and  fourteeu  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-three,  and  it  contains  one  thousand  seven 
hundred  and  fourteen  square  miles. 

The  surface  of  the  county  of  Frankliu  is  level  and  densely  wooded;  that  of  Madison  and  Clark 
Counties  partly  rolling  and  partly  level,  having  considerable  prairie  land;  while  that  of  Greene 
County  is  still  more  rolling  and  somewhat  hilly.  The  district  has  running  through  it,  besides  their 
numerous  tributaries,  the  Scioto,  Mad,  Little  Miami,  and  Darby  Rivers.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  is 
not  excelled  by  any  other  district  in  the  State  for  its  staple  productions — wheat,  corn,  and  hay.  Its 
inhabitants  are  largely  native-born;  there  being  only  about  six  and  three-fourths  per  ecu.",  of 
foreign  birth.  Columbus,  the  capital  of  the  State,  is  located  in  Franklin  County,  and  contains 
some  thirty  thousand  inhabitants. 

Springfield  is  situated  in  Clark  County,  and  contains  about  ten  thousand  inhabitants.  Xenia 
City,  in  Greene  County,  has  a  population  of  seven  thjousand.  London,  the  county-seat  of  Madison 
County,  the  largest  town  in  the  district,  contaius  about  two  thousand  inhabitants.  There  are  also 
many  important  villages  in  the  district.  Nearly  all  the  manufacturing  which  is  done  is  carried 
on  in  the  cities  above  spoken  of,  while  the  district  at  large  may  be  considered  one  of  stock-raising 
and  agricultural  pursuits. 

In  regard  to  the  reasons  why  any  particular  disease  or  disability  has  disqualified  for  military 
service  a  greater  ratio  than  any  other  disease,  I  would  state  that  uo  particular  cause  or  influence 
exists  at  the  present  time  in  this  district  making  it  in  any  way  remarkable.  In  former  times, 
when  the  country  was  new,  its  inhabitants  suffered  extensively  from  malarial  and  typhoid  fevers, 
especially  along  the  bottom-lands  of  the  Scioto  and  Little  Miami  Rivers;  but,  since  drainage  and 
cultivation  have  removed  the  thousand  stagnant  waters  and  boggy  flats,  this  cause  of  disease  has 
remarkably  abated  within  the  last  fifteen  or  twenty  years.  In  respect  to  the  general  health  of  its 
inhabitants,  1  have  good  reason  to  believe  it  will  compare  favorably  with  any  other  district  in  the 
State. 

lu  reference  to  the  different  sections  of  paragraph  85,  Revised  Regulations,  Provost-Marshal- 
General's  Bureau,  I  have  only  to  remark  that  very  little  amendment  can  be  advantageously  made- 
With  but  one  or  two  exceptions,  the  complctoicss,  fairnesfi,  and  (qrpUcahility  of  each  and  every  sec- 
tion strike  us  as  being  as  near  perfect  as  can  be  devised.  So  far  as  our  experience  extends,  it  has 
in  nearly  all  instances  given  entire  satisfaction  to  the  people. 

I  would,  however,  suggest  that  near-HiglitedneHs,  in  section  13,  and  varicocele,  in  section  I'O,  under 
extreme  circumstances,  be  made  sufficient  cause  for  exemption;  the  myopia  to  be  tested  with  con- 
cave glasses,  the  focus  of  which  should  be  a  fixed  number  of  inches  or  a  certain  power,  so  as  clearly 
and  positively  to  prove  the  myopia.    Varicocele,  when  very  large  and  painful,  in  my  opinion,  ought 


SUEGKONS"   ItEPORlS — OHIO — SEVENTH   DISTRICT.  405 

to  be  a  cause  of  exeiiiptioii ;  the  lUiiess  of  the  man  for  military  service  being  left  to  the  diserimiua- 
tion  of  (he  e.xainluiiig-surgeoii. 

I  would  also  recommend  for  adojitioii,  in  paragraph  85,  a  clause  for  the  exemption  of  such 
enrolled,  not  drafted,  meu  as  are,  at  the  time  of  their  examination,  laboring  under  acute  disease, 
temporary  debility,  or  disability  supervening  upon  an  attack  of  disease,  to  such  a  degree  as  that, 
in  the  oi)inion  of  the  examiniug-surgeon,  their  disability  may  disqualify  them  for  the  service  a  cer- 
tain stated  i)eriod.         *  «  * 

The  number  of  men  that  can  be  accurately  examined  daily,  alone,  without  excessive  labor, 
working  six  hours  a  day,  is  about  Jifty,  but,  with  the  assistance  of  a  clerk  and  orderly,  semnty-fice 
can  be  accurately  examined  very  coujfortably  and  without  fatigue.         *  »  * 

The  fiauds  most  successfully  practiced  by  recruits  and  substitutes  iu  order  to  get  into  the 
service,  and  the  most  diflicult  sometimes  to  discover,  are  the  concealment  of  epilepsy,  and  misrep- 
resentation of  age.  Induced  by  high  local  bounties,  great  numbers  of  boys,  some  of  them  scarcely 
sixteen  years  of  age,  and,  on  the  other  band,  men  often  exceeding  forty-eight  or  fifty  years,  have 
enlisted  at  the  different  recruiting-oflices,  and  have  attempted  to  pass  an  examination  at  this 
office.  Many  of  these  boys,  whose  youthful  a])i)caraiice  at  once  betrayed  their  unripe  age,  were 
not  even  allowed  to  strip,  but  were  sent  out  of  the  room  without  even  having  their  names  recorded. 
Many  of  those  over  age  would  resort  to  the  trick  of  coloring  their  hair  and  shaving  their  faces, 
the  better  to  pass  an  examination,  not  so  much  with  the  view  of  getting  into  the  service,  as  of 
getting  the  lai'ge  bounty. 

That  we  have  been,  in  some  instances,  deceived  is  probable  enough  ;  and  the  wonder  is  that  we 
have  not  been  oftener  deceived,  considering  that  the  number  rejected  for  under  and  over  age 
exceeds  all  the  other  causes  of  rejection  together. 

Boys  that  have  been  rejected  at  one  office  often  apply  to  another,  and  I  have  frequently  exam- 
ined boys  and  old  men  who,  by  their  own  acknowledgment,  had  been  rejected  by  the  examining- 
surgeous  in  various  districts  of  other  States  as  well  as  of  this  State. 

While  the  recruit  or  substitute  makes  it  his  business  to  conceal  any  existing  disqualiticatiou 
in  order  to  get  into  the  service,  the  drafted  or  enrolled  man,  by  an  exaggeration  of  some  real  or 
pretended  disability,  endeavors  to  keep  out  of  it.  Chronic  rheumatism,  old  and  long-forgotten 
injuries,  sprains,  slight  i)leuritic  adhesions  and  weakness  of  breast,  previous  attacks  of  sickness, 
deafness,  near-sightedness,  sore  eyes,  and  physical  disability  are  some  of  the  most  frequent  claims 
by  which  he  expects  to  escape  the  ser\  ice. 

Such  are  some  of  the  most  successful  frauds  practiced  by  recruits,  substitutes,  drafted  and 
enrolled  men;   and  tliere  is  no  remedy  I  know  of  that  will  entirely  obviate  the  difficulty. 

The  greatest  i)hysical  aptitude  for  military  service  is  uniiuestionably,  as  far  as  my  observation 
extends,  found  in  the  American-born,  especially  in  men  of  the  Northwestern  States. 

My  experience  as  to  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  lor  military  service  has  as 
yet  been  very  limited,  not  havijig  examined  to  exceed  three  hundred  of  them;  yet,  as  far  as  my 
observation  goes,  1  think  their  physical  qualitications  equal  to  those  of  the  white  race.  Those  that 
I  have  examined  were  generally  healthy,  stout,  and  exceedingly  well  physically  developed. 

The  enrollment-law,  in  my  opinion,  is  practically  efficient  as  constituted,  and  I  will  not 
attempt  to  suggest  any  amendment  other  than  that,  shoukl  there  be  occasion  for  another  call,  every 
man  within  the  age  of  twenty  and  forty  five  years,  whether  exem])t  for  i)liysical  disability  or  not 
exempt,  be  re  enrolled,  excepting  such  as  are  by  law  exempt  from  having  served  two  years  in  the 
Army.  The  necessity  for  this  is  obvious  from  the  fact  that  great  numbers  of  enrolled  men  who, 
in  our  oi)inion,  were  very  properly  exempted,  throughout  the  various  districts  of  the  United 
States,  on  account  of  physical  disability,  have  since  sufficiently  recovered  from  the  same  as  to  be 
efficient  subjects  for  military  duty.        *  *  * 

M.  LEMEN, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Seventh  District  of  Ohio. 

OoLUMBus,  Ohio,  June  12, 1865. 


406  SURGrONS'    KEPORTS — OHIO EIGHTH    DISTRICT. 

OHIO— EIGHTH  DISTEICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  T.  B.  Fisher. 

♦  *  *  I  observed  one  curious  fact  during  my  visitation  of  tbe  several  counties  in  tbis 
district.  Each  locality  concentrated  upon  a  certain  disease  as  a  cause  of  exemption.  For  example, 
a  large  proportion  of  tbe  applicants  in  Morrow  County  claimed  to  bave  disease  of  tbe  lungs ;  iu 
Delaware  County,  disease  of  tbe  heart;  and  in  Union  County  that  of  the  spine  and  kidneys;  and 
if  their  assertions  could  be  relied  u])on,  those  diseases  must  bave  been  endemical  iu  their  respective 
localities;  but  as  examinations  did  not  o/«fl?/s  confirm  their  assertions,  I  could  not  satisfactorily 
account  for  this  i>eculiarity.        *         •         *  _ 

Previous  to  January,  1865,  I  made  no  entry  of  those  examined  in  correcting  the  rolls  who  were 
not  exempted,  therefore  cannot  state  positively  how  many  I  bave  examined;  but  from  an  informal 
record  kept  during  a  portion  of  tbe  time,  I  estimate  that  I  examined  about  eight  thousand  persons 
from  October  27, 1SC3,  to  Ai)ril  11,  1805,  a  period  of  about  seventeen  and  a  half  months.     *     *     * 

Tbe  Eighth  District  of  Ohio  is  composed  of  tbe  counties  of  Richland,  Morrow,  Marion,  Delaware, 
and  Union,  and  is  situated  about  midway  between  Lake  Erie  and  the  Ohio  Eiver. 

Tbe  country  is  level  and  fertile,  including  a  portion  of  tbe  valley  of  tbe  Upper  Scioto  and  its 
tributaries  and  a  small  portion  of  tbe  Sandusky  and  Darby  Plains.  Tbe  products  are  wheat,  rye, 
barley,  corn,  and  grass,  with  hogs,  horses,  large  flocks  of  sheep  and  herds  of  cattle.  The  i)revail- 
ing  diseases  are  of  a  bilious  character — at  least  three-fourths  assume  that  type;  but  in  winter 
and  spring,  typhoid  fever  and  inieumonia  are  not  unfreqiient. 

The  climate  is  temperate  and  the  country  generally  healthy,  with  no  peculiar  tendency  to  epi- 
demics or  infectious  diseases. 

Tbe  character  of  the  inhabitants  differs  considerably  in  different  counties.  Richland  and 
Marion  Counties  are  settled  cbietly  by  Pennsylvanians  and  their  descendants,  with  a  large  number 
of  Germans  interspersed ;  Delaware  County  by  emigrants  from  New  England  and  their  descend- 
ants. Morrow  County  was  taken  from  Richland,  Marion,  and  Delaware  Counties,  and  i)resents  the 
characteristics  of  the  counties  from  wbich  it  was  taken.  Union  County  was  settled  by  emigrants 
from  most  of  the  older  States  and  surrounding  counties,  and  contains  a  mixed  population. 

The  intelligence  of  tbe  inhabitants  is  fair,  there  being  but  few  who  cannot  read  and  write. 
Tbe  country  is  well  supplied  with  comfortable  school-bouses,  and,"  generally,  competent  teachers. 
The  schools  are  free,  being  supported  by  a  school-fund  and  by  public  tax.  Each  of  the  county- 
seats  supports  respectable  union  schools,  where  the  usual  English  branches  are  taught,  with  the 
modern  sciences  and  classics  to  a  limited  extent.  In  addition,  the  district  contains  one  college  and 
two  female  seminaries. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  district  are  chiefly  farmers,  and  their  mode  of  life  is  generally  plain, 
frugal,  industrious,  and  temperate,  although  many  of  them  are  possessed  of  great  wealth. 

Paragrajyh  So,  lievised  Regulations,  Provost-Marshal-GeneraVs  Bureau. — By  a  liberal  construction 
of  the  several  sections  of  paragraph  85,  nearly  every  case  entitled  to  exemption  may  be  classified, 
but  not  all.  For  example,  section  6,  {developed  tuberculosis,)  if  strictly  construed,  excludes  some 
meritorious  cases,  for  there  are  diseases  of  tbe  lungs  which  disqualify  for  military  duty  which  can- 
not be  properly  classified  under  the  section  developed  tubercnlosis,  and  if  thej'  may  be  classified 
under  section  No.  5,  (organic  disease  of  internal  organs,)  then  why  not,  with  the  same  propriety,  let 
them  carry  with  them  "develo[)ed  tuberculosis,"  and  dispense  with  section  0  entii'ely  ;  or,  if  they  are 
to  be  classed  with  section  9,  (general  disability,)  then  with  the  same  propriety  all  the  diseases  might 
be  therein  included.  Again,  section  20,  total  loss  of  teeth  ;  by  the  requirements  of  tbis  section,  a 
man  may  bave  a  single  front  tooth  in  each  jaw  and  no  other  teeth,  and  yet  be  not  entitled  to 
exemption,  while  another,  with  good  double  teeth  and  a  full  set  in  one  jaw,  may  be  exem[)ted.  I 
need  hardly  say  every  surgeon  knows  tbe  fii-st  man  to  be  less  fitted  for  masticating  food  than  the 
latter,  and  yet  under  section  20  the  former  must  be  held  and  tbe  latter  exem[ited.  Once  more, 
imv.tiou  -'),'■'■  I'Jjtiernul  liwiiiorrkoids  arc  110  cause  for  exemption;'''  not  even  if  the  tumors  are  large 
and  constantly  protruding,  and  attended  with  intlammalion  1     Would  any  sensible  surgeon  hesitate 


I 


SURGEONS     REPORTS OHIO — EIGHTH   DISTRICT.  407 

to  exempt  a  mau  in  such  a  condition  if  be  had  any  discretionary  power  ?  Would  such  a  man  be 
received  for  a  recruit  ?  1  think  not.  It  may  he  necessary  to  greatly  restrict  surgeons  of  boards  of 
enrollment,  but  they  ought  to  be  men  of  sufBcient  intelligence  and  honesty  to  be  allowed  a  little  more 
discretionary  power.        #        #        » 

Number  of  men  thai  can  be  examined  in  a  day  with  accuracy. — A  decent  respect  for  the  opinions 
of  the  people  and  the  rights  of  the  drafted  man  requires  that  the  surgeon  shall  hear  the  statements 
of  the  man  drafted  and  read  such  affidavits  as  he  may  present  from  respectable  physicians,  and 
then  carefully  examine  such  parts  as  he  claims  arc  diseased.  Therefore,  iu  my  judgment,  ten 
minutes  should  be  allowed  for  each  examination  on  an  average,  making  six  per  hour;  and  allowing 
eight  working  hours  by  daylight,  this  would  make  forty-eight.  AhonX.  fifty  is  as  many  as  one  sur- 
geon can  examine  with  accuracj'  in  a  day  and  avoid  the  charge  of  indecent  haste. 

Frauds  jjracticcd,  dkc. — False  statements  as  to  age  are  perhaps  the  most  frequent  exemplifications 
of  fiaud  in  all  classes,  whether  enrolled,  drafted,  recruits,  or  substitutes,  and  the  statement  of  the 
man  to  be  examined  will  almost  always  be  corroborated  by  some  friend  or  neighbor;  and  the  difficulty 
of  disproving  those  statements  gives  a  boldness  and  audacity  to  them  that  frequently  defies  con- 
tradiction. The  enrolled  and  dralted  men  feign  lameness  occasioned  by  some  strain,  bruise,  wound, 
fracture,  or  other  injury,  and  to  confirm  their  statements  will  show  some  scar  or  blemisb  which  they 
claim  at  times  lames  them,  and  tbeir  statements  will  be  corroborated  by  other  persons;  or  they  will 
feign  disease  of  the  kidneys  or  spine,  or  some  other  portion  not  easily  detected  by  physical  exami- 
tiou,  and  their  statements  will  be  supported  by  the  affidavits  of  some  physician,  and  as  those 
physicians  are  frequently  unknown  to  the  surgeon,  and  experience  has  proven  that  there  are  some 
not  too  ])atriotic  or  honest  to  make  false  statements,  the  examining-surgeon  is  frequently  imi)osed 
upon,  and  Iraudspeipetrated.  The  reverse  of  this  prevails  in  recruits  and  substitutes;  for  they, 
instead  of  magnifying,  conceal  their  infirmities.  Substitutes  very  frequently  commit  frauds  by  the 
claim  of  alienage,  and  if  they  are  not  residents  of  the  district,  the  reverse  is  difficult  to  prove.  It  is 
difficult  to  prevent  such  frauds.  Enrolled  and  drafted  men  cannot  well  be  punished,  but  recruits  and 
substitutes  might,  by  withholding  pay  and  bounty  iu  case  tbey  made  fraudulent  statements  before 
the  surgeon.        #        *        * 

My  opinion  is  in  lavor  of  tbe  native-born  American,  between  the  ages  of  eighteen  and  thirty 
years,  as  being  the  best  soldier.  Young  men  are  fond  of  novelty,  change,  and  excitement,  and 
have  more  enterprise  and  dash  than  older  ones ;  are  not  so  likely  to  become  homesick ;  can  travel 
lighter,  and  adapt  themselves  with  greater  ease  to  new  modes  of  life,  and  bear  the  irregularities  of 
the  service  better  than  older  persons  for  the  same  reason  that  they  can  learn  a  trade  or  profession 
easier  in  early  than  in  later  life. 

Negro  soldierts. — I  have  very  little  knowledge  of  the  qualifications  of  the  negro  for  military 
service  other  than  that  common  to  all;  but  his  physical  development  and  patience  under  priva- 
tions and  fatigue,  together  with  his  strong  attachment  to  his  superior  when  kindly  treated,  inclines 
me  to  believe  that  he  would  make  an  excellent  soldier  in  the  regular  service.  I  would,  therefore, 
recommend  the  Government  to  employ  a  limited  number  in  that  capacity. 

The  enrollment-law,  as  now  amended,  did  not  go  into  operation  until  near  the  close  of  the  last 
dralt,  and  therefore  cannot  be  said  to  be  fairly  tested,  but  in  my  opinion  the  section  which  prohibits 
enrolled  men  from  enlisting  out  of  the  sub-district  iu  which  they  are  respectively  enrolled  is  a  great 
improvement  upon  the  old  one. 

The  principle,  as  I  understand  it,  of  dividing  the  country  into  small  sub-districts  was  that  each 
section  should  contribute  its  just  share  of  men,  not  money.  But  bj'  allowing  men  enrolled  in  one 
sub-district  to  enlist  to  tbe  credit  of  another,  that  principle  was  violated  and  rendered  almost  a 
nullity. 

Again,  it  was  absurd  to  allow  men  enrolled  in  one  sub-district  to  enlist  to  the  credit  of  another 
when  it  forbade  them  from  going  as  substitutes  even  for  men  in  tbeir  own  sub-disti'ict. 

Tbe  effect  was  to  lessen  the  material  in  a  particular  locality,  and  thus  increase  the  chauces  of  a 
draft  to  the  remainder.  It  was  even  worse  ;  for  if  they  enlisted  as  substitutes  for  men  in  their  own 
sub-district,  they  would  be  credited  to  the  locality  in  which  they  were  enrolled;  whereas,  if  they 
enlisted  to  tbe  credit  of  other  localities,  tbey  not  only  lessened  the  enrollment  in  their  own  sub- 
district  alter  tbe  apportionment  was  made,  but  they  reduced  the  quotas  of  other  sub- districts  to 


408  surgeons'  repoets — ohio — eleventh  district. 

whicli  tbey  were  credited.  The  new  settlements  and  rnral  districts  generally  bave  a  greater  num- 
ber of  enrolled  men  in  proportion  to  their  population  than  older  and  more  wealthy  ones,  while  their 
wealth  is  in  an  inverse  proportion. 

The  large  local  bounties  paid  by  wealthy  districts  i)recludes  the  possibility  of  competition  in  the 
newer  and  poorer  ones,  and  thus  paralyzes  their  efl'orts.  The  result  was  that  seeing  the  certainty 
of  a  drait,  all  those  in  the  newer  and  poorer  sub-districts  who  could  possibly  leave  without  great 
damage  enlisted  and  were  credited  to  older  and  wealthier  ones,  (their  own  paying  no  bounties,) 
reasoning  that  it  was  better  to  go  voluntarily  with  a  local  bounty  than  by  compulsion  witliout  one. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  comment  further  upon  this  point,  as  Congress  at  its  last  session  has  in  a 
great  measure  leniedicd  that  great  evil. 

There  is  oiie  point  in  which  the  present  amended  enrollment-law  is  defective,  and  I  am  not  a 
little  surprised  that  it  escaped  the  notice  of  Congress,  oi-,  if  it  did  not,  why  they  failed  to  remove  it. 
The  law  does  not  enroll  any  under  twenty  years  of  age,  and  yet  the  Government  allows  men  between 
eighteen  and  twenty  to  enlist,  either  as  recruits  or  substitutes,  and  they  are  credited  on  the  quotas 
subject  to  draft,  and  this,  too,  without  consent  of  parents  or  guardians,  thus  regarding  them  as 
responsible  and  lit  for  military  duty.  Again,  higher  qualifications  are  required  ior  a  recruit  or 
substitute  than  for  a  drafted  man,  and  yet,  by  refusing  to  enroll  those  between  eighteen  and  twenty, 
they  are  virtually  pronounced  unfit  for  military  service  as  drafted  men,  when  they  are  received  as 
recruits  and  as  suhstitutcs  for  drafted  men.  Why  this  distinction?  Are  drafted  men  required  to 
perform  harder  duty  than  recruits  or  substitutes,  or  is  there  anything  requiring  them  to  have  a 
greater  age  or  experience?  1  know  of  none.  There  seems  to  me  to  be  a  great  discrepancy  between 
the  views  of  the  War  Department  and  of  Congress.  If  men  of  eighteen  are  tit  for  military  duty, 
they  should  be  enrolled  ;  if  not,  they  should  not  be  received  either  as  recruits  or  substitutes. 

T.  B.  FISUER, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Eighth  District  of  Ohio. 

Mansfield,  Ohio,  June  9, 1865. 


OHIO— ELEVENTU   DISTEICT.' 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  O.  C.  Miller. 

*  *  *  I  was  appointed  surgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment  for  the  eleventh  district 
of  Ohio  on  the  28th  day  of  December,  1864,  and  entered  upon  the  discharge  of  my  duties  on  the 
7th  day  of  January,  1865. 

My  personal  experience  in  the  examination  of  men  is,  therefore,  limited  ;  and  1  am  compelled 
to  look  to  the  records  of  the  office  for  the  data  upon  which  to  base  my  report  so  far  as  relates  to 
examinations  made  iirevious  to  that  date. 

In  looking  over  the  records  with  this  object  in  view,  I  find  that  for  many  months  after  the 
establishment  of  this  ofQce  no  complete  record  of  examinations  made  was  kept  by  the  then  acting 
surgeon,  either  be(;ause  it  was  not  required  by  the  Department,  or  from  a  misapprehension  or  neg- 
lect of  his  duty,  if  such  record  was  required  to  be  kept.  I  am,  therefore,  unable  to  answer  the  first 
question  in  the  circular-letter  so  far  as  relates  to  the  number  of  men  examined  since  tlie  oflice  was 
established. 

The  number  of  examinations  of  recruits  and  substitutes,  drafted  and  enrolled  men,  made  by 
him  were  not  far  from  five  thousand,  according  to  the  most  reliable  evidence  I  can  obtain.  Since 
entering  upon  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  surgeon  of  the  board  on  the  7th  day  of  January,  1865, 
as  before  mentioned,  I  have  examined  one  thousand  and  fifty-four  recruits  and  substitutes,  sixty- 
eight  drafted  men,  and  one  hundred  and  thirteen  enrolled  men  previous  to  draft.  Of  this  latter 
class  I  have  not  included  very  many  who  applied  for  exemption  upon  some  frivolous  pretext,  but 
who  were  not  exanjined  in  detail.  #  #  # 

The  district  is  composed  of  the  counties  of  Lawrence,  Scioto,  Jackson,  Vinton,  Gallia,  and 
Adams,  and  is  situated  in  that  part  of  the  State  of  Ohio  included  in  the  great  bend  of  the  Ohio 

'  No  ivimils  well)  reccivid  IVciiii  llii'.  iiliilli  :in<l  toiitli  Jistricts, 


surgeons'    reports OHIO ELEVENTH    DISTRICT.  40^ 

llivev  southwardly,  and  embraces  the  most  southern  point  in  the  State.  The  district  is  almost  en- 
tirely included  in  the  arc  of  the  semicircle  produced  by  the  great  bend  in  the  river  before  men- 
tioued,  and  has  a  river- boundary  on  the  south  of  one  hundred  and  sixty  miles,  while  the  diameter 
of  the  semicircle  within  which  the  district  is  situated  is  less  than  one  hundred  miles.  The  district 
embraces  the  great  iron  and  coal  belt  as  it  passes  through  the  State,  and  is  especially  known  in 
the  State  and  elsewhere  as  the  "mineral  region  of  the  State  of  Ohio."  In  Adams  County,  one  of 
the  counties  of  the  district,  the  first  furnace  in  the  West  for  the  manufiuiture  of  pig-iron  from  the 
ore  was  constructed. 

The  people  of  the  district  are,  to  a  very  considerable  extent,  engaged  in  the  iron  trade  and 
mannfacture.  At  the  present  time,  there  are  in  operation  within  the  district  forty  furnaces  for  the 
niauufacture  of  pig-iron  from  the  ore,  which  is  found  in  abundance  in  the  ditterent  strata  within  its 
boundary.  These  furnaces  have  till  recently  been  supplied  with  fuel  from  the  abundant  forests 
within  the  district.  Of  late,  the  fuel  necessary  to  operate  them  has  been  procured  from  the  bitu- 
minous-coal banks,  an  abundance  of  which  is  found  within  the  district  sufficient  for  all  purposes  for 
which  it  may  be  required  for  many  generations. 

There  are  also  at  Ironton,  the  county  seat  of  Lawrence  County,  and  at  Portsmouth,  the  couuty- 
seat  of  Scioto  County,  several  founderies  for  the  production  of  castings  of  various -kinds  from  the 
pig-iron  produced  at  the  furnaces  above  alluded  to;  and  also  several  rolling-mills,  where  bar-iron, 
nails,  &c.,  are  manufactured  from  the  pig-iron  spoken  of.  It  is  estimated  that  no  less  than  sixty 
thousand  tons  of  pig-iron  are  produced  annually  within  the  district,  and  that  no  less  than  thirty 
thousand  of  our  population  are  connected  in  some  manner  with  this  great  interest. 

The  next  great  interest  in  point  of  importance  in  the  district  is  the  agricultural;  for,  while  it 
is  true  that  the  surface  of  our  district  is  broken,  and  iu  some  parts  almost  mountainous,  yet  even 
upon  the  sides  and  sumtnits  of  those  hills  are  found  farms  of  greater  or  less  extent,  while  along  the 
valleys  of  the  Ohio  Iliver,  and  many  of  its  tiibutaries  within  the  district,  are  some  of  the  finest 
farms  within  the  State,  owned  and  cultivated  by  an  educated  and  intelligent  people.  So  interspersed 
are  the  mineral  and  agricultural  portions  of  the  district  as  to  furnish  a  home-market  for  almost  the 
entire  products  of  the  farmers,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  the  furnaces  and  other  manufacturing 
establishments  find  an  almost  entire  supply  of  food  and  forage  within  their  respecHve  neighbor- 
hoods. Another  item  of  historic,  rather  than  present,  interest  is  the  fact  that  at  and  near  Jackson, 
the  county-seat  of  Jackson  Connty,  the  first  salt  manufactured  in  the  Western  States  was  produced; 
and,  although  now  abandoned,  the  character  of  the  present  population  is  not  entirely  freed  from  the 
impression  given  to  it  during  that  period.  The  population  connected  with  the  furnaces  and  foun 
deries  above  alluded  to  are  a  hardy,  industrious,  and  necessarily  frugal  people,  largely  of  Virginia 
origin,  until  within  a  few  years  past,  since  which  a  foreign  element  has  been  introduced,  modifying 
to  a  very  considerable  extent  the  habits  and  customs  of  that  class  of  the  inhabitants.  That  portion 
of  our  population  of  southern  origin  either  kept  aloof  entirely  or  entered  very  reluctantly  into  the 
military  service  upon  the  call  of  the  President  for  troops  to  put  down  the  now  extinct  rebellion, 
while  the  foreign  element,  esj^ecially  the  Germans  and  Welsh,  entered  freelj'  and  voluntarily,  and 
aided  materially  to  fill  the  quotas  required  from  the  district.  It  is  with  no  little  pride  that  I  men- 
tion in  this  connection  the  fact  that  on  every  call  for  troops  our  quota  has  been  promptly  filled,  and 
to  a  very  large  extent  without  draft.  Even  under  the  last  call,  or  call  of  December,  1804,  the  quota 
assigned  to  our  district  was  almost  entirely  filled  when  the  order  was  received  to  suspend  recruiting, 
while,  in  addition,  very  large  numbers  have  enlisted  from  this  and  been  credited  to  other  States  and 
districts.  Almost  one  entire  regiment,  the  Second  Virginia  Cavalry,  was  made  up  from  recruits  from 
this  district,  and  very  many  have  gone  to  other  regiments  and  have  been  credited  to  other  localities. 

I  have  alluded  to  this  to  show  how  fully  the  laboring  jjopulation  of  the  country  appreciated  the 
nature  of  the  contest  in  which  we  were  engaged,  and  how  essentially  necessary  it  was  to  the  peoi)le 
of  this,  a  border  district,  that  at  all  hazard,  and  at  any  cost,  the  rebellion  should  be  crushed, 
and  that  speedily. 

In  reference  to  the  peculiar  forms  of  disease  to  be  found  within  our  district,  I  have  to  say  that 

there  is  no  special  peculiarity  to  merit  notice.     They  are  the  diseases  of  this  latitude  everywhere  to 

be  found.     Along  the  tributaiies  of  the  Ohio  Iliver  are  to  be  met  the  various  forms  of  autumnal  or 

miasmatic  fevers,  dysentery,  and  various  other  forms  of  bilious  derangements,  while  our  high  lands 

52 


410  surgeons'    reports OHIO ELEVENTH    DISTRICT. 

have  no  well  markeil  peculiarity  of  form  of  disease.  Our  people  have  to  a  considerable  extent  suf- 
fered from  that  complicated  disorder  known  and  spoken  of  in  this  region  as  "  winter-fever,"  which 
is  pathologically  a  pleuropneumonia,  with  bilious  comi)lication,  and  of  low  grade  of  action.  This 
form  of  disease  is  more  dreaded  than  perhaps  any  other  prevalent  among  us.  Another  fact  in  this 
connection  of  suthcient  moment  to  merit  notice  is  that  the  proportion  of  deaths  from  phthisis  pul- 
monalis  is  larger  in  this  portion  of  the  State  of  Ohio  than  in  any  other  locality  with  the  statistics  of 
■which  I  am  acquainted.     I  mention  this  fact  without  attempting  any  explanation  of  it. 

It  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  "  Medical  Statistics  of  the  Second  Draft,"  that  under  section  32, 
of  paragraph  85,  forty-eight  per  thousand  were  exempted,  and  that  under  section  23,  thirty-two  per 
tliousand  were  exempted,  while  under  section  9,  thirty-two  per  thousand  were  exempted.  With 
reference  to  sections  32  and  23,  the  first  including  fractures  and  diseases  of  bones  and  joints,  and 
the  second  the  various  forms  of  hernia,  the  reasons  for  the  greater  percentage  of  exemptions  are 
obvious,  when  the  occupation  of  our  population  is  taken  into  account.  They  are  a  laboring  people, 
and  liable  to  injuries  in  the  pursuit  of  their  various  avocations,  while  the  same  reason  holds  good 
in  reference  to  exemptions  for  hernia,  heavy  lifting,  as  is  well  known,  being  one  of  the  most  prolific 
causes  of  that  infirmity.  With  regard  to  exemptions  under  section  9  during  this  draft,  I  have  to  say 
that,  including  as  it  does  all  infirmities  otherwise  unclassified,  I  am  of  opinion  that  the  proportion 
of  exemptions  under  this  section  is  as  small  as  that  of  any  other  district  in  the  United  States. 

In  reference  to  other  sections  of  paragraph  85,  no  very  marked  disproportion  of  exemptions 
obtains  under  this  draft-  It  will  be  seen,  by  reference  to  ''Medical  Statistics  of  the  Third  Draft," 
that  ninety-eight  per  thousand  were  exempted  under  section  9 ;  seventy  per  thousand  under 
section  20  ;  fifty-nine  under  section  23  ;  and  sixty-six  per  thousand  under  section  32  ;  thus  showing 
a  very  similar  result  to  that  obtained  under  the  second  draft,  and  attributable  to  the  same  causes, 
as  a  matter  of  course.  An  exception  occurs  with  section  20,  loss  of  teeth.  I  am  not  prejjared  to 
give  a  good  and  satisfactory  reason  for  the  great  decay  of  teeth  of  the  present  generation  ;  but  it 
is  presumed  the  proportionate  exemptions  under  this  section  will  be  found  to  be  no  greater  in  this 
district  than  in  other  districts  of  the  United  States  where  the  laboring  population  constitute  so 
large  a  proportion  of  the  entire  population,  and  where  the  mode  of  life  and  habits  and  style  of 
living  are  similar. 

In  reference  to  the  different  sections  of  paragraph  85,  I  am  of  opinion  that  it  is,  as  a  whole, 
.very  wisely  and  judiciously  arranged.     While  such  is  my  opinion  in  reference  to  it  as  a  whole,  I 
nevertheless  think  that  in  some  of  its  sections  some  slight  alterations  of  language  might  be  made 
with  profit. 

Section  3.  In  this  section,  I  would  recommend  that  the  board  be  peruiitted  to  take  other  testi- 
mony than  that  of  physicians,  in  extreme  cases;  amending  the  section  so  as  to  read,  "or  such 
other  testimony  as  to  the  board  shall  prove  conclusively  that  the  epileptic  was  entirely  unfit  for 
military  service  or  the  performance  of  any  equally  hard  labor." 

Section  G.  I  would  recommend  this  section  to  be  so  amended  as  to  read,  "  tuberculosis  devel- 
oped or  the  diathesis  so  well  marked  as  to  leave  no  doubt  of  the  man's  unfitness  for  military  service 
or  for  the  performance  of  any  labor  equally  hard  with  that  of  ordinary  military  service." 

Section  11  1  would  recommend  to  be  so  amended  as  to  read,  "chronic  rheumatism,  if  not  mani- 
fested by  positive  change  of  structure,  to  be  proven  by  such  evidence  as  to  the  board  should  be 
conclusive  that  the  man  was  totally  unfit  for  the  performance  of  military  duties." 

Section  20.  As  this  section  now  stands,  some  are  exempted  for  loss  of  teeth  who  might  do  good 
service  as  soldiers,  and  I  would  recommend  that  the  wording  be  so  altered  as  to  permit  the  surgeon 
to  receive  a  recruit  with  a  loss  of  the  front,  eye,  and  first  molar  teeth,  w  here  the  back  teeth  were 
good  and  the  man  otherwise  perfectly  sound. 

Section  25.  Experience  and  observation  have  convinced  me  that  haemorrhoids  need  not  be 
ulcerated  to  unfit  a  man  for  military  service  or  any  other  hard  labor,  and  that  this  section  should 
be  so  amended  as  to  exempt  the  drafted  man  or  reject  the  recruit  where  the  general  physical 
ap|)earance  showed  that  the  infirmity  had  seriously  affected  the  general  health. 

Section  35.  I  am  satisfied  that  surgeons  often  exempt  men  for  varicose  veins  who  should  not 
have  been  exempted,  and  1  would  recommend  that  those  who  were  able  to  do  ordinary  hard  labor 
should  not  be  excused  on  this  score  from  performance  of  military  duty. 


SURGEONS'   REPORTS — OHIO ELEVENTU   DISTRICT.  411 

With  tbo  al)<)ve  slight  alterations,  I  am  of  opinion  that  the  paragraph  would  be  snfTiciently 
complete  to  answer  well  the  piir[)oses  of  its  formation,  if  its  provisions  were  in  good  faith  eoni[)lie(l 
with  by  the  examining-surgeon.         *         *         * 

In  answer  to  the  qnestion  as  to  the  number  of  men  who  can  be  examined  in  a  day,  I  have  to 
say  that  this  depends  so  much  on  circumstances  as  to  I'ender  difHcult  an  answer  to  the  question. 
The  recruits  presented  by  one  recruiting-officer  may  be  selected  with  so  much  care  that  a  very  few 
minutes  are  sufficient  to  satisfy  the  surgeon  of  their  fitness  .or  unfitness  for  military  duty  ;  while 
another  officer,  having  nothing  in  view  but  to  obtain  a  sufficient  number  of  recruits  to  secure  a 
commission  for  himself  or  some  friend,  will  present  such  a  motley  crew  of  halt,  lame,  and  blind  for 
examination  that  it  will  require  twice  or  three  times  the  trouble  and  a  very  much  longer  time  to 
examine  this  squad  than  that  first  uamed.  I  have  examined  one  hundred  and  two  men  in  the  time 
allowed  by  law,  namely,  during  full  dnyliglit.  Upon  one  occasion,  while  upon  another  squad  of 
men,  working  e(iually  hard,  I  have  examined  but  thirty.  I  am  of  opinion  that  a  surgeon  accus- 
tomed.to  making  examinations  may  average  sixly  examinations  per  day,  occupying  all  the  day-light 
to  examine,  and  deferring  the  signing  of  the  papers  until  evening.        #         #         # 

A  very  large  proportion  of  the  drafted  men  in  this  district  have  been  of  that  class  who  sympa- 
thize with  the  I'ebels  more  or  less  openly,  and  of  course  when  conscripted  would  either  run  away 
or  resort  to  some  subterfuge  to  avoid  the  performance  of  their  duty  to  the  Government  by  entering 
the  service.  Among  the  more  common  disabilities  claimed,  rheumatism,  esjjecially  in  the  form  of 
lumbago  or  sciatica,  is  perhaps  most  common.  Almost  every  conscript,  especially  of  the  class 
alluded  to  above,  will  claim  that  he  has  a  "very  bad  back,"  and  it  -has  required  particular  care  not 
to  be  imposed  upon  by  those  claiming  this  disability.  A  threatened  resort  to  the  use  of  chloroform 
will  usually  determine  the  question.  Another  and  very  common  disability  claimed  by  the  con- 
scri|)t  is,  as  he  terms  it,  "a  very  weak  breast,"  meaning  by  this  some  form  of  thoracic  disease. 
This  disability,  if  feigned,  is  not  difficult  of  detection,  for  by  the  lights  afibrded  by  the  present 
state  of  medical  science  it  is  comparatively  easy  at  least  to  determine  whether  there  is  enough  thoracic 
disease  to  justify  exempting  a  man,  even  though  it  cannot  always  be  told  with  certainty  as  to  the 
exact  nature  of  the  morbid  condition.  Epilepsy  is  often  alleged,  and  not  unfre(iuently  a  string  of 
certificates  are  brought  in  to  prove  the  truth  of  the  statement  of  the  party,  when  a  full  investiga- 
tion shows  the  claim  to  be  groundless  and  untrue. 

Deafness  is  often  feigned,  but  the  peculiar  look  of  a  really  deaf  man  cannot  be  put  on  by  one 
not  deaf,  and  often  some  casual  question  will  betray  the  malingerer,  so  that  a  little  tact  will 
usually  determine  the  question,  often  greatly  to  the  impostor's  discomfiture. 

Blindness,  total  or  partial,  is  often  claimed,  and  not  infrequently  conscripts  are  presented  with 
serious  inflammation  of  the  eye,  and  it  is  believed  that  artificial  inflammation  has  in  these  eases  been 
induced  in  one  or  both  eyes  to  secure  the  end.  The  infirmity,  if  real,  can  usually  be  distinguislied 
with  sufficient  certainty  to  run  no  very  serious  risk  of  doing  injustice  to  the  Government  or  the 
conscript.  Trifling  injuries  of  the  extremities,  especially  of  the  feet,  are  magnified  to  terrible 
infirmities,  and  indeed  if  the  surgeon  were  to  believe  all  that  is  told  him  by  drafted  men  he  would 
think  we  were  a  nation  of  crip|)les.  To  such  an  extent  do  drafted  men  desire  exemption,  that  in 
this  district  no  less  than  six  men  have  been  presented  with  recent  wounds  of  hands  and  feet,  which 
were  believed  by  the  board  to  have  purposely  been  produced  to  secure  exemption  from  a  duty 
which  ought  to  have  been  sacred,  that  of  aiding  to  crush  the  unholy  rebellion  then  raging  throagli- 
out  the  laud  against  the  best  Government  on  earth.  I  have  to  say,  therefore,  that  in  the  examina- 
tion of  drafted  men  1  have  found  it  necessary  to  exercise  very  great  caution,  and  to  scrutinize  well 
every  claim  set  up  by  them  as  a  cause  of  exemption  from  draft.  The  same  remarks  will  hold  good' 
and  the  same  priuci[)les  apply  to  the  examination  of  enrolled  men  desirous  of  having  their  names 
stricken  from  the  enrollment  with  the  same  object  in  view,  viz,  to  escape  performing  their  duty  to 
the  Government.         *         #         * 

In  answer  to  the  question  as  to  physical  aptitude  of  different  nationalities  for  military  service, 
I  have  to  say  that  alter  due  examination  of  all  the  facts  as  developed  in  the  examinations  at  these 
head(|uarters,  I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  those  of  American  birth  and  parentage  stand 
highest  on  the  list,  and  I  believe  this  to  be  especially  the  case  when  they  are  called  upon  to  perform 
the  duties  exacted  of  the  soldier  in  the  various  branches  of  the  service  such  as  have  been  required 


412  feUKGKONs'    REPORTS OHIO FOURTEENTH    DISTRICT. 

to  be  performed  duriug  the  i)iogiess  of  tbis  war.     A  reference  to  my  monthly  medical  report  will 
bear  me  ont  in  the  above  conclusion. 

I  have  to  say  in  answer  to  the  question  as  to  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race 
for  military  duty,  that  so  far  as  my  observation  extends  I  can  give  but  one  answer,  and  that  must 
be  very  decidedly  in  their  favor.  The  proportion  of  rejections  of  that  class  during  the  time  1  have 
been  engaged  in  the  examination  of  men  for  the  Army  has  been  very  low  indeed.  This  may  arise 
in  part  from  the  fact  that  only  the  more  robust  of  that  race  have  been  presented  for  examination. 
Yet  I  am  of  opinion,  regardless  of  that  fact,  that  the  race,  as  we  have  it  in  this  country,  is  pe- 
culiarly physically  adapted  to  the  service.        *        *        » 

O.  O.  MILLER, 
Surgeon  Board  of-  Enrollment  Eleventh  District  of  Ohio. 

Portsmouth,  Ohio,  June  1,  1865. 

OmO— FOUUTBENTH  DISTRICT.' 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  James  D.  Robinson. 

*  *  *  My  experience  is  that  about  thirty-three  i)er  cent,  of  the  entire  enrollment  of 
this  district  would  be  exempt  from  military  duty,  under  the  causes  enumerated  in  paragraph  85, 
including  alienage,  and  that  not  more  than  one-half  of  the  enrollment  would  furnish  good  and  effi- 
cient soldiers.  I  think  that  the  age  from  which  we  derive  our  best  soldiers  is  from  eighteen  to 
thirty,  and  that  even  from  sixteen  to  eighteen,  when  the  development  equals  the  requirement  of 
the  army  regulations,  gi\es  better  soldiers  than  from  forty  to  forty-five  years;  and  that  no  volun- 
teer should  be  accepted  for  infantry-service  who  does  not  weigh  one  hundred  and  twenty  pounds 
when  naked.  I  think,  too,  that  when  there  is  sufficient  inducement  morally  or  pecuniarily  all  the 
soldiers  required  can  be  had  as  volunteers. 

The  whole  number  examined  by  me,  as  near  as  I  can  ascertain,  is  six  thousand. 
This  district  is  composed  of  Holmes,  Ashland,  Wayne,  Medina,  and  Lorain  Counties,  and  is 
bounded  by  latitude  HP  30'  on  the  south  and  41°  30'  on  the  north,  longitude  80°  45'  on  the  east 
and  82°  30'  on  the  west.  The  southern  part  of  the  district  is  hilly,  and  in  many  portions  the  hills 
reach  almost  the  dignity  of  mountains.  Extensive  beds  of  bituminous  coal  are  found,  and  lime- 
stone and  free  sandstone  crop  out  in  various  parts.  It  is  well  watered  by  springs  and  spring-runs, 
and  has  several  large  streams  running  through  it.  These  streams  inundate  the  valleys  through 
which  they  i)ass  biennially  or  ofteuer,  leaving  a  rich  deposit  of  sandy  loam.  The  soil  on  the  hills 
is  a  clay  and  gravelly  loam  ;   very  productive. 

The  central  portion  is  rolling,  with  frequent  level  glades  of  considerable  extent  interspersed, 
well  watered  by  springs  and  spring-runs,  and  has  six  large  streams  passing  entirely  through  it  from 
north  to  south.  Here  are  also  several  small  lakes,  the  largest  of  which  is  Odel's  Lake.  These 
being  well  stocked  with  fish  are  frequently  resorted  to  for  pleasure.  The  soil  is  generally  a  deep 
clay  loam,  more  and  more  mixed  with  sand  as  it  approaches  the  streams.  Like  the  southern  por- 
tion of  the  district,  the  soil  is  very  productive  and  well  adapted  to  grain-growing.  Probably  its 
productions  of  wheat,  lye,  oats,  and  barley  are  greater  than  in  any  other  portion  of  the  State  of  the 
same  extent.  Bituminous  coal  of  a  superior  quality  abounds;  limestone  and  sandstone  also  are 
found. 

The  northern  portion  of  the  district  is  more  level,  although  slightly  rolling  as  it  recedes  from 
the  lake.  The  soil  is  i>riiicipally  a  clay  and  gravelly  loam  ;  the  clay  part  scantily  watered ;  the 
gravelly  abundantly,  aiid  better  adapted  to  grazing  than  raising  grain.  The  attention  of  farmers 
of  this  portion  is  principally  directed  to  raising  stock,  and  to  the  products  of  the  dairy. 

The  forests  of  this  district  are  composed  of  oak,  beech,  hickory,  sugar-maple,  chestnut, 
whitewood,  and  walnut,  according  to  the  soil;  whitewood  and  beech  being  confined  almost  exclu- 
sively to  clay  soil. 

The  diseases,  as  might  be  expected  from  the  topography  and  locality  of  the  district,  arc  such  as 

'  No  reports  were  recoived  from  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  districts. 


surgeons'    reports OHIO — FOURTEENTH    DISTRICT.  413 

areiiidticid  by  luiiliiriu  ami  siukUu  climatic  clianges.  Iiitcrmitteut  ami  remittent  fevers,  dysentery, 
and  diarrbcea  prevail  in  summer  and  autumn.  Typbo malarial  fevers,  (pure  typhoid  fever  being  of 
rare  occurrence,)  jjueumonia,  and  rbeumatism  have  the  ascendenc^y  in  the  winter  and  sjjring 
montbs.  In  the  ueigbborhoud  of  large  streams  and  small  lakes,  we  fre(jueutly  have  dysentery  and 
typbo-malarial  fever,  endemic  and  malignant. 

The  inhabitants  are  generally  moral,  intelligent,  industrious,  frugal,  active,  and  energetic; 
good  livers,  setting  a  good  table,  and  having  plenty  to  do  it  with.  Occupations — agricultural," 
mechanical,  and  mercantile.  *  #  # 

Hernia  and  permanent  ])hysical  disability  and  loss  of  teeth  are  the  leading  causes  for  exemp- 
tion. The  reason  why  hernia  so  abounds  in  this  district  is  that  it  is  heavily  timbered,  and  to  clear 
up  a  farm  is  very  heavy  and  laborious  work,  and  in  doing  this  and  other  heavy  work  on  the  farms 
the  most  of  those  with  whom  it  was  not  congenital  contract  the  disease.  Permanent  jihysical  dis- 
ability was  induced  by  frequent  attacks  of  malarious  diseases,  rendering  the  nervous  system 
morbidly  sensitive  and  easily  exhausted,  and  producing  greater  or  less  organic  ditticulties.     #     #     * 

My  impression  now  is  that  section  20,  paragraph  85,  should  be  abolished.  It  was  the  only  pro- 
vision in  the  entire  paragraph  that  gave  dissatisfaction  to  the  people.  Artificial  teeth  are  now  so 
cheap  and  perfect  that  they  are  within  the  reach  of  almost  every  one.  We  had  umny  instances  iu 
this  district  of  men  wearing  artificial  teeth  which  enabled  them  to  eat  all  kinds  of  food  with  perfect 
ease.  Men  of  property,  active  business-men,  in  robust  health,  would  ai)pear  before  the  board, 
having  removed  their  false  teeth,  and  demand  to  have  their  names  stricken  from  the  rolls,  after 
which  many  of  them  took  no  further  part  in  the  matter,  and  refused  to  give  a  dollar  iu  the  way  of 
local  bounty  for  the  clearing  of  their  townships,  but  used  their  influence  as  much  as  they  could, 
without  making  themselves  amenable  to  the  law,  against  the  young  men's  volunteering.  Another 
.reason  why  I  think  this  section  should  be  abolished  is  that  a  majority  of  the  volunteer  soldiers  never 
use  their  teeth  to  tear  their  cartridges. 

In  examination  of  enrolled  men,  the  inquiry  was  first  made  as  to  what  their  disability  consisted 
of.  The  disability  complained  of  was  closely  examined  for ;  if  found  to  the  extent  required  by 
paragraph  85,  they  were  exempt;  if  not,  no  further  examination  was  made,  and  they  continued  on 
the  rolls.  If  the  diificulty  was  in  the  chest,  it  was  carefully  examined  by  anscultation  and  percus- 
sion. In  all  cases  demanding  it,  the  person  was  examined  in  an  entirely  nude  condition.  Of  very 
many  persons  complaining  of  heart  and  lung  disea.ses  there  was  no  examination  made,  except  to 
interrogate  as  to  the  extent  to  which  if  disabled,  the  board  having  decided  that  the  latter  clause  of 
section  5,  paragraph  85,  ("and  which  prevents  bis  performing  any  equally  laborious  occu[)ation  in 
civil  life,")  bad  reference  to  an  ordinary  day's  labor,  and  unless  the  disease  prevented  them  from 
performing  an  ordinary  day's  labor  no  further  examination  was  made.  In  all  cases  where  the 
examinations  were  made,  and  the  diagnosis  was  not  clear  and  distinct,  they  were  required  to  furnish 
sworn  certificates  from  their  neighbors  liable  to  the  draft  as  to  their  value  as  ordinary  or  common 
laborers  per  month,  one  mouth  with  another,  and  unless  their  neighbors  placed  them  below  a  three- 
quarter  hand,  they  were  still  held  to  service. 

Of  enrolled  men,  one  hundred  can  be  examined  per  day  with  ease;  of  volunteers,  sixty;  of 
drafted  men,  not  more  than  forty. 

The  systematic  and  well-executed  frauds  attempted  in  this  district  were  few.  I  can  recollect 
but  two  that  were  skillfully  executed.  One  was  an  eruption  on  the  nates  and  anus,  induced  by 
crotonoil,  which  was  attempted  to  be  passed  off  as  a  permanent  ekzematons  eruption.  The  other 
was  in  trying  to  simulate  purulent  otorrhoea  by  introducing  some  foetid  oil  or  grease  in  the  ear. 
There  were  many  attempts  to  simulate  rheumatism  and  injuries  to  legs  and  joints,  but  they  were 
easily  detected.  In  a  community  like  ours  it  would  be  diBHcult  for  any  one  to  practice  a  fraud,  as 
his  neighbors  were  continually  inspecting  the  rolls,  and  as  soon  as  a  man  was  ofif  the  question  was 
asked,  "What  for  f 

^'What  nationality  presents  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  the  servicef'' — Native  Americans. 

Our  experience  in  this  distiict  as  to  colored  men  has  been  quite  limited,  not  more  than  thirty 
having  volunteered,  but,  so  far,  it  is  favoiable  to  the  race. 

^'■Yiews  as  to  operations  of  enrollment-law,  cfcc." — My  present  impressions  are  that  there  should  bo 
commutation  received,  but  that  it  should  not  be  less  than  five  hundred  dollars.     I  also  think  that 


414  surgeons'  reports — ohio — seventeenth  district. 

all  examinations  sliouUl  be  deferred  until  after  the  draft.  The  percentage  of  exemptions  would  prob- 
ably be  the  same,  or  nearly  so,  in  all  the  districts.  All  the  names  on  the  roll  must  be  drawn  at  the 
time  of  the  draft  by  numbering  them  and  examining  from  No.  1  until  the  required  number  is 
obtained.  This  would  save  much  time  and  expense,  and  make  the  entire  enrolled  community 
workers  lor  volunteering. 

JAMES  D.  EOBINSON, 
Surf/eon  Board  of  Enrollment  Fourteenth  District  of  Ohio. 
WoosTER,  Ohio,  May  19,  18G5. 

OHIO— SEVENTEENTH  DISTEICT.i 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  L.  M.  Whiting. 

*  *  *  The  number  of  men  examined  during  this  period  somewhat  exceeds  nine  thou- 
sand, a  large  pi-oportion  of  whom  were  claimants  for  exemption  by  reason  of  real  or  imagined 
disabilities. 

The  Seventeenth  District  of  Ohio,  embracing  the  counties  of  Carroll,  Columbiana,  Jefferson, 
and  Stark,  with  an  area  of  eighteen  hundred  and  sixteen  square  miles,  and  a  population  varying 
not  much  from  one  hundred  and  forty  thousand,  being  bounded  on  its  almost  entire  eastern  line  by 
the  OhioEiver,  is  largely  made  up  of  the  rugged  country  which  the  projecting  spurs  of  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains  on  their  extreme  western  slope  would  naturally  produce. 

The  counties  of  Carroll,  Columbiana,  and  Jefferson  are,  with  the  exception  of  the  northern 
part  of  the  second  named,  very  hilly,  yet  with  a  soil  yielding  large  returns  to  the  industry  of  the 
active  practical  farmers,  by  whom  they  are  almost  exclusively  peopled.  The  northern  part  of 
Columbiana  County  is  gently  undulating,  watered  by  the  Mahoning  Eiver,  and  densely  populated 
by  a  thriving  and  intelligent  class  of  agriculturists.  The  western  part  of  the  district,  composed 
almost  entirely  of  Stark  County,  lies  mainly  beyond  the  immediate  influence  of  the  mountains,  and 
is  spread  out  into  the  most  beautiful  rolling  landscape,  through  which  flows  the  Tuscarawas  Eiver, 
and  its  tributaries,  the  Sandy  and  Nimishillen,  as  also  the  Ohio  Canal,  along  which  are  clustered 
many  populous  and  busy  towns.  The  track  of  the  Pittsburgh,  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Eailway 
traverses  the  entire  district  from  east  to  west,  as  does  the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburgh  Eailroad  from 
north  to  south,  the  two  intersecting  each  other  at  this  i)lace.  The  district,  taken  as  a  whole, 
is  decidedly  a  limestone  region,  in  which  bituminous  coal  of  excellent  quality  everywhere  abounds, 
and  iron-ore  of  superior  yield  is  found  in  various  localities.  Eecently,  petroleum  has  also  been 
brought  to  light,  and  bids  fair  to  be  developed  as  a  source  of  great  revenue. 

The  inhabitants  of  Columbiana  and  Jefferson  Counties  are  a  remarkable  mixture,  representing 
on  a  pretty  large  scale  England,  Ireland,  Wales,  Scotland,  and  Germany,  with  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  native  Quakers,  and  nearly  all  of  the  various  nationalities  are  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits, 
although  coalmining  and  the  manufacture  of  wool  and  cotton  are  carried  on  to  some  extent  in  the 
county  of  Jefferson.  The  inhabitants  of  Carroll  and  Stark  Counties  are  largely  of  German  descent. 
The  township  of  Nimishillen,  Stark  County,  is  largely  poi)ulated  by  native  French  and  their  imme- 
diate descendants,  and  the  latter  county  especially  contains  a  large  number  of  naturalized  emigrants 
from  Europe.  Carroll  County  is  entirely  agricultural,  and  Stark  County  is  eminent  for  the  amount 
and  excellence  of  its  cereal  products,  while  it  also  contains  (at  Canton  and  Massillon)  some  of  the 
largest  manufactories  of  agricultural  machinery  in  the  United  States,  upon  which  many  thousands 
of  individuals  are  dependent  for  daily  labor  and  prosi)erity.  This  county  is  noted  for  the  extensive 
mines  of  coal  on  Nuomaris  Creek,  (a  mineral  so  free  fiom  sulphur  as  to  be  used  for  smelting  iron 
in  the  large  furnaces  at  Massillon  without  being  coked  at  all,)  and  a  rich  mine  of  black-band  iron- 
ore  in  Osnaburgli  Township,  now  being  ujost  extensively  and  profitably  wrought.  Taken  as  a  whole, 
the  population  of  the  district  is  wealthy,  moral,  intelligent,  industrious,  and  loyal.  To  this, 
exception  may  be  made  of  a  portion  of  the  foreigners,  and  especially  of  a  class  engaged  in  the 
mines  in  the  extreuu;  western  part  of  the  district,  several  hundred  of  whom  are  at  this  time  banded 
in  defiance  of  law  to  enforce  their  own  decrees,  and  to  quell  whose  riotous  and  dangerous  proceed- 
'  No  reports  woro  received  fioni  tlie  fiftoeiitb  ami  sixtecutli  districts. 


surgeons'    reports OHIO SEVENTEENTH    DISTRICT.  415 

ings  tbe  militia  has  recently  been  called  out  iiuder  tbe  sanctiou  of  tbe  goveruor  of  the  State.  It 
was  from  this  class  of  citizen.s  that  came  much  of  the  trouble  duriug  the  pending  drafts;  but, 
liapiiily,  the  loyal  portion  of  the  people  were  enabled  to  till  their  quotas,  and  thus  avoid  the  most 
dreaded  efl'ects  of  treason  in  our  own  midst — actual  war. 

The  j)ortion  of  the  district  lying  upon  the  Tuscarawas  Eiver  aud  its  tributaries  is  more  or 
less  subject  to  annual  visitations  of  zymotic  disease ;  the  form  ordinarily  assumed  being  periodic 
fever,  but  frequently  presenting  the  typhoid  character,  in  addition  to  the  continued  progression  of 
morbid  phenomena  denominated  fever;  the  victims  presenting  the  peculiar  rose-colored  spots, 
diarrhoea,  epistaxis,  tympanitis,  &c.,  which  are  adjudged  pathognomonic  of  typhoid  lever.  The 
same  remarks  hold  good  with  reference  to  the  lauds  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Mahoning  River,  flowing 
^long  the  northeastern  border  of  the  district.  In  all  other  portions  of  the  district,  the  diseases 
incident  to  a  residence  are  only  such  as  are  common  to  the  most  healthy  regions  of  the  earth, 
Diseases  of  the  throat  and  lungs  are  common,  and  more  so  than  previous  to  the  appearance,  within 
a  very  few  years,  of  diphtheria,  which  has  become  more  or  less  the  terror  of  all  parts  of  this  district, 
as  well  as  of  the  country  generally.  No  part  of  the  district  seems  liable  to  epidemics;  with  the 
exception  of  two  seasons  of  very  limited  epidemic  dysentery,  the  api)earauce  for  a  few  days  of 
epidemic  cholera,  and  occasional  visitations  of  scarlatina,  &c.,  no  epidemic  has  been  observed 
during  a  thirty  years'  residence  iu  any  part  of  the  district ;  and  over  a  large  part  of  it,  intelligent 
physicians  assure  the  writer  that  in  an  experience  of  more  than  forty  years  they  have  never  known 
one. 

During  the  autumn  and  winter  of  1863,  there  was  a  very  general  prevalence,  perhaps  properly 
called  an  epidemic,  of  acute  rheumatism  throughout  the  district,  which  undoubtedly  gave  rise  to  a 
great  number  of  applications  lor  exemptions  from  military  service  by  reason  of  rheuumtism  and 
cardiac  complaints.  Of  the  latter,  a  great  number  were  presented,  aud  found  to  exhibit  more  or  less 
convincing  evidence,  on  careful  examination,  of  recent  endocarditis,  pericarditis,  aud  other  inflam- 
matory conditions  of  the  heart.  Especially  was  this  true  of  Jefferson  County  duriug  the  examina- 
tions for  correcting  the  enrollment  in  the  summer  of  18(J4. 

In  Carroll  County,  there  is  no  assignable  cause  of  disease  either  in  its  physical  geography  or 
iu  the  employment  or  habits  of  the  inhabitants.  It  is  hilly,  well  cultivated,  aud  its  farmers  sober 
and  industrious.  The  great  cause  of  exemption  from  military  service  in  this  county  was  loss  of 
teeth.  So  certain  was  this  to  appear  on  approach  of  an  enrolled  man  from  that  couuty,  that,  like 
the  hippopotamus  now  on  exhibition  here,  the  great  display  was  openinq  the  month.  A  quiet  inquiry 
into  the  cause  of  this  phenomenon  led  to  the  conviction  that,  as  quite  a  large  number  of  the  people 
there  were  violently  opposed  to  the  war,  and  entertained  atvon^  personal  objections  to  the  military 
service,  unscrupnlous  dentists  had  been  their  resource  against  conscription  to  a  surprising  extent. 

Other  than  what  has  been  said,  I  know  of  no  diseases  incident  to  this  district.  The  cause  of 
the  fevers  is  undoubtedly  the  all-potent  malaria.  What  it  is  I  do  not  know ;  I  do  know  there  is 
heat,  moisture,  aud  vegetable  decomposition,  all  of  which  seem  to  be  necessary  to  its  production. 
I  believe  the  material  agent  in  the  production  of  what  is  known  as  malarious  fever  is  a  microscopic 
cryptogamous  growth,  abounding  in  the  soil  of  malarious  localities,  which,  being  distributed  by 
atmospheric  agencies,  is  absorbed  by  the  human  subject,  and  acts  as  a  poison  with  such  eflects  as 
are  well  known. 

To  assign  tbe  trite  '•  reason  why  any  I'articular  disease  or  disabilities  have  disqualified  a  greater 
ratio  per  thousand  from  military  service''  is  a  task  involving  an  immense  field  of  iuquiry ;  and  in 
reference  to  some  particular  disabilities,  disqualifying  the  greatest  "ratio  per  thousand,"  it  can  in  tiie 
present  state  of  our  knowledge  probably  be  accomplished  by  no  living  man.  For  instance,  the 
ratio  per  thousand  disqualified  for  military  service  by  loss  of  teeth  is  "greater."  To  say  that  impair- 
ment of  nutrition  occurred  during  the  time  of  the  formation  of  his  teeth,  is  probably  to  state  the 
reason  why  the  man  was  liable  to  tbisdisqualiflcation  for  military  service  after  that  susceptible  portion 
of  the  organism  was  exjiosed  to  the  causes  which  involve  its  general  and  rapid  decay;  for  as  the 
teeth  are  formed,  provided  they  are  not  impaired  dur'ng  that  i)rocess,  they  remain  with  very  sliglit 
change  during  life.  Being  impaired,  and  unlike  oth(  r  tissues  of  the  body,  even  those  identical  in 
structure,  Hot  endowed  with  recuperative  powers  by  tbe  agency  of  which  an  injury  sustained  by 
them  may  be  repaired,  they  are  in  many  instances  so  susceptible  to  the  action  of  corrosive  agents. 


41fi  SURGEONS     REPORTS OHIO SEVENTEENTH    DISTRICT. 

that  their  destruction  coniriiences  at  once  upou  emerging  from  tbe  jaws.  The  prevalent  habit  of 
the  people  of  this  district  to  indulge  in  hot  drinks,  the  use  of  a  great  variety  of  acids  and  alivalies, 
and  large  quantities  of  sugar  in  food,  the  almost  universal  use  of  tobacco  and  the  enormous  con- 
sumption of  alcoholic  stimuli,  the  influence  of  climate — all  have  doubtless  in  some  way  their  share 
in  bringing  about  the  repulsive  condition  of  the  breath  which  too  often  bears  upou  it  the  foulest 
odors  of  dental  rottenness.  But  to  show  how  any  of  these  general  or  special  causes  produce 
such  a  result  would  involve  a  discussion  of  the  subject  of  nutrition  such  as  would  far  exceed  the 
limits  of  a  report  like  this,  and  especially  would  it  exceed  my  ability,  with  the  limited  facilities  at 
baud  for  such  a  purpose.  Pi'actically,  there  is  one  observation  worthy  of  note:  the  experience  of 
tlie  last  four  years  has  shown  me  that  there  are  in  this  district  a  great  number  of  stalwart  men 
between  the  ages  of  twenty  land  forty-five  years  who  have  met  with  the  loss  of  the  front,  eye,  and* 
first  molar  teeth,  men  who  present  no  evidence  in  their  physique  of  any  serious  infliction  upon  it 
by  the  loss. 

What  has  been  said  as  to  giving  good  "reasons  why"  loss  of  teeth  disqualify  so  large  a  per- 
centage for  military  service  is  in  some  degree  true  iu  regard  to  hernia  in  this  district.  To  the 
number  of  cases  of  hernia  produced  by  accident  or  the  application  of  sudden  violence,  no  doubt 
vast  multitudes  m'ust  be  added  as  the  result  of  the  practice,  so  widely  prevalent,  of  swathing  the 
abdomen  of  the  newly-born  infant  in  a  tight,  inelastic  bandage,  thus  necessarily  compelling  its 
contained  viscera  to  attempt  with  violence  every  avenue  of  escape  from  its  cruel  confinement, 
especially  during  their  constantly-repeated  Jits  of  crying  and  other  exertions  induced  by  the  ever- 
present  infliction.  If  hernia  is  not  immediately  produi;ed,  the  mechanical  force  thus  constantly 
applied  in  a  mode  so  admirably  adapted  to  prevent  the  complete  formation  of  the  inguinal  ring, 
still  imperfectly  constructed,  must  surely  lay  the  foundation  for  some  of  its  forms. 

This  disability  seems  to  pervade  all  classes  of  our  community,  as  well  those  whose  lives  are 
tranquil  and  avocations  sedentary  as  those  given  to  constant  exertion  and  feats  of  strength.  In 
this  district,  the  foreign  population  is  more  affected  witii  this  serious  disability  than  the  native,  and 
of  these  the  German  exhibits  the  largest  percentage. 

The  numerous  discharges  from  the  Army  for  this  disability  suggest  that  the  kind  of  pressure 
above  referred  to  is  a  cause  why  the  ratio  is  increased  by  it  in  adult  life;  for  the  infantry-mau 
wears  a  broad,  inflexible  belt,  tightly  drawn  about  the  upper  abdomen,  to  .which  is  attached  a 
bayonet,  cartridge-box,  and  ammunition,  and  the  cavalry  are  continually  dragging  a  heavy  saber 
dangling  from  the  sword-belt.  I  apprehend  that  these  causes  iu  infantile  and  iu  later  life  have 
mucii  to  do  iu  the  production  of  so  large  a  number  of  cases  of  haemorrhoids,  both  disqualifying  and 
otherwise. 

The  great  increase  oi power  in  the  mechanic  arts,  especially  through  steam;  its  wide  diffu- 
sion in  almost  every  department  of  human  industry  ;  the  widespread  use  of  heavy  machinery  iu 
tbe  production  and  securing  of  the  great  staples  of  this  district,  as  well  as  in  the  shops  devoted  to 
an  infinite  variety  of  manufactures  in  wood,  iron,  and  other  metals,  thus  bringing  all  classes  of 
our  population  in  almost  immediate  contact  with  gigantic  force  and  velocity  of  motion,  is  the  oidy 
reason  I  know  for  the  large  ratio  per  thousand  disqualified  for  uiilitary  service  by  fractures,  dislo- 
cations, wounds,  and  mechanical  injuries  geneially.  In  this  district,  especially,  this  class  of  dis- 
abilities is  increased  by  the  constant  throng  of  ponderous  steam-engines  and  immense  trains  of 
cars  that  traverse  it  over  its  two  long  lines  of  railway,  and  the  numerous  large  shops  associated 
with  its  operations. 

The  more  extended  my  experience  in  the  use  of  paragraph  85,  Revised  Regulations,  Provost- 
Marshal-General's  Bureau,  tbe  more  convinced  I  am  of  its  wisdom  ;  if  auy  exception  is  to  be 
taken  to  any  of  its  provisions,  section  20  might  perhaps  with  justice  be  so  construed  as  to  hold 
fit  for  garrison  duty  a  large  army  of  apparently  vigorous  men  now  acquitted  of  all  responsibility. 

Where  the  total  loss  of  tbe  front,  eye,  and  first  molar  teeth  in  one  jaw  exists  without  visible 
impairment  of  constitutional  vigor  or  other  morbid  conditiou,  in  ordinary  civil  life,  I  see  no  good 
reason  why  the  subject  should  not  be  available  for  military  service  in  any  locality  where  soft  bread 
can  be  obtained,  and,  in  fact,  in  any  locality  where  such  rations  are  furnished  as  should  be  pro- 
vided an  army  anywhere^in  this  country.        *  *  • 


surgeons'    EEPOKTS OHIO SEVENTEENTH    DISTKICT.  417 

The  miuiber  of  men  that  maj'  be  carefully  examined  in  a  day  does  not  exceed  fifty  nnder  the 
moist  favorable  circumstances. 

It  has  not  been  my  lot  to  meet  with  many  instances  of  attempted  fraud  in  any  class  of  sub- 
jects presented  for  examination  in  this  district  of  a  character  to  require  anythiuf?  but  the  most 
common  sagacity  to  guard  against  them.  Not  a  few  slightly  deaf  men  among  the  enrolled  and  drafted 
were  unable  to  hear  us  speak  in  an  ordinary  tone  of  voice,  but  were  speedily  detected  by  ordinary 
means  or  by  reference  to  some  acquaintance  who  was  nearly  always  at  hand  to  detail  his  previous 
history.  In  some  instances,  when  the  fraud  was  well  sustained  under  examination,  a  strong  inti- 
mation boldly  uttered  that  it  was  a  case  for  exemption,  arul  while  preparing  a  proper  blank  to 
issue  a  certificate  to  that  effect,  the  sudden  inquiry  in  a  low  tone  for  his  luime  to  insert  in  it,  would 
bring  an  instantaneous  reply. 

Malingerers  simulating  defects  of  vision  sometimes  give  theexaminiug-surgeon  no  little  troulilo. 
It  is  true  that  the  oi)lithalmoscope  readily  detects  all  opacities  or  molecular  changes  resulting  from 
inflammatory  action.  So  we  can  detect  the  anomalies  of  refraction,  as  myopia  and  hypermetropia, 
by  the  ophthalmoscope.  The  objective  diagnosis  of  cerebral  amaurosis  is  not  so  easy.  When  a  man 
claims  total  blindness  of  one  eye,  and  the  i)upils  retain  unity  in  direction  in  fixing  an  object,  we 
may  be  certain  that  he  is  trying  to  deceive  us.  There  may,  however,  be  cerebral  amblyopia  short 
of  distinguisbiDg  objects  distinctly,  and  yet  the  pupils  may  be  properly  directed  in  fixing  objects. 
Under  such  circumstances,  a  careful  investigation  of  the  condition  of  the  i)upil  should  be  made. 
The  surest  method,  however,  I  know  of  is  the  plan  recommended  by  Liebreich.  The  subject  is 
made  to  believe  that  the  inspection  of  the  affected  eye  is  concluded  and  that  the  healthy  eye  alone 
is  to  be  examined.  Both  eyes  are  kept  open,  and  a  prism  of  10°,  for  example,  is  placed  in  front  of 
the  well  eye,  with  veils  above  or  below.  If  the  other  eye  is  really  attacked  with  amaurosis,  the 
image  obtained  by  the  prism  is  simple,  but  if  the  blindness  is  simulated  the  patient  sees  two 
images,  which  he,  not  knowing  its  significance,  immediately  proclaims. 

But  the  most  frequent  attempts  at  fraud  were  made  by  boys  in  the  assertion  of  a  false  age. 
This  became,  indeed,  a  matter  of  no  small  annoyance  and  not  unfrequeutly  of  great  importance,  as 
the  otlice  was  fairly  assailed  during  the  pending  drafts  with  a  storm  of  applications  for  enlistment 
on  the  part  of  those  whose  claims  to  attention  were  matter  of  doubt.  The  jealous  care  of  parents 
and  guardians  was  insufficient  to  prevent  their  sons  and  wards  from  constant  escapes  from  home 
under  the  stimulus  of  large  bounties,  the  attractiveness  of  military  trappings,  and  the  seductive 
tongues  of  ambitious  recruiting-officers;  and  multitudes  were  so  demoralized  as  to  make  the  most 
solemn  asseverations  of  legal  age  when  they  could  show  the  proper  measurements,  though  in  the 
course  of  one,  two,  or  three  days,  or  later,  the  parents  or  guardians  would  appear  with  the  most 
irrefragable  proof  of  a  minority  of  one,  two,  or  three  years.  Hence,  in  my  records,  the  statements 
of  the  recruit  (as  already  stated)  appear  for  my  own  protection  and  as  evidence  of  the  moral  status 
of  the  youth,  while  in  the  column  of  "Kemarks" appears  "youth"  as  a  cause  of  rejection,  proof 
having  been  adduced,  subsequent  to  the  record,  of  his  statement  as  to  age  having  been  false.  Expe- 
rience has  shown  me  that  it  is  a  very  difficult  matter  to  decide  as  to  the  precise  age  of  an  individual 
between  sixteen  and  eighteen  years ;  but  it  is  not  difficult  to  determine  that  even  at  eighteen  there 
is  generally  a  want  of  that  development  which  is  so  essential  to  the  efficiency  of  the  soldier.  At 
twenty  years,  there  are  such  unequivocal  signs  of  maturity  in  the  increased  thickness  of  the  bones, 
the  strength  of  the  joints,  the  expansion  and  firmness  of  the  muscles,  and  the  appearance  of  the 
wisdom  teeth,  that  but  little  doubt  can  be  entertained,  either  as  to  the  age  or  ability;  and  in  my 
humble  judgment  this  should  be  fixed  as  the  minimum  age  for  military  service,  especially  as  this 
war  has  shown  that  abundance  of  men  can  be  obtained  for  any  emergency  in,  this  country  without 
a  serious  depreciation  of  its  ijopulation.        *        *        * 

xVnother  difficulty  experienced  during  all  the  early  part  of  my  term  as  examining-surgeou  was 
the  constant  feeling  of  uncertainty  as  to  the  proper  mode  of  performing  many  important  duties,  a 
feeling  generated  by  the  conviction  that  there  should  be  uniformity  in  the  work  of  similar  officers 
throughout  the  land  ;  and  for  that  purpose  appropriate  books,  blanks,  and  an  acknowledged  medi- 
cal head  within  the  Bureau  to  which  they  were  attached  and  to  which  they  were  professionally 
responsible,  should  be  provided.  This  very  unpleasant  and  unprofitable  state  of  things,  I  am 
hai)i)y  to  state,  disappeared  eventually  under  the  genial  influence  of  the  benign  visitation  and 
53 


4J8  surgeons'  reports — ohio — eighteenth  district. 

evident  abilit}'  and  genius  of  the  present  Chief  Medical  Officer  of  the  Provost-Marshal-General's 
Bureau,  whose  uniform  nrbanity  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties  cannot  fail  of  high  appreciation  by 
the  recipients  of  his  kindness,  and  the  value  of  whose  services  his  country  must  surely  recognize 
and  honor. 

So  far  as  my  experience  warrants  an  opinion  in  reference  to  nationality  iu  the  selection  of 
recruits  for  military  service,  the  utterance  of  the  old  poet,  Spenser,  is  as  true  now  as  then.  Says 
he:  "I  have  heard  great  warriors  say  that  in  all  the  services  which  they  have  seen  abroad  in 
foreign  countries  they  never  saw  a  more  comely  man  than  an  Irishman,  or  that  cometh  on  more 
bravely  to  his  charge."        *        *        * 

With  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service,  my  experience  furnishes 
such  limited  observation  as  to  render  an  opinion  worthy  of  but  little  consideration.  The  convic- 
tion arising  froui  au  examination  of  a  few  hundred  of  various  shades  of  color  is  that  the  negro 
proper  is  well  adapted  for  military  service,  but  that  the  mulatto  and  all  varieties  of  mixture  of 
black  aud  white  blood  have  degenerated  physically,  being  very  often  found  with  tuberculosis  and 
other  niauifcstations  of  imperlect  organism. 

The  enrollment-law  as  it  now  stands,  so  far  as  I  am  able  to  judge,  needs  very  little  alteration 
to  promote  the  successful  accomplishment  of  its  object.        *        *        * 

L.  M.  WHITING, 
ISurgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  /Seventeenth  District  of  Ohio. 

Alliance,  Ohio,  Jmic  8,  1865. 

OHIO— EIGHTEENTH  DISTRICT. 
Extract  from  report  of  Dr.  H.  C.  Beardslbe. 

*  *  *  My  appointment  as  surgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment  of  the  Eighteenth  Con- 
gressional District  of  Ohio  bears  date  May  11,  1863.  I  entered  at  once  upon  the  iluties  of  office 
but  made  no  examinations  of  men  for  the  military  service  until  the  month  of  October  following. 
I  had  no  previous  experience  in  making  such  examinations,  but  I  prepared  myself  as  well  as  I  was 
able  by  carefully  studying  the  manual  prepared  by  order  of  the  War  Department  and  distributed 
to  examining-surgeons.  • 

I  have  examined  six  thousand  five  hundred  recruits,  substitutes,  drafted,  and  enrolled 
men.        *        #        » 

The  examination  of  a  recruit  is  quite  different  from  that  of  an  enrolled  man  or  a  drafted  man, 
and  the  difficulties  to  be  met  and  obviated  are  also  quite  different ;  the  one  seeking  to  conceal  the 
existence  of  a  disqualifying  infirmity  which  would  prevent  his  entering  the  service,  the  other 
seeking  to  aggravate  infirmities  actually  existing,  and  even  simulating  those  which  do  not  exist,  as 
a  means  of  escaping  liability  to  service.  Still,  each  kind  of  experience  contributes  to  perfect  the 
competency  of  the  examiner. 

The  Eighteenth  District  of  Ohio  lies  on  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  and  is  composed  of  the 
counties  of  Lake,  Summit^  and  Cuyahoga.  The  counties  of  Lake  and  Cuyahoga  border  on  the 
lake.  The  county  of  Summit  lies  south  of  Cuyahoga.  From  the  northeast  corner  of  Lake  County 
to  the  northwest  corner  of  Cuyahoga  is  about  sixty  miles.  From  (he  lake-shore  of  Cuyahoga  to 
the  south  line  of  Summit  County  is  somewhat  more  than  fifty  miles.  The  district  is  traversed  by 
three  rivers — Grand  River  and  Chagrin,  which  pass  through  Lake  County,  the  latter  touching 
some  of  the  eastern  townships  of  Cuyahoga,  and  the  Cuyahoga  River,  which  is  the  largest  of  the 
three,  aud  which  traverses  the  county  which  bears  its  name.  Neither  of  these  is  navigable  except 
for  a  very  short  distance.  The  two  former  form  respectively  the  harbors  of  Grand  River  or  Fair- 
l)ort  and  Cleveland. 

The  rock  formations  of  the  district  are  a  compact  sandstone,  a  sandstone  of  somewhat  coarser 
and  more  open  texture,  conglomerate,  and,  underlying  these;  a  soft  clay-slate,  which,  when  exposed 
to  the  air,  is  soon  decomposed  into  a  tenacious  blue  clay.  At  jioints  in  each  of  the  three  counties, 
the  sandstone  is  extensively  quarried  for  building-material.  The  fine  and  more  comi)act  varieties 
are  very  largely  used  in  the  construction  of  houses  and  of  public  buildings,  and  the  coarser 


surgeons'   KEPORTS — OHIO EIGHTEENTU    DISTRICT.  41U 

varieties  are  used  largely  for  railroad  culverts,  bridges,  aud  all  the  various  purposes  for  which 
stoue  is  used  iu  railroad  coustruction,  iu  which  strength  aud  durability  are  cousideratious  of  iiiore 
imj)ortaiice  iu  regard  to  the  material  tliau  beauty. 

At  Middleburgh  is  au  extensive  deposit  of  griudstouegrits,  and  Berca  griudstoues  have  a  wide 
reputation.     In  several  townships  of  fSuiumit  County  are  productive  mines  of  bituminous  coal. 

The  soil  of  the  district  is  quite  varied;  large  portions  of  it  are  clay-loam  of  greater  or  less 
tenacity.  Parallel  with  the  shore  of  the  lake,  and  at  a  distance  from  it  of  from  one  mile  to  three 
miles,  are  ridges  composed  of  sandy  or  gravelly  loam,  underlaid,  at  a  depth  of  from  three  feet  to 
fifteen  feet,  by  a  stratum  of  gravel,  (drifts,)  which  is  succeeded  by  a  tenacious  blue  clay,  which  con- 
tinues downward  to  the  slaterock. 

Tlie  water  in  all  the  wells  upon  the  ridges  is  found  iu  coarse  clear  gravel,  lying  immediately 
over  the  clay,  aud  is  abundant  aud  very  good.  Indeed,  the  water  iu  all  parts  of  the  district  is 
good,  except  iu  comparatively  few  locations,  where  the  wells  penetrate  into  the  clay-slate.  This 
latter  is  pretty  strongly  impregnated  with  sulphuret  of  iron,  which  reuders  the  water  of  the  wells 
which  penetrate  iuto  it  quite  unpalatable,  but  perhaps  not  really  unwholesome. 

The  deptli  of  the  stratum  of  clay  is  uot  yet  definitely  ascertained.  A  petroleum-well  now  being 
sunk  in  Lake  County  has  already  attained  a  depth  of  six  hundred  feet  without  passing  through  it. 

From  the  meteorological  records  kept  at  Paiuesville,  in  Lake  County,  by  Jesse  Storrs,  it  appears 
that  the  mean  temperature  for  five  consecutive  years  was  49.39  degrees  Fahrenheit ;  that  in  that 
])eriod  the  highest  tem])erature  was  ninety  degrees,  aud  the  lowest  ten  degrees  below  zero;  and 
that  the  average  fall  of  rain  in  the  same  number  of  years  was  forty  inches  iier  annum. 

In  the  couuties  of  Lake  aud  Cuyahoga,  a  large  number  of  men  are  employed  iu  lake  navigation. 
In  various  parts  of  the  district  are  extensive  rolling-mills  for  the  manufacture  of  railroad-iron, 
blast-furnaces,  founderies,  and  machine-shops,  and  in  Cleveland  a  large  number  of  men  are  engaged 
iu  mercantile  pursuits.  The  reinaiuder  of  the  population  are  farmers  or  mechanics.  Grain  and 
fruit  are  largely  cultivated,  and  large  quantities  of  cheese  and  wool  are  annually  produced.  Some 
idea  of  the  exteut  of  the  productiou  may  be  formed  from  the  fact  that  the  yearly  shipments  of 
cheese  from  Paiuesville  station  on  the  Lake  Shore  Eailroad  have  reached  as  high  as  four^thousaud 
tons,  or  eight  millions  of  pounds.  A  part  of  this  is  received  for  shipment  from  the  adjoining  county 
of  Geauga. 

In  some  portions  of  Cuyahoga  and  Summit  Counties,  Germans  are  quite  numerous,  and  there  are 
also  a  good  number  of  Irish.  With  these  exceptions,  the  inhabitants  of  the  district  are  of  Ameri- 
can descent,  mainly  from  New  England,  New  York,  and  Pennsylvania,  and  are  an  intelligent, 
orderly,  and  thrifty  people. 

In  the  early  history  of  the  district,  malarious  diseases — as  intermittent  and  remittent  fevers — 
were  common,  and  iu  localities  quite  prevalent.  They  have  diminished  in  frequency,  and  are  uot 
now  common. 

Furnace-men  aud  iron-workers  generally,  from  their  exposure  to  great  heat  and  air  alternately, 
aud  sailors,  from  inevitable  exposure  to  the  weather,  sufl'er  much  from  rheumatism.  The  chilly 
winds  from  the  lake  in  the  winter  and  early  spring  have  no  doubt  some  influence  iu  predisposing  to 
diseases  of  lungs.  My  belief  is  that  a  portion  of  the  German  population  have  a  peculiar  proneness 
to  hernia,  and  also  to  congenital  deformity  of  the  feet. 

The  diseases  of  the  district  are  those  commou  to  other  localities  iu  similar  latitudes.  Typhoid 
fever,  scarlatina,  dysentery,  inflammation  of  the  lungs,  and  rheumatism  are  among  the  most 
common. 

I  have  no  remarks  to  make,  except  on  a  few  of  the  sections  of  paragraph  85,  Revised  Regulations 
Provost-Marshal-General's  Bureau. 

Iu  regard  to  section  3,  ejnlepsy,  it  is  no  doubt  true  that  cases  of  confirmed  epilepsy  cease 
after  a  while  to  be  the  iiubjects  of  medical  treatment,  so  that  the  man  cannot  procure  the  certificate 
of  aphyslcian  who  has  "attended  him  in  the  disease"  within  six  months.  Still  I  would  not  suggest 
any  alteration  of  the  section,  as  an  aggravated  case  of  confirmed  epilepsy  might  generally  be 
exempted  for  manifest  mental  imbecility. 

In  regard  to  section  C,  requiring  ^'■developed  tuberculosis"  to  entitle  a  drafted  hiau  to  exemption, 
if  all  exemptions  are  made  strictly  on  the  letter  of  the  section,  it  would  seem  that  persons  would 


420  surgeons'    reports OHIO EIGHTEENTH    DISTRICT. 

be  held  to  service  who  would  prove  of  no  service  to  the  Government,  but  to  whom  the  esiiosiire 
would  cause  serious  injury,  if  it  did  not  produce  fatal  consequences. 

In  regard  to  section  12,  there  are  cases  of  loss  of  the  sight  of  the  right  eye  when  there  is  no 
manifest  defect.  I  have  in  such  cases  sent  the  man  to  an  expert  for  examination  with  the  ophthal- 
moscope. 

Section  20.  I  have  always  applied  this  section  in  a  strictly  literal  manner,  and  have  always  ruled 
that  the  existence  of  any  teeth  forward  of  the  molars  was  sufiicient  ground  upon  which  to  hold  the 
man.  I  do  not  feelsure  that  any  alteration  of  the  section  would  be  advisable,  and  still  persons  have 
applied  to  me  for  exemption  in  consequence  of  defective  teeth,  and  have  been  refused  in  consequence 
of  their  having  one  or  two  teeth  more  than  the  section  prescribes,  when  the  teeth  which  caused  them 
to  be  refused  exemption  were  positively  worthless. 

There  is  one  point  which  deserves  remarl^,  and  for  which  the  present  is  an  appropriate  place. 
A  man  enlists,  and  on  examination  is  rejected  for  nearsightedness,  for  instance,  or  for  loss  of  teeth; 
and  the  same  individual  is  subsequently  drafted,  and,  having  no  clear  cause  of  exemption,  is  held 
to  service.  To  refuse  a  man  who  seeks  to  enlist  and  to  refuse  to  exempt  the  same  man  when 
drafted  is  almost  necessarily  to  cause  dissatisfaction.  Su(!h  cases  have  occurred  in  my  office,  and 
they  have  been  very  difticult  and  embarrassing  cases  to  decide.  1  have  no  suggestions  to  make  as 
to  the  remedy.        #        *        * 

With  a  competent  clerk  to  record  the  names,  measurements,  and  descriptions,  from  Jxfty  to  nixty 
men  may  be  physically  examined  in  a  day  with  accuracy.  One  day,  in  a  severe  press  of  business, 
I  examined  ninety-eight  men,  and  on  another  day  eighty  men.  This  is  more  than  I  would  under- 
take to  do  again,  and  is  more  than  can  be  done  accurately. 

The  question  of  the  frauds  attempted  is  undoubtedly  most  difficult  to  discuss  in  a  satisfactory 
manner.  The  efforts  of  the  recruit  are  of  course  to  conceal  some  defect,  or  to  divert  attention  from 
some  disqualifying  disease.  An  attempt  to  conceal  a  partial  ankylosis  can  only  be  thwarted  by  a 
close  scrutiny  of  the  motions.  Fracture  of  legs  with  shortening  can  be  ascertained  by  measure- 
ment, and  by  careful  inspection  of  the  man's  gait  as  he  is  walking,  varying  the  ujanner  and  rapidity 
of  the  walk  from  time  to  time.  Defective  sight  can  only  be  detected  by  putting  the  man  to  severe 
tests,  and  these  must  be  made  to  suit  the  case,  and  must  necessarily  be  left  to  the  sagacity  of  the 
examiner.  When  the  physique  of  the  man  is  other  than  good,  the  pulse  should  be  examined  in 
reference  to  force  and  frequency ;  the  ai)pearance  of  the  tongue  and  condition  of  the  muscles  noted ; 
and  if  the  tongue  were  otherwise  than  clean,  if  the  respiration  were  of  abnormal  frequency,  or 
mainly  or  largely  diaphragmatic,  and  the  muscular  tissues  soft,  I  would  reject.  The  complaints 
most  frequently  set  up  by  enrolled  men  or  drafted  men  are  diseases  of  lungs,  heart,  and  liver,  and 
rheumatism.  Eheumatism,  unless  attended  with  visible  organic  changes,  is  scarcely  a  cause  of 
exemption.  The  measurement  of  the  chest  at  inspiration  and  at  expiration  was  intended  to  be  a 
check  against  fraudulent  claims  of  diseased  lungs;  an  expansive  mobility  of  two  inches  or  more 
affording  very  strong  presumption  against  serious  disease.  If,  however,  a  drafted  man  or  an 
enrolled  man  of  shrewdness  claims  diseased  lungs,  he  will  attempt  to  produce  incorrect  dimensions 
of  chest  by  only  expanding  his  chest  slightly.  In  fact,  I  have  found  that  the  chest-measurements  of 
drafted  men  or  enrolled  men  claiming  exemption  for  disease  of  lungs  are  never  correct.  Occa- 
sionally, the  examiner  may  succeed  in  putting  the  man  off  his  guard,  and  obtain  a  more  accurate 
result;  but  these  measurements  at  best  can  only  be  made  to  approximate  to  the  truth. 

While  speaking  of  chest  measurements,  I  will  remark  that  iu  the  examination  of  recruits  and 
substitutes  there  is  a  strong  liability  to  error,  especially  if  the  recruit  is  of  slender  form.  In  these 
cases,  the  measurements  at  expansion  will  be  incorrect.  The  enrolled  man  or  drafted  man  will  not 
allow  his  chest  to  expand  ;  he  wishes  to  a[)pear  smaller;  the  small  recruit  wishes  to  appear  larger 
and  will  not  allow  his  chest  to  collapse. 

In  regard  to  nationality,  I  have  little  to  say.  I  would  give  the  preference  to  the  Scotch,  but 
my  estimate  would  be  based  on  a  few  examinations.  I  have  one  idea  to  suggest,  which  ])robably 
■  has  occurred  to  the  Department.  The  measurements  of  recruits  of  Amvrican  birth  appear,  as  corn- 
oared  with  those  of  recruits  of  other  nationalities,  relatively  somewhat  smaller  than  they  should, 
from  the  fact  that  ueaily  all  the  boys  who,  though  claiming  to  be  eighteen  years  of  age,  {ire  rejected 
as  really  under  that  age,  and  who  also  are  very  generally  either  under  the  [)rescribcd  size,  or  only 


surgeons'    reports OHIO EIGHTEENTH    DISTRICT.  421 

a  very  little  above  it,  are  almost  without  exception  boys  of  Atnericaii  birth.     Recruits  of  all  other 
nationalities  have,  aceordinj;  to  my  ex[)erieuce,  been  far  more  uniformly  persons  of  mature  age. 

In  regard  to  the  negro,  I  feel  quite  incompetent  to  form  an  opinion  of  any  value.  1  have 
examined  but  few  more  than  one  hundred  colored  men.  I  have  thought  ventral  hernia  somewhat 
peculiarly  ])revalent  aniong  them,  and  that  they  had  in  some  instances  suffered  with  unusual 
severity  from  venereal  disease.  It  would  seem  reasonable  to  suppose  that  a  race  of  men  inured  to 
labor  and  accustomed  to  plain  food,  and  unaccustomed  to  comforts  and  luxuries,  would  be  well 
adapted  to  bear  the  fatigues  and  exposures  of  a  military  life.  Medical  men  who  have  served  in 
the  held  and  in  the  hospital  would,  in  my  opinion,  be  better  able  to  give  information  on  this  point 
than  those  who  have  seen  no  service  in  either. 

The  experience  of  the  board  of  enrollment  in  this  distri(;t  io  clearly  that  the  enrollment-law 
as  it  now  exists  is  not  j'c'xa  an  efficient  means  of  rei)lenisliing  the  Army.  Its  principal,  I  might 
almost  say,  its  only  value,  consists  in  its  acting  as  a  stimulant  to  volunteering.  Estimating  the 
enrollment-law  thus,  it  has  seemed  to  me  that  its  efficiency  might  be  increased  by  introducing  into 
it  a  provision  that  when  a  draft  is  ordered,  a  reasonable  time,  say  ninety  days  or  even  more,  should 
be  allowed  for  the  sub-districts  to  till  their  respective  quotas  by  voluntary  enlistment,  and  then,  if 
the  quota  was  not  filled  by  such  enlistments,  and  a  drait  was  made,  every  acceptable  drafted  man 
should  be  held  to  persoiml  service.  I  apprehend  that  with  such  a  provision  in  the  enlistment- 
law,  no  draft  would  ever  need  to  be  made. 

During  the  past  season,  from  motives  of  economy  I  presume,  the  Department  relied,  for  the 
correctness  of  the  eurollmeiil,  upon  the  voluntary  assistance  of  township-trustees  and  military 
committees,  rather  than  upon  paid  enroliing-oflficers.  This  makes  the  men  charged  with  the  mat- 
ter each  solicitous  for  the  welfare  of  his  own  sub-district,  and  tends  to  make  the  corrections  consist 
merely  of  striking  off  aliens,  men  over  forty -five  years  of  age,  non-residents,  and  those  who  are 
l)hysically  disabled,  and  scarcely  at  all  in  adding  such  as  should  be  added.  If  the  experience  of 
boards  of  enrollment  generally  coincides  with  ours  in  regarding  the  use  of  such  agents  as  useless, 
it  will  be  for  the  Department  to  devise  a  remedy. 

There  is  one  other  particular  in  regard  to  which  I  feel  no  delicacy  whatever  in  expressing  my 
opinion,  certainlj'  no  such  delicacy  as  I  should  have  felt  in  regard  to  expressing  it  while  1  was 
holding  and  discharging  the  duties  of  the  office  of  surgeon  of  a  board  of  enrollment,  and  that  is 
in  regard  to  the  insufficiency  of  the  salary.  A  physician  and  surgeon  of  reputable  standing,  and 
of  such  experience  in  his  profession  as  would  fit  him  to  discharge  the  duties  of  the  office,  would 
not  be  able  to  accept  it  without  i)ecuniary  sacrifice,  unless  his  residence  were  at  the  town  where  the 
district  headquarters  were  established.  When,  however,  the  district  headquarters  are  at  a  distance 
from  his  place  of  residence,  (in  ujy  own  case  the  distance  is  thirty  miles,)  his  acceptance  of  the 
office  involves  the  sacrifice  of  his  business,  temporarily  at  least,  and  subjects  him  to  the  necessity 
of  absence  from  his  family.  Then,  too,  surgeons  are  not  quite  infallible,  and  one  man  may  easily 
pass  a  recruit  whom  another  and  perhaps  abler  man  may  reject,  and  the  consequence  will  be  the 
reduction  by  stoppage  of  a  salary  already  inadequate. 

A  part  of  the  time  since  I  have  had  the  office,  the  actual  gold  value  of  the  monthly  pay  has 
been  less  than  forty  dollars  per  month,  and  that  for  discharging  the  duties  of  a  very  delicate  and 
really  very  responsible  office,  an  office  whose  duties  it  is  not  easy  to  discharge  with  entire  fidelity 
to  the  Government  without  rendering  one's  self  in  some  degree  obnoxious  to  the  people  of  the  dis- 
trict. 

An  office  whose  duties  are  so  important  to  the  Government,  so  delicate  in  their  nature,  and  so 
difficult  to  discharge,  ought  in  my  judgment  to  receive  a  more  liberal  compensation  than  the  law 
awards  it.  The  office  seems  to  me  equal  in  responsibility  to  that  of  a  regimental  surgeon  on  active 
duty  in  the  field,  and  should  be  rewarded  with  an  equal  amount  of  pay  and  allowances. 

The  salary  now  is  the  same  which  the  commissioner  of  enrollment  receives;  bat  as  no  I'ccuniary 
Uahility  iittiiches  to  him,  practically  his  is  the  better  pay,  while  its  duties,  being  mainly  clerical, 
are  far  less  arduous  in  the  performance. 

II.  C.  BEARDSLEE, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Eighteenth  District  of  Ohio. 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  May  I.">,  1805. 


422  surgeons'  reports — ohio — nineteenth  district. 

OHIO— NINETEENTH  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  George  W.  Howe. 

•  *  *  My  experieuce  in  the  examiDation  of  men  for  the  military  service  has  been 
limited  to  the  period  of  my  services  as  surgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment  of  the  Nineteenth  Dis- 
trict of  Ohio,  about  two  years ;  during  which  time  I  have  examined  about  ten  thousand  one  hundred 
and  seventy-two  enrolled  men  for  exeu'ption,  one  thousand  and  ninety  drafted  men,  and  two  thou- 
sand six  hundred  and  sixty-nine  recruits  and  substitutes;  making  the  total  number  examined 
thirteen  thousand  nine  hundred  and  thirty-one. 

The  Nineteenth  District  of  Ohio  is  in  the  northeast  corner  of  the  State,  including  an  area  of 
2,650  square  miles,  and  had  a  population,  according  to  the  census  of  1860,  of  128,339. 

It  is  formed  of  the  counties  of  Ashtabula,  Trumbull,  Mahoning,  Portage,  and  Geauga,  sub- 
divided into  one  hundred  and  four  townships  or  subdistricts.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Lake 
Erie  and  Lake  County  of  the  eighteenth  district ;  on  the  west  by  Cuyahoga  and  Summit  Counties 
of  the  eighteenth  district;  on  the  south  by  Stark  and  Columbiana  Counties  of  the  seventeenth 
district;  and  on  the  east  by  the  State-line  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  surface  of  the  district  is  gently  undulating.  The  headwaters  of  Grand,  Cuyahoga,  and 
Mahoning  Elvers  arise  in  it,  the  first  two  terminating  in  Lake  Erie,  the  Grand  at  Fairport,  Lake 
County;  the  Cuyahoga  (a  sluggish  stream)  at  (Cleveland,  Cuyiihoga  County;  and  the  Mahoning 
terminates  in  the  Beaver  River,  which  is  a  tributary  of  the  Ohio.  The  Lake  Shore,  Atlantic  and 
Great  Western,  and  the  Cleveland  and  Mahoning  Railroads  pass  through  the  district  from  east  to 
west,  the  last  two  passing  through  Warren,  the  headquarters  of  the  provost-marshal. 

The  north  part  of  Ashtabula  County,  bordeiing  on  Lake  Erie,  has  a  sandy  soil ;  the  southern 
part,  with  most  of  Trumbull  County,  a  rich  loam  with  a  clay  subsoil ;  while  Mahoning,  Portage, 
and  Geauga  Counties  are  diversified  with  gravel,  clay,  and  loam.  The  east  part  of  Trumbull  and 
Mahoning  Counties  abounds  with  rich  deposits  of  iron,  coal,  and  oil. 

The  whole  district  is  comparatively  healthy.  Epidemics  are  seldom  prevalent,  though  the  air 
is  moist  and  subject  to  severe  and  sudden  changes,  inducing  pneumonia  and  phthisis  pulmonalis  in 
the  northern  portion,  (attributable  to  lake-winds,)  and  bilious  and  typhoid  fevers  in  other  portions, 
(attributable  to  those  disturbing  influences  that  tend  to  their  development.)        *  #  # 

The  general  character  of  the  inhabitants  is  intelligent  and  industrious.  They  are  mostly 
descendants  of  a  New  England  ancestry,  with  a  mixture  of  Virginians,  Pennsylvaniaus,  English, 
Germans,  Irish,  and  Welsh.  Their  churches,  school-houses,  mode  of  life,  and  surroundings  evi- 
dence the  taste  and  comfort  that  ever  attend  superior  intelligence.  Their  principal  occupation  is 
agriculture. 

The  diseases  and  disabilities  that  have  disqualified  the  greater  ratio  per  thousand  are  found 
under  sections  23,  20,  32,  G,  9,  and  5  of  paragraph  85,  hernia,  loss  of  teeth,  fractures,  dislocations 
and  diseased  joints,  diseased  lungs,  &c.  I  might  indulge  in  speculations  in  reference  to  the  reason 
why  ;  but  faals  arc  preferable  to  speculative  theories.  In  most  cases  examined  for  hernia,  upon  in- 
quiry it  will  be  attributed  to  injury  from  blows,  strain,  or  overexertion  of  muscular  energies  in 
lifting  or  in  gymnastic  exercises.  1  have  no  doubt  that  a  tendency  to  hernia  is  hereditary.  Three 
brothers  presented  themselves  to  me  for  examination,  each  having  an  inguinal  hernia.  I  found 
there  were  two  more  of  the  brothers,  one  of  whom  had  a  hernia  ;  also,  that  their  father  was  simi- 
larly afflicted.     Evidence  might  be  multiplied,  but  I  cite  only  this. 

That  so  many  men  have  lost  their  teeth  may  be  attributed  to  a  variety  of  causes.  I  believe 
man  in  his  uncultivated  state  is  not  as  much  afflicted  with  diseasesof  the  teeth  as  the  refined  and  civ- 
ilized. This  would  turn  the  investigation  to  causes  in  that  direction.  Do  not  the  rich  condiments 
and  luxuries  with  which  we  pamper  the  digestive  organs  vitiate  the  natural,  healthy,  salivary 
secretions,  as  well  as  others,  till  they  become  disorganizing  even  to  the  teeth  ?  Whatever  the  cause, 
the  effect  is  on  the  increase.  In  those  countries,  and  among  those  who  eat  to  live  and  do  not  live 
simply  to  eat,  the  evil  is  not  so  great.  Another  reason  may  be  that,  desirous  of  beautiful  teeth, 
a   person    resorts    to    dentrificial   nostrums,    strongly    acidulated,   which    prove  disorganizing. 


surgeons'    reports OHIO NINETEENTH    DISTRICT.  423 

Sntlden  transitions  from  liot  to  cold,  Lot  driuks,  hot  food,  followed  by  cold,  as  ice-water  or  ice- 
cream, may  be  another  reason  ;  also,  abuse  of  the  teeth,  prostituting  them  to  other  purposes  than 
that  of  masticatiTig  food.  I  am  aware  that  bad  teeth  are  usually  attributed  to  bad  health,  to 
derangement  of  some  of  the  digestive  organs.  Which  is  the  cause,  or  which  is  the  effect,  is  yet  to 
be  determined.        *  #  * 

In  this  section  of  the  country,  diseases  of  the  respiratory- organs  are  more  frequently  jjrfjHrt)-?/ 
tluui  secondary,  olten  not  traceable  to  hereditary  taint  but  arising  from  exposure  to  our  sudden 
changes  of  atmosphere. 

1  tjiink  the  difl'erent  sections  of  jjaragraph  85  of  the  Revised  Regulations  of  the  Provost- 
Marshal  General's  Bureau  need  but  little  emendation.  Section  3  I  would  have  read  as  follows : 
"  For  this  disability,  the  statement  of  the  drafted  man  is  insufficient,  and  the  fact  must  be  established 
by  the  duly-attested  affidavits  of  a  physician  in  good  standing,  and  in  addition  tln>reto  such  other 
evidence  as  the  hoard  muy  required  In  a  confirmed  case  of  epilepsy,  a  physician  is  seldom  employed 
or  medication  resorted  to,  consequently  it  is  difficult  to  obtain  the  required  certificate. 

I  think  section  33  should  be  amended.  I  have  met  with  a  case  of  total  loss  of  the  left  thumb 
and  the  first  and  second  phalanges  of  all  the  fingers  of  the  same  hand.  With  these  exceptions,  I 
have  no  amendments  to  suggest.        *  #  # 

The  number  of  men  that  can  be  physically  examined  per  day  with  accuracy  will  depend  very 
much  upon  the  arrangements.  I  had  a  reliable  clerk  to  make  the  entries  on  my  record,  and  most 
of  the  time  the  commissioner  attended  to  the  preluninaries,  (name,  age,  nativity,  occupation,  strip- 
ping, measuring  for  height,  and  weight.)  When  necessary,  we  have  commenced  our  duties  at  7J 
o'clo(jk  a.  m.,  with  one  hour  for  dinner,  and  concluding  only  at  dark.  Laboring  in  this  manner,  I 
hare  examined  sevtnty-eiyht  recruits  and  drafted  men  in  a  day;  but  I  am  satisfied  no  man  should  be 
expected  or  required  to  examine  more  ihim  fifty  men  as  an  average  number.  The  provision  of  an 
assi.stant  surgeon  has  not  been  of  much  relief  in  my  duties.  Surgeons  of  the  science  and  skill  for 
which  I  would  be  responsible  \yould  not  be  induced  to  leave  their  business  and  accept  the  position 
on  the  terms  proposed. 

The  frauds  to  be  guarded  against  in  the  examination  of  drafted  and  enrolled  men  are  numer- 
ous ;  most  frequently  a  disorder  is  simulated  for  which  an  acquaintance  has  been  exempted,  espe- 
cially if  it  be  somewhat  obscure.  My  experience  has  been  quite  limited  in  this  j)articular  duiing 
the  past  year,  as  very  few  have  attempted  deception.  They  seldom  claim  imbecility.  In  one  in- 
stance, a  drafted  man  made  the  claim  by  presenting  a  discharge  based  on  dementia,  given  in  ISOli.  1 
had  known  him  for  several  years  as  a  man  of  more  than  ordinary  intelligence.  Some  have  fraudu- 
lently claimed  epilepsy,  but,  failing  to  make  the  required  proof,  have  not  been  heard  from  since 
notified  of  the  evidence  required.  Many  claim  heart-disease,  and  get  nearly  drunk  to  establish  it. 
The  claim  will  be  generally  of  something  they  think  obscure  to  the  surgeon,  as  haemorrhoids  and  gravel. 
But  when  the  testis  proposed  with  tbe  speculum  or  sound,  they  excuse  themselves  from  an  examina- 
tion, preferring  to  await  the  result  of  the  draft.  Diseases  of  bladder,  kidneys,  heart,  and  lungs, 
each  have  their  turn,  but  the  subject  overacts  his  part.  Alleged  total  loss  of  the  sight  of  the  right 
eye  has  been  exposed  by  the  ophthalmoscope ;  deafness  is  devoid  of  its  peculiar  intonation  of 
voice:  scrofula  is  made  by  application  of  blistering  plasters;  indolent  ulcers  are  made  by  blisters 
and  by  continued  application  of  irritants;  tumid  legs  are  made  by  application  of  ligatures  :  hernia, 
iu  jjroof  of  which  they  exhibit  a  truss;  aukylosed  joints,  exposed  by  anajsthesia;  an  endess  variety 
of  pains  and  aches.  A  fraud  more  likely  to  succeed  than  any  other  was  this:  one  rascal  with  no 
disability,  hiring  another,  with  a  manifest  one,  to  make  application  in  his  name  for  exemption,  the 
representative  knowing  himself  to  be  secure  from  service  if  drafted,  and  hoping  not  to  be  detected. 
Tbese  are  among  the  most  common  efforts  here. 

Recruits  and  substitutes  iu  times  of  large  local  bounties  will  swear  they  are  over  eighteen  or 
under  Ibrtytive,  though  they  have  not  a  manifestation  of  puberty,  or  may  be  sixty  years  old. 

I  am  askeil  to  make  suggestions  as  to  the  best  method  of  avoiding  or  overcoming  these  diffi- 
culties iu  future.  The  surgeou  shouhl  be  well  posted  in  his  profession,  and  be  provided  with  all 
tbe  necessary  instruments,  esi)ecially  an  ophthalmoscope,  laryngoscope,  speculum  for  tbe  ear  and 
anus,  and  a  sound  or  catheter.  He  sboiild  render  himself  familiar  with  the  list  of  diseases  and 
inlirmities  whicli  disquaUI^>  lor  military  service,  and  follow  strictly  the  regulations  for  such  cases 


424  surgeons'  reports — indiaxa — second  district. 

made  and  provided.  He  should  study  carefully  the  manuals  of  iustruction  for  enlisting  and  dis- 
charging soldiers,  with  special  reference  to  the  medical  examination  of  recruits  and  the  detection 
of  disqualifying  and  feigned  diseases.  Then,  with  an  honest  heart,  intent  on  discharging  his  duties 
to  the  Government,  the  surgeon  will  seldom  fail  to  detect  imi)Ositions. 

In  reply  to  the  inquiry  what  nationality  presents  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  military 
service,  I  reply,  the  American,  in  his  stature  and  development,  his  energy  and  intelligence,  as  a 
soldier  has  no  superior. 

I  have  had  but  very  little  experience  in  the  examination  of  colored  men  for  military  service. 
The  few  I  have  examined  have  been  of  good  physical  development. 

With  regard  to  the  operations  of  the  enrollment- law  as  it  now  exists,  I  do  not  feel  myself 
competent  to  express  an  intelligent  opinion.  Since  the  last  amendment,  my  entire  time  has  been 
occupied  in  the  examination  of  men,  so  much  so  that  its  practical  operation  has  not  been  observed. 
I  am  of  opinion,  however,  that  if  it  could  be  so  modified  tbat  the  enrollment  made  under  it 
and  the  State  enrollments  of  the  several  States  were  alike,  it  might  be  a  saving  to  the  General  Gov- 
ernment. For  instance,  the  State  of  Ohio  has  a  law  for  military  organization.  Every  male  person 
between  the  ages  of  eighteen  and  forty-five  is  required  to  do  military  service  in  the  national  guards 
or  pay  a  commutation  of  four  dollars  per  year  into  the  county  treasury,  unless  disqualified  by  some 
infirmity.  The  enrollment  is  taken  every  spring.  A  surgeon  is  appointed  in  each  county  to  examine 
such  as  claim  exemption,  and  give  them  a  certificate,  if  entitled  to  it,  which  they  present  to  the 
county  auditor,  who  erases  their  names  from  the  rolls,  thus  purging  them  of  the  names  of  those 
who  have  a  permanent  physical  disability. 

If  the  United  States  enrollment- law  and  the  law  of  the  State  of  Ohio  embraced  the  same  ages, 
might  not  a  copy  of  the  corrected  enrollmeot  from  the  auditor's  office  subserve  every  purpose  and 
save  the  Government  much  expense  1 

In  reference  to  the  commutation  of  four  dollars  per  year,  there  might  be  a  proviso  that  should 
apply  as  now  intended  to  limit  exemi)tion  simply  from  military  drill  and  not  from  any  State  or 
General  Government  requisition  for  soldiers. 

In  times  of  war,  insurrection,  or  rebellion,  it  would  perhaps  require  a  law  with  all  the  minutise 
and  efficiency  of  the  present  enrollment-law,  as  some  States  might  have  bepome  lax  in  their  military 
organization,  or  the  General  Government  might  desire  facilities  of  action  independent  of  them. 

GEOKGE  W.  HOWE, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Nineteenth  District  of  Ohio. 

Warren,  Ohio,  May  24, 1865. 

INDIANA— SECOND  DISTRICT.' 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  W.  F.  Collum. 

*  *  *  I  entered  upon  my  duties  May  29, 1863.  During  the  time  I  have  been  a  mem- 
ber of  the  board  I  have  examined  five  thousand  eight  hundred  and  ninety-seven  (5,897)  recruits, 
drafted,  and  enrolled  men. 

The  district  consists  of  eight  counties,  viz,  Clark,  Scott,  Washington,  Orange,  Floyd,  Harrison, 
Crawford,  and  Perry.  The  Ohio  Kiver  forms  the  southern  boundary  of  the  district,  and  the  coun- 
try bordering  upon  it  is  of  course  hilly  and  broken.  A  range  of  bills,  commonly  designated  as 
"The  Knobs,"  extends  from  tlje  Ohio  Eiver  northwardly  through  Floyd  and  Wasbington  Counties. 
Owing  to  the  broken  and  rolling  surface  of  the  district,  it  is  tolerably  well  drained,  which  desirable 
end  is  also  promoted  by  a  considerable  number  of  small  streams,  tributaries  to  the  Ohio  and 
Wabash  Elvers. 

In  accordance  with  the  general  character  of  the  country,  those  streams  traversing  the  south- 
ern portion  of  the  district  are  deeper  and  more  rapid  than  those  draining  the  northern  and  western 
counties,  where  the  valleys  are  wide  and  the  streams  sluggish. 

A  considerable  part  of  Clark  and  Scott  Counties  is  quite  level  or  gently  undulating. 
'  There  was  uo  report  received  from  the  lirst  district. 


surgeons'   REPOUTS INDIANA FOURTH    DISTRICT.  425 

The  soil  of  this  level  portiou  is  of  a  clayey  nature  and  inclined  to  be  wet,  unless  very  favorably 
situated  for  drainage. 

The  greater  iiortion  of  the  people  of  the  district  are  agriculturists,  and  in  character  are  hardy 
and  industrious,  though  as  a  general  rule  but  poorly  educated.  Manufacturing  is  engaged  in  to  a 
limited  extent. 

The  prevailing  diseases  in  the  counties  bordering  on  the  Ohio  are  of  a  bilious  character,  prob- 
ably owing  to  the  nature  of  the  soil  and  water.  In  other  parts  of  the  district  there  is  nothing 
peculiar  in  the  couforinatiou  of  the  country  to  give  particular  prevalence  to  one  disease  above 
another. 

Hernia  in  its  diiferent  forms  has,  lu  my  opinion,  disqualified  for  the  military  service  a  gre.ater 
ratio  per  thousand  than  any  other  disease. 

I  have  no  suggestions  to  make  in  regard  to  changes  in  any  section  of  paragraph  85,  Revised 
Kegulations  Provost-Marshal-General's  Bureau. 

My  method  of  examination  was  to  strip  the  nuxn  imked,  examine  him  carefully  on  all  the 
points  mentioned  in  the  Kevised  Eegulations,  and  report  the  result  to  the  board. 

These  examinations  were  always  made  iu  the  presence  of  the  entire  board. 

In  my  opinion, /or/^  men  are  as  many  as  should  be  exaniined  physically  per  day. 

I  would  say,  from  my  own  experience,  that  the  diseases  which  enrolled  and  drafted  men  most 
usually  endeavor  to  feign  in  order  to  procure  exemption  are  rheumatism,  deafness,  stammering,  and 
ankylosis  of  a  joint.  The  frauds  which  the  substitute  and  recruit  practice  in  order  to  get  into  the 
service  consist  in  trying  to  conceal  permanent  defects  iu  vision,  hernia,  fistula  iu  ano,  or  extensive 
intenial  haimorrhoids.  The  only  suggestion  I  have  to  make  in  this  connection  is  to  wipe  out  the 
whole  substitute  system,  as  it  has  been  the  source  of  more  trouble  than  any  other  part  of  the  enroll- 
ment-act. I  would  suggest  in  lieu  of  it  the  substitution  of  that  clause  in  the  tirst  act  of  enrollment 
commuting  service,  but  so  amended  as  to  require  a  larger  couimutatiou. 

I  think  the  Germans  have  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  military  service. 

My  experience  in  regard  to  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  lor  military  service 
is  favorable  to  their  employment.  I  find  them  much  better  developed  than  the  whites,  and  I  was 
struck  iu  the  examination  of  that  class  with  the  tact  that  so  few  were  afdicted  with  hernia,  whi(h, 
considering  the  hard  labor  they  have  been  accustomed  to  perform,  is  worthy  of  note. 

In  addition  to  the  few  changes  I  have  above  suggested  in  reierence  to  the  enrollment-law  as  it 
exists,  I  would  respectfully  advocate  the  abolishment  of  the  office  of  commissioner.  1  never  have 
seen  the  necessity  for  that  office.-   Its  duties  could  as  well  be  performed  by  a  clerk.        *        * 

W.  F.  COLLUM, 
Surgeon  Board  of  EnroUmertt  Second  District  of  Indiana. 

Jeffersonville,  Ind.,  May  30, 18C5. 


INDIANA— FOURTH  DISTRICT." 
ExtracU  from  report  of  Dr.  E.  P.  Bond. 

*  *  *  The  number  of  persons  examined  at  this  ofiice  within  the  last  two  years  will 
not  vary  materially  from  four  thousand. 

The  Fourth  Congressional  District  embraces  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State  of  Indiana. 

The  Ohio  and  Great  Miami  Rivers  bound  the  southeastern  piirt,  and  the  Whitewater  River 
passes  through  its  eastern  liorder. 

The  river-counties  Ohio  and  Dearborn,  including  Franklin  on  the  Whitewater,  are  consider- 
ably broken  iu  surface.  The  hills  or  elevations  from  the  river  to  the  uplands  are  high,  and  are 
penetrated  by  numerous  creeks.  The  uplands  for  a  considerable  distance  form  ridges,  gradually 
si)reading  out  into  flat  or  level  land.  The  counties  of  Ripley,  Decatur,  and  Rush  are  mostly  of  the 
last-named  character.  In  Ripley  and  the  southeastern  part  of  Decatur  Counties  the  lands  are  wet, 
and  the  soil  thin  ;  the  subsoil  is  mostly  clay.    In  the  oorthcrn  and  western  part  of  Decatur  County 

'  No  report  was  received  from  the  tliird  district. 
54 


426  surgeons'  eepokts — Indiana — fourth  district. 

and  in  Ensh  County  the  soil  is  mucb  deeper,  and  the  water  sooner  disappears  from  the  surface. 
In  Ohio,  Dearborn,  aud  Frankliu  Counties  the  bottoms  and  river-hills  have  a  rich  mold  and  allu- 
vial soil.  The  uplands  in  the  eastern  part  of  Franklin  County  are  good.  The  water  in  this  entire 
section  is  hard,  being  impregnated  with  lime,  as  the  stone  is  generally  of  this  character. 

It  is  conjectured  that,  at  an  early  period  of  the  earth's  history,  this  region  was  greatly  elevated, 
and  afterward  washed  off  to  correspond  with  sections  east  and  west;  and  that,  though  now  rela- 
tively as  high  as  adjacent  parts  of  the  country;  we  are  below  the  coal-formation. 

The  coal-strata  crop  out  on  the  Ohio  Eiver  about  a  hundred  miles  above  us,  and  nearly  one 
hundred  and  fifty  miles  below.  This  is  not  a  mineral  region.  There  were  found  near  the  rivers 
some  small  licks  from  which  the  early  settlers  succeeded  in  making  salt. 

The  country  is  heavily  timbered  ;  oak,  beech,  sugar-maple,  ash,  poplar,  walnut,  hickory,  and 
elm  are  the  principal  growths.  The  first  settlements  in  the  district  were  eflected  in  or  about  the 
year  1800.  These  settlements  were  confined  for  a  time  principally  to  the  borders  of  the  White- 
water and  Ohio  Elvers.    The  early  settlers  were  mostly  from  Ohio,  Keutuckj',  and  Pennsylvania. 

Of  the  present  inhabitants,  those  not  to  the  manor  born  are  from  almost  every  civilized  nation 
and  state.  The  preponderating  foreign  element  is  from  Germany.  The  Germans  compose  prob- 
ably one-fourth  of  the  population.  Tlie  Yankee  element  from  the  Eastern  States  is  not  large.  The 
immigration  has  been  mostly  from  the  Middle  and  from  the  Southern  border  States. 

lu  the  early  settlement  of  the  country  the  prevailing  diseases  were  bilious  fever,  and  chill  and 
fever  or  ague.  These  forms  of  disease  are  not  now  so  frequent ;  but  cases  of  typhoid  and  conges- 
tive fever,  pneumonia,  and  phthisis  pulmonj.lis  are  more  numerous.  Some  forms' of  bronchial  or 
lung  disease  are  quite  prevalent;  as  bronchitis,  haemoptysis,  asthma,  &c.  Quite  a  numbeV  are 
afflicted  with. inflammatory  and  chronic  rheumatism  and  neuralgia.  Cases  of  dysentery  and  diar- 
rhoea are  not  numerous  ia  adults,  except  when  the  first  ])revails  in  an  epidemic  form,  and  the  latter 
is  brought  from  the  Army. 

Ui])htheritis  of  the  throat  has  prevailed  to  some  extent,  and  receutly  in  some  localities,  mostly 
I  think  in  the  cold  wet  lands,  there  have  been  some  cases  of  spino-cerebral  meningitis.  Tonsilitis, 
early  loss  of  teeth,  disease  of  the  joints  and  bones,  dyspepsia,  scrofulous  developments,  and  the 
results  of  diatetic  and  other  forms  of  abuse,  exposure,  and  neglect  prevail  to  a  considerable  extent. 

Chronic  ulcers  and  varicose  veins  are  not  uncommon,  especially  among  the  beer-drinking  por- 
tion of  the  Germans.  Hernia  and  sarcocele  I  think  are  more  frequently  met  with  iu  that  class  of 
our  population. 

We  have  also  the  ordinary  amount  of  inflammatory  disease  to  which  flesh  is  heir  in  a  variable 
climate  at  39  degrees  north  latitude.  Injuries,  cuts,  wounds,  sjirains,  and  fractures  are  quite 
numerous. 

Many  of  the  causes  conducing  are  suggested  by  the  geography  aud  history  of  this  district.  The 
newness  of  the  country,  the  rich  alluvial  and  wet  soil,  the  heavy  timber,  the  luxuriant  under- 
growth, the  decay  of  vegetable  matter,  the  arising  miasmata,  the  laborious  and  exposed  life  of  the 
early  settlers,  all  tended  to  produce  biliary  derangement  and  nervous  depression  or  exhaustion, 
resulting  in  bilious  fever  and  ague  of  every  type. 

There  is  now  a  modification  of  these  causes  aud  iuflueuces,  and  in  some  parts  almost  an  exemp- 
tion from  some  of  them. 

There  is  not  ouly  an  abatement  of  some  of  the  sources  of  disease,  but  a  modification  bv  the  intro- 
duction of  new  causes  of  disease.  The  earth  is  not  so  fully  protected  by  forests  ttud  their  fallen 
foliage ;  the  earth's  temperature  is  diminished.  *  #  # 

We  have,  to  a  considerable  extent,  an  active,  enterprising  people.  They  are  mostly  laborious 
and  much  exposed,  as  the  leading  occupation  is  that  of  farming.  Agricultiu'eis  still  pursued  under 
many  difficulties.  Much  laud  is  still  in  the  process  of  clearing.  Drainage  is  imperfect,  or  is  only 
just  commenced.  The  benefits  of  the  system  of  tile-drainage,  which  depends  upon  the  principle 
that  nature  abhors  a  vacuum,  is  just  beginning  to  be  appreciated. 

(Jurpcoi)learenotonly  industrious,  but  restless,  careless  of  health.  Manyof  them  drink  toomuch 
of  ardent  .spirits  and  of  beer.  They  are  not  sufliciently  careful  in  their  diet.  They  use  too  much 
hot  bread,  witli  grease  and  saleratus.  Probably  they  use  too  much  animal  food,  especially  pork. 
Many  of  them,  I  can  but  think  from  experience  in  exnmining,  are  too  careless  of  their  persons.    The 


surgeons'    KEPORTS INDIANA FOUUTII    DISTKICT.  427 

skin  is  uot  kept  sufficiently  clean.  To  tbis  list  may  be  added  vices  and  abuses  incident  to  increas. 
iug  wealth  and  iiopulatiou,  in  the  absence  of  the  highest  moral  culture.  As  necessary  even  to  good 
health  and  long  lile,  we  need  the  practical  workings  of  a  pure,  soul-liberating,  and  strengthening 
(Jhristiauity.  Without  these  we  cannot  have  that  which  is  essential  to  the  individual  and  body 
politic,  especially  to  a  republic — intelligence  and  virtue.  It  will  be  perceived  that  the  circum- 
stances and  habits  of  life  above  stated  and  yet  to  be  noticed  tend  more  to  diseases  of  au  inllain- 
matory,  nervous,  and  scrofulous  character  than  those  which  prevailed  almost  exclusively  in  the 
early  settlement  of  the  country. 

Many  persons  emigrating  from  older  States  have  brought  with  them,  no  doubt,  the  seeds  of 
disease  peculiar  to  their  respective  habits  and  localities.  Diseases  are  transplanted  by  travel  and 
communicated  by  contact.  Though  our  population  is  chiefly  rural,  we  have  quite  a  number  of 
cities,  towns,  and  villages.  There  are  seven  towns,  some  of  them  called  cities,  ranging  from  about 
one  to  near  four  thousand  inhabitants.  They  are  made  up  of  the  usual  professions,  dealers,  and 
trades  of  most  western  towns.  Our  manufactories  are  not  numerous;  one  class,  however,  near  the 
Ohio  River,  is  too  numerous,  namely,  the  large  m;inufaetories  of  whisky  and  beer. 

Tlie  i)riucipal  railroads  iu  oiieration  passing  through  this  district  are  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi 
and  the  Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati  Railroads.  For  -^  mixed  population,  the  manners  and  habits 
of  our  towns  are  not  i)eculiar;  fashions  are  infectious  and  nearly  uniform.  #  #  * 

Under  the  head  of  permanent  physical  disability,  (Revised  Regulations,  i)aragraph  85,  section  (),) 
there  was  included  a  multiplicity  of  diseases  and  infirmities  thought  to  be  disqualifying.  On  this 
account,  the  ratio  per  thousand  is  greatest  under  that  head.  The  order  of  the  greatest  number  of 
exemi)tions  under  the  draft  is,  first,  permanent  physical  disability  ;  second,  wounds;  third,  hernia; 
fourth,  organic  disease  of  internal  organs ;  fifth,  tuberculosis ;  sixth,  fractures,  ankylosis,  and  disease 
of  bones ;  seventh,  loss  of  teeth. 

My  views  ill  reference  to  the  different  sections  of  paragraph  85. — There  might  be  added  to  section  4 
"decided  hy[)ertroi)hy  of  a  limb."  To  the  sixth  section  there  might  be  added  "protracted  and 
aggravated  bronchial  in  itation,  affecting  the  general  health  ;  also,  hepatization  of  any  considerable 
portion  of  the  lung;  frequent  hiBmoptysis,  with  evidence  of  disease;  and  excessive  and  confirmed 
cases  of  asthma." 

Section  9  should  be  divided  into  physical  disability  and  permanent  physical  disability.  There 
are  cases  of  disability  resulting  from  protracted  and  recurrent  fevers,  and  other  diseases  where  we 
cannot  say  there  is  serious  organic  lesion — that  disqualify  for  many  mouths.  Manifest  cases  of 
permanent  physical  disability  in  such  a  division  should  be  striken  from  the  rolls. 

Section  11  might  be  improved  by  reading  "chronic  rheumatism  manifested  by  positive  change 
of  structure,  wasting  of  a  limb,  or  pufliness  of  the  joints  exempts;  well-established  cases  of  rheu- 
matic diathesis.  The  person  being  prostrated  when  exposed,  cases  leaving  no  doubt  of  unfitness 
for  military  service,  exemi)t." 

Section  13.  Extreme  near  sightedness  certainly  does  render  the  man  unfit  for  field-service. 

Section  14.  To  this  might  be  added  polypus  entirely  obstructing  breathing  through  the  nose. 

Section  22.  In  this,  or  in  a  new  section,  might  be  included  aggravated  and  well-marked  cases 
of  spinal  irritation. 

Section  23.  In  slight  cases  of  inguinal  hernia  that  are  congenital,  or  nearly  so,  the  judgment  of 
examining-surgeons  might  be  left  free  to  determine  the  fitness  or  unfitness  for  ?nilitary  service. 

Section  25.  There  are  some  extreme  cases  of  external  haemorrhoids  that  certainly  do  unfit  for 
military  service. 

Section  28.  It  would  be  well  to  consider  whether  well-established  cases  of  renal  gravel,  of  long 
standing,  should  not  exempt. 

Section  29.  "Varicocele  isnotof  itself  disqualifying,"  but  when  extreme  and  complicated  with 
disease  of  testicle  it  should  be  a  cause  of  exemption.  Entire  want  of  development  of  the  genital 
organs,  complete  or  nearly  complete  absorption  of  testicles,  chronic  enlargement  of  testicles  if  ex- 
cessive, with  disease  of  spermatic  cord,  if  in  such  degree  as  to  disqualify  for  military  service,  should 
be. causes  of  exem[)tion. 

Section  33.  Ankylosis  and  contraction  of  left  thumb  iu  direction  of  palm  of  haudj  ankylosis  and 


428  surgeons'  reports — Indiana — fourth  district. 

contraction  of  either  finger,  except  the  fourth,  in  some  direction  so  as  to  hinder  the  handling  and 
use  of  arms,  should  be  causes  of  exemption.     In  the  other  sections  I  have  uo  alterations  to  suggest. 

Without  an  assistant  or  clerk,  with  a  fair  class  of  recruits  and  substitutes,  sixty  persons  areas 
many  as  can  very  well  be  examined  in  one  day.  *  »  * 

You  request  me  to  mention  the  frauds  most  to  be  guarded  against  which  are  practiced  by  drafted 
and  enrolled  men  to  escape,  and  by  volunteers  and  substitutes  to  enter,  the  service,  and  any  other 
obstacles  I  have  had  to  contend  with  in  the  discharge  of  my  duties,  and  to  make  any  suggestions 
as  to  the  best  method  of  avoiding  or  overcoming  these  difficulties  in  the  future. 

The  frauds  of  drafted  and  enrolled  men  in  many  respects  are  the  same  ;  these  depend  much  on 
the  knowledge  or  belief  of  what  will  exempt  from  military  duty.  Many  of  them  consult  lawyers 
and  physicians  and  obtain  certificates  covering  some  section  of  paragraph  85  of  the  Regulations. 
During  the  examination  of  drafted  men  in  1804  some  lawyers  and  physicians  annoyed  us  not  a 
little.  The  effects  of  injuries,  sprains,  fractures,  and  cuts  are  greatly  magnified.  Quite  a  large 
number  are  afflicted  with  rheumatism,  although  there  are  no  visible  signs  ;  and  one  would  think  a 
large  portion  of  the  men  were  far  gone  in  consumption.  The  breast  is  very  tender  and  weak  ;  they 
can't  bear  to  have  it  touched.  Some  are  afflicted  with  weak  eyes;  in  one  or  more  cases  they  had 
apparently  been  tampered  with.  In  others  the  vision  is  very  indistinct — can  see  no  distance.  One 
would  be  led  to  believe  that  amaurosis  was  exceedingly  prevalent ;  but  deafness  becomes  epidemic. 
Its  assumption,  well  played,  and  sustained  by  certificates,  requires  no  small  amount  of  care  and 
skill  to  detect.  Epilepsy  is  sometimes  alleged  where  it  is  not  believed  to  exist.  Some  feign  hernia, 
and  hope  to  prove  its  existence  by  the  presence  of  a  truss,  and  varicocele  is  sometimes  aggravated 
by  its  use.  To  overcome  these  attempts,  I  can  only  recommend  vigilance  and  caution.  Some  men 
make  improper  claims  of  being  under  or  over  the  military  age  ;  others  claim  that  they  are  wrongly 
enrolled.  While  we  frequently  find  drafted  men  magnifying  or  simulating  disease,  some  substitutes 
and  volunteers  take  eqnal  pains  to  bide  any  real  disease  or  infirmity  they  may  have.  Vigilance 
and  a  practical  eye  will  generally  detect  them.  The  greatest  number  of  frauds,  and  under  the 
ordinary  practice  the  most  difficult  to  detect,  are  those  practised  in  relation  to  age.  In  many  cases 
it  is  impossible  by  physical  examination  to  determine  the  exact  age  by  at  least  some  months.  The 
young  man  states  he  is  eighteen  years  and  a  certain  number  of  days  or  weeks  of  age,  and  a  recruit- 
ing officer,  an  interested  agent,  or  companion,  confirms  it  to  the  best  of  his  belief.  The  examination 
goes  forward  ;  the  measurement  fills  the  regulations  ;  the  muscles  are  good  ;  the  organs  of  genera- 
tion are  well  developed,  and  the  pubes  well  covered  with  hair;  yet  he  may  be  six  mouths,  and  iu  a 
few  cases  possibly  a  year,  less  than  eighteen.  In  my  opinion,  volunteers  and  substitutes  claiming 
to  be  eighteen  years  of  age  should  be  required  to  furnish  a  certificate  from  parents  or  guardian,  or 
a  certified  copy  of  record  when  it  can  be  obtained,  or  other  clear  proof  when  it  cannot,  that  such  is 
the  fact. 

Obstacles  ill  the  dischar/je  of  duty. — In  my  opinion,  the  surgeon  should  have  complete  control  of 
his  own  department.  He  is  the  best  judge  of  the  size  and  kind  of  rooms  needed  and  of  the  time 
required  to  make  examinations,  and  is  best  fitted  to  decide  in  any  given  case.  The  surgeon  should 
have  the  control  of  a  clerk,  to  be  selected  or  approved  by  him.  In  nothing  have  I  found  so  much 
difficulty  as  in  the  matter  of  continued  or  suitable  clerical  help. 

The  physical  aptitude  of  the  Irish  or  Celtic  race  generally  is  good,  better,  perhaps,  than  the 
German  or  Teutonic,  and  equal  probably  to  the  Anglo-Saxon.  They  are  more  abstemious.  The 
French  army  could  be  subsisted  on  much  less  than  an  English  army  of  the  same  size.  The 
Celtic  race  is  less  inclined  to  flesh  and  corpulency,  and  their  action  is  quicker.  But  while  there 
is  eqnal  or  greater  i)hysical  aptitude,  in  mental  and  moral  qualities  they  are  not  equal  to  the 
English.        #  #  * 

The  physical  adaptation  of  this  mixed  liberty -loving  American  nationality  is  equal  to  that  of 
any,  and  their  morale,  under  the  circumstances  and  conditions  of  which  I  have  spoken,  I  believe  to 
be  better  than  any  other. 

The  American  soldier  has  the  dash  of  the  French  and  the  indomitable  perseverance  of  the 
English.    The  officers  who  attempt  to  break  the  spiiit  and  destioy  the  self-resitcct  of  their  men 


surgeons'   reports — INDIANA — TENTH    DISTRICT.  429 

make  a  great  iiiistake;  siu-li  a  course  will  not  serve  tlie  purpose  of  au  army  save  with  the  unprin- 
cipled and  viinous. 

Liberty-loving  Germans,  and  especially  those  who  are  Americanized,  are  not  destitute  of  good 
soldierly  qualities.  Those  least  inclined  to  volunteer  are  those  that  are  to  some  extent  clannish, 
living  together  in  large  settlements — those  wlio  have  brought  Germany  to  America.  With  these 
exceptions  there  has  been  do  lack  of  spirit  aud  patriotism  in  our  German  population. 

A  large  proportion  of  the  Irish  in  the  Army  from  this  section  are  volunteers.  You  catch  but 
few  of  them  by  the  draft.     This  may  be  accounted  for  in  part  from  their  migratory  habits. 

My  experience  as  to  the  physical  (pialifieations  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service  is  lim- 
ited. I  do  not  see  why  they  may  not  make  good  soldiers.  They  have  suiHcient  strength,  activity, 
and  endurance.  They  are  rather  quick  of  api)reheusion  aud  are  imitative.  They  bear  uji  under 
injuries,  and  their  wounds  heal  readily.  Their  sensibility,  moral  strength,  and  self-reliance  have 
been  somewhat  diminished  by  long  years  of  servitude;  but  with  the  prospects  of  liberty  and  the 
elevation  of  their  race,  with  their  habits  of  obedience,  and  with  worthy  and  skillful  officers  to  lead 
them,  they  will  doubth^ss  make  very  good  soldiers.  Such  was  certainly  the  case  with  the  most 
enlightened  and  civilized  in  the  early  history  of  their  race.         #  *  * 

E.  P.  BOND, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Fourth  District  of  Indiana. 

Gbeensbuegh,  Ind.,  May  25,  1805. 

INDIANA— TENTH  DISTRICT.' 

Extracts  from  report  of  Db.  Stephen  Morris. 

*  *  *         The  whole  number  of  men  examined  bj'  me  was  live  thousaud  four  hun- 

dred and  four.     Of  these  there  were: 

Drafted  men 2,  891 

Exempted 1,  004 

Rejected  on  account  of  old  age,  under  age,  aud  as  non-residents 198 

This  district  is  situated  between  the  eighty-fourth  aud  eighty-sixth  degrees  of  west  longitude 
and  the  torty-lirst  and  forty-second  degrees  of  north  latitude.  The  climate  is  mild,  with  every 
variety  of  soil.  The  facie  of  the  country  is  generally  rather  tiat;  the  southern  portiou  of  the  district 
es[)ecially  being  covered  with  a  dense  growth  of  large  timber  of  various  kinds  of  ti'ees,  viz,  various 
spe(;ies  of  oak,  maple,  i)0[)lar,  black  walnut,  beech,  and  elm.  The  soil  is  well  adapted  to  all  kinds 
of  small  grain,  wheat  being  the  greatest  staple.  Ttio  inhabitants  are  mostly  agriculturists,  and 
nearly  one-third,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  district,  are  Germans,  a  very  industrious,  frugal  class, 
but  very  averse  to  going  to  war,  partly  owing  to  the  teachings  of  the  copperhead  orators,  there 
being  no  leading  republican  Germans  in  the  district  to  influence  them  on  the  side  of  loyalty. 

The  prevalent  diseases  are  malarial  fevers,  intermittent  fever  being  the  most  common.  The 
cause  of  these  fevers  is  being  gradually  removed  as  the  country  is  cleared  up  and  cultivated.  Ague 
is  now  much  less  frequent  than  formerly. 

I  cannot  say  that  any  particular  disease  has  disqualified  a  greater  ratio  from  military  service, 
unless  it  be  hernia,  which  can  be  accounted  for  from  the  violent  straining  or  lifting  in(;ident  to  the 
nature  of  the  occupations  of  the  inhabitants. 

I  have  nothing  to  suggest  in  reference  to  paragraph  85.  It  seems  sufficiently  comprehensive; 
possibly  some  few  discjualiticatious  might  be  omitted,  such  as  epispadias  aud  hypospadias,  in  sec- 
tion 30. 

1  can  thoroughly  examine  one  hundred  drafted  meu  aud  one  hundred  and  fifty  recruits  per  day. 

The  most  frequent  fraud,  according  to  my  experience,  practiced  by  dratted  and  enrolled  men 
to  escape  is  simulating  diseases  of  the  heart  aud  lungs.  Substitutes  and  recruits  not  untmiuently 
try  to  conceal  hernia  and  epilepsy.  Deafness  aud  detective  vision  are  often  feigned  also.  1  have 
fouud  no  great  difficulty  in  detecting  these  frauds  generally. 

'No  reports  wero  received  from  tbe  IJltli,  sixtli,  seveuth,  eighth,  and  iiiuth  districts. 


430  surgeons'  reports — Indiana — eleventh  district. 

I  consider  tho  native  Americati,  especially  the  western  backwoodsman,  to  have  tlie  greatest 
aptitude  for  military  service. 

I  have  had  very  little  experience  as  to  the  i)hysical  qualitications  of  the  colored  race,  there 
being  very  few  colored  men  in  this  district. 

The  only  suggestion  I  would  make  in  reference  to  the  enrollmeutlaw  is,  that  the  provost- 
marshals  should  be  amply  empowered  and  required  to  protect  drafted  men  against  the  imposition 
and  frauds  attempted  to  be  practiced  upon  them  by  those  persons  to  be  found  in  every  community 
who  are  ready  to  excite  and  to  take  advantage  of  their  fears.        *  #  * 

STEPHEN  MOKRIS, 
Svrgcon  Board  of  Enrollment  Tenth  District  of  Indiana. 

Kendallville,  Ind.,  June  1,  1865. 


INDIANA— ELEVENTH  DISTRICT 
Rvtracts  from  report  of  Dr.  W.  T.  Mendenhall. 

•        ■    *  *        In  compliance  with  directions  from  the  Pi-ovostMarshal  General,  I  have 

the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  of  my  experience  as  surgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment  of 
this  district,  which,  owing  to  my  limited  experience,  must  necessarily  be  a  very  imperfect  history. 
Dr.  O.  Loniax,  who  was  surgeon  of  the  board  from  its  organization  until  the  1st  of  April,  1805,  for 
the  reason  that  he  has  not  time  at  present  to  devote  to  it,  declines  assisting  me  in  the  preparation 
of  this  report. 

My  duties  in  this  ofiBce  commenced  on  the  1st  day  of  March,  1805,  as  assistant  surgeon,  and 
upon  the  resignation  of  Dr.  Lomax  I  was  appointed  surgeon  of  the  board  on  the  31st  of  the  saiiie 
mouth.' 

During  my  connection  with  the  office  there  have  been  seven  hundred  and  twenty-nine  men 
examined  for  military  service.  Prior  to  the  1st  of  September,  1864,  there  was  no  record  kept  of 
examinations ;  consequently  I  have  no  means  of  ascertaining  the  total  number  that  have  been  exam- 
ined. 

The  greater  portion  of  this  district  is  dry  and  rolling,  with  rich  soil  in  a  high  state  of  cultiva- 
tion, and  no  particular  tendency  to  any  class  of  diseases,  while  a  few  counties,  comparatively 
newly  settled,  are  low  and  wet,  in  which  localities  the  diseases  are  usually  of  a  miasmatic  character. 
A  large  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  farmers  by  occupation  ;  and,  as  regards  their  characters 
and  modesof  life,  the  examiner's  olfactories  frequently  remind  him  that  a  little  more  attention  paid 
to  cleanliness  would  be  conducive  to  health. 

So  far  as  my  experience  goes,  I  know  of  no  disease  or  disability  which  has  disqualified  a  greater 
ratio  per  thousand  than  might  reasonably  b6  expected. 

My  experience  in  the  examination  of  drafted  men  has  been  too  limited  to  warrant  me  in 
offering  any  amendments  to  paragraph  85,  although  I  have  experienced  some  difficulty  in  a  few 
cases  of  total  unfitness  for  service  in  determiniiiing  the  section  under  which  they  should  bo 
exempted.        »  *  * 

With  the  assistance  of  two  clerks,  one  to  take  the  measurements  and  description  and  the  other 
to  record  them,  I  have  examined  one  hundred  and  fifty  recruits  a  day;  but  of  drafted  men  one-half 
of  that  number  is  as  many,  I  think,  as  can  be  examined  with  accuracy. 

The  fraud  most  frequently  practiced  by  drafted  and  enrolled  men  to  escape  the  service  has 
been  that  of  obtaining  certificates  of  disability  from  quacks,  and  frequently  even  bringing  such 
quacks  here  to  intercede  for  them.  It  is  needless  to  say  that  they  were  never  permitted  to  be  pres- 
ent at  the  examinations,  and  certificates  exce[)t  from  nu'n  known  to  the  board  as  reputable  physi- 
cians had  no  influence  with  them  whatever. 

The  physical  aptitude  of  natives  of  the  United  States,  Germany,  and  Ireland,  according  to  my 
statistics,  is  about  etpial ;  there  has  not  been  a  sufficient  number  of  any  other  nationality  examined 
upon  which  to  form  an  estimate. 


surgeons'   KEPORTS— ILLINOIS — FIRST   DISTRICT. 


431 


I  linvc  not  exiiiniiicd  a  siifficiont  luiiiibtT  of  the  colored  race  to  form  an  opinion  of  tlu'ir  pbjsical 
qualilications  as  coiiiiiartMl  witii  the  white  race. 

I  am  not  prepared  to  offer  an  opinion  of  the  operations  of  the  enrollment-law,  or  to  make  any 


'iiggestions  in  reference  to  it. 


Wabash,  Ind.,  May  20, 18C5. 


W.  T.  MENDEEHALL, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Eleventh  District  of  Indiana. 


ILLINOIS— FIRST  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  J.  W.  Freer. 

*  »  *  My  experience  as  snrgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment  of  the  First  District  of 
Illinois  has  extended  over  two  years,  during  which  time  there  have  been  examined  by  myself  and 
assistant  about  twelve  thousand  persons,  including  drafted  men,  recruits,  substitutes,  and  those 
claiming  exemption  from  enrollment  because  of  physical  disability. 

The  city  of  Chicago,  situate  in  the  First  Congressional  District  of  Illinois,  (Cook  County,)  con- 
tains a  population  of  about  two  hundred  thousand.  The  county  itself,  independently  of  the  city, 
contains  aliogether  about  Ul'ty  thousand  inhabitants.  It  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  Lake  Michigan, 
on  the  north  by  Lake  County,  on  the  west  by  Kane  and  Du  Page  Counties,  and  on  the  south  by 
Will  County. 

The  general  surface  is  level,  while  that  of  the  adjoining  counties  is  quite  undulating.  The  soil 
is  mostly  black  loam,  resting  on  abed  of  yellow  clay,  beneath  which  is  a  stratum  of  limestone. 

Chicago  is  situated  on  the  lake  shore,  and  is  traversed  by  theChictago  River  and  its  tributa- 
ries. The  surroundiug  country  is  i)rairie,  and  our  streets  are  as  flat  as  a  bowling-green.  The  only 
break  to  the  monotony  occurs  in  the  pavements,  which  frequently  rise  from  the  ordinary-  floor  for 
foot-i)assengers  to  the  height  of  Irom  two  to  five  feet;  they  are  reached  by  a  chain  of  steps,  giving 
an  ui)  and  down  stair  appearance  to  the  city.  Previous  to  the  adoption  of  an  efticient  system  of 
sewerage,  the  streets  (like  the  open  country)  were  well  saturated  with  filth  and  all  manner  of 
abominations. 

The  entire  drainage,  including  a  portion  of  the  fluid  offal  running  from  the  extensive  slaugh- 
tering houses,  empties  into  the  Chicago  River,  and  renders  it  at  times  exceedingly  foul  and  dis- 
gusting. It  has  been  calculated  from  analysis  that  every  tenth  particle  in  the  river  consists  of  the 
debris  of  organic!  matter;  and  this  is  tlie  kind  of  fluid  which  permeates  every  portion  of  our  wonder- 
ful city.  The  atmosphere,  in  its  general  character,  is  rather  humid,  and  the  temperature  very 
varied,  ranging  sometimes  from  summer  heat  to  near  zero  in  a  few  hours.  The  following  table  will 
give  some  idea  of  the  climate  : 


Barometer. 

Thermometer. 

Mininiuin. 

Mean. 

Maxiiiium. 

Minimum. 

Mean. 

Maximum. 

28.90 

29 

29. 60 

-28 

50 

100 

Notwithstanding  the  natural  and  artificial  disadvantages  above  enumerated,  Chicago  is  the 
healthiest  city  in  the  United  States,  as  shown  by  the  following  statistical  table  of  comparative 
mortality,  in  the  principal  cities,  in  ditterent  parts  of  the  country  : 


432 


SURGEONS     REPORTS ILLINOIS FIRST    DISTRICT. 


Annual  death-rate  per  one  thousand  inhabitants  in  sa'en  cities  from  1855  to  1864. 


' 

s 

■s 

n. 

o 

'i 

a 

d 

>l 

« 

o 

^ 

& 

1 

» 

^ 

rt 

c 

2 

o 

.13 

b: 

J3 

.a 

2. -24 
2.5S) 
2.36 
2.55 
2.14 
9.47 

f^ 

b 

« 

o 

M 

O 

lg55                        

3.43 
3  OG 
3.16 
3.06 
2.82 
2.79 

2.03 
2,40 
2.09 
2.00 
1.77 
2.04 

■     2  65 

2.67 
2.55 
2.04 
2  2.-^ 
9.27 

2.18 
2.86 
2.36 

"2."?8 
9.92 
3.03 
3.55 

2.46 

2.  17 

Ig57                                  

2.  17 

igsi*                        

2.04 

1.75 

IggO                       

1.  88 

1661 

1.44 

]g(i2                                                                 

1.28 

1863 

1.76 

2.00 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  above  comparative  statistical  report  of  the  percentage  of  deaths  in 
every  thousand  inhabitants  extends  from  1855  to  18G0  inclusive.  There  are  no  data  from  which 
to  complete  the  comi)arisons  up  to  the  present  date. 

No  epidemics  have  prevailed  iu  Chicago  since  the  year  1854,  when  the  cholera  raged  with  such 
violence  in  the  city.  Our  endemics  are  controlled  by  the  seasons.  In  the  winter  and  spring,  our 
chief  disea.ses  are  pneumonia,  bronchitis,  rheumatism,  and  occasionally  typhoid  fever.  During  the 
summer  and  fall,  we  are  troubled  with  malarious  affections,  but  only  to  a  moderate  extent. 

Among  the  diseases  above  mentioned,  we  find  that  acute  and  chronic  bronchitis  are  most  preva- 
lent.   Next  in  the  order  of  frequency  are  acute  and  chronic  rheumatism. 

With  respect  to  the  "  character  of  the  inhabitants,  modes  of  life,  and  occupation,  &c.,"  I  have 
to  remark  that  nearly  every  country  on  the  face  of  the  earth  is  represented  in  our  population, 
although  it  is  principally  composed  of  Germans,  Irish,  Scandinavians,  and  northern-born  native 
Americans.  But  few  adults  belonging  to  these  nationalities  were  born  here,  consequently  their 
diseases  and  cachexies  partake,  for  the  most  part,  of  the  medical  constitution  of  the  climates  and 
countries  from  which  they  have  emigrated. 

Touching  the  question  as  to  our  "  mode  of  living,"  we  are  compelled  to  acknowledge  that  it 
ranges  from  the  lowest  quality  of  food  and  drink,  raiment  and  dwelling-houses,  up  to  about  as  high 
a  sweep  of  the  gamut  as  any  to  which  American  civilization  has  reached.  In  this  regard  we  take 
in  the  two  extremes  of  life  in  capital  cities.  The  average  population,  however,  is  temperate,  well 
fed,  and  well  clothed,  although  the  construction  of  ordinary  dwellings  is  not  in  accordance  with 
hygienic  rules,  nor  adapted  to  the  rigorous  changes  of  the  climate. 

We  do  not  include  the  houses  of  the  wealthy  classes  in  this  statement ;  for  here,  as  everywhere, 
they  are  an  exception  to  the  rule  of  ignorance  which  prevails  in  the  art  and  mystery  of  domestic 
architecture.  Some  of  them,  indeed,  are  model  dwellings,  being  well  lighted  and  ventilated,  with 
spacious  halls  and  lofty  rooms,  and  possessing  all  the  conveniences  and  luxuries  which  the  highest 
science  and  the  most  cultivated  taste  could  possibly  suggest  for  their  occupants. 

Food  is  al)undant  and  of  the  best  quality,  but,  like  house-rent,  is  enormously  high,  and  out  of 
all  proportion  to  the  common  run  of  salaries ;  while  fuel  and  clothing  continue  to  be  rated  at  war- 
prices.  Chicago,  however,  is  the  paradise  of  laborers,  who  are  better  paid  here,  and,  indeed, 
throughout  the  West,  than  .Anywhere  else  iu  the  world.  Common  laboring  men  earn  from  two  and 
a  half  to  three  dollars,  and  at  the  rolling-mill  four  dollars,  per  day. 

There  are  no  poor,  nor  have  we  any  pauper  jwpulation  in  Chicago.  We  have  not  to  contend, 
therefore,  with  the  terrible  difliculties  of  po\  erty  and  beggary,  which  embarrass  the  local  legisla- 
tures of  New  York  and  other  large  cities  of  the  Union.  There  are  some  i)oor  men,  of  course,  in 
Chicago,  and  paupers  too,  but  these  are  mostly  cripples,  superannuated  persons;  we  have  no  dis- 
tinct class  as  such  under  either  of  the.se  denominations. 

In  reply  to  the  third  question  contained  in  the  letter,  and  wiiich  is  thus  expressed  .  "  Eeasons 
why  any  particular  diseases  or  disabilities  have  disqualiUed  a  greater  ratio  per  thousand  from 
military  service,"  I  have  to  say  that  it  is  impossible  to  answer  it  in  a  satisfactory  manner  at 
present,  for  reasons  already  specified  in  this  memoir,  and  for  others  which  will  now  be  adduced. 
Among  them  are  the  mixed  character  of  our  population,  the  recent  origin  of  the  city,  and  the  fact 


SUUOEONS'    KEPORTS ILLINOIS FIRST    DISTRICT.  433 

I  hilt  but  few  of  the  adult  citizens  wore  born  here.  Heuce  we  have  the  cachexies  and  disabilities 
incident  uot  only  to  our  own,  but  to  tlie  differeut  couutries  aud  climates  from  which  these  people 
iua,v  have  emigrated. 

I  have  not  much  to  say  with  respect  to  the  query  concerniug  the  different  sections  of  para- 
graph iS5,  Revised  Regulations.  I  have  sometimes  felt,  however,  that  these  regulations  were  too 
s.ringent;  that  it  would  be  better,  perha[)s,  to  allow  epile[»tics,  for  example,  to  prove  their  condition 
by  lay  evidence,  where  direct  medical  testimony  could  uot  be  procured,  rather  than  subject  them 
to  be  drafted  into  the  service,  for  which  the  inevitably  recurring  disease  would  soon  prove  them  to 
be  utteily  disqualified.  Near-sighted  persons  might  also,  as  it  seems  to  me,  be  exempted  from 
the  dralt  not  onlj'  without  detrimeut,  but  to  the  positive  benefit  of  the  service,  for  of  what  use  can 
a  man  be  to  his  country,  as  a  soldier,  who  is  unable  to  discern  friend  from  ioe  at  the  usual  distan(;e 
of  normal  vision  f  *  *  * 

The  number  of  men  that  can  be  examined  physically  per  day  with  accuracy  depends  much 
upou  the  ability  and  dispatch  of  the  recording-clerk,  and  the  ti!ue  occupied  by  the  men  in  remov- 
ing their  clothes  forexamination.  Drafted  men  are  usually  loth  to  undress,  and  even  when  this  i)re- 
liminary  has  been  completed,  there  are  many  other  causes  of  hinderauce  on  their  pait,  which  we 
have  not  to  encounter  with  other  classes.  But,  circumstances  being  favorable,  it  is  my  opinion  that 
a  skillful  examining-surgeon  can  dispose  of  substitutes,  I'ecruits,  and  others,  at  the  rate  of  about 
seventy-Jive  per  day,  the  time  given  beiiig  from  8  a.  m.  until  4  p.  m. 

Frauds  of  every  conceivable  description  have  been  attempted  bj-  drafted  men  and  those  claim- 
iug  exemption  from  enrollment.  The  chief  of  these  frauds  are  feigning  deafness,  chronic  rheuma- 
tism, partial  loss  of  vision,  and  lameness  without  apparent  cause  or  change  of  structure.  Little 
difficulty  has,  however,  been  experienced  in  arriving  at  the  facts  in  every  case  where  the  parties 
were  known  in  the  community  in  which  they  resided. 

It  is  found  that  those  who  are  liable  to  be  drafted  are  always  ready  to  act  the  part  of  detec- 
tives over  those  of  their  neighbors  who  may  be  inclined  to  play  at  "hide  and  seek,"  or  otherwise 
attempt  to  screen  themselves  by  subterfuge;  and  in  that  capacity  they  are  an  important  collateral 
aid  to  the  examining  surgeon  in  the  performance  of  his  duties.  But  where  a  doubt  still  remained, 
we  have  given  the  benetit  of  the  doubt  to  the  Government. 

The  frauds  attempted  also  by  recruits  and  substitutes  desirous  of  entering  the  Army  have 
been  as  various  as  the  characters  of  the  men  themselves,  and  in  some  cases  very  cunningly 
devised.  The  examining-surgeon,  however,  soon  accustoms  himself  to  these  petty  dramatic  inci- 
dents, and  comes  at  last  to  entertain  a  most  perfect  incredulity  respecting  tlw  moral  honesty  of  all 
candidates  for  the  military  service,  and  to  lely  solely  upon  his  own  judgment  and  skill  for  detecting 
imposture. 

In  some  instances,  where  a  satisfactory  conclusion  could  not  be  attained  otherwise,  the  appli- 
cants have  been  required  to  furnish  affidavits  of  soundness,  which  have  been  an  effectual  check  in 
their  cases  to  such  nefarious  i)ractices. 

The  native-born  American  from  the  rural  population  presents,  according  to  my  experience,  the 
greatest  physical  as  well  as  moral  aptitude  for  military  service. 

The  colored  race,  in  my  opinion,  compare  favorably  with  all  the  other  nationalities,  and  in  some 
resi)ects  they  are  jihysically  superior  to  the  average  of  the  races  whose  individual  members  have 
come  under  my  examination. 

This  superiority  is  not  sufficiently  important,  perhaps,  to  justify  more  than  a  passing  remark, 
nor  distinctive  enough  to  warrant  a  tabular  comparison  of  their  qualities  and  faculties  with  those 
of  other  nations.  In  breadth  and  depth  of  chest,  they  have  the  advantage  over  other  nationalities. 
They  are,  on  the  whole,  a  healthy  and  vigorous  people,  and  it  is  remarkable  that  hernia  and  vari- 
cose veins  are  almost  uidinown  an)ong  them.  One  of  the  causes  of  their  healthy  condition  is  with- 
out doubt  to  be  found  in  their  strong  and  brilliant  teeth.  These  remarks  apply  exclusively  to  the 
unmixed  African  race.  The  mulatto  seems  to  inherit  the  constitutional  vices  of  the  white  man  with- 
out deriving  any  mental  or  moral  qualities  from  the  mixture  of  the  so-called  superior  blood. 

J.  VV.  FREER. 
iSurgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  First  District  of  Illinois. 

Chicago,  III.,  May  M,  1SG.'> 
55 


434  surgeons'  reports — Illinois-^— second  district. 

ILLINOIS— SECOND    DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  Aakon  Lewis. 

*  *  ♦        The  Secoud  Congressional  District  of  Illinois  is  composed  of  the  counties 

of  Winnebago,  Boone,  McHeury,  Lake,  Kane,  and  De  Kalb,  and  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the 
State  of  Wisconsin,  on  the  east  by  Lake  Michigan  and  the  counties  of  Cook  and  Du  Page,  on  the 
south  by  the  counties  of  Cook,  Kendall,  La  Salle,  and  Ogle,  and  on  the  west  by  the  counties  of  Lee 
and  Stevenson.  Population,  125,563;  number  of  square  miles,  3,175.  Winnebago  County  is 
watered  by  Rock  River;  Boone  County  by  the  Kishwakie  River;  McHenry  County  by  the  Fox 
and  Kishwakie  Rivers;  Lake  County  by  the  Des  Plaines  River;  Kane  County  by  the  Fox 
River ;  and  De  Kalb  County  by  the  Kishwakie  River  and  Big  and  Little  Indian  Creeks.  The  banks 
of  the  streams  are  generally  bold,  allowing  tillage.  The  Rock  and  Fox  Rivers  aftbrd  aluiost 
unlimited  water-power,  and  the  other  streams  mentioned  furnish  water-power  to  a  limited  extent. 
The  district  is  emphatically  a  prairie  district,  with  timber  upon  the  streams.  There  are  a  number 
of  beautiful  lakes  in  the  counties  of  Lake  and  McHenry. 

The  diseases  of  this  district  are  of  a  bilious  character;  there  will  be  found  in  every  neighbor- 
hood low,  wet,  marshy  lands,  where  vegetable  decomposition  is  going  on  at  certain  seasons  of  the 
year.  Bilious  fevers  and  agues  do  not  prevail  to  as  great  extent  as  they  did  some  fifteen  years 
since.  Enteric  or  typhoid  fevers  have  been  prevailing  to  some  extent,  and  in  some  districts  have 
become  epidemic,  but  are  always  marked  with  symptoms  of  miasmatic  influence.  Hepatic  diseases 
of  a  chronic  character  are  more  numerous  than  formerly.  Phthisis  pulmonalis  is  much  more  fre- 
quent than  in  years  past.  Neuralgia  in  all  its  degrees  of  intensity  exists,  and  prevails  in  some  por- 
tions of  this  district  to  such  an  extent  that  I  have  been  disposed  to  call  it  an  epidemic,  existing  in 
neighborhoods  where  bilious  fevers  and  agues  have  been  most  prevalent  in  years  past.  The 
inhabitants  of  this  district  are  principally  agriculturists,  and  are  a  hardy  and  industrious  race  of 
men,  emigrants  princijially  from  New  England,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Ohio;  there  are, 
however,  a  number  of  settlements  of  Irish,  Germans,  and  Swedes. 

A  greater  ratio  per  thousand  has  been  disqualified  for  military  service  from  hernia,  confirmed 
malignant  sarcocele  complicated  with  disease  of  the  testes  and  spermatic  cord.  Secondarj-  syphi- 
lis, with  all  its  constitutional  symptoms,  I  have  found  to  exist  to  a  greater  extent  than  I  had  any 
idea  of  prior  to  my  examinations  as  surgeon  of  this  boaid.  I  have  found  it  to  exist  among  farmers 
and  young  men  of  our.  large  towns  to  an  alarming  extent.  The  reasons  why  hernia  and  malignant 
sarcocele  disqualify  for  military  service  are  manifest.  Constitutional  syi)hilis,  after  the  glandular 
system  has  become  obviously  diseased,  should  exempt,  as  exposure  to  damp  and  cold,  with  the 
food  and  irregularities  of  a  soldier's  life,  would  increase  and  aggravate  the  disease  to  such  an  extent 
as  to  cause  him  to  be  useless  to  the  Government,  for  in  fact  such  a  man  is  useless  in  any  capacity. 
As  to  my  views  in  reference  to  the  different  sections  of  paragraph  85,1  have  otten  thought  the  sur- 
geon wlio  arranged  the  sections  of  said  paragraph  was  liighly  qualified  for  the  work,  and  had 
arranged  and  condensed  in  a  most  beautiful  manner  all  the  disqualifications  for  military  service, 
so  that  in  almost  every  case  where  the  surgeon  was  satisfied  that  a  man  was  not  duly  qualified,  he 
could  bring  the  disease  within  one  of  these  sections.  However,  I  have  found  some  difficulty  in  a 
few  cases  of  epilepsy,  (section  3;)  as  many  persons  who  have  epilepsy  do  not  call  upon  a  physician, 
or  may  not  have  done  so  within  the  in-evious  six  months,  I  have  often  thought  that  other  witnesses 
should  be  accepted  as  adequate. 

Section  12.  Total  loss  of  sight  of  right  eye. — I  have  thought  this  section  should  be  qualified ;  if 
the  expression  was,  "  the  eye  being  so  greatly  impaired  as  to  leave  no  doubt  of  the  man's  unfitness 
for  military  duty,"  it  would  be  better.         »  #  # 

As  to  the  number  of  men  that  can  be  examined  in  a  day  with  accuracy,  in  my  opinion  it  can- 
not exceed  sijtyfire  or  scrciiti/.  I  have  examined  more,  but  our  manner  of  examining  has  been 
strictly  in  accordance  with  the  rules,  and  I  found  it  reipiired  more  time  to  strip  the  men  and 
reclothe  them  than  it  did  to  examine  them;  and  as  the  law  required  us  to  allow  but  one  in  the 
room  at  a  time  it  made  the  exiuninations  more  tedious. 


SrRGEONs'    REPORTS ILLINOIS SECOND    DISTRICT.  435 

As  to  frauds  to  be  guarded  against,  I  have  had  some  few  attempts  at  fraud  on  the  part  of  men 
who  wished  to  be  exempt,  and  also  those  who  wished  to  get  into  the  service. 

1  remember  one  medical  man  who  came  before  me  to  get  exemption  ;  he  had  a  sore  on  his  leg 
below  the  knee  on  the  inner  side  or  aspect;  he  called  it  a  fever-sore;  said  it  had  been  there  for  three 
years,  and  that  he  was  not  able  to  attend  to  his  i)rofession.  I  could  not  see  that  he  was  scrofulous ; 
his  appearance  and  manner,  as  well  as  the  appearance  of  the  limb,  caused  me  to  doubt  his 
statement.  I  told  him  my  opinion  of  his  case,  and  I  proposed  to  swear  him  ;  he  did  not  consent  to 
take  the  oath,  and  1  did  not  exempt  him.  Many  who  wish  to  get  exempted  go  to  their  physicians 
and  get  afUdavits  testifying  to  some  chronic  disease,  and  stating  that  they  have  attended  such 
a  patient  or  i)atients  for  one,  two,  or  three  years,  and  that  they  are  satisfied  that  tliey  would  do  the 
Government  no  good.  I  have  but  little  respect  for  those  affidavits  unless  I  know  the  physicians, 
and  even  then  it  would  be  better  that  the  law  required  such  medical  men  to  be  present  at  the  exam^ 
ination.  J  could  not  undertake  to  direct  the  best  manner  of  detecting  frauds  of  this  sort.  There 
have  been  many  attempts  made  to  deceive  me,  and  no  doubt  successfully  in  some  few 
instances.  Men  have  appeared  to  be  very  lame  and  crippled,  and  have  bi'ought  witnesses  to  prove 
their  condition,  but  on  close  and  rigid  examination  have  proven  to  be  sonud.  Others  have  been 
reduced  fi-om  chronic  diarrhcea  produced  by  taking  drastic  medicines ;  on  the  other  hand,  1  have 
found  some  men  who  wished  to  enlist  and  get  the  bounty  who  really  hail  chronic  diarrhtea,  and 
knew  that  after  getting  the  bounty  they  would  not  be  able  to  do  duty.  1  hare  had  men  try 
to  enlist  who  had  constitutional  syphilis,  and  when  I  rejected  them  they  have  told  me  that  they 
wished  to  enlist  in  order  to  get  cured 

The  best  manner  to  detect  fraud  is  to  be  careful  and  have  as  examiners  men  who  have  received 
a  thorough  medical  education  and  have  i)racticed  many  years,  who  are  firm  and  have  a  knowledge 
of  faces,  and  can  judge  of  the  actions  of  men  as  well  as  of  diseases.  A  medical  education  does  not 
alone  qualify  a  man  for  an  examiniiig-surgeon,  any  more  than  it  makes  a  preacher  of  the  gospel  to 
educate  a  pet  baud-box  boy  for  the  profession. 

As  to  what  nationality  presents  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  military  service,  my  experi- 
ence ia  this  district  shows  that  men  whose  parents  emigrated  from  the  Easteru  States  into  this 
district  when  the  country  was  first  settled,  and  have  grown  up  as  laboring  men,  and  whose  habits 
of  life  have  been  temperate,  have  the  best  muscular  development,,and  I  thiuk  more  vitality  and 
firmness  of  character,  than  any  other  class  of  men,  and  I  am  disposed  to  think  that  our  national 
character,  both  physically  and  mentally,  is  better  adapted  also  to  endure  the  hardships  of  war,  and  has 
more  of  the  will-power  and  combative  force  to  propel  it  on,  and  at  the  same  time  our  people  have 
by  education  a  continuous  pride  in  being  free  and  living  as  part  of  a  republic,  as  every  man  is  a 
part  of  this  Government;  they  seem  to  be  propelled  by  their  natural  desires  to  the  battle-field.  I 
have  examined  many  Germans,  and  believe  them  to  be  well  adapted  to  perform  military  duty ;  they 
also  average  well  as  regards  development,  and  but  few  have  been  exempted  or  rejected  in  pi-opor- 
tion  to  the  number  examined. 

My  experience  with  regard  to  the  colored  race  for  military  duty  is  so  limited  that  1  could  not 
give  an  opinion,  as  I  have  not  examined  over  fifteen  or  twenty  men. 

My  rieirs  of  the  enrollment  lair  as  it  noiv  exists. — In  this  district,  its  whole  machinery  has  worked 
well.  The  people  seem  to  understand  it,  and  from  what  I  understand  of  the  law  I  am  quite  satis- 
fied with  it  as  it  is,  and  have  no  suggestions  to  make  in  relation  to  it.  My  doctrine  in  regard  to 
treating  disease  is  and  has  lieen  for  many  years,  while  a  prescription  does  well  never  to  change.  I 
am  therefore  satisfied  with  the  enrollment-law. 

My  experience  in  the  examination  of  men  for  military  service  has  been  confined  to  this  office 
as  surgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment. 

The  number  of  meu  examined  is  as  follows :  substitutes  and  recruits,  2,700;  drafted  men,  250; 
for  exemption,  2,200. 

AAEON  LEWIS, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Second  District  of  Illinois. 

Marengo,  III.,  June  2, 1865. 


436  SUKGEONS'    REPORTS ILLINOIS SIXTH    DISTRICT. 

ILLINOIS— SIXTH    DISTRIOT.' 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  Robert  M.  McArthur. 

♦  *  *        My  experience  iu  the  euroUmeiit  aud  exiuniiiation  of  men  for  military 

service  extends  from  May  18,  1863,  to  May  30,  1865.  During  tbis  time  there  were  examined  either 
by  myself  or  my  assistant,  and  in  almost  every  case  in  my  presence,  abont  ten  thousand  men.  Of 
these  about  six  thousand  claimed  exemi)tion  from  draft;  about  three  thousatid  three  hundred  were 
recruits  and  substitutes;  and  seven  hundred  aud  three  were  drafted  men. 

The  Sixth  District  of  the  State  of  Illinois  comprises  the  counties  of  La  Salle,  Grundy,  Will, 
Kendall,  Du  Page,  and  Kankakee,  and  embraces  a  territory  of  about  three  thousand  six  hundred 
square  miles.  The  surlace  of  the  country,  with  the  exception  of  the  valleys  and  bluffs  along  the 
rivers,  is  generally  of  gently  undulating  prairie,  of  a  rich  dark  loam,  varying  in  depth  from  one  to 
several  feet.  The  principal  rivers,  consisting  of  the  Illinois,  Fox,  Des  Plaiiies,  Kankakee,  and 
Du  Page,  are  lined  by  belts  of  timber,  and  their  numerous  tributary  streams  have  many  groves 
along  their  courses  which  enliven  and  beautify  the  prairie. 

The  endemic  diseases  of  this  locality  during  the  summer  aud  fall  aie  of  miasmatic  origin,  and 
are  generally  of  an  intermittent  or  remittent  type  of  fever.  Their  cause,  in  my  opinion,  is  the  rapid 
growth  and  speedy  decay  of  vegetable  matter.  Typhoid  fever  prevails  late  in  the  fall  and  winter 
months,  and  seems  to  be  superseding  the  common  miasmatic  diseases  in  localities  that  are  under  a 
high  state  of  cultivation  Where  thrift  and  cleanliness  abound,  I  can  hardly  venture  on  an  opinion 
as  to  the  cause  of  this  disease,  not  being  able  to  trace  it  to  any  specific  poison.  Whatever  the 
cause  may  be,  the  nervous  system  is  made  to  sufl'er  in  a  powerful  manner  from  its  effects,  and  may 
we  not  attribute  its  origin  in  some  degree  to  the  enervating  influences  of  the  high  temperature  of 
the  summer  months? 

Pneumonia  exists  to  some  extent  in  the  winter,  and  is  the  prevailing  disease  of  the  spring, 
induced,  no  doubt,  by  cold  and  wet. 

This  district  is  chiefly  settled  by  people  from  the  Eastern  States,  yet  almost  every  European 
nation  is  represented  here.  As  regards  the  general  character  of  the  inhabitants,  1  am  happy  in 
being  able  to  report  that  for  intelligence  and  morality,  for  enterprise  and  industry,  they  will  com- 
pare favorably  with  any  district  in  the  State. 

Although  ours  is  chiefly  an  agricultural  district,  wheie  grain  and  stock  raising  is  the  principal 
business,  yet  there  are  many  beautiful  towns  and  villages  interspersed  along  the  streams  and  lines 
of  railroads,  and  also  along  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Oanal,  (about  seventy-five  miles  of  which  runs 
through  our  district,)  where  manufacturing  is  carried  on  to  considerable  extent.  We  are  on  the 
northern  boundary  of  the  great  coal-fields  of  Illinois,  and  coal-mining  in  some  localities  creates  an 
extensive  branch  of  commerce. 

The  diseases  and  disabilities  under  my  observation  which  most  of  all  others  have  disqualified 
men  for  military  service  were  hernia,  insufficiency  of  teeth,  and  fractures.  Hernia  I  have  found  to 
exist  mostly  among  the  German  portion  of  the  inhabitants,  and  I  attribute  this  condition  to  excessive 
manual  labor  at  an  early  age.  Insufficiency  and  caries  of  teeth  I  have  noticed  generally  among  the 
native-born  citizens,  and  the  cause  of  this  disability,  iu  my  opinion,  is  the  common  use  of  acids  aud 
saccharine  matter  as  condiments  of  food.  The  corrosive  action  of  acids  in  destroying  the  enamel 
of  the  teeth  is  a  fact  fully  established,  and  from  the  general  use  of  acetic  acid  and  the  formation  of 
an  acid  in  the  mouth  by  fermentation  of  vegetable  and  animal  mattei-  lodged  about  the  teeth,  I  am 
led  to  regard  this  agent  as  the  most  destructive  ami  the  most  direct ;  while  in  the  use  of  sugar  an 
acid  is  formed  in  the  stomach,  and,  eliminated  through  the  system,  it  has  an  indirect  influence  in 
l)roducing  the  same  result. 

In  relation  to  the  frequency  of  fractures,  I  would  say  that  they  seem  to  be  incident  to  the  pur- 
suits of  an  agricultural  people. 

In  my  judgment,  the  ditt'crent  sections  of  paragraph  85,  Revised  Regulations  Provost-Marshal- 
General's  Bureau,  are,  as  a  whole,  calculated  to  prevent  the  entrance  into  the  ranks  of  the.  Army 
of  men  physically  disqualified  for  military  service,  to  guard  against  fraud  and  against  insufficient 

'No  rciiorts  wvyv  r('C(!iv(.'(l  t'rnui  flic  tliird,  t'diirtli.  an<l  lit'tli  districts. 


surgeons'    reports ILLINOIS SIXTH    DISTRICT.      .  437 

claims  for  exemption  from  the  draft,  to  protect  tlie  surgeon  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  and,  in 
fine,  to  conduce  both  to  the  wants  and  security  of  the  Government  and  to  the  public  welfare 

Individual  sections  may  be  susceptible  of  revision  and  amendment,  and  such  a  one,  in  my 
opinion,  is  section  11.  The  predisposition  to  frequently-recurring  attacks  of  acute  rheumatism,  as 
is  doubtless  well  known  to  all  Army  medical  officers,  is  frequently  a  disqualifying  cause  for  active 
service,  both  from  the  impairment  of  constitution  and  from  the  concomitant  diseases  (such  as  peri- 
carditis, endocarditis,  pleurisy,  &c.)  which  it  ma^  cause,  and  more  especially  from  its  liability  to 
constant  recurrence  at  any  time  on  the  operation  of  the  most  trifling  causes  upon  the  existing  pre- 
disposition. That  it  is  a  disease  eminently  characterized  by  persistence  and  intractability,  even 
under  the  most  favorable  circumstances  of  civil  lite,  all  practitioners  are  aware,  and,  of  course,  the 
exposure,  fatigue,  &c.,  necessarily  incident  to  active  field-service,  enhance  these  difficulties 
materially. 

Chronic  rheumatism  is  open  to  the  same  objection  from  the  fact  of  impairment  of  constitution 
and  intractability.  It  is  well  known  that  those  who  sutler  from  this  atiectiou  are  constantly  liable 
to  become  useless,  so  far  as  physical  efficicsncy  is  concerned,  on  exposure  to  wet  or  cold,  or  the 
occurrence  of  wet  or  damp  weather,  and  e^•()n,  in  some  cases,  with  a  change  in  the  quarter  of  the 
wind.  It  would,  therefore,  seem  eminently  proper,  and  by  no  means  operating  to  the  disadvantage 
of  the  Government,  to  alter  the  section  under  consideration,  so  that  some  opportunity  might  be 
afforded  to  deserving  cases  for  exemption  on  these  grounds.  It  has  occurred  to  me  that  were  the 
section  so  amended  as  to  read  :  "  The  predisjiositiou  to  frequent  attacks  of  acute  rheumatism  (rheu- 
matic diathesis)  and  chronic  rheumatism,  wliicli  has  so  far  impaired  the  constitution  as  to  render 
it  unfit  for  the  exposure  and  fatigue  of  military  serNdce,  in  either  case  duly  established  by  affidavit  of 
a  physician  or  surgeon  known  by  the  board  to  be  in  good  standing  in  his  profession  and  who  has  him- 
self treated  the  claimant  therefor,  with  such  other  evidence  as  the  board  may  require  to  establish 
the  merit  of  the  claim  " — it  would  not  result  in  disadvantage  to  the  Government,  would  offer  no 
more  opportunity  for  fraud  than  in  the  case  of  epilepsy,  for  exami)le,  and  would  certainlj'  result  in 
justice  to  persons  enrolled  as  liable  to  draft.  [  am  nijt  unaware  that  rheumatism  is  one  of  the  most 
frequent  of  feigned  diseases,  both  among  claimants  lor  exemption  from  the  draft,  and  among  sol- 
diers ill  the  Army;  but  this  by  no  means  invalidates  the  fact  that  there  are  cases  meriting  exemp- 
tion and  discharge  on  these  grounds.  Should  it  be  objected  that  such  alterations  as  I  have  pro- 
posed in  the  case  of  section  11  would  afford  too  much  latitude  to  the  examiuingsurgeon,  it  must 
be  admitted  that  from  the  very  nature  of  his  position  abundant  opportunity  is,  in  the  majority  of 
other  cases,  afforded  him  of  being  a  party  to  fraud,  and  it  must  of  necessity  be  a  presumption  that 
he,  as  a  sworn  officer  of  the  Government,  will  be  guided  in  all  his  official  dealings  by  fidelity  to  the 
country,  and  that  he  will  endeavor  to  secure  its  best  interests.        »  *  » 

In  my  judgment,  a  surgeon  cannot,  injustice  to  the  Government  and  himself,  examine  a  greater 
number  than  forty  men  per  day ;  that  is,  if  all  th(^  examinations  are  conducted,  as  they  should  be, 
by  daylight.         *  *  * 

The  greatest  and  almost  only  difficulty  that  we  had  to  contend  with  in  the  examination  of  men 
related  to  age.  In  the  case  of  drafted  men,  there  was  an  effort  made  by  .some  to  escape  the  draft 
by  giving  their  age  as  over  forty-five  years,  when,  in  our  judgment,  they  were  under  that  age,  and 
by  some  to  underestimate  their  age,  when  in  reality  they  were  liable  to  draft.  Again,  in  the  case  of 
recruits  and  substitutes,  there  was  often  an  attempt  at  fraud  by  persons  over  and  under  age  in 
giving  their  age  so  as  to  come  within  the  requirements  of  Che  law. 

In  the  absence  of  a  registry  of  birth,  I  cannot  suggest  any  better  method  to  detect  these 
frauds  than  that  already  laid  down  in  the  llegulations  of  the  Provost-Marshal's  Bureau,  together 
with  the  utmost  vigilance  on  the  part  of  the  board  of  enrollment. 

In  the  case  of  artificial  teeth,  there  are  some  instances  that  might  escape  detection  by  mere 
ocular  inspection,  and  I  would  advise  in  every  case  that  the  teeth  be  also  examined  by  manipulation. 
From  personal  exi)erience  and  the  records  of  this  office  I  concede  to  the  American-born  citizen 
the  honor  of  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  military  service. 

My  experience  in  the  examination  of  the  colored  race  has  been  so  limited  that  an  opinion  as 
to  their  fitness  for  military  service  would  be  of  no  value.     I  would  say,  however,  that  many  of  tho 


438  surgeons'  reports — Illinois — seventh  district. 

meu  who  ciniie  under  my  observiitiou  were  of  a  scrofulous  diathesis,  and  coiisequently  uot  well 
adapted  to  military  life. 

The  enrollment-law,  as  it  now  exists,  is  well  calculated  to  fulfill  the  object  for  which  it  was 
created,  and  I  would  not  recommend  any  change  with  the  exception  of  au  increase  of  pay  to  district 
provost-marshals  and  surgeons  of  boards  of  enrollment.  No  respectable  surgeon,  except  in  time  of 
war  and  as  a  matter  of  pure  patriotism,  can  afford  to  relinquish  his  practice  for  the  present  com- 
pensation allowed  to  surgeons  of  boards  of  enrollment.  I  would  tlierefore  recommend,  in  the  event 
of  a  future  necessity  for  the  services  of  such  officers,  that  the  district  provost-marshal  be  entitled 
to  the  rank  and  pay  of  a  lieutenant-colonel,  and  the  surgeon  to  the  rank  and  pay  of  a  regimental 
surgeon.        #  »  # 

EOBT.  M.  McARTHUR, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  SLrth  District  of  Illinois. 

JOLIET,  III.,  Avgnst  30, 1865. 

ILLINOIS— SEVENTH    DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  Winston  Somers. 

*  *  *         From  the  commencement  of  the  recruiting,  some  time  about  the  12th  of 

January,  1SG5,  up  to  the  termination  of  the  draft  on  the  15tb  of  April  following,  I  examined  one 
thousand  four  hundred  and  eighty-three  recruits  ond  substitutes,  and  one  hundred  and  ten  drafted 
men,  making  in  all  one  thousand  live  hundred  and  ninety-three.  I  also  examined  three  hundred 
and  fifty-lour  enrolled  men  in  the  month  of  January,  who  applied  to  be  examined  for  some  real  or 
jiretended  disability  for  the  purpose  of  being  exempted  from  the  draft;  a  number  of  them  were 
exempted  lor  various  causes.        #  »  # 

The  following  table  will  give  the  age,  height,  and  measurement  of  the  chest  of  the  recruits, 
substitutes  and  drafted  men: 

Table  No.  1. 

Measurement  of  the  chest. 

Average  measurement  at  inspiration,  inches 35 

Average  measurement  at  expiration,  inches 32f 

Greatest  measurement  at  inspiration,  inches 43^ 

Least  measurement  at  inspiration,  inches 28£ 

Greatest  measurement  at  expiration,  inches 40J 

Least  measurement  at  expiration,  inches 27 

Total  number  of  chest  measurements 1, 593 

Height. 

Average  height  of  all  measured,  inches  ...         67 

Greatest  height  of  any  measured,  inches 78 

Least  height  of  any  measured,  inches 59J 

Total  number  measured 1, 593 

Age. 

Avetage  of  all,  years 24.21 

Greatest  age,  years 45 

Least  age,  years 17 

Total  number  examined 1, 593 

In  taking  the  measurement  of  the  chest,  I  used  a  graduateil  tape  ;  I  applied  it  round  the  chest 
at  the  point  where  the  latissimus  dorsi  and  pectoralis  major  muscles  begin  to  mount  up  to  the 
humerus  to  be  inserted.    This  will  bring  the  tape  about  an  inch  below  (h(^  nipples.     I  am  aware 


surgeons'    reports ILLINOIS — SEVENTH    DISTRICT.  439 

that  some  surgeons,  with  a  view  to  greater  accuracy,  prefer  that  the  tape  should  be  carried  rouud 
above  the  nipples;  and  others  that  it  should  pass  round  over  them.  Both  of  these  modes,  in  my 
judgment,  are  objectionable,  because  the  tape  embraces  the  margins  of  the  muscles  mentioned, 
together  witli  the  fatty  development  of  the  breast,  which  I  think  interferes  to  some  extent  in  obtain- 
ing with  accuracy  the  true  extent  of  the  mobility  of  the  chest.  But  the  greatest  objection  to  both 
these  measurements  is  that  the  mobility  of  the  chest  at  neither  of  these  points  is  as  great  as  the 
measurement  below,  by  from  a  (piarter  to  a  half  inch,  as  a  rule,  and  therefore  does  not  give  as 
correctly  the  true  extent  of  mobility  or  vital  capacity  as  the  latter  measurement  does.  It  will  be 
seen  by  reference  to  the  for.-going  table,  giving  the  measurement  of  the  chest,  height,  and  age, 
that  the  average  measurement  lit  inspiration  gives  35  inches,  and  the  average  measurement  at 
expiration  gives  32^  inches,  the  difference  being  2^  inches,  which  is  the  average  extent  of  mobility 
or  vital  capacity  of'  the  chest  of  the  1,593  men  examined ;  and  as  this  mobility,  or  vital  capacity,  is 
considered  by  surgeons  to  be  of  considerable  importance  in  the  examination  of  recruits  for  the 
Army,  I  will  take  this  occasioa  to  give  some  further  statistics  in  relation  to  the  subject,  together 
with  my  experience  in  my  late  examinations. 

I  will,  in  the  first  jdace,  give  a  statement  made  by  Mr.  Hutchinson,  who  is  a  high  authority  on 
such  subjects.  He  states  that  "  he  found  at  a  temperature  of  60°  Fahrenheit,  225  cubic  inches  to  be 
the  average  vital  capacity  of  a  healthy  person  five  feet  seven  inches  in  height.  For  every  inch  of 
height  above  this  standard,  the  capacity  is  increased  on  an  average  by  eight  cubic  inches ;  and  for 
every  inch  below  it  is  diminished  to  the  same  amount."  This  curious  result  arrived  at  by  Mr. 
Hutchinson  is  confirmed  by  Surgeon-General  Hammond,  and  others,  but  is  questioned  by  Surgeon 
Tripler,  who  says:  " Our  observations  have  led  us  to  the  conclusion  that  the  mobility  is  rather 
inversely  as  the  circumference  of  the  chest  than  directly  as  the  height  of  the  person,  as  if 
increased  mobility  was  designed  to  make  up  for  less  capacity  as  indicated  by  a  less  diameter; 
so  that  the  quantity  of  air  consumed  does  not  differ  greatly  in  different  men  with  healthy  lungs 
whatever  may  be  their  relative  stature."  "  Others  assert  that  for  every  inch  in  height  the  mini- 
mum chests  increase  half  an  inch  in  mobility,  the  medium  chests  somewhat  more,  and  the  maxi- 
mum five-eighths." 

My  own  observations  fail  to  sustain  either  of  these  positions.  In  the  first  place,  I  went  over 
the  surgeon's  books,  and  collected  all  the  men  that  I  had  examined  of  six  feet  and  above,  as  shown 
in  the  following  table ;  they  being  73  in  number : 

Table  No.  2. 

Measurement  of  chest 

Average  measurement  at  inspiration,  inches    36;  5 

Average  measurement  at  expiration,  inches 34. 25 

Average  mobility,  inches 2. 25 

Number  examined. 
Number  of  chests  measured 73 

Height. 

Average  height  of  all  measured,  all  between  6  feet  and  6  feet  6  inches, 

inches 72. 84 

Age. 

Average  age  of  all  examined,  the  age  being  from  18  to  44  years,  years. . . .  27. 8 

The  vital  capac^ity  determined  by  the  mobility  of  the  walls  of  the  chest  seems  to  me  to  be  quite 
as  accurately  obtained  as  by  measuring  the  expired  air  after  a  full  inspiration.  If  so,  the  result 
obtained  and  set  forth  in  the  above  table  is  a  complete  refutation,  as  far  as  it  goes,  of  Mr.  Hutchin- 
son'.^ rnle  given  above,  for  it  scarcely  makes  a  start  in  that  direction.    The  mobility,  or  vital  capa- 


440  surgeons'  reports — Illinois — seventh  district. 

city  of  the  chest,  being  2.25  inches,  is  exactly  the  result  obtained  in  the  uieasuremeut  of  the  chest 
of  the  total  number,  viz,  the  1,593  men  examined,  as  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  first  table 
given  in  this  report.  The  preceding  table  really  shows  no  increase  of  the  mobility  of  the  chest 
with  increased  stature,  though  the  latter  is  increased  from  Mr.  Hutchinson's  standard  of  five  feet 
seven  inches  by  from  five  to  eleven  inches.  Yet  the  mobility  remains  the  same.  We  will  let  the 
following  table  tell  how  much  the  mobility  of  the  chest  diminishes  as  the  stature  decreases  below 
Mr.  Hutchinson's  standard  height  of  five  feet  seven  inches.  For  this  table  I  took  seventy-three 
names,  as  they  stood  in  rotation  on  the  surgeon's  books,  not  making  any  selection,  but  measuring 
from  five  feet  four  inches  and  a  half  down  to  five  feet  in  height,  with  the  following  result : 

Table  No.  3. 

J  Measurement  of  chest. 

Average  measurement  of  chest  at  inspiration,  inches 33. 5 

Average  measurement  of  chest  at  expiration,  inches 31.25 

Average  mobility  of  chest,  inches 2.  25 

Number  examined. 

Number  of  chests  measured 73 

Meight. 

Average  height  of  all  measured,  73  in  number,  inches 63. 5 

Age. 

Average  age  of  all  examined,  73  in  number,  yearsj 20. 21 

This  table  shows  the  average  height  to  be  03^  inches,  or  fully  9  inches  less  in  stature  than 
those  in  the  last  table,  and  about  3.J  inches  under  the  average  height  of  the  whole  number  exam- 
ined as  seen  in  the  first  table.  Yet  we  find  the  extent  of  mobility  or  vital  capacity  of  the  chest  to 
be  2^  inches,  the  same  as  in  the  preceding  table,  and  still  failing  to  sustain  Mr.  Hutchinson's  and 
Surgeon-General  Hammond's  rule,  as  laid  down  in  the  foregoing  fjuotations.  Surgeon  Tripler  takes 
the  position,  as  he  says,  based  on  his  own  observations,  that  the  mobility  of  the  chest  is  rather 
inversely  as  the  circumference  than  tlirectly  as  the  height  of  the  person.  To  test  the  correctness 
ot  this,  I  took  the  seventy-three  names  in  table  No.  2,  all  of  them  being  from  G  feet  to  6  feet  6  inches 
in  height,  and  divided  them  into  two  classes,  placing  those  whose  measurement  of  chest  at  inspira- 
tion was  over  30  inches  in  one  class,  and  all  those  whose  chests  at  inspiration  measured  30  inches 
and  under  in  another  class.  Of  the  first,  there  were  39,  and  of  the  latter  34  names.  In  order  to 
show  the  result  more  clearly,  I  again  place  them  in  tabular  form,  as  follows: 

Table  No.  4. 

Measurement  of  chest. 

Average  measurement  at  inspiration,  inches 38. 1 

Average  measurement  at  expiration,  inches 35. 6 

Average  extent  of  mobility  of  chest,  inches ..    .     2.5 

Number  examined. 

Number  of  chests  measured,  over  30  inches  at  inspiration JO 

Average  height. 

Average  height  of  39  men  measured,  the  shortest  man  being  6  feet,  and  the 
tallest  one  0  feet  0  inches,  inches 73 


surgeons'    reports ILLINOIS SEVENTH    DISTRICT.  441 

Average  age. 

Average  age  of  tlie  39  men   exainincd,  tlie  oldest    II,  and  the  youngest  18 

years  of  age,  years .30.  C 

Table  Mo.  5. 

Measurement  of  chest. 

Average  ujeiisiireiiieut  of  eliest  at  inspiration,  ineiies 34.  75 

Average  measurement  of  chest  at  expiration,  indies .Jii.  .5 

Average  extent  of  mobility  of  chest,  inches 2.  25 

Number  examined. 
Number  of  chests  measured,  3G  inches  aud  under 34 

Average  height. 

Average  height  of  34  men,  the  shortest  being  G  feet,  and  the  tallest  G  feet 

2^  inches,  inches 72. 5 

Average  age. 

Average  age  of  all  the  34  men,  the  oldest  being  44,  and  the  youngest  IS 

years  of  age,  years 24. 25 

lu  Table  No.  4,  the  medium  measurement  of  the  chest,  between  average  inspiration  and  aver- 
age expiration',  is  found  to  be  36.85  inches.  In  Table  No.  5,  the  medium  measurement  of  the  chest 
is  33.75  inches,  a  difference  of  3.10  inches.  Tlie  extent  of  mobility  of  the  chest  of  the  39  men  in 
Table  No.  4  is  2.5  inches,  while  that  of  the  34  men  in  Table  No.  5  is  only  2.25  inches,  showing  but  a 
slight  difference  in  the  two  tables,  but  sufficient,  as  1  think,  to  reverse  rather  than  confirm  the  rule 
laid  down  by  Surgeon  Trii)ler.  1  am  therefore  unable  to  contirin  the  rules  laid  down  by  either  Mr. 
Hutchiuson  or  Surgeon  Triplei'.  It  will  be  seeu  by  reference  to  the  foregoing  tables  that  the  aver 
age  age  of  the  men  ranges  from  about  20  to  30  years.  In  fact,  with  th(^  exception  of  Table  No.  3, 
the  aveiage  age  in  these  tables  is  from  near  24  to  a  fraction  over  30  years.  I  cannot  think  that 
this  little  diflerence  in  the  age  could  be  reasonably  considered  to  affect  the  result  with  regard  to 
the  vital  capacity,  or  extent  of  mobility  of  the  chest,  to  a  sutticient  degree  to  be  taken  into  the 
account.        »  *  « 

It  may  not  be  amiss  here  to  state  one  fact  that  I  observed  in  my  examinations  with  regard  to 
the  muscular  movements  of  the  chest  in  respiration.  That  these  movements  are  generally  under  the 
control  of  the  will  to  a  considerable  extent  is  an  admitted  fact,  though  the  movements  in  ordinary 
res])iration  are  admitted  by  physiologists  to  be  es.sentially  automatic.  I  examined  (]uite  a  number 
of  men  who,  I  am  certain,  were  almost  entirely  destitute  of  the  power  of  volition  in  these  move- 
ments, as  they  were  almost  entirely  unable  to  extend  the  inspiratory  and  expiratory  movements  by 
the  will  beyond  the  ordinary  movements  of  respiration  ;  and  the  only  way  by  which  I  was  enabled 
to  obtain  anything  approachiug  the'  true  extent  of  mobility  of  the  clie.st  was  to  excite  laughter  or 
a  cough,  and  in  that  way  get  them  to  exhaust  their  kings  of  air.  The  movements  excited  by 
laughter  or  coughing  are  undoubtedly  automatic,  aud  not  dependent  on  the  will.  If,  in  this  way, 
I  failed,  I  obtained  almost  no  mobility.  l"'or  instance,  I  selected  from  the  surgeon's  book  eleveu 
cases  of  men  of  good  health  and  physique,  the  extent  of  the  mobility  of  whose  chests  was  as  fol- 
lows: three  gave  ^  inch  each  ;  three  gave  ^  in(;h  each  ;  three  gave  1  inch  each  ;  one  gave  IJ  inches; 
and  one  1^  inches  ;  total  8^  inches,  an  average  of  only  ^  of  an  inch.  This  fact  may  suggest  to  the 
practicing  physician  that  he  might  meet  with  cases  of  diseased,  or  supposed  diseased  lungs,  in 
which  the  small  extent  of  mobility  of  the  chest  would  not  do  to  rely  on  as  a  diagnostic  symptom. 

I  selected  ten  other  cases,  in  which  the  extent  of  mobility  was  as  follows :  in  four  cases  it  was 
4^ inches;  in  one  it  was  5  inches;  in  four  it  was  5^  inches;  in  one  it  was  5|  inches;  total  in  the 
ten  cases,  51^  inches.     The  average  lieiglit  was  nearly  G2  inc-hes.     I  state  these  last  cases  merely  to 
50 


442  surgeons'  reports — Illinois — seventh  district. 

show  the  great  diflerence  that  is  foinul  in  this  respect  in  ditlfereiit  individuals,  which  I  thiidi,  when 
taken  in  connection  with  the  eleven  cases  above,  shows  that  no  indication  is  to  be  drawn  from  the 
sxteut  of  vital  capacity.  These  last  ten  men  were  endowed  with  the  power  of  volition  in  the  [)er- 
formance  of  the  respiratory  muscular  movements  in  a  high  degree,  while  the  eleven  men  tirst  cited 
were  almost  entirely  destitute  of  volition  in  these  movements. 

It  is  my  purpose  to  give  these  facts  without  entering  into  further  physiological  discussion  as 
to  the  cause. 

I  have  already  stated  the  total  number  of  recruits,  substitutes,  and  drafted  men  examined  by 
me,  before  and  during  the  late  draft,  to  be  1,593.  Of  these,  1,374  were  accepted,  and  210  rejected, 
which  gives  137. 47  as  the  ratio  per  thousand  of  exemptions.         *  *  * 

1  am  requested  to  give  a  geographical  descrii)tioii  of  my  district,  with  the  prevailing  diseases, 
and  the  causes  conducive  thereto;  the  general  character  of  its  inhabitants,  their  modes  of  life  and 
occupation. 

This  Seventh  Congressional  District  of  Illinois  is  tomposed  of  the  counties  of  Cumberland, 
Coles.  Edgar,  INIonltrie,  Macon,  Douglas,  Piatt,  Champaign,  Vermilion,  Ford,  and  Iroquois,  and  lies 
between  39°  and  41°  north  latitude.  Its  geography  and  history  are  so  well  known  that  but  little 
need  be  said.  The  fitce  of  the  country  is  level  or  moderately  undulating,  and  is  drained  by  a  num- 
ber of  rivulets,  or  sni;dl  streams.  At  the  verge  of  the  alluvial  soil,  on  the  margins  of  these  streams, 
are  ranges  of  bluffs,  intersected  with  ravines.  The  bluffs  are  usually  (roin  twenty  to  one  hundred 
feet  and  over  in  height,  where  an  extended  surface  of  tableland  commences,  covered  with  grass, 
mid  groves  of  timber  of  \arions  shapes  and  sizes.  The  groves  of  timber,  which  are  very  fine,  are 
luo.'.tly  found  in  belts  on  the  streams  and  watercouises,  extending  from  the  water's  edge  up  the 
bluff,  and  often  to  a  considerable  distance  out  on  the  table-land;  they  are  consequently  on  lower 
land  than  the  prairies,  which  lie  lietwecn  these  belts  of  timber,  and  are  drained  by  these  streams. 

The  soil  of  both  the  prairie  and  timbered  land  is  extremely  fertile,  and  has  all  the  appearance 
of  being  an  alluvial  dejjosit,  which  I  have  no  doubt  it  really  is,  though  deposited  many  ages  or  cen- 
turies ago.  It  is  a  dark  loam  in  both  the  prairie  and  timbered  land.  There  is  but  little  stone  found 
in  this  district,  except  the  rock  scattered  over  the  face  of  the  prairies,  which  is  of  granitic  forma- 
tion, rounded  in  form,  and  frequently  called  by  the  people  "  lost  rock,"  though  properly  denomi- 
nated bowlders.  They  are  of  various  sizes  and  forms,  weighing  from  a  few  j)ouuds  to  many  tons. 
They  are  generally  on  the  surface,  or  embedded  partly  in  it,  are  tar  removed  from  any  rocks 
of  similar  formation,  and  have  most  certainly,  :it  some  remote  i)eriod  of  time,  been  dej)0sited  on  the 
surface,  probably  by  icebergs.  I  have  in  my  possession  a  ])iece  of  wood  taken  out  of  the  earth  in 
this  neighborhood  (Champaign  County)  twenty  feet  below  the  surface.  The  superimposed  bowlder 
must  unquestionably  have  been  deposited  long  after  the  piece  of  wood  was  embedded.  Such  in- 
stances are  not  infrequent  in  this  county.  But  I  am  digressing  from  my  subject.  Upon  a  rough 
calculation,  I  should  say  that  there  are  from  seven  to  ten  acres  of  prairie  to  one  of  timbered  land  in 
this  district;  both  jjiairie  and  timbered  land  abound  in  sloughs,  ponds,  and  small  lakes.  These 
lands  remain  inundated  for  something  like  one-half  of  the  year.  The  fall  and  winter  rains  fill 
them,  and  they  do  not  generally  dry  up  until  near  the  end  of  June  following.  Some  of  the  larger 
[londs  or  lakes  contain  water  all  the  year,  and  answer  a  very  good  pnrjiose  for  stock- water;  but  the 
most  of  them  dry  up  at  latest  by  the  first  i)art  of  July,  when  the  sickly  season,  as  we  call  it,  sets  in. 

The  winters  are  long,  cold,  and  very  windy,  especially  on  the  [irairies,  where  there  is  nothing 
to  break  the  force  of  the  wind.  The  mean  tem|)erature  in  the  middle  of  winter  is  about  30°  F.;  but 
very  sudden  changes  occur,  the  thermometer  frequently  indicating  changes  within  a  few  hours  from 
above  the  freezing-])oint  to  ISOor  20° below  zero,  and  sometimes  even  lower.  When  thespringseason 
sets  in,  the  change  from  cold  winter  to  warm  summer  weather  is  quite  rapid,  so  that  we  have  tolerably 
]ong  and  quite  hot  summers,  as  well  as  long,  cold  winters.  From  November  until  April,  or  even  the 
first  of  May,  the  weather  is  generally  cloudy  ;  there  being  very  little  fair  weather  during  this  long 
period,  but  a  cool  and  very  humid  atmosphere.  The  fall  of  snow  is  much  lighter  here  than  it  is 
farther  east  in  the  same  latitude  ;  and  we  do  not  have  as  much  fair  weather  during  the  late  fall, 
winter,  and  early  spring  months  as  farther  south.  The  medium  tenqierature  of  nddsummer  is 
about  .SOO  F.;  Mic  tliermoineter  often  rising  as  high  as  l()()o  F.  and  upward  in  the  shade.  The  dews 
are  quite  heavy,  consccpicnfly  the  atmosphere  is  found  to  be  tolerably  humid  in  the  summer  season. 


SIJKGKONS'    REPORTS ILLINOIS SEVENTH    DISTRICT.  443 

The  large  <in:intit.v  ol'  stagiiaiit  water  wliicli  lies  npoit  tlie  f'aee  of  tlie  eomitry  in  tlie  spiiiig,  aiid 
wbicli  evaporates  (liiiiiif;  the  tore-part  of  suimuer,  taken  in  connection  with  the  long  and  hot  sum 
iner  seasons,  will  readily  suggest  that  the  prevailing  diseases  of  the  country  are  of  the  miasmatic 
character.  As  might  he  expected,  they  are  intermittent,  remittent,  and  bilious  fevers.  Nearly  all 
other  diseases  are  modilied  by,  and  partake  of,  the  bilious  form, as  rheumatism,  i)ueumonia,  pleuiisy, 
bronchitis,  &c.  The  disea.ses  named  are  much  more  prevalent  in  this  district  than  farther  south, 
and,  from  what  I  can  learn,  more  so  than  in  the  Eastern  States  in  the  same  latitude,  where  mias- 
matic winds  do  not  prevail.  There  are  in  this  district  nearly  all  the  conditions  u])ou  wlnvU  mias- 
matic fevers  are  generally  considered  to  depend,,  such  as  are  found  in  most  malarious  districts,  to 
wit,  the  great  abundance  of  stagnant  water,  the  necessary  length  of  hot  summer  weather,  and  the 
alluvial  deposit. 

It  is  generally  supposed  that  vegetable  decomposition  is  the  great  source  from  which  the 
malarious  poisons  which  induce  intermittent  and  remittent  bilious  disorders  emanate  ;  but  it  is 
doubtful  whether  there  is  a  sufidcient  amount  of  this  decomposition  going  on  in  this  district  to 
account  for  the  prevalence  of  these  fevers.  It  is  true  that  there  is  a  considerable  amount  of  it  going 
on  in  the  timbered  land  during  the  warm  season  of  the  year ;  but  in  the  prairie.s,  which  constitute 
from  seven  to  eight  tenths  of  the*  territory  of  this  district,  there  is  scarcely  any  vegetable  decom 
liosition.  This  was  more  particularly  true  of  this  country  in  the  earlier  .settlement  of  it,  when  it  was 
much  more  sickly  Irom  the  greater  prevalence  of  these  fevers  than  at  present.  The  prairies  were 
then,  and  in  fact  are  yet,  to  a  considerable  extent  hurned  off  every  fall,  when  nearly  all  the  i)on(ls 
and  sloughs  are  dried  up,  leaviug  thus  almost  no  vegetation  to  be  decomposed.  It  is  true  that 
it  is  considered  to  be  somewhat  more  sickly  in  and  around  the  groves  of  timber  than  at  some  dis- 
tance from  them  ;  but  the  groves,  being  on  lower  ground  than  the  prairies,  generally  have  more  stag- 
nant water  to  eva[iorate,  and  the  [)rocess  continues  later  in  the  .sea.son.  I  think,  however,  there  is 
not  much  difference  in  the  iiealth  of  the  two  localities.  »  *  * 

""  As  the  country  is  being  settled  up  and  the  drainage  is  improved,  it  becomes  more  healthy  than 
during  the  earlier  settlements,  though  there  is  much  more  vegetable  matter  in  the  form  of  gra.ss 
unL)urued  and  left  for  decomposition  in  the  numerous  and  large  farms  in  the  prairies  than  formerly. 
In  districts  where  there  is  much  stagnant  water  to  be  evaporated  by  the  heat  of  summer,  miasmatic 
fevers  are  prevalent,  and  in  such  districts  of  country  under  some  circumstances  we  find  a  great 
amount  of  vegetable  matter  decomposing,  but  it  by  no  means  follows  that  the  eftiuvia  emanating 
from  this  vegetable  decompo.sition  produce  these  fevers ;  and  it  would  seem  that  the  facts  above 
stated  somewhat  controvert  the  idea.  We  know  that  the  evaporation  of  stagnant  water  by  sum- 
mer heat  is  necessary  to  induce  these  fevers,  but  we  do  not  know  that  the  decomposition  of  vege- 
table matter  is  rjecessary.  #  #  * 

The  position  has  been  taken  that  miasmatic  districts  are  unfavorable  to  the  development  of 
tubercular  phthisis,  or  that  the  miasQiatic  poison  counteracts  tuberculosis;  but  I  am  coini)elled  to 
believe  from  my  own  observation  and  experience,  as  far  as  this  district  is  concerned,  that  the  idea 
is  entirely  erroneou.s.  It  is  quite  common  here  to  meet  with  persons  whose  health  has  suflered 
from  long-standing  intermittents  in  some  disguised  form,  in  whom  the  blood  has  become  impover- 
ished, the  digestive,  assimilative,  and  nutritive  functions  greatly  impaired,  and  the  pabulum 
designed  for  the  nutrition  of  the  ti.ssucs  so  degraded  as  to  be  capable  of  merely  forming  kakoplastic 
deposits.  The  final  result  often  is  that  the  lungs,  so  frequently  the  seat  of  these  deposits,  become 
tuberculous.  It  is  from  this  cause,  as  I  conceive,  that  tubercular  phthisis  is  much  more  common 
in  this  country  than  it  was  in  North  Carolina,  where  I  for  some  time  practiced  medicine,  and  where 
miasmatic  fevers  were  rarely  seen. 

*  *  *  It  is  difficult  for  me  to  answer  the  question  asked,  namely  :  "  Reasons 

why  any  particular  disease  or  disability  have  disqualified  a  greater  ratio  per  thousand  from  military 
scr\  ice;"  but  I  am  of  opinion  that  in  the  miasmatic  poison  of  this  district  may  be  found  the  reason 
or  cause  for  so  many  cases  of  permanent  physical  disability  disqualifying  from  military 
service.  #  #  * 

The  district  is  inhabited  chiefly  by  a  farming  community;  and  I  think  it  is  not  speaking  too 
boastingly  to  say  that  as  a  rule  it  is  settled  by  an  intelligent,  industrious,  (lersevering,  and  honest 
population  ;  at  least  equal  in  these  respects  to  most  communities,  and  generally  as  temperate.     It 


444  surgeons'  reports — Illinois — seventh  district. 

is  comparatively  a  uewly-settled  couutry,  a  large  portion  of  the  population  having  moved  in  within 
the  last  six  or  eight  years  from  other  States  as  well  as  from  Europe.  Many  of  them  have  not  been 
here  long  enough  to  become  acclimated,  and  to  provide  themselves  with  comfortable  buildings  and 
other  uecessary  means  of  protection  against  the  cold  and  frequent  climatic  changes,  and  hence  arise 
two  additional  causes  of  disease,  such  as  pneumonia  and  rheumatism,  as  well  as  malarious  fever. 
This  last  is  generally  blended  with  the  two  former,  often  acting  as  cause  thereof,  and,  reciprocally, 
as  cause  and  effect.  The  malarious  poison  being  in  the  system  of  many  settlers  during  all  seasons  of 
the  year,  it  is  olten  mused  into  action  by  slight  causes,  and  particularly  by  other  diseases. 
Although  I  have  not  exempted  or  rejected  any  for  rheumatism,  it  is  nevertheless  a  very  prevalent 
disease  here,  and,  I  am  certain,  disqualifies  a  large  number  for  military  service  in  its  various  chronic 
forms. 

In  the  examination  of  enrolled  men  applying  for  exemption,  a  great  number  were  examined 
claiming  exemption  becau.se  of  chronic  rheumatism  of  the  back  or  some  other  part,  wliichnot  being 
manifested  by  any  positive  change  of  structure,  I  did  not  feel  justified,  iiccording  to  the  regulations, 
in  exempting  them.  Notwithstanding  this,  1  think  that  many  of  them  were  disqualified  for  military 
service,  and  I  think  that  the  regulations  should  allow  the  introduction  of  testimony  in  such  obscure 
cases.  Organic  disease  of  the  heart,  which  I  do  not  doubt  has  been  most  commonly  brought  on  by 
rheumatism,  is  a  disease  often  met  with  here.  I  see  we  rejected  only  five  men  under  section  5  of 
paragraph  85,  for  disease  of  internal  organs,  and  these  1  believe  were  nearly  all  cases  of  organic 
disease  of  the  heart.  But  in  the  cases  of  enrolled  men  a  number  were  exempted  for  this  disease ; 
and  a  much  greater  number  were  believed  to  be  disqualified  for  military  service  from  the  same 
cause,  but  by  a  rule  of  the  board  enrolled  men  were  exempted  only  in  extremely  well-marked  cases. 
1  will  here  remark  that,  acting  as  assistant  surgeon  for  some  time  before  I  was  appointed  surgeon 
of  the  board,  I  exainined  a  great  number  of  enrolled  men  applying  for  exemption  of  wlnan  no  record 
was  made.  1  had  also  acted  as  assistant  surgeon  in  the  preceding  draft,  and  in  both  instances  1 
had  an  opportunitj  of  observing  the  frequency  of  organic  disease  of  the  heart,  and,  from  what  could 
be  learned  in  these  examinations,  I  believe  it  to  have  been  generally  caused  by  rheumatism. 
These  facts  will  account  for  my  surgeon's  books  not  showing  more  exem[)tions  for  this  disease. 
Men  so  affected  rarely  present  themselves  as  recruits  or  substitutes.  I  believe  that  the  great  pre- 
valence of  rheumatism  is  princii)ally  owing  to  malarious  influence.  I  am  sure,  from  a^  twenty-two 
years'  residence  in  this  county,  that  it  is  constantly  becoming  more  healthy  as  it  is  settled,  brought 
under  cultivation,  and  draiued  ;  and  1  believe  that  it  will  eventually  become  a  healthy  country  from 
the  destruction  of  malarial  sources.  While  less  prevalent,  fevers  appear  to  assume  a  more  contin- 
uous form  or  type.  #  *  * 

The  greatest  number  rejected  under  any  one  section  of  paragraph  85  was  under  section  9,  for 
permanent  physical  disability ;  76  men  were  rejected  under  this  section.  Of  these,  12  were  rejected 
for  permanent  i>hysi('al  disability,  and  although  they  were  not  rejected  under  section  6  for  developed 
tuberculosis,  yet  I  considered  the  most  of  them,  if  not  all,  as  tending  to  that  condition.  The 
remaining  04  were  rejected  on  accountof  undersize  and  immaturity  ;  and  although  they  were  willing 
to  make  oath  that  they  were  eighteen  years  of  age,  the  board  had  doubts,  in  many  cases,  of  the 
truth  of  the  assertion,  as  we  knew  they  were  anxious  to  enlist  for  the  bounty.  I  believe  I  have  not 
as  yet  answered  one  question  that  should  have  been  attended  to  before,  to  wit:  "The  number  of 
men  that  can  be  physically  examined  per  day  with  iiccuracy." 

We  did  examine  in  one  day  over  one  hundred,  as  I  now  recollect,  but  I  think  that  not  more 
than  from  sixty  to  xerenty-Jive  can  be  examined  with  sutticient  care  and  accuracy  in  a  day. 

Ouly  eight  men  were  rejected  under  section  8  for  inveterate  and  extensive  skin-disease,  but  a 
great  many  were  examined  and  accepted  who  were  suffering  so  seriously  with  skin-disease  of 
various  kinds  as  to  leave  doubts  whether  they  should  not  have  been  rejected.  Diseases  of  the  skin 
are  quite  prevalent  in  this  district ;  I  think  considerably  more  so  than  in  uon-malarions  districts. 
I  have  long  thought  that  they  were  in  some  way  connected  with  the  malarious  influences  of  the 
country,  as  I  am  sure  1  have  more  frequently  seen  them  in  persons  who  had  suffered  from  malarial 
fever  than  in  tiiose  who  had  not.  It  may  be  remarkcnl  that  nothing  is  more  common  than  a  kind 
of  herpetic  ernption  about  the  mouth  and  liiis  of  those  who  have  become  convalescent  fiom  inter- 


i; 


SURGEONS     KKPOKTS ILLINOIS SKVENTII    DISTRICT.  445 

luitteiit  fever.  I  do  uot,  however,  suppose  that  all  tliese  skin-diseases  proceed  Cioin  this  cause,  but 
1  believe  that  many  of  tliein  do. 

in  the  exatiiiiiatiou  of  drafted  men,  substitutes,  and  recruits,  I  found  that  live  men  were  exam- 
ined and  rejected  for  tl)e  loss  of  teeth  ;  and  in  the  examination  of  enrolled  men  a])pl,ving  for  exemp- 
tion, 1  lind  that  fourteen  were  exempted  for  the  same  cause,  making  in  all  nineteen  cases.  It  is  a 
nu  ions,  if  not  an  interesting,  fact,  that  all  of  thepi  but  one  were  rejected  for  the  loss  of  upper  teeth; 
and  this  one  was  for  the  loss  of  both  upper  and  lower  teeth.  Why  the  loss  of  npi)ei'  teeth  should 
be  so  mu(;h  more  frequent  than  of  the  lower,  1  am  unable  even  to  suggest.  I  merely  mention  it  as 
a  curious  fact. 

1  observe  also  that  varicocele  was  more  frequent  on  the  left  than  on  the  right  side.  1  rarely 
met  with  a  case  on  the  right  side.  1  mention  this  only  to  confirm  the  statement  so  often  made  by 
the  authorities. 

I  found  hernia  rather  more  frequent  on  the  right  side ;  but  I  do  not  know  that  it  was  so  much 
so  as  to  induce  the  opinion  that  there  is  a  greater  predisposition  to  it  on  that  side  than  on  the  other. 
In  twenty-eight  cases,  fourteen  were  on  the  right  side,  nine  on  the  left,  four  were  double,  and  in  one 
the  side  was  not  mentioned. 

I  met  with  but  one  case  of  the  rare  malformation  of  hypospadia,  and  not  one  of  ej)ispadia. 

I  am  requested  to  give  my  ''views  in  reference  to  the  different  sections  of  paragraph  85.  Ee- 
vised  Regulations  of  the  Provost  Marshal-General's  Bureau,  and  what  changes  I  would  recom- 
mend.'' 

I  do  not  know  of  any  changes  that  I  could  recommend  ;  but  there  might,  in  my  opinion,  be 
some  slight  additions  made.  For  instance,  I  had  nine  cases  that  I  could  not  properly  bring  under 
any  section  in  paragraph  85.  I  therefore  think  there  should  be  a  "miscellaneous  section"  placed 
in  the  blank  forms  for  such  cases.  A  few  such  anomalous  cases  will  occur,  and  the  surgeon  needs 
a  numbered  section  for  them,  so  that  he  may  jdace  the  number  against  the  name  exempted,  in  the 
right-hand  margin  of  his  record-book  and  in  the  monthly  report  of  drafted  men,  as  well  as  in 
Tables  Nos.  1  and  2  of  the  final  report  of  the  draft. 

1  would  remark  as  to  epilepsy  that  the  Revised  Regulations  require  that  lor  this  disability 
the  man  should  be  rejected;  but  they  make  it  extremely  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  for  the  board 
to  do  so  in  many  cases,  as  they  require  "the  duly-attested  affidavit  of  a  i)liysician  in  good  standing, 
who  has  attended  him  (the  epileptic  man)  in  the  disease  within  six  mouths  immediately  preceding 
his  examination  by  the  board."  Now,  this  disease  being  one  generally  considered  incurable,  it  is 
not  common  to  have  a  physician  in  attendance.  The  family-physician,  even,  will  raiely  see  the 
man  during  the  fit.  We  have  had  difficulty  in  these  cases.  I  therefore  think  that  the  evidence 
of  other  reliable  persons  should  be  received  by  the  board  as  sufficient. 

There  are  no  provisions  made  in  the  Revised  Regulations  for  the  exemjition  or  rejection  of 
asthmatic  subjects.  It  appears  to  \\w  that  this  should  be  done.  It  is  known  tliat  there  are  uuiuy 
cases  of  this  disease,  where  the  subjects  are  for  the  greater  part  of  the  time  engaged  in  their  usual 
business,  apparently  in  good  health,  but  who  are,  notwithstanding,  subject  to  frequent  and  severe 
j)ar(>x.\sms  of  the  disease,  which  would  entirely  disqualify  them  for  military  service,  nearly  or  quit*?, 
as  much  as  epilepsy,  in  many  cases.  A  nuudier  were  before  the  board  in  whom  no  trace  of  the 
disease  could  be  discovered  at  the  time,  some  of  whom,  I  am  satisfied,  were  subject  to  frequent 
severe  attacks.  These  men  proposed  to  procure  the  affidavits  of  their  family-physicians  and  their 
neighbors  to  show  how  badly  they  often  suffered  with  these  paroxysms,  but  even  if  they  had  done 
so  the  regulations  made  no  provision  for  their  exemption  under  any  head  that  I  know  of.  It  could 
hardly  come  under  section  5  of  paragraph  85,  "organic  disease  of  internal  organs,"  unless  it  was 
the  result  of  organic  disease  of  the  heart,  which  is  rarely  the  case.  However,  the  surgeon  who 
drew  up  the  various  sections  of  paragraph  85  may  have  considered  that  section  5  embraced  asthma. 
But,  even  if  this  is  the  view  to  be  taken  of  it,  when  the  asthmatic  subject  presents  himself  to  the 
b0(»rd  for  examination  between  the  paroxysms,  and  with  no  penseptible  symi)toms  of  the  existence 
of  the  disease,  the  surgeon  could  not  exem|)t  him,  except  from  his  own  statements,  which  of  course 
would  be  insufficient,  and  the  regulations  make  no  provisions  for  the  introduction  of  other  evidence. 
I  think  bad  cases  of  asthma  should  exempt,  and  that  the  regulations  should  be  amended  so  that 


44fJ  SURGEONS'    REPORTS ILLINOIS SEVENTH    DISTRICT. 

reliable  evidence  might   be  introduced,  such  as,  for  instance,  the  afiQdavit  of  a  pLysieiaii  or  other 
credible  person,  as  recoiumeuded  in  the  case  of  epilepsy. 

I  beg  leave  also  to  make  a  few  suggestions  as  to  chronic  rheumatism.     The  Revised   Itegula- 
tions  as  they  now  stand  direct  exem])tion  or  rtjection   for  chronic   rhenniatisui,  bnt  not  "unless  it 
is  manifested  by  positive  change  of  structure,  wasting  of  the  affected  limb,  or  pufduess,  or  distor- 
tion of  the  joints."    Now  the  ])racticiug  physician  is  constantly  called  upon  foi  advice  and  treat 
menl,  in  souje  of  the  hybrid   or  more  common  chronic  forms  of  the  disease,  where  it  is  not  niani 
lested   by  any  such  alteration  in  the  jiarts  as  named,  and  yet  the  man  may  be  entirely  disiiualified 
for  military  service,  or  for  most  kinds  of  manual  labor.     Every  practicing  physician  must  frequently 
have  met  with  such  cases;  at  least  they  are  not  tincomnion  in   tliis  district.     I  think  the  regula 
tions  should  be  so  amended  as  to  permit  exemption  for  such  cases,  when  considered  by  the  surgeon 
and  board  of  enrollment  to  disqualify  for  military  service,  the  testimony  of  a  physician  or  other  credi- 
ble evidence  being  presented,  showing  that  the  subject  has  been  disqualified  for  the  performance  of 
manual  labor,  and  that  the  disease  has  been  of  long  standing.     I  know  that  great  care  and  caution 
arc  necessary  in  exempting  drafted  men  for  this  form  of  disease,  as  they  are  more  likely  to  feign  it 
than  almost  any  other,  from  the  fact  that  they  think  it  more  difficult  for  the  surgeon  to  detect 
the  attempted  imposition. 

*  lam  requested  to  mention  the  "frauds  most  to  be  guarded  against  which  are  practiced  by 
drafted  and  enrolled  men  to  escape,  aud  substitutes  and  recruits  to  enter  the  service,  and  any 
other  obstacles  I  have  had  to  contend  with  in  the  discharge  of  my  duties,  and  to  make  any  sug- 
gestions as  to  the  best  method  of  avoiding  or  overcoming  these  difhculties  in  future." 

The  greatest  ditticulties  are  i)resented  in  the  examination  of  drafted  and  enrolled  men.  for  it  is 
rare,  and  is  indeed  the  excei)tiou  instead  of  the  rule,  for  them  when  under  examination  to  admit 
themselves  to  be  in  good  health  ;  such  cases,  however,  do  occasionally  occur.  It  matters  u.t 
wliat  may  be  the  size  of  the  room  in  which  the  examinations  are  conducted  ;  for  when  an  attempt 
is  maile  to  walk  or  move  the  men  around  rapidly  they  generally  pretend  to  be  as  stiff  as  a  foundered 
liorsc.  We  feel  as  if  we  were  among  the  lame,  blind,  dumb,  and  halt.  On  listening  to  their  com- 
l)laiuts,  could  we  believe  them,  we  should  imagine  there  was  much  more  need  of  a  physician  or 
surgeon  to  heal  them  of  their  infirmities  than  to  examine  them  as  recruits  for  the  Army.  One 
experiences  great  sympathy  for  the  poor  fellows  at  such  times.  If  one  excuse  fail,  they  resort  to 
another  for  exemption.  But  I  may  have  spoken  rather  too  unfavorably  as  to  their  honesty.  I 
must  admit  that  quite  a  respectable  number  of  the  drafted  men  boast  of  fine  health  and  disdain 
feigning  any  disability  for  exemption.  Many  complain  of  disease  of  the  chest,  and  pretend  to 
believe  themselves  consumptive.  J)iseases  of  the  liver  and  heart  are  quite  common  among  them. 
But  all  attempts  at  fraud  in  claiming  to  be  afflicted  by  these  diseases  can  generally  be  detected  by 
the  surgeon  (hiring  a  critical  examination. 

With  substitutes  and  recruits  the  case  is  quite  different.  They  are  anxious  to  enlist  for  the 
bounty  offered  ;  they  are  consequently  very  sui>ple  aud  active,  and  have  no  consumption  or  disease 
of  internal  organs  unless  the  surgeon  can  discover  the  same,  which  he  may  occasionally  do  on  a  close 
gxaminatiou. 

Internal  Imjmorrhoids  are  often  alleged  by  drafted  and  enrolled  men.  The  surgeon  should 
keep  on  hand  a  dilating  metallic  rectum-speculum,  aud  when  this  disease  is  claimed  for  exemptijn, 
should  exhibit  and  explain  its  use  to  the  man,  and  propose  an  examination,  assuring  him  that  he 
can  by  its  use  ascertain  the  existence  of  any  disease.  If  he  be  a  drafted  or  enrolled  man,  and 
-object  to  the  examination,  it  may  be  fairly  assumed  that  he  is  attempting  imposition,  and  should 
at  once  be  examined,  or,  if  he  still  objects,  it  may  be  taken  for  granted  that  nothing  is  the  matter; 
for  if  diseased  he  will  readily  submit  to  an  examination.  It  is  otherwise  in  the  case  of  substitutes 
and  recruits,  for,  if  not  diseased,  they  will  not  be  likely  to  object. 

Partial  deafness  is  not  unfrequently  claimed  for  exemption.  I  know  uo  lietter  way  of  detect- 
ing this  character  of  im[)osition  than  by  drawing  the  man  into  conversation,  and,  by  frequently 
changing  the  .subject,  surpii.se  him  into  an  admission  of  the  attempt  to  irai)ose  upon  the  surgeon. 
We  detected  several  in  this  way. 

Total  loss  of  sight  of  right  eye,  also,  is  not  unfrequently  feigned.  We  had  several  enrolled 
men  to  make  this  plea,  one  of  whom  was  a  doctor.      If  neither  of  the  (Tuter  structures  of  the 


8UKGEON.S'    KEPOKTS ILLINOI.S SKVENTU    l^ISTKICT.  447 

eye,  nor  the  iris,  nor  the  crystalline  lens  be  diseased,  the  man  may  still  have  lost  his  sight  by 
amaurosis.  I  think  the  surgeon  should  be  prepared  with  an  ophthalraoscojie,  and  when  the  claim 
to  loss  of  sight  is  urged,  and  no  external  evidence  of  it  exists,  he  should  show  the  instrument 
to  the  man  and  exjdain  the  manner  of  using  it,  assuring  him  he  can  detect  the  ditticulty  if  any  exists. 
If  he  is  feigning  blindness,  he  will  not  be  apt  to  .-^how  a  disposition  to  give  him  the  trouble  to 
make  the  experiment,  as  was  the  case  with  the  doctor  above  named.  Nothing  could  be  seen  iu  the 
eye  in  liis  case  to  justify  the  belief  that  he  was  blind,  ami  lie  was  not  therefore  exempted  when  he 
came  before  the  board  for  examination,  i  afterward  saw  him  and  told  him  I  might  have  done  him 
injustice;  that  1  had  since  procured  au  ophthalmoscope,  and  if  he  would  call  at  my  room  I  would 
examine  his  eye  with  it,  and  that  I  should  thus  be  able  to  ascertain  its  true  condition,  and  that  he 
could  yet  be  exempted  if  the  eye  was  found  to  be  blind.  He  promised  to  do  .so  ;  but  that  was  the 
last  I  saw  of  him.  I  afterward  inquired  of  his  neighbors  about  his  being  blind  in  one  eye,  l)ut  no 
one  had  ever  heard  of  it  before.  This  instrument  may  assist  the  surgeou  very  much  in  deciding 
with  regard  to  blindness  from  amaurosis,  if  he  has  practiced  its  use. 

There  were  a  number  of  instances  in  which  drafted  men  and  enrolled  men  came  before  the 
board  tor  examination,  wearing  trus.ses  and  claiming  that  they  had  hernia.  When  imposition  was 
being  attempted  iu  these  cases,  the  skin  was  more  irritated  and  red  iioui  the  i)ressure  and  friction 
of  the  ball  or  pad  than  iu  cases  of  true  hernia,  where  it  has  become  accustomed  to  the  use  of  the 
truss.  The  abdominal  ring  should  be  examined  and  compared  with  the  other  side,  to  ascertain 
whether  it  is  larger  than  it  should  be  where  hernia  does  not  exist.  It  would  be  well  to  have  the 
man  to  strain  the  abdominal  muscles,  and  also  to  jump  and  lift,  for  the  purpo.se  of  discovering  the 
disability.  If  these  measures  fail  to  i)roduce  any  manifestations  thereof,  it  is  presumable  that  none 
exists  in  his  case.  Of  course,  it  will  be  quite  as  necessary  to  use  these  tests  with  substitutes  and 
recruits,  as  they  are  equally  anxious  to  conceal  the  same  for  the  purpose  of  .securing  the  bounty; 
but  when  iu  the  service,  and  the  bounty  secured,  they  Irequently  obtain  a  di.scliarge  for  this  cause. 
I  may  flatter  myself  that  we  were  quite  successful  iu  detecting  diseases  fraudulently  attempted  to 
be  concealed  by  substitutes  and  recruits,  as  we  rejected  many  who  attempted  such.  There  is  no 
danger  of  drafted  men  ever  concealing  a  disease  for  which  they  may  afterward  be  discharged ; 
they,  of  course,  conceal  nothing. 

But  the  most  perplexing  diseases  Ibr  the  surgeon  are,  probably,  the  hybrid  forms  of  chronic  rheu- 
matism, some  of  it.s  more  regular  chronic  forms,  and  the  large  class  of  neuralgic  diseases.  I  speak 
thus  from  the  fact  that  these  diseases  are  often  met  with  iu  some  form  or  other  of  so  aggravated  a 
character  as  to  entirely  disqualify  a  man  for  military  service,  although  the  health  in  other  res[)ects 
may  appear  fair.  It  may  take  the  form  of  a  long-standing  rheumatic  back,  pain  in  tlie  hip,  chest, 
or  in  various  parts  of  the  body.  Sometimes  it  is  found  over  the  region  of  the  heart,  and  >et  the 
disease  is  not  manifested  by  any  apparent  alteration  of  structure,  such  as  wasting  or  pufhuess.  It 
might  often  be  concealed  by  a  substitute  or  reciirit  without  the  surgeon's  being  able  to  detect  it. 
A  drafted  man  will  claim  exemption  for  it,  and  from  the  difliculty  that  the  surgeou  will  labor 
under  iu  deciding  whether  the  man  is  telling  the  truth,  he  may  receive  him  into  the  service,  though 
he  may  prove  to  be  of  no  use  whatever.  I  know  of  no  better  way  of  arriving  at  the  truth  in  these 
cases  than  to  have  the  man  who  claims  exemption  for  such  diseases  procure  the  affidavit  of  his 
family-physician,  and  other  evidence  of  reliable  persons  acquainted  with  him.  I  think  the  regula- 
tions should  be  so  amended  as  to  allow  this. 

A  man  claiming  exemption  for  asthma,  as  it  is  not  likely  that  he  would  go  before  the  board 
for  examination  during  a  paroxysm,  should  be  required  to  procure  such  evidence  as  is  above  sug- 
gested for  chronic  rheumatic  diseases. 

A  number  of  drafted  and  enrolled  men  claim  to  havedi.sea.se  of  the  kidneys  and  urinary  organs, 
disqualifying  them  for  military  service.  For  di.sea.ses  of  this  kind,  the  surgeou  can  generally  have 
no  other  evidence  than  the  man's  own  statement,  unless  he  is  permitted  to  introduce  the  evidence 
of  his  physician  and  other  acquaintances,  or  unless  the  surgeou  could  have  the  opportunity  of 
examining  his  urine  with  chemical  tests  and  the  micioscope.  With  this  kind  of  evidence,  the  sur- 
geon might  often  be  able  to  decide  the  nature  of  the  case  with  approximating  accuracy.  In  the 
case  of  enrolled  men,  he  would  have  the  opportunity  of  making  investigations  in  this  manner;  but, 
in  the  case  of  drafted  men,  who  are  of  more  importance,  it  is  more  difficult  for  the  surgeou  to  do 


448  surgeons'  uepokts — Illinois — seventh  district. 

fbifs,  as  he  wuiihl  nucl.v  ba\c  the  time,  the  mau  baviag  to  be  exatnineil,  and,  il'  acce[)teil,  sent  for- 
ward without  delay.         #  #  * 

I  am  requested  to  give  my  opinion  as  to  what  nationality  piesents  the  greatest  physieal  aptitude 
for  military  service.  I  have  some  misgivings  as  to  my  eoinpeteney  to  answer  this  interrogatory,  as 
it  is  not  strietly  within  the  i)rovinee  of  my  medical  and  surgical  studies,  and  I  cannot  say  that  my 
late  medical  examinations  have  east  much  light  on  it.  My  examinations  were  nearly  conlined  to 
our  own  nationality,  with  the  addition  ot  a  few  Germans,  about  as  many  Irish,  and  a  few  individu- 
als of  other  nationalities.  I  will,  therefore,  only  venture  an  opinion  as  to  thes(i  three  nationalities; 
my  observations  and  experience  are  too  limited  to  authorize  an  opinion  as  to  any  othef's.  Wlien  I 
award  a  pretereuce  to  our  own  people,  as  I  feel  bound  to  do,  it  may  b(!  thought  that  I  am  insensibly 
influenced  to  this  preference  fiom  being  myself  an  American.  However,  I  think  I  am  free  from 
any  bias  in  this  respect.  I  cannot  say  that  the  i)hysical  development  of  the  system  for  strength 
and  endurance  gives  the  American  the  advantage,  for  the  muscular  development  in  the  case  of  the 
German  and  Irish  is  luUy  equal,  if  not  superior  to  his.  In  this  respect,  I  incline  to  the  belief  tbat 
the  German  has  the  advantage  of  the  others  ;  but  when  other  circumstances  and  facts  are  consid- 
ered, I  think  it  is  not  diflicult  to  perceive  why  the  German  and  Irish  should  not  be  expected  to 
possess  as  great  a  natural  or  ();iysical  aptitude  tor  military  service  as  the  xVmericans. 

lu  the  first  place,  the  Americans  are  privileged  to  keep  and  use  fire-arms.  The  most  of  them, 
consequently,  avail  themselves  of  this  privilege,  and  habitually  use  them  iii  hunting  and  sliooting 
game,  and  olten  in  sporting  witli  them  by  shooting  at  a  mark  for  amusement.  They  have,  there- 
tore,  become  almost  as  familiar  with  them  as  with  their  implements  of  trade  and  husbandry.  The 
Germans  and  Irish,  as  I  understand,  have  not  in  their  native  country  been  permitted  the  enjoy- 
ment of  these  privileges,  at  least  to  any  considerable  extent.  In  the  second  place,  farming  and 
agricultural  pursuits  are  carried  on  much  more  extensively  by  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  Ameri- 
can people  and  to  much  greater  extent  than  either  in  Germany  or  Ii'eland,  particularly  in  the 
latter  country.  This  is  a  business  requiring  great  physical  exercise  and  exposure  to  hardships,  as 
much  as,  or  more  than,  almost  any  other  occupation.  The  farmer's  life,  it  seems  to  me,  more 
nearly  approximates  that  of  the  soldier  in  the  campaign  than  any  other  occupation.  The  American 
is  cool,  deliberate,  and  calculating,  and  possessed  of  great  firmness  and  determination,  and,  I  think, 
certainly  possessed  of  as  much  courage  and  bravery  as  the  people  of  any  other  nationality.  He  is 
probably  jjossessed  of  as  much  national  pride,  self  respect,  and  admiration  for  heroism  as  the  pe()i)le 
of  any  other  riation  ;  and  having  been  taught,  from  the  time  of  the  declaration  of  American  inde- 
])endeuce  up  to  the  present  time,  that  he  is  a  citizen  of  the  best  and  freest  Government  in  the  world, 
he  is  patriotic  to  a  high  degree.  I,  of  course,  except  in  this  respect  traitors  and  their  sympathizers, 
who  have  a  greater  admiration  for  slavery  than  for  freedom  and  country.  The  German  resembles  the 
American  in  many  of  the  above  characteristics.  He  is  cool,  determined,  calculating,  iiiid  possessed 
of  considerable  firmness  and  bravery,  though  it  may  be  doubtful  whether  he  is  fully  equal  to  the 
American  in  these  rejects.  1  should  think  him  not  greatly  his  inferior,  but,  until  he  came  to  this 
country,  he  was  not  permitted  the  use  of  fire-arms  so  as  to  become  familiarized  with  them  as  our 
own  people  are.  The  Germans  are  somewhat  of  an  agricultural  people,  but  not  to  the  same  extent 
as  the  Americans.  1  should,  upon  the  whole,  consider  them  not  generally  inferior  to  the  Americans 
in  their  physical  aptitude  for  military  service.  The  Irish  are,  no  doubt,  brave  and  daring  to  a 
fault,  but  they  are  impulsive,  impetuous,  and  rash.  They  are  i  cssessed  also  of  great  confidence 
and  self-reliance,  all  of  which  may  well  fit  them  for  a  charge  upon  the  enemy,  but  would  not  capaci- 
tate them  for  open-field  fighting,  where  not  bravery  but  judgment,  coolness,  and  determination 
arc  the  great  pi erequisites.     They  lack  these  characteristics,  in  my  opinion.        *  *  # 

I  am-  asked  my  "  experience  as  to  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  for  military 
service."  I  examined  but  few  colored  men,  but  in  them  I  found  the  physical  development  excellent. 
The  development  of  the  muscular  system  was  decidedly  sujjerior  for  physical  force  and  power  to 
that  of  either  of  the  nationalities  above  named.  And,  when  we  consider  this  superior  muscular 
development,  in  i)art  the  result  of  a  life  of  hard  labor,  drudgery,  and  privation,  which  the  negro 
has  been  compelled  to  perform  and  endure,  it  would  indeed  seem  that  no  better  preparatory  train- 
ing for  campaign-life  could  have  beea  given  him.  He  has  been  raised  in  huts  not  superior  to  the 
soldier.s'  tents  and  barracks,  and,  in  fact,  very  similar  to  them.     His  food  is  of  the  coarsest  kind,  and 


surgeons'    reports — ILLINOIS — EIGHTH    DISTRICT.  44<J 

generally  in  sciuit  allowance  at  tliat.  In  view  of  all  these  facts,  it  would  indeed  seem  curious  if, 
witb  his  powerful  muscular  system,  hesliould  not  be  capable,  in  the  highest  degree,  of  enduring  the 
privations  and  hardships  of  a  soldier's  life  better  than  the  white  American,  the  German,  or  the  Irish, 
or,  in  fact,  than  any  other  civilized  race.  Having  myselt  been  raised  in  a  slave  State,  and  having 
lived  among  slaves  the  greater  poition  of  my  life,  and  that  too  where  the  winters  were  but  little 
milder  than  here  in  Illinois,  I  know  it  was  the  general  opinion  that  the  negro,  from  his  habits  and 
style  of  living,  could  endure  much  more,  in  both  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold,  than  the  white  man. 
Kaised  a  slave,  he  has  been  taught,  trained,  and  compelled  to  obey  others,  and,  as  a  rule,  submits 
to  restraints  quietly  and  obeys  orders  readily.  His  whole  training  to  this  time  has  been  to  obey 
but  not  to  govern.  lu  the  Army,  as  I  have  seen  and  known,  he  takes  great  luide  in  military  dis- 
cipline, obeys  orders  well,  and  learns  the  duties  of  a  soldier  as  readily  as  the  whites  do,  and,  I  have 
no  doubt,  takes  more  pride  in  being  a  soldier.  Having  been  raised  to  regard  himself  as  an  inferior 
to  the  whites,  the  ettect  has  been  to  make  him  timid  when  among  them,  and  consequently  it  is  the 
uiore  difidcnlt  to  judge  of  his  courage  and  bravery.  But  1  have  reason  to  believe  that  he  possesses 
a  fair  share  of  it  when  i)ut  to  the  test,  notwithstanding  his  entire  training  has  tended  to  check  in 
him  everything  like  a  spirit  of  bravery.  I  am  but  doing  him  justice  to  state  that  this  war  has  fur- 
nished many  instances  wliich  show  his  courage  to  be  but  little,  if  any,  inferior  to  that  of  white 
soldiers.  Give  hinj  freedom,  the  human  rights  and  privileges  necessary  to  continue  a  free  man, 
and  let  him  have  a  country,  and  I  have  no  doubt  of  his  ability  and  courage  to  defend  it.  Neither 
do  I  have  any  doubt  that  he  possesses  a  mind  cajjable  of  a  much  higher  degree  of  cultivation  than 
has  generally  been  awarded  him.  He  would,  indeed,  be  a  prodigy,  if,  with  all  his  present  disadvan- 
tages, he  should  be  found  to  possess  in  the  same  degree  the  qualifications  for  a  soldier  that  the 
whites  possess.  He  is  not  impulsive,  impetuous,  and  rash,  like  the  Irish.  His  natural  disposition 
is  to  obey ;  and  considering  the  readiness  with  which  he  acquires  military  habits,  and  the  pride  he 
takes  therein,  I  incline  to  the  oi)inion  that  he  possesses  as  great  an  aptitude  for  military  service  as 
they  do  ;  and,  if  well  oflicered  by  white  men,  he  could  be  as  much  relied  on  in  the  charge  or  foropeu- 
lield  fighting.         #  *  * 

WINSTON  SOMERS, 
Late  Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  /Seventh  District  of  Illinois. 
Ukbana,  III.,  August  25,  18Co. 

ILLINOIS— EIGHTH  DISTRICT. 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  E.  R.  Babcock. 

*  *  *  Number  of  recruits,  substitutes,  and  drafted  men  examined  previous  to 

January  G,  1865,  by  Surgeon  Whitmire : 

Recruits 2,  944 

Substitutes 417 

Dratted  men 397 

Total; 3,758 

Since  January  G,  18G5,  by  Surgeon  Babcock : 

Recruits 2,461 

Substitutes 174 

Drafted  men 13 

Total ! 2, 647 

Total  since  orgauization  of  board G,  405 

Total  number  of  examinations  of  enrolled  men 2, 250 

Total  number  held  to  service 1, 119 

Total  number  exempt  from  service 1, 131 

57 


450  surgeons'  reports — Illinois — eighth  district. 

Surgeon  Whitmire  rejected  previous  to  January  G,  1SG5 : 

Eecruits 387 

Substitutes ''^ 

Surgeon  Babcock  rejected  since  January  G,  1865  : 

Eecruits 3^3 

Substitutes - 32 

Total  rejected  since  organization  of  board : 

Eecruits  ' ''^ 

Substitutes 1^*8 

Total S08 

The  Eighth  Congressional  District  of  Illinois  is  situated  in  the  central  portion  of  the  State, 
and  includes  the  following  counties,  viz :  Sangamon,  Logan,  McLean,  De  Witt,  Woodford,  Tazewell, 
and  Livingston  ;  containing  in  all  live  thousand  one  hundred  and  ninety  square  miles  of  territory, 
and  a  population  of  one  hundred  and  ninety  thousand. 

The  most  prevalent  diseases  are  of  miasmatic  origin,  including  intermittent  fever,  bilious 
remittent,  and  other  varieties  of  that  class,  caused  by  the  detritus  deposited  from  stiinding  pools 
of  water  and  the  decay  of  vegetable  matter  on  the  margin  of  sluggish  streams,  which  latter  are 
quite  numerous. 

A  large  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  vigorous,  industrious,  intelligent  farmers,  many  of  them 
being  emigrants  from  other  States.  Agriculture  in  this  district  is  carried  to  a  high  degree  of  per- 
fection, and  comprises  tiie  great  element  of  wealth,  as  the  facilities  for  commerce  are  meager,  there 
being  no  natural  channel  to  the  great  rivers  and  lakes.  The  only  cities  or  towns  receiving  much 
benefit  from  exchange  are  Springfield,  Bloomington,  and  Pekin.  The  former,  being  the  capital  of 
the  State  and  located  in  a  very  fertile  portion,  affords  better  facilities  for  trade  and  manufacturing 
than  any  other  inland  town.  It  has  immense  beds  of  coal,  affording  a  cheap  fuel,  which  greatly 
enhances  the  material  wealth  of  the  district  in  the  absence  of  an  adequate  amount  of  wood  for  that 
purpose. 

My  reports  show  a  large  number  of  men  rejected  for  hernia,  ulcerated  varicose  veins,  and 
orf-auic  disease  of  internal  organs.  I  can  furnish  no  reason  from  local  influences  which  would 
account  for  hernia  and  varicose  veins,  but  am  of  opinion  that  organic  diseases  of  internal  organs 
are  chiefly  due  to  the  local  causes  which  have  already  been  mentioned  as  very  common  in  this  part 
of  Illinois,  namely,  the  prevalence  of  malaria  producing  diseases  which  continue  from  one  year  to 
another,  aggravated,  perhaps,  by  the  heroic  treatment  of  western  physicians,  which  leaves  in  many 
instances  unpleasant  sequels.  Prominently  among  these  diseases  may  be  mentioned  hypertrophy 
of  the  liver  and  spleen,  chronic  inflamiui^tion  of  the  stomach  and  bowels,  and,  in  rare  cases,  albumi- 
nuria and  other  diseases  of  the  kidneys. 

My  views  of  paragraph  85,  Eevised  Eegulations,  are  that  the  instructions  contained  are  hardly 
susceptible  of  improvement  by  alteration.  I  would  respectfully  suggest,  however,  in  relation  to 
clause  20,  that  the  words  closing  the  sentence  "even  if  only  of  one  jaw,"  be  omitted  or  stricken  off; 
also,  the  word  •'  total,"  at  the  beginning,  leaving  the  surgeon  to  judge  whether  decaying  fangs  of  the 
front  teeth,  eye  teeth,  or  first  molars  are  really  an  apology  for  teeth  which  the  word  "  total"  cer- 
tainly indicates,  and  thereby  prevents  the  use  of  any  discretion  on  his  part.  In  clause  23, 1  think 
there  should  be  exception  made  in  case  of  umbilical  hernia,  unless  quite  aggravated,  as  I  have 
never  seen  a  case  that  impaired  the  ethciency  of  a  soldier,  or  constituted  a  real  physical  dis- 
ability. *  #  * 

The  maximum  number  of  men  that  can  be  physically  examined  with  accuracy  during  ordinary 
business-hours,  I  place  at  one  hundred  per  d;iy. 

According  to  my  experience,  valvular  disease  of  the  heart,  disease  of  the  kidneys,  ])hthisis  pul- 
monalis,  and  deafness  are  very  frequently  feigned  by  enrolled  men  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
exemption,  and  can  only  be  gunrded  against  by  a  rigid  examination,  with  colhiteral  evidence  from 


surgeons'    reports ILLINOIS — THIRTEENTH    DISTRICT.  451 

respcctiible  pliysiciims  under  oath.  With  recrnits  tbesc  diseases  are  cautiously  disguised,  together 
with  iiii])eileet  vision  of  botli  ejes,  wliich  latter  disability  niiglit  uot  be  discovered  without 
artiticially  testiug  their  capacity  with  belladonna,  which  frequently  becomes  uecessary. 

I  regard  the  nationality  presenting  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  military  service  as  the 
German,  their  former  military  training  having  developed  the  physical  system,  which  enablesthem  to 
endure  the  fatigue  of  marches  and  the  exposure  of  camp  life. 

I  have  observed  in  the  colored  race  a  remarkable  firmness  and  apparent  strength  of  muscle, 
with  general  superior  phy.sical  qualifications  for  labor  and  endurance,  with  nearly  an  entire  exemi»- 
lion  (rom  hernia  and  varicose  veins,  a  disability  so  very  common  among  white  men.  Their  teeth  are 
generally  sound  until  im])aired  by  age. 

I  regard  the  enrollment-law  in  its  present  form,  including  ameudnieuts  which  have  been  made, 
as  well  adapted  to  the  interests  of  the  service ;  but,  without  arrogance  upon  my  part,  or  toomuch  zeal 
in  behalf  ot  the  profession  to  which  I  belong,  I  would  recommend  changes  in  the  law  which  would 
secure  a  higher  order  of  talent  from  the  medical  profession,  and  to  this  end  I  know  of  no  better 
means  than  increase  of  rank  and  pay,  and  requiring  each  member  of  the  board  to  be  subjected  to 
an  examination  as  the  proper  test  of  his  scientific,  literary,  and  moral  fitness  for  the  position  he 
may  occupy. 

E.  E.  BABCOGK, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Eighth  District  of  Illinois. 

Springfield,  III.,  AFay  24,  1805. 

ILLINOIS— THIETEENXn  DISTRICT.' 

Edfracts  from  rqwrt  of  Du.  Isaac  ]\I.  Neely. 

*  *  *        The  total  number  of  men  examined  is  about  one  thousand  five  hundred. 

The  Thirteenth  Congressional  District  is  the  extreme  southern  part  of  the  State,  and  is  com- 
posed of  fifteen  counties.  It  is  bounded' on  the  east  by  the  Wabash  Kiver,  which  is  the  dividing 
line  between  the  States  of  Illinois  and  Indiana;  by  the  Ohio  on  the  south,  and  the  Mississippi  on 
the  west.  There  are  several  small  streams  flowing  through  it  which  are  subject  to  annual  over- 
flow, the  bottoms  from  two  to  ten  miles  in  width  being  at  such  times  covered  with  water.  In  the 
northern  part  are  several  small  prairies;  the  remainder  is  timber,  rather  level. 

The  prevalent  diseases  are  periodic  fevers,  the  remittent  (bilious)  type  being  most  prevalent. 
Diarrhoea  and  dysentery  frequently  visit  us,  and  the  latter  when  in  an  epidemic  form  is  very  fatal. 

The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits.  They  are  thrifty,  industrious, 
and  peaceable,  (setting  aside  some  sprinkling  of  copperheads.)        *  #  * 

Section  0  of  paragraph  S5,  in  my  opinion,  should  include  cases  of  less  gravity  than  developed 
tuberculosKS. 

Section  11.  Many  rheumatic  subjects  are  so  sensitij^e  to  the  injurious  eflects  of  exposure 
that  upon  such  exposure  they  are  at  once  subjected  to  more  or  less  violent  attacks  of  rheumatism 
in  some  form,  disabling  them  for  a  time;  and  yet  many  of  these  men  by  care  can  attend  to  the 
ordinary  duties  of  their  several  vocations.  Such  cases,  upon  sufficient  testimony  under  oath, 
should  be  exempted. 

Section  13.  There  are  cases  of  near-sightedness  so  very  marked  as  to  render  the  persons  wholly 
unfit  for  military  duty. 

Section  22.  A  man  with  unquestionable  caries  of  spine  may  be  drafted  at  a  time  just  prior  to 
its  ulceration,  which  latter  is  impending;  should  the  section  not,  therefore,  be  modified  to  meet  such 
cases?        #  #  # 

The  number  of  men  who  could  be  examined  in  a  day  would  depend  upon  whether  they  claimed 
exemption  or  not;  in  the  former,  I  would  not  think  of  examining  over  three  per  hour  upon  an 
average.  A  mere  inspection  would  suffice  to  reject  some,  and  some  surgeons  possess  extraordinary 
tact  in  this  matter,  which  may  be  referred  to  instinct  educated,  llien,  .ngain,  many  men  re(iuire  an 
hour's  careful  examination,  while  at  other  times  a  dozen  may  be  honestly  examined  in  an  hour.     It 

'No reports  were  received  from  tlie  uiiitli,  tenth,  elevenlli,  or  twcll'th  distiiet. 


452  SURGEONS     REPORTS IOWA FIRST    DISTRICT. 

Monld  be  diflBcnIt,  tbcrefore,  to  more  than  approximate  the  actual  iminber  of  men  that  conld  be 
physically  examined  per  day  with  accuracy. 

So  far  as  my  experience  enables  me  to  speak  upon  the  frauds  practiced  by  enrolled  men  to 
avoid  the  draft,  and  drafted  men  for  exemption,  they  are  about  the  same.  I  would  mention  ukers 
of  the  lower  extremities,  mild  in  their  nature,  but  i)urpose]y  aggravated  by  local  irritants.  Ulcers 
have  also  been  induced  by  application  of  corrosive  sublimate,  sulphate  of  copper,  tartar  emetic,  or 
croton-oil,  each  easily  detected,  especially  when  there  is  an  entire  absence  of  constitutional  dis- 
turbance. Stiflness  of  joints,  rlieumatism,  "l)rcast  comi)laints,"  weak  back,  are  commonly  brought 
forward  with  all  the  eloquence  and  grimaces  imaginable.  Blindness  of  the  right  eye  is  occasionally 
alleged,  and  sometimes  with  great  and  annoying  pertinacity.  The  same  att'ections,  when  real,  are 
attempted  to  be  concealed  by  the  recruit  or  substitute. 

The  Germans,  in  my  ot)inion,  possess  the  greatest  military  aptitude. 

I  know  of  no  soldierly  quality  in  which  the  negro  is  wanting.  What  he  may  lack  in  courage 
(in  his  present  novel  status)  he  makes  up  in  ready  obedience. 

On  the  subject  of  the  enrollment-law  I  w  ill  oli'er  no  suggestions,  believing  it  to  be  in  its  genei'al 
features  all  that  can  be  desired. 

ISAAC  M.  NEELT, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Thirteenth  Bistrict  of  Illinois. 

Cairo,  III.,  Ulay  31,  1865. 


IOWA-FIRST  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  J.  M.  Shaffer. 


*  •  *        The  First  Congressional  District  of  Iowa  is  mostly  situated  within  the 

forty  first  degree  of  north  latitude.  It  embraces  eight  counties,  namely,  Lee,  Van  Euren,  Davis, 
Jefferson,  Henry,  Des  Moines,  Louisa,  and  Washington.  It  comprises  a  superficial  area  of  2,400,000 
acres,  or  3,750  scjuare  miles,  of  which  1,500,000  acres,  or  more  than  one-half,  are  not  under  fence 
or  under  cultivation. 

The  Mississipi)i  River  forms  the  entire  eastern  boundary  of  the  district,  and  the  southern 
boundary  in  part  is  made  by  the  Des  Moines  River.  The  Mississippi  is  the  eastern  boundary  of 
the  counties  of  Lee,  Des  Moines,  and  Louisa,  throughout  their  whole  extent.  The  Des  Moines 
Eiver  touches  Jefferson  and  Davis  Counties  at  opposite  corners,  passes  quite  through  the  center 
of  Van  Buren  County  in  a  southeast  direction,  makes  the  southern  boundary  of  Lee  County,  and 
empties  into  the  Mississippi  seven  miles  below  Keokuk. 

Skunk  River,  a  stream  of  no  mean  proportions,  not  navigable  by  steamboats,  yet  affording 
splendid  water-power  in  all  the  region  through  which  it  passes,  runs  through  the  southwest  part  of 
Washington  County,  touches  the  northeast  coruer  of  Jefferson  County,  and  runs  some  distance 
along  its  east  border,  passes  through  Henry  and  Lee  Counties  in  a  southeast  direction,  and  empties 
into  the  Mississippi  twelve  miles  below  the  city  of  Burlington. 

The  Des  Moines  and  Skunk  Rivers  in  the  whole  State  are  about  eight  hundred  miles  long, 
and  drain  a  space  of  country  equal  to  19,000  square  miles.  The  altitude  of  the  Mississippi  above 
the  sea-level  at  the  mouth  of  the  Des  Moines,  the  extreme  southeastern  part  of  the  district,  is  444 
feet;  at  Fairfield,  Jefferson  County,  a  point  a  little  west  of  the  geographical  center  of  the  district, 
the  elevation  above  the  sea-level  is  040  feet.  Along  all  these  streams,  thus  briefly  named, 
there  are  heavy  bodies  of  timber,  affording  an  abundant  supply  of  oak,  walnut,  elm,  hickory,  &c., 
for  building,  fencing,  and  for  the  mechanic  arts  in  which  such  material  is  demanded. 

The  entire  surface  of  the  district  is  further  watered  and  drained  by  numerous  streams  smaller 
than  those  mentioned,  all  of  which  have  a  general  southeast  course,  and  have  their  banks  lined 
with  timber.  There  are  likewise  extensive  tracts  of  prairie-land,  a  formation  almost  ready  for  the 
reception  of  the  seed  of  the  husbandman  ;  a  rich,  deep,  blactk  alluvial  dejiosit  that  cannot  be  excelled 
for  fertility,  and  which  does  not  fail  to  return  a  sure  reward  to  the  industrious  farmer.  Inexhaust- 
ible beds  of  coal  underlie  much  of  the  surface,  and  stone  is  abundant  in  many  places. 


SURGEONS     REPORTS IOWA — FIRST    DISTRICT.  453 

^' Prevalent  diseases,  and  cmises  condiicire  thereto.^'' — In  the  entire  State  of  Iowa,  between  June  1, 
1859,  and  May."!,  ISOO,  there  were  G,!)4;i  (leath.s.  The  lblk)\vins  are  the  |)rinci|)al  disease.s  reported 
iu  the  United  States  census  as  the  cause  of  death  :  Consumption,  748;  diarrhoea,  224  ;  dysentery, 
2G4;  intermittent  fever,  2oG;  remittent  fever,  235 ;  tyiihoid  fever,  413;  pneumonia,  581 ;  scarlet 
fever,  337  ;  crou)),  4G0. 

At  Fairfield,  Iowa,  during  ten  years,  between  May  12,  1852,  and  same  date,  18G2,  jny  private 
record  (preserved  witii  great  care,  and  compared  with  tiie  sexton's  boolis)  shows  that  there  were 
368  interments.  The  principal  causes  of  death  in  these  cases  were  as  follows:  Dysentery,  3G;  con- 
sumption, 33;  pneumonia,  24;  croup,  19:  typhoid  fever,  18;  remittent  fever,  17;  diarrhoea,  18;  scar- 
let fever,  7;  congestive  fever,  5;  &c. 

The  term  remittent  fever  is  understood  to  be  synonymous  with  the  common  expression  bilious 
fever.  The  word  typhoid  is  extremely  indefinite,  and  should  not  be  apjtlied  to  any  cases  but  the 
true  enteric  fever,  so  graidiically  described  by  Dr.  George  B.  Wood,  of  Philadeli)hia.  Enteric  fever 
is  a  very  rare  disease  liere. 

Even  a  casual  glance  at  the  figures  from  the  United  States  census,  compared  with  those  front 
my  own  record,  will  illustrate  the  idea  that  tliere  is  litthi  dilference  between  the  prevailing  diseases 
of  the  first  district  and  those  which  are  set  down  generally  as  the  cause  of  death  throughout  the 
West.  Dysentery,  bilious  and  intermittent  fevers,  and  generally  diseases  supjiosed  to  depend  ujion 
miasmatic  origin,  are  more  common  and  more  fatal  than  any  other  class  of  maladies.  In  the  eaily 
spring  and  late  winter  months,  when  the  snows  are  disajjpearing  and  the  weather  is  variable,  alter- 
nating from  great  heat  to  sudden  cold,  when  the  winds  change  rapidly  from  south  to  north,  and 
there  are  rapid  changes  in  the  hygrometrical  condition  of  the  atmosphere,  there  is  the  usual 
tendency  to  pulmonary  diseases.  Occasionally,  an  epidemic  of  pneumonia  at  this  season  has  seized 
the  inhabitants,  and  has  been  found  quite  intractable.  Bronchitis,  called  in  adults  "  a  bad  cold," 
and  in  children  catarrh  or  catarrhal  fever,  is  an  extremely  common  affection  at  such  times.  The 
causes  which  contribute  to  these  diseases — in  one  word,  checked  perspiration — are  not  different 
from  those  found  in  other  localities  similarly  situated. 

The  idea  at  one  time  extensively  prevailed  that  this  region  was  peculiarly  exempt  from  con- 
sumption ;  and  some  persons  affected  with  the  disease,  in  every  stage  of  its  development,  escaped 
from  their  homes  and  sought  this  climate  with  hope  of  allex  iation,  and  possibly  of  cure.  Travel, 
the  excitement  incident  to  novel  scenes,  the  whole  routine  of  treatment  under  the  comprehensive 
title  "change,"  perhaps,  accomplished  as  much  good  as  if  a  consumptive  i>atieut  liad  removed 
from  Iowa  to  Alabama,  but  not  a  particle  more.  There  is  no  reason  why  a  greater  or  less  develoi)- 
ment  of  tuberculosis  should  occur  here  than  elsewhere  discoverable  in  the  present  state  of  our 
knowledge  as  to  proximate  cause  and  intimate  pathology  of  the  disease. 

Dysentery,  remittent  and  intermittent  fevers,  are  the  scourge  of  the  late  summer  and 
early  fall  months.  All  these  are  supposed  to  de])end  upon  miasmatic  origin.  In  fact,  it  may  be 
said  in  passing,  that  many  ordinary  distempers  assume  a  distinctly  intermittent  or  remittent  char- 
acter, indicating  miasma  as  their  cau.se,  or  at  least  as  modifying  their  cause.  Thus,  pneumonia, 
dysentery,  diarrhoea,  neuralgia  in  protean  shape,  &c.,  freciuently  become  intermittent;  in  other 
words,  there  is  an  aggravation  of  all  the  symi)toms,  lecurring  at  regular  intervals,  with  other 
symptoms  of  bilious  disorder  and  origin;  and  though  the  cases  are  essentially  different,  being 
inflammation  of  different  tissues  and  of  different  grades  of  severity,  ulceration,  spasm,  or  mere 
nervous  pain,  the  cases  happily  yield  to  the  administration  of  antiperiodic  remedies. 

In  some  instances,  during  a  widespread  epidemic  of  dysentery,  where  the  symptoms  put  on  this 
character,  suli)hate  of  quinia  was  an  infallible  remedy.  The  same  may  be  said  of  i>neumonia.  In 
short,  this  region  is  no  exception  to  the  rule  that  heat,  moisture,  and  vegetable  decomposition 
develop  miasma,  and  that  these  poison  the  blood  and  induce  bilious  diseases.  This  locality  is  not 
exempt  from  the  ordinary  epidemics  that  claim  their  victims  iu  the  whole  civilized  world,  and  there 
is  no  reason  why  it  should  be,  or  why  their  essential  nature  or  character  should  be  modified. 

General  character  of  inhabitants. — Says  General  W.  Diiane  Wilson,  in  his  excellent  hand  book, 
"Iowa  and  its  Resources,"  just  published, speaking  of  the  first  district,  "Its  population  is  intelligent, 
moral,  and  industrious,  and  in  the  cities  highly  intellectual  and  cultivated."  It  may  be  superfluous 
to  enlarge  upon  this  statement,  but  a  few  figures  and  (acts  are  added  to  illustrate  it.     In  1861, 


454  surgeons'  reports — iowa — first  district. 

there  were  G99  scliool-clistricts,  579  school-houses,  aud  1,196  school-teachers,  who  were  paid  in  the 
aggregate  $91, O.J  1.13. 

These  numbers  have  all  been  increased  since  the  beginning  of  the  war.  Taking  the  enumera- 
tion as  above,  there  is  a  school-house  to  every  two  and  a  half  square  miles  of  cultivated  land  ;  and 
a  school  house  to  every  six  and  a  half  square  miles,  computing  the  whole  area,  which  includes  a 
million  and  a  half  of  acres  that  have  never  felt  the  touch  of  cultivation.  A  medical  college  of 
growing  usefulness  and  popularity  ;  several  universities  under  the  control  of  different  religious 
bodies,  prosperous,  crowded  with  students,  and  on  the  high  road  to  permanency  ;  libraries  in  every 
principal  town:  these,  and  other  like  tokens,  illustrate  the  assertion  that  the  people  appreciate  the 
great  advantages  of  education. 

If,  indeed,  it  be  true  that  the  life  and  perpetuity  of  republican  institutions  depend  on  the  intelli- 
gence of  the  people,  (and  no  one  now  dares  controvert  it,)  then  this  people  will  be  found  at  all 
times  ready  to  defend  the  principle  of  popular  government,  by  their  votes,  by  their  influence,  and, 
as  exhibitetl  in  the  civil  strife  just  now  so  gloriously  ended,  by  the  devotion  of  "  their  lives,  their 
fortunes,  and  their  sacred  honor." 

Modes  of  lift'. — Separated  from  debauchery  and  excess,  such  i)rolific  sources  of  disease  in 
densely-crowded  cities;  removed  from  the  temi)tations  to  grasp  after  sudden  wealth  ;  <!ontented  with 
the  blessedness  of  a  competency  which  insures  education  and  (uilture  to  the  child,  and  p'enty 
and  j)eace,  without  extravagance,  to  the  adult;  satisfied  with  golden  tields,  luscious  Iruits,  food 
convenient  for  them,  aud  the  association  with  neighbors  who  love  life  only  to  rationally  enjoy  it, 
the  ])eople  live  quietly  atal  happily.  Here  no  ''stinted  or  niggardly  instance  of  nature's  bounty" 
can  be  found.  Men  generally  own  the  land  which  they  cultivate,  and  with  ordinary  industry  and 
care,  or  even  with  partial  economy  of  time,  aud  small  expenditure  of  mnscle,  they  can  enjoy  all  the 
comforts  common  to  this  iwirt  of  the  tenii)erate  zone.  Beggars  there  are  none;  but  even  these, 
l)lying  their  vocation  lazily,  could  not  fail  to  live  luxuiiously.  Jt  is  a  land  of  plenty — of  corn  and 
■wine,  of  milk  and  honey  ;  and  though  these  treasures  do  not  spring  up  spontaneously,  y(it  they  are 
within  the  reach  of  all  who  make  but  inconsiderable  efforts  aud  toil  to  secure  them. 

So  much  as  to  the  modes  ot  life  can  be  inferred  from  the  occupations  of  the  peoi)Ie,  considered 
below,  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  descend  into  the  minute  details  that  make  up  the  sum  of  their 
living. 

Occitp((iions.—V>y  the  United  Statescensusof  1860,  the  district  contained  124,.301  inhabitants;  in 
1803,  the  population,  accoiding  to  State  census,  was  135,917;  and  General  Wilson's  "Iowa  and  its 
Kesources  "  places  it  at  136,430.  The  piiucipal  occupations,  as  returned  in  1800,  (and  it  is  conceived 
that  the  [)ro|)ortions  have  not  been  materially  changed  since  that  time,)  are  as  follows:  Farmers, 
14,971 ;  laborers,  5,2'27 ;  blacksmiths,  584  ;  carpenters,  1,717  ;  wagon-makers,  199  ;  plasterers,  138  ; 
stonemasons,  208;  stone  cutters,  97  ;  carriage-makers,  34  ;  machinists,  87  ;  engineers,  173;  millers, 
168;  sawyers,  85;  painters,  97;  merchants,  599  ;  clergymen,  171  ;  shoemakers,  324;  physicians,  245; 
.  lawyers,  172  ;  and  harness-makers,  125.  It  will  be  observed  that  those  engaged  in  agricultural  pur- 
suits largely  |)redoaiinate.  It  is  not  necessary  to  repeat  the  hackneyed  expression  as  to  the  lot  of 
the  agriculturist,  his  iutlependence,  his  love  of  country,  his  sterling  worth  in  the  Viiried  fields  of 
human  labor  and  i)rogress  and  sympathy.  It  is  not  improper,  however,  to  recall  the  aphorism  thai 
"great  inties  are  cancers  on  the  body  politic;"  and  to  couple  it  with  the  declaration  that  when  an 
agricultural  people  have  been  the  i)roprietor.s  of  the  soil,  and  have  been  intelligent,  they  have  nevei 
been  enslaved.  It  is  imi)ossible  for  such  a  ])eoi)le  to  lose  their  liberties.  Demagogues  may  mislead 
by  plausible  argument  or  ]>retext  for  a  time,  but  the  sober  second  thought,  the  careful  unimpas- 
sioned  reflection,  will  always  insure  a  correct  path  of  faith  and  duty.  The  iieople — those  who  till  the 
soil,  work  in  mines  and  shops  and  factories — these  are  they  upon  whom  this  nation  nuist  depend  tor 
the  material  to  fight,  aiJd  the  money  to  pay  the  expenses. 

Vieirs  as  to  pura<jraph  85. — Each  amendment  that  has  been  made  to  the  requirements  of  para- 
gra])h  85  has  been  a  decided  improvement.  The  regulations  of  April  21,  1803,  embraced  fifty-one 
sections,  and  gave  too  great  latitude  to  the  judgment  of  surgeons  and  boards  of  enrollment  in  the 
physical  examination  of  men.  Circular  No.  100,  Novenibei'  9,  18(!;?,  leduced  the  number  of  sections 
enumerating  disabilities  to  forty  one,  and  left  still  less  to  the  discretion  of  the  examining  board. 
The  llevised  liegulatious  of  September,  1864,  reduce  the  number  still  further  to  thirty -six  sections, 


SUIIGEON.S'    REPORTS — IOWA FIRST    DISTRICT.  455 

and  leaves  almost  notliiiif,' to  the  jiulsmcnt  of  the  surgeon.  Generalities  were  mostly  expunged, 
and  causes  of  exemption  brought  under  .specitic  titles,  and  all  that  the  surgeon  could  do  was  to 
decide  that  a  person  had  or  had  not  some  one  of  the  disqualifying  disabilities  enumerated,  and  hold 
him  to  service  or  discharge  him  accordingly.  As  nearly  as  jMyssible,  all  rules  connected  with  mili- 
tary discipline  should  be  sjiecilic  ;  and  the  officer  who  executes  them  should  do  so  at  all  hazards, 
without  the  care  of  exercising  private  judgment.  It  will  occasionally  work  a  hardship  to  some  per- 
sons inflexibly  to  observe  military  regulations,  but,  in  the  main,  the  result  will  work  the  greatest 
good  to  the  greatest  number.  There  are  cases  of  dratted  men  who  are  evidently  not  tit  for  active 
field  duty,  but  which  do  not  come  directly  within  the  provisions  of  paragraph  85,  and  the  men  con- 
sequently are  held  to  service;  yet  it  is  better  to  send  a  few  of  this  class  forward  than  to  give  an 
unreasonable  latitude  by  which  hundreds  fit  for  service  may  be  discharged,  and  thus  escape  the 
obligations  due  the  Government.  In  the  very  nature  of  things,  it  is  impossible  to  fix  any  purely 
arbitrary  standard  without  occasionally  damaging  the  individual  or  the  Government,  yet  there  are 
some  features  of  paragrai)h  85  which  could  be  still  improved  ;  and  the  views  and  recommendations 
here  presented  are  the  result  of  very  careful  study  in  the  practical  execution  of  the  law. 

Section  3.  Epilepsy. — To  sustain  a  claim  of  exemption  on  account  of  epilepsy,  the  aflidavitof  a 
"physician  who  has  seen  him  in  the  disea.se  during  the  last  six  months"  previous  to  fhe  draft  is 
required.  Now,  it  is  well  known  that  after  a  series  of  attac-ks  has  taken  place,  and  the  friends  of 
the  patient  are  made  to  understand  the  utterly  incurable  nature  of  the  disease,  the  physician  is 
no  longer  sent  for,  and  the  friends  manage  the  case  themselves.  In  multitudes  of  iustances,  it  would 
be  impossible  to  furnish  the  affidavit  required,  from  the  fact  above  stated.  It  is  recommended  that 
after  the  words  "  by  the  board  "  in  section  3,  there  be  inserted  '•  in  case  this  cannot  be  obtained,  by 
the  affidavit  of  five  citizens  of  the  same  township  that  they  have  seen  him  in  tlie  disease  within  a 
year."  If  not  this,  some  other  clause  should  be  added  to  protect  the  Government  as  well  as  the 
individual.  If  camps  were  established  at  all  draft  headquarters,  a  man  claiuiing  to  be  subject  to 
epilepsy  could  be  detained  a  few  weeks,  and  in  all  probability,  from  the  novelty  and  excitement  of 
the  situatio'i,  an  attack  would  occur,  and  the  surgeon  could  then  properly  discharge  him.  In  one 
case,  the  required  i)roof  could  not  be  furnished,  and  the  man  was  sent  to  draft  rendezvous.  He  was 
discharged  by  the  august  body  authorized  by  the  Adjutant-General's  Office  (General  Orders  No.  7G.) 
Then  came  their  report  rs  board  of  inspectors  to  the  provost-marshal  of  this  distiict ;  then  an  order 
from  the  Adjutant-General,  through  the  chief  mustering  ofiicer,  for  a  statement  of  all  the  expenses 
incurred  in  drafting  and  sending  forward  the  man  ;  then  a  circular  from  the  assistant  adjutant- 
general  to  the  surgeon,  demanding  an  explanation,  and  inquiring  whether  or  not  his  pay  should 
not  be  stopped  to  indemnify  the  Government  for  the  expenses. 

In  another  ease, a  man  reported  and  alleged  epilepsy,  but  could  not  present  the  required  proof; 
he  would  have  been  held  to  service,  but,  fortunately,  had  an  attack  in  the  street  in  the  presence  of 
the  .surgeon.  Another  returned  to  his  home  on  the  usual  five  days'  furlough,  and,  to  make  assur- 
ance complete,  took  \\\i  lodgings  with  his  family-physician,  had  an  unmistakable  fit  in  a  day  or  two, 
and  returned  with  the  requisite  proof.  Not  to  enlarge  the  illustration,  it  would  be  well  to  admit, 
in  case  the  affidavit  of  a  physician  could  not  be  secured,  the  affidavit  of  the  neighbors  who  under- 
stand the  case. 

Section  4.  Decided  atrophy  of  a  Umh. — To  this  should  be  added  the  qualifying  phrase  "  that  man- 
ifestly disables  the  person  from  pursuing  any  equally  laborious  occupation  in  civil  life."  There 
were  cases  of  atrophy  so  decided  that  tlu^  limb  was  four  inches  less  in  circumference  than  the  sound 
member,  and  yet  the  person  performed  all  the  labor  of  a  farm,  and  not  until  after  he  was  drafted 
and  discharged  did  the"  most  intimate  neighbors  know  that  he  had  any  disability. 

Section  5.  "  Organic  diseases  of  interval  organs,'"  dc. — This  should  be  stricken  out  entirely.  The 
whole  subject  is  eml)raced  in  section  0,  under  the  broad  term  "  manifest  permanent  physical  dis- 
ability." There  can  be  no  possible  danger  of  an  abuse  of  these  sections.  The  regulations  require 
of  surgeons,  (circular  letter  of  Dr.  J.  II.  Baxter,  surgeon-in-chief,  December  8,  1804,)  "iu  all  cases  of 
exemption  for  permanent  i)hysical  disability,  the  specific  disease  or  infirmity  should  also  be  stated 
under  the  head  of  remarks  in  the  medical  record  book  and  monthly  medical  reports."  A  strict  com- 
pliance with  this  order  entirely  supersedes  the  necessity  of  the  specific  items  in  section  5.  For 
example,  incipient  consumi)tion,  at  first  a  cause  of  exemption,  is  no  longer  a  convenient  disejise  for 


,456  surgeons'  reports — iowa — first  district. 

the  release  of  hundreds  of  men.  But  a  case  of  tubercles  not  yet  developed  presents  itself;  there  is 
dullness  on  percussion  over  the  upper  portions  of  the  lung,  and  other  physical  signs  of  disease; 
there  are  emaciation,  llabbiuess  of  muscle,  quickness  of  respiration,  fatigue  upon  slight  exertion, 
flushed  cheeks,  brilliant  eyes,  tumultuous  action  of  the  heart,  &c.,  yet  there  is  no  consumption.  In 
such  case  the  man  can  be  readily  discharged  under  section  5,  because  he  has  "organic  disease  of  the 
lungs,  which  has  impaired  his  general  health."  Likewise,  ho  could  be  discharged  under  section  9, 
because  he  has  "permanent  physical  disability,'"  and  the  regulations  demand  that  it  should  be 
stated  in  the  column  of  remarks  that  the  man  had  tubercles  not  developed.  There  may  be  enlarge- 
ment of  the  liver  or  spleen,  or  obstruction  of  the  viscera  causing  dropsy,  anteinia,  or  other  cachectic 
condition  of  system  ;  it  can  be  placed  as  readily  under  section  9  as  section  5.  For  the  sake,  then,  of 
convenience  and  dispatch  in  enumerating  causes  of  discharge  and  in  making  up  medical  reports,  it 
were  well  if  section  5  were  expunged,  and  the  entire  enumeration  and  description  of  diseases  trans- 
ferred to  section  9. 

Section  7.  Cancer. — This  disease  should  bea  positive  disqualification  for  military  service.  There 
is  no  absolutely  infallible  proof  that  any  given  tumor  is  cancerous,  except  the  character  of  the  cau- 
cercells  as  developed  by  the  microscope.  Hundreds  of  cases  are  called  cancer  and  cured  as  such, 
when  it  is  notorious  to  the  profession  that  no  case  of  genuine  cancer  existed.  It  is  one  of  the 
opprohria  medicorum,  and  it  is  probable  that,  like  epilepsy,  it  will  so  continue.  Several  enrolled 
men  claimed  exemption  on  account  of  cancer,  and  their  claims,  in  some  instances,  were  supported 
by  the  affidavit  of  physicians;  not  one  of  these  claims  was  sustained.  Every  tumor,  swelling,  or 
induration  about  the  body  that  is  obstinate  in  resolving  is  immcduitely  called  cancer.  Some  igno- 
rant and  too  olten  dishonest  cnarlatan  applies  his  caustics,  his  arsenic,  calomel,  and  antimony,  and 
"eats  out"  a  simple,  harmless,  non-malignant  tumor,  pockets  an  enormous  fee,  and  receives  immense 
credit  for  bis  medical  skill.  If  these  things  be  true,  especially  if  the  existence  of  cancer  cannot  be 
adequately  determined  except  by  microscopic  examination,  it  would  be  manifestly  proper  to  qualify 
it  as  other  disabilities  are  qualified  in  paragraph  S5.  If  a  case  of  cancer  had  reached  the  ulcerative 
stage,  had  produced  in  the  patient  its  peculiar  cadaveric  hue,  or  had  broken  up  his  constitution, 
then  only  should  he  be  discharged  and  sent  home  to  die. 

Section  9.  Permanent  physical  disability,  dc. — There  is  here,  perhaps,  more  left  to  the  discretion 
of  the  surgeon  than  in  any  other  paragraph  of  the  regulations;  yet,  when  complied  with,  the  fa(;t 
that  he  must  specifically  name  the  disease  or  infiraiity  which  is  the  fons  et  ori'j:)  of  the  permanent 
physical  disability,  circumscribes  the  scope  of  his  judgment.  This  rule,  as  already  observed, 
makes  section  5  a  useless  and  troublesome  appendage.  It  has  been  observed  that  section  9 
was  intended  for  cases  where  the  jiatieut  knew  nothing  and  the  surgeon  knew  less;  that  is,  there 
are  sick  and  debilitated  people  who  have  baffled  the  skill  of  the  physician  both  as  to  a  diagnosis 
and  a  cure.  That  some  disease  is  present  and  preying  upon  the  system  is  evident;  but  to  declare 
its  seat,  define  its  exact  character,  or  give  it  a  name  and  [>lace  in  any  system  of  nosology  is  not  an 
easy  matter.  In  the  early  stages  of  examinations  of  drafted  men,  some  cases — a  very  lew  of  them — 
were  "made  up"  under  section  9.  Thus,  a  drafted  man  had  very  defective  teeth,  but  not  quite 
bad  enough  to  exempt  under  section  20;  had  old  h.neraorrhoids,  not  quite  enough  to  exempt  under 
section  25;  had  corns  or  bunious,  not  quite  enough  to  exeaipt  under  section  34 :  besides,  was  stoop- 
shouldered,  prematurely  old,  &c.  Taking  all  these  parts  together,  a  magnanimous  whole  was 
formed,  and  the  party  discharged  under  section  9.  Of  course,  this  i)ractice  was  abandoned  as  soon 
as  it  was  ai)preciated  that  the  Department  required  a  strict  observance  not  only  of  the  spirit  but 
of  the  nomenclature  of  the  regulations. 

Section  11.  Claims  of  exemption  on  account  of  chronic  rheumatism  were  more  frequent  than 
for  all  other  diseases.  Not  one  of  them  was  sustained  under  the  stringent  regulations  of  this  sec- 
tion ;  and  yet  there  are  cases  of  this  malady  which  do  not  present  any  positive  change  of  structure, 
though  the  subjects  of  it  are  evidently  unfit  for  military  service.  The  disease  is  so  easily  simulated, 
however,  that  there  can  be  no  harm  in  having  a  rule  of  very  great  severity. 

Section  20.  Total  loss  of  all  the  front  teeth,  tf-c— It  is  suggested  that  the  word  "total"  be 
stricken  out,  or  that  the  section  be  so  modified  as  to  leave  something  in  this  regard  to  the  di.scre- 
tion  of  the  s.irgeon.  If  but  one  front  tooth,  oik^  eye  tooth,  and  one  of  the  first  molars  be  present, 
then  the  man  must  be  held  to  service.     If  all  tlie  teeth  are  decayed  and  decaying,  and  the  mouth 


SUKGEONS'    REPORTS IOWA FIRST    DISTRICT.  457 

full  of  offensive  and  unsightly  stumps,  if  the  required  number  only  be  left,  thoujjh  the  man  is 
luiable  to  ma.^^tieate  any  kind  of  solid  food,  he  must  nevertheless  be  held  to  service.  To  Ije  sure, 
he  can  go  into  a  hos[)ital  as  attendant  or  nurse,  and  live  on  soups  and  soft  bread,  but  it  is  hardly 
the  design  of  the  e()nscri[)tion-law  to  draft  men  for  such  service.  It  is  conceived  that  a  soldier  with 
a  mouth  full  of  defective  teeth  would  be  inetiicieut,  not  merely  because  of  the  results  of  im[)erfect 
mastication  of  food,  but  because  bad  teeth  are  an  almost  infallible  token  of  disordered  system. 

The  section  as  first  arranged  was  "  loss  of  sufiQcient  number  of  teeth  to  prevent  proper  masti- 
cation of  food  and  tearing  the  cartridge ;"  and  this  was  explained  by  the  words,  (Circular  100:) 
"This  applies  to  those  cases  oidy  when  the  loss  of  teeth  is  so  great  that  if  the  man  were  restricted 
to  solid  food  he  would  soon  become  incapacitated  for  military  service."  It  is  easily  understood  that 
abuses  might  be  perpetrated  under  this  rule;  and  by  these  abuses  the  (Tovernment  would  receive 
damage;  but  under  the  new  rule,  section  20,  the  abuse  is  of  the  individual,  and  the  regulations 
should  be  so  made  that  neither  would  suffer.  Strike  out  the  word  "  total,"  and  if  a  case  present 
itself  with  imperfect  incisors  and  bicuspids,  decayed  or  broken  off',  it  may  be  decided  that  there  is 
a  loss  of  these  teeth  as  far  as  efdcient  service  is  concerned,  and  that  the  man  should  be  exempted 
just  as  though  the  teeth  had  been  extracted. 

Section  24.  Fistula  in  ano. — This  should  be  a  sufiBcient  cause  of  exemption  or  discharge  without 
any  particular  reference  to  its  extent  or  its  complication  with  visceral  disease.  It  is  a  most  trouble- 
some and  annoying  affection,  with  a  tendency  to  grow  worse  instead  of  to  improve,  and  is  fre- 
quently the  precursor  or  the  indicator  of  consumption,  or  some  other  fatal  maladj'.  "  Extensive 
distula"  may  mean  many  things.  If  tliere  be  a  communication  with  the  rectum,  and  feculent  mat- 
ter escape  through  the  fistula,  without  regard  to  the  height  of  the  opening  above  the  sphincter,  it 
may  be  regarded  as  "extensive."  If,  however,  there  be  no  communication  with  the  rectum,  and  a 
l)robe  can  be  passed  up  one,  two,  or  three  inches,  if  the  edges  are  hardened  and  the  fistula  pour- 
ing out  sanious  fluid,  w  ith  no  disi)ositiou  to  heal,  then  again  it  is  "  extensive."  Almost  any  fistula 
in  ano  is  cause  enough  to  discharge  a  man.  It  would,  I  think,  be  well  to  strike  out  all  iu  section 
24  after  "  fistula  in  ano." 

Piiragrai»h  88.  1  am  of  opinion  that  this  provision  of  the  regulations,  with  present  instructions, 
is  entirely  superfluous.  First,  it  is  very  clear  what  particular  infirmities  disqualify,  and  if  they  are 
not  sufliciently  apparent  to  the  surgeon  of  the  board,  the  man  must  be  held  to  service  regardless 
of  the  affidavit  of  any  other  physician  or  surgeon  ;  secondly,  no  affidavit  is  of  itself  sufficient  to 
release  the  enrolled  man  from  draft,  because  the  surgeon  of  the  board  is  responsible  for  the  per- 
sonal inspection  of  every  man  drafted  or  enrolled  and  claiming  exemption;  thirdly,  it  is  absurd  to 
consume  the  time  of  the  board  with  listening  to  statements  of  physicians  which  cannot  be  admitted 
as  evidence.  If  all  physicians  understood  that  it  was  the  efect  of  disease  rather  than  the  disease 
itself  that  is  regarded  generally  as  cause  of  exem[)tion  and  discharge,  and  if  they  had  but  partial 
information  as  to  the  orders  governing  the  examination  of  men,  they  would  be  spared  a  great 
annoyance  by  patients;  for  they  could  see  at  once  that  the  mere  existence  of  troublesome  symp- 
toms, whether  taking  the  form  of  disease  or  not,  was  no  cause  of  exemption.  To  save  the  prac- 
titioner and  the  people,  it  would  be  good  policy  to  expunge  paragraph  88.         »  #  * 

The  number  of  men  that  can  be  physically  examined  per  day  with  accuracy. — This  is  a  most  im- 
portant subject  of  inquiry,  and  the  opinions  expressed  below  are  given  with  much  diffidence, 
because  the  number  falls  very  far  below  that  stated  by  some  men  of  great  experience.  Yet  they 
are  the  result  of  much  carefully-recorded  observation,  and  have  not  been  reached  without  much 
reflection.  The  effieienc^y  of  an  army  depends  upon  the  [)hysical  fitness  of  the  soldier  as  much  as, 
and  of'en  more  than,  upon  the  military  qualifications  and  ))olitical  ideal  of  the  officer.  Soldiers  in 
this  war  for  the  Union  have  redeemed  victory  from  defeat  when  incomi)etent  officers  had  given  up 
the  contest ;  and,  if  history  be  true,  there  have  been  times  when  the  eagle  has  clutched  the  rattle- 
snake of  rebellion  in  his  talons,  and  would  have  dispatched  it  in  a-  trice  if  the  Army  that  cariied 
him  had  not  been  held  back  by  imbecile  commanders.  Strong,  active,  well-muscled,  fully-developed 
men,  without  disease  or  injury,  are  what  are  demanded  to  fill  up  an  army.  Men  enfeebled  by  intem- 
perance, boys  "scarce  half  made  u)),"  and  fit  only  for  the  school-house  or  the  lighter  labors  of  the 
farm,  are  splendid  material  to  fill  U[)  graves  and  hospitals,  or  to  linger  by  the  roadside.  They  are 
58 


458  SUEGEONS'   REPORTS — IOWA — FIRST   DISTRICT. 

illy  cnlculatcd  for  tlio  privations,  exposure,  and  hardships  of  tbe  camp  or  field.  It  is  no  argument 
to  assert  that  thousands  among  our  bravest  and  best  soldiers  have  been  theyonng,  the  undeveloped, 
the  inexperienced;  it  is  replied  that  these  have  survived  by  a  natural  vigor  of  constitution,  have 
come  up  through  great  tribulation,  and  have  stepped  over  the  graves  of  thousands  more  that  sunk 
beneath  the  trial.  Heuce  every  opportunity  should  be  given  the  examiningsurgeon  or  the  board 
of  inspection  to  make  a  thorough  scrutiny  of  every  recruit  that  is  presented  for  enlistment ;  and  it 
is  believed  that  no  man  can  examine  with  accuracy  per  clicm  more  than  eighty  men,  and  for  this 
work  the  surgeon  should  have  eight  full  workiug  hours.  During  much  of  the  year  not  even  this 
number  of  hours  can  be  secured  in  broad  daylight,  aud  no  other  light  but  this  is  suitable  for  the 
physical  examination  of  men.        *  *  * 

Frauds  ijractieedi  &c. — These  have  been  'h-ari  nantes  in  gurgite  vasto!'^  A  very  few  drafted 
men  have  simulated  diseases  that  were  not  apparent  to  the  board.  It  was  said,  with  how  much 
truth  it  is  not  known,  that  certain  lawyers  attemi)ted  in  some  instances  to  teach  their  clients, 
drafted  men,  a  method  of  acting  during  the  exainiiiatioa  that  would  deceive  the  board  ;  but  their 
elforts  were  futile,  and,  so  far  as  known,  no  fraud  attemi)ted  was  successful.  Of  malingerers  there 
were  plenty,  and  often  their  statements  were  sustained  by  the  affidavits  of  the  family-physician  ; 
but,  due  respect  being  jiaid  to  all  outside  evidence  of  disability,  the  final  decision  in  each  case 
rested  with  the  requirements  of  paragraph  85.  But  there  is  immeasurable  fraud  in  the  wholesale 
and  unscrupulous  lying  and  perjury  of  substitutes  aud  recruits  in  entering  the  service;  and  this 
especially  in  regard  to  the  age.  Boys  of  fifteen  or  younger  came  with  the  parents'  written  con- 
sent; they  make  the  declaration  on  their  enlistment-paper  that  they  are  eighteen  years  of  age; 
and  if  their  i)hysical  development  in  the  main  corroborates  their  statement,  there  is  no  way  under 
the  law  or  regulations  to  reject  them.        »  #  * 

There  are  very  great  obstacles  in  the  way  of  a  satisfactory  performance  of  this  duty.  How  may 
they  be  removed,  or  at  least  how  can  they  be  corrected  °?  First,  by  increasing  the  standard  of  the 
qualifications  of  recruits.  Fix  it  as  a  law  that  no  man  shall  be  accepted  to  serve  in  the  ranks  v.'ith 
a  less  measurement  of  chest  immediately  over — that  is,  above — the  nipple  at  exi)iration  than  thirty- 
one  inches,  and  with  an  expansive  mobility  of  two  inches,  or  the  measurement  of  chest  at  inspira- 
tion of  thirty-three  inches.  A  firm  adherence  to  this  rule  will  exclude  the  vast  majority  of  all  boys 
who  come  to  enlist  between  fourteen  and  seventeen  years  of  age,  and  it  will  seldom  exclude  a 
recruit  over  eighteen  years  who,  in. other  respects,  may  be  adjudged  fit  for  service.  Better  have 
fifty  men  with  that  measurement  than  one  hundred  men  with  a  less  size  of  chest,  as  indicative  of 
the  vital  capacity.  Secondly,  require,  in  all  cases  of  doubt  as  to  age,  not  only  the  "  declaration,"  but 
the  affidavit  of  the  recruit,  aud  also  the  affidavit  of  parent  or  guardian.  Thirdly,  make  the  decision 
of  the  surgeon,  since  he  is  held  officially  responsible,  final  in  every  case  as  to  the  qualification  of  a 
recruit.  Fourthly,  every  recruiting-station  of  such  proportions  as  a  provost-marshal's  office  should 
be  provided  with  a  i)air  of  scales,  and  every  recruit  should  be  accurately  weighed  as  well  as  meas- 
ured; and  a  certain  standard  of  weight  should  be  fixed  in  accordance  with  the  experience  of  Army 
medical  officers.  Millions  of  dollars  and  thousands  of  valuable  lives  could  be  saved  by  a  rigid 
adherence  to  these  arbitrary  rules  and  measurements ;  for  they  would  exclude  the  hosts  of  boys 
who  crowd  the  ranks,  and  die  on  the  first  severe  trial  of  their  muscle. 

There  are  many  reasons  why  so  many  boys  under  eighteen  years  of  age  have  been  accepted  into 
the  service.  First,  the  board  of  enrollment  of  a  given  district  is  anxious  to  fill  its  quota  by  volunteers 
without  resort  to  draft.  It  argues  thus  :  here  are  recruits  that  do  not  appear  to  be  eighteen  years 
old,  but  the  law  says  their  own  declaration  is  conclusive  as  to  that  matter;  if  they  are  not  accepted 
here,  they  will  go  to  a  neighboring  State  or  district  to  enlist,  and  this  district  will  lose  them.  Such 
officers  then,  to  secure  the  men  to  their  own  district,  accept  them.  Secondly,  officers  returned  from 
service  speak  in  glowing  terms  of  the  earnestness,  fortitude,  and  endurance  of  boys;  and  occa- 
sionally a  boy  who  has  been  out  three  years  in  service,  and  is  not  yet  eighteen  years  old,  returns, 
looks  healthy,  strong,  aud  every  way  improved.  These  argue  for  young  soldiers;  while,  if  the  his- 
tory of  this  war  has  been  read  aright,  it  is  only  a  counterpart  of  other  wars,  in  which  experience 
declares  that  a  person  under  eighteen  years  is  not,  as  a  geneial  rule,  fit  for  milirary  service.  Thirdly, 
the  boys  themselves  are  importunate.    They  boast  to  the  surgeon  of  their  strength  at  the  plow,  in 


surgeons'    reports IOWA FIRST    DISTRICT.  459 

tlic  ticlil,  at  their  sport-,  antl  often  make  exhibitions  of  their  agility,  and  demand  a  trial  of  strength. 
They,  moreover,  appear  so  anxious  to  take  a  part  in  the  fight  that  it  retpiires  philosoi)hy  to  resist 
their  entreaties.  Partly  stimulated  by  the  bounty,  elated  with  the'  novelty  of  the  sensation,  per- 
haps moved  by  aaibition,  delighted  to  get  away  from  the  restraints  of  home,  and,  doubtless,  often 
impelled  by  a  sentiment  of  patriotism,  and  a  desire  to  do  their  share  to  preserve  the  Government, 
they  urge  their  claims  vehemently.  All  these  considerations  regarded,  it  is  not  wonderful  that 
men  yield,  and  accept  the  decision  of  the  law  "  that  the  declaration  of  the  recruit  shall  he  conclusive  as 
to  hin  aije.^' 

There  are  petty  annoyances  that  attend  every  public  calling ;  not  to  enumerate  them,  let  it  be 
said  that  the  chief  obstacle  in  the  way  of  the  discharge  of  the  delicate  duties  of  this  position  was 
the  regulation  requiring  the  surgeon  to  present  each  case  examined  to  the  "  board  of  enrollment  for 
its  decision  in  the  premises."  (Circular  No.  5o,  July  22, 1SC3.)  It  is  contended  that  the  surgeon 
should  not  recommend,  but  that  he  should  decide  every  case  as  to  its  fitness  for  military  duty. 
This  should  be  his  exclusive  business.  It  is  well  that  the  examinations  should  be  conducted 
in  the  "presence  of  the  board  of  enrollment;"  the  provost-marshal  and  commissioner  should 
exercise  a  most  rigid  scrutiny  of  the  surgeon's  official  acts;  and  he  should  be  ii,ade  personally 
responsible.  But  when  he  decides  that  a  man  should  be  exempted  or  not  exempted,  that  a  drafted 
man  should  be  held  to  service  or  discharged,  that  a  recruit  is  lit  or  unfit  for  military  duty,  as  far 
oidy,  of  course,  as  the  physical  examination  is  concerned,  they  should  have  no  right  to  over- 
rule his  decision.  The  recommendation  of  the  surgeon  should  not  be  acquiesced  in,  as  a  matter  of 
courtesy,  by  his  associates  of  the  board,  but  he  should  have  power  to  decide  the  case  as  his  legal 
right. 

The  provost-marshal  decides  as  to  who  are  deserters  and  si)ies,  puts  them  in  prison,  and  dis- 
poses of  them  without  any  voice  from  the  other  members  of  the  board  ;  and  this  is  as  it  should  be, 
for  it  is  his  special  duty  and  study,  and  he  has  a  number  of  otheers  to  help  him  in  this  work.  In 
like  manner,  it  is  the  special  duty  and  study  of  the  surgeon  to  decide  as  to  the  fitness  of  men  fur 
military  service  ;  and  the  others  should  have  uo  right  to  make  an  adverse  decision.  Consider  what 
a  remarkable  position  the  surgeon  must  necessarily  occupy  iu  all  those  cases  which  are  rejected  by 
hfm  but  accepted  by  the  other  members  of  the  board.  For  example:  the  two  members  by  their 
vote  dechire  a  recruit  fit  for  service  whom  the  surgeon,  as  an  expert,  has  declared  unfit;  but  before 
the  recruit  can  be  mustered  at  general  rendezvous,  the  enlistment-papers  must  be  signed,  and  the 
surgeon,  over  his  signature,  "certifies  on  honor  that  the  soldier  is  free  from  all  bodily  defects 
or  mental  infirmity  that  would  in  any  way  disqualify  him  from  performing  the  duties  of  a  soldier.'' 
In  other  words,  he  signs  a  certificate  which  he  does  not  believe  to  be  correct,  and  he  must  do  it,  for 
without  his  signature  the  papers  would  be  incom|)lete,  It  is  the  duty  of  the  Provost-Marshal's 
Bureau  to  "put  men  into  the  field,"  but  it  should  be  the  prime  duty  of  the  medical  staff  of  the 
department  to  decide  as  to  their  physical  fitness ;  and  uo  person  should  have  power  to  overrule 
his  decision. 

The  most  absurd  and  ridiculous  farce  enacted  since  the  organization  of  the  Provost-Marshal's 
Bureau  was  the  authorizing  and  appointing,  by  the  Adjutant-General's  Office, of  a  board  of  inspect- 
ors at  draft-rendezvous.  This  board  was  su])posed  to  be  made  up  of  the  "best  talent  of  the 
medical  corps."  The  object  of  its  appointment  was  not  appreciable  by  the  nicest  sense  of  surgeons 
of  boards  of  enrollment.  They  were  nothing  more  nor  less  than  a  board  of  censors  to  decide  upon 
the  medical  and  moral  qualifications  of  surgeons  of  boards  of  enrollment.  They  were  to  inspect  our 
work  ;  and  if  they  chose  to  differ  with  us,  they  rei)orted  to  headcpiartcrs,  and  surgeons  were  required 
to  give  reasons  why  the  expense  of  recruiting  or  drafting  the  man  they  had  rejected  should  not  be 
taken  from  their  pay.  nap|)ily,  the  vocation  of  these  elegant  gentlemen,  thus  exercising  a  most 
iusultingcensorship,  received  a  death-blow  by  Circular  No.  38,  November  7,  1804,  conveying  the  order 
of  the  assistant  adjutant-general  that  these  boards  of  inspection  should  be  governed  by  the  same 
rules  and  regulations  iu  their  examinations  of  drafted  men  as  those  prescribed  for  the  govern luent  of 
boards  of  enrollment.  They  did  not,  prior  to  this  order,  confine  themselves  to  the  requirements  of 
paragrai)h  85;  soon  after  its  issuance,  they  retired  quietly  to  the  shades  of  private  life.  As  an 
orgauiy.ation— for  no  fault  is  found  with  the  individual  members — these  boards  were  a  disgrace  to 


4G0  surgeons'  reports — iowa — second  district. 

our  civilization,  and  a  standing  insult  to  the  medical  profession.  The  establishment  of  these  boards 
was  useful,  however;  it  demonstrated  the  fact  that  the  "best  talent  of  the  medical  corps"  was  not 
a  whit  better  than  the  quiet,  unpretending  effort  of  obscure  surgeons  of  boards  of  enrollment. 

J.  M.  SHAFFER, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  First  Congressional  District  of  Iowa. 
Fairfield,  Iowa,  October  24, 18G5. 

IOWA— SECOND  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  rejwrt  of  Dr.  E.  S.  Barrows. 

•  *  *  The  whole  number  of  men  examined  for  exemption,  conscripts  and 
recruits,  was  four  thousand. 

*  *  *  The  Second  Congressional  District  of  Iowa  embraces  seven  counties,  viz: 
Scott,  Muscatine,  Clinton,  Jackson,  Cedar,  Lynn,  and  Jones.  It  is  situated  on  or  near  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  between  latitudes  31  and  3o ;  a  prairie  country,  wooded  only  along  the  margin  of 
streams.  The  prevailing  winds  are  from  the  northwest  in  winter,  and  from  the  southwest  iu 
summer. 

The  principal  towns  are  Davenport,  in  Scott  County,  (the  military  capital  of  the  district, 
and  disbursing  capital  of  the  State;)  Muscatine,  in  Muscatine  County;  Clinton,  De  Witt,  and 
Lyons,  in  Clinton  County;  Auamosa,  in  Jones  County;  Maquoketa  and  Bellevue,  in  Jackson 
County  ;  and  Tipton,  in  Cedar  County.  The  Mississippi  and  Missouri  Railroad,  with  its  Muscatine 
branch,  and  the  Iowa  and  Nebraska  Railroad  penetrate  and  pass  through  the  district  from  east  to 
west,  giving  abundant  facilities  for  exportation  of  agricultural  products,  the  raising  of  whicii 
demands  and  receives  the  best  energies  of  nine-tenths  of  all  those  whose  names  comprise  the 
enrolbnent-lists.  The  occupation,  therefore,  of  those  examined  may  be  considered  mostly 
agricultural. 

Nearly  one-half  of  the  inhabitants  of  both  town  and  country  iu  the  river  counties  are  Germans, 
and  valuable  citizens,  if  such  may  be  defined  as  those  the  results  of  whose  labor  and  perseverance 
greatly  tend  to  elevate  the  figures  of  the  assessment-roll.  Good  farmers  never  seem  to  be  weary, 
and  no  financial  or  other  crisis  can  prevent  their  accumulation  of  profits.  Considering  the  inhab- 
itants of  this  district  without  reference  to  their  nationality,  they  should  be  regarded  as  hardy, 
sober,  and  industrious. 

There  are  no  diseases  which  are  particularly  incident  to  this  district.  We  seldom  suffer  from  epi- 
demics. Bilious  fever  in  autumn  and  bilious  pnenmonia  in  winter,  sometimes  assuming  the  typhoid 
character,  are  the  most  common  forms  of  sickness.  Tuberculous  developments  are  much  less  fre- 
quent than  ill  the  Eastern  States.  Consumption  seldom  originates  iu  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and 
yet  we  are  not  wholly  exempt.         *  »  * 

If  hernia  exempts  or  disqualifies  a  greater  ratio  per  thousand,  it  may  be  attributed  to  great 
muscular  exertion  in  a  climate  which  tends,  duiingthe  warm  seasons,  to  produce  relaxation. 

As  regards  that  i)ortion  of  paragraph  85  which  reads  '"for  which  only  drafted  men  are  to  be 
rejected,"  I  would  say  that  I  have  never  been  able  to  comprehend  why  there  should  be  a  distinction 
made  between  drafted  men  and  volunteers  or  substitutes. 

Section  3.  Epilepsy. — In  a  large  majority  of  cases,  with  country  epileptics,  a  physician  is  never 
called,  and  therefore  cannot  have  seen  him  within  the  six  months  preceding. 

Section  6.  '^Developed  tuberculosis.^^ — 1  understand  this  to  mean  after  softening  or  ulceration. 
There  are  many  cases  quite  as  disqualifying  for  military  duty  before  this  takes  place  as  after. 

Section  11.  Chronic  rheumatism,  unless  evinced  by  wasting  of  the  affected  limb,  or  pufliness  or 
distortion  of  the  parts,  does  not  exempt.  Being  governed  by  the  instructions  thus  given,  I  have 
been  compelled  to  accept  of  several  conscripts  who  were  rejected  and  discharged  at  rendezvous, 
and  I  thought  very  properly,  as  Ihey  were  unfit  for  military  duty. 

Section  23.  I  have  exempted  many  on  account  of  hernia,  when  it  did  not  amount  even  to  an 
inconvenience,  but  I  was  not  jicrmitted  to  discriminate. 


surgeons'    reports IOWA SIXTH    DISTKICT.  4G1 

Section  3G.  Chronic  ulcers  of  the  shins  I  found  almost  exclusively  confined  to  the 
Irish.         *  ♦  * 

The  number  of  men,  etc.— I  think  the  examination  of  seventy-five  men  is  a  full  clay's  work  of  six 
hours. 

There  are  few  if  any  frauds  which  can  be  practiced  upon  a  vigilant  surgeon  after  the  suhject  is 
stripped  and  placed  before  him.  The  most  common  and  most  lepeated  attempt  at  decei)tiou  by 
enrolled  men  to  get  ofl',  and  by  drafted  men  to  get  otd,  is  lying  in  reference  to  their  name,  citizen- 
ship, or  age;  substitutes  and  recruits,  to  get  (h,  freijuently  try  to  hide  internal  organic  disease, 
which  only  can  be  detected  by  careful  exploration  with  the  stethoscope. 

The  best  method  to  rectify  and  bring  as  near  to  perfection  as  possible  the  enrollment  of  all 
liable  to  military  duty  may  be  by  State  legislation  u]»on  this  subject.  For  instance,  every  male 
inhabitant  over  and  under  a  certain  age  should  be  liable  to  certain  penalties  who  did  not  report 
himself  ((/(H)/«i/(/  to  a  martial  court  of  record. 

Americans  make  the  best  soldiers.  Why?  Because  they  are  from  infancy  taught  the  doctrine 
that  seH-reliance  is  a  necessity;  that  there  is  truth  in  the  humble  proverb,  "lioot,  pig,  or  die." 
Because  they  possess  powers  peculiarly  fitting  them  for  selecting  and  adapting  means  to  their 
proximate  ends,  readily,  and  according  to  circumstances;  a  faculty  which  seems  common  to 
Americans,  or  which  may  more  properly  be  regarded  as  a  kind  of  instinctive  intelligence  with 
which  they  are  naturally  endowed.  In  youth,  ambitious  to  excel  as  athletes,  they  are  good  horse- 
men, good  marksmen— in  short,  as  a  rule,  experts  in  the  use  of  all  the  implements  of  warfare,  from 
a  pick-ax  to  a  ten-inch  Dahlgren. 

That  the  negro  (he  never  was  colored)  has  some  capacity,  physically  considered,  for  military 
service,  there  cannot  be  a  doubt;  neither  is  there  a  doubt  about  the  usefulness  of  the  horse  when 
subject  to  intelligent  training.  A  good  soldier  and  a  good  citizen  may  be  made  of  the  negro,  but  he 
never  can  be  as  well  qualified  as  he  who  by  nature  possesses  greater  physical  i)erfeclion  and  greater 
mental  endowments.  I  say  hij  nature,  for  he  who  can,  among  the  greatvariety  of  human  existences, 
best  establish  and  defend  his  own  industry,  has  the  power  given  by  God.        *  *  * 

In  conclusion,  I  would  refer  to  one  fact  which  stands  out  jjrominently  at  the  military  post 
(Camp  McGlellan)  at  this  place,  the  most  prominent  rendezvous  in  the  State,  viz,  the  great  superi- 
ority of  drafted  meu  over  volunteers.  Out  of  several  thousands  who  were  rendezvoused  here  from 
two  days  to  two  weeks,  not  a  single  case  of  drunkenness  occurred.  Physically,  they  were  as  a  class 
decidedly  superior.        *  *  * 

E.  S.  BARROWS, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Second  District  of  loica. 
Davenport,  Iowa,  June  G,  1805. 


IOWA— SIXTH  DISTRICT.! 
Extracts  from  report  o/Dr.  Richard  Stebbins. 

•  *  *        The  total  number  of  men  examined  was  one  thousand  two  hundred  and 

thirty-three. 

This  district  includes  an  extensive  territory,  stretching  from  the  Cedar  River  on  the  east  to 
the  Missouri  River  on  the  west,  a  distance  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  miles;  and  from  the  boundary- 
line  of  Minnesota  on  the  north  for  a  distance  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  southward.  The 
prevailing  characteristic  of  the  surface  is  a  gently  rolling  prairie,  forming  an  elevated  plateau 
from  eight  hundred  to  one  thousand  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  well  adapted  for  grazing,  and 
intersected  by  numerous  rivers  flowing  from  north  to  south. 

No  extensive  forests  are  found;  considerable  bodies  of  timber  exist  along  the  course  of  the 
streams.  The  inhabitants  are  sparsely  distributed  over  the  district,  dwelling  mostly  near  the 
•water  courses,  and  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits.    The  largest  town  in  the  district  is  Waterloo, 


'  No  reports  were  received  from  the  third,  fourth,  iiiid  fiftli  districts. 


462  SUEGEONS'    REPORTS IOWA SIXTH,  DISTRICT. 

estimated  to  contain  a  population  of  3,000  souls.     Large  tracts  of  the  western  and  northern  por- 
tions of  the  district  are  linown  only  to  the  trapper  and  hunter. 

There  are  no  marked  prevalent  diseases.  Those  who  reside  in  the  vicinity  of  liirge  groves, 
where  the  land  is  low  or  swami)y,  experience  at  certain  seasons  of  the  year  affections  partaking-  of 
a  miasmatic  character. 

The  general  cbaracteristic  of  the  climate  is  that  of  dryness,  with  strong  winds  and  somewhat 
sudden  alternations  of  heat  and  cold,  causing  rheumatic  affections  to  prevail  to  a  considerable 
extent.  The  water  of  the  wells  and  streams  is  strongly  impregnated  with  lime.  Not  a  single  case 
of  calculus  of  hladder,  however,  is  mentioned  on  the  surgeon's  record. 

The  I'atio  of  those  disabled  by  reason  of  hernia  in  this  district  is  131  per  1,000.  From  my 
experience  in  examining  applicants  for  exemption,  I  judge  that  Germans  are  more  liable  to  this 
disability  than  natives  of  other  countries. 

The  different  sections  of  paragraph  85  appear  to  me,  with  slight  exceptions,  a  sufiQcient  guide 
to  the  surgeon  in  the  performance  of  his  duty.  I  will  take  the  liberty  to  suggest  a  modification  in 
two  or  three  sections. 

Section  2  refers  to  epilepsy,  and  requires  that  the  fact  must  be  established  by  the  affidavit  of 
a  physician  who  has  attended  the  man  in  the  disease  within  six  months  preceding  his  examination. 
A  rigid  adherence  to  this  provision  presents  some  difficulty  in  cases  where  physicians  reside 
only  at  a  great  distance  from  the  man's  residence,  coupled  with  the  fact  that  when  the  disease  is 
of  long  standing,  the  necessity  of  consulting  a  medical  man  is  often  not  recognized  by  the  patient 
or  his  friends.  In  other  cases,  parties  have  but  recently  settled  in  the  State,  and  have  employed 
DO  physician  since  their  arrival,  or  their  former  medical  attendant  is  deceased.  In  a  case  of  this 
kind,  I  relied  upon  the  affidavit  of  the  parents,  aided  by  the  inspection  of  the  tongue  of  the  man, 
which  showed  marks  of  former  laceration  by  the  teeth ;  also  by  the  peculiar  physiognomy  observa- 
ble in  those  afflicted  with  epilepsy. 

I  have  sometimes  found  it  necessary  to  reject  young  men  for  a  deficient  amplitude  of  thorax, 
where  no  malformation  or  disease  existed,  but  entirely  consequent  upon  immature  development  of 
body,  but  found  no  section  under  paragraph  85,  Revised  Regulations,  adapted  to  such  cases.  They 
could  not  be  jjroperly  classed  as  permanently  disabled,  as  perhaps  a  year's  growth  would  give  them 
sufdcieut  development.  An  "  insufScient  development"  clause  would  be  a  desideratum  in  para- 
graph 85. 

Section  33  declares  "  a  total  loss  of  thumb"  or  "total  loss  of  two  fingers  of  same  hand"  to  be  a 
disability.  This  of  course,  strictly  interpreted,  means  the  absence  of  those  members.  Cases  occur 
•where  there  is  a  total  loss  of  use  of  these  members,  aside  from  permanent  extension  or  contraction ; 
also,  there  may  be  loss  of  one  finger,  and  permanent  extension  or  contraction  of  a  finger  of  the 
same  hand,  such  as  w'ould  incapacitate  a  man  from  performing  satisfactory  military  service  as  much_ 
as  the  loss  of  two  fingers  of  the  same  hand.  I  would  suggest  an  amendment  of  this  section  to  this 
effect:  '^  other  permanent  defects  or  deformities  of  the  hands  so  decided  as  to  leave  no  doubt  of  the  wio/t's 
incapacity  for  military  service.'"        *  *  * 

The  number  of  men  that  can  be  physically  examined  per  diem  with  accuracy  must  be,  in  a 
measure,  a  matter  of  conjecture  with  me,  as  ray  personal  experience  does  not  include  a  ])eriod  when 
recruiting  or  drafting  was  very  active.  But  judging  from  my  limited  opportunity  of  observation, 
and  from  the  testimony  of  the  other  members  of  the  board  of  enrollment,  my  opinion  is  that  not 
more  than  sixty  per  diem  can  be  faithfully  examined,  unless  the  men  come  before  the  suigeon  and 
pass  from  his  hands  without  loss  of  time  from  taking  off  and  putting  on  their  clothes  in  his 
presence. 

No  glaring  cases  of  fraud  or  deception  have  been  practiced  by  any  class  of  men  for  the  purpose 
of  escaping  service.  Drafted  men  have  been  inclined  to  magnify  their  ailments.  A  certain  num- 
ber of  those  drafted  were  Norwegians,  and,  as  a  general  thing,  they  manifested  the  greatest  repug- 
nance to  entering  tlie  service;  and,  as  a  class,  they  were  the  most  disposed  to  simulate  disability 
by  feigning  disease  of  heart  or  rheumatism.  In  two  cases,  drafted  men  voluntarily  permitted  them- 
selves to  be  maimed  in  the  hands  after  being  notified,  in  hopes  of  escaping  service.  One  was  a  for- 
eigner;  the  other  an  American. 


surgeons'   KEPOKTS MICHIGAN — FOUKTU    DISTRICT.  4G3 

Nearly  all  the  men  mustered  in  from  this  district  liave  been  natives  of  tlie  United  States,  and 
tbe  proportion  of  those  of  foreign  birtli  is  too  small  to  allow  any  dednctioii  of  value  in  regard  to 
the  physical  aptitude  for  military  service  of  different  nationalities.  Norwegians  were  found  liable 
to  be  rejected  on  the  ground  of  being  flat  fooled,  and  Germans  on  account  of /(«•«/«. 

I  have  had  no  experience  as  to  the  physical  (pialilications  of  the  colored  race  for  military 
service. 

I  would  recommend  a  revision  of  the  Eegulations  in  regard  to  the  musteringin  of  men,  so  that 
they  may  be  examined  with  si>ecial  reference  to  the  difl'erent  arms  of  the  service.  Recruits  are 
often  presented  who  are  unfit  for  infantry,  yet  who  are  not  disqualified  for  cavalry  or  artillery.  The 
minimum  age  for  recruits  should  not,  in  my  opinion,  be  less  than  eighteen.  1  am  convinced  that  it 
would  be  an  advantage  to  have  two  members  of  the  board  of  enrollment  physicians  or  surgeons. 
Doubtful  points  come  up  for  decision,  and  the  surgeon  needs  assistance  that  cannot  be  obtained 
under  the  present  constitution  of  the  board.  Such  an  arrangement  would  also  permit  of  a  provis- 
ion in  the  law  directing  one  of  the  surgeons  to  visit  different  points  of  the  district  before  the  com- 
mencement of  a  draft,  for  the  jmrpose  of  examining  applicants  for  exemption  from  eniollment. 
This  would  result  in  an  advantage  to  the  Department,  and  afford  the  people  of  the  whole  district 
the  same  facility  for  purging  their  lists  of  those  disqualified  for  service  as  is  now  enjoyed  by  those 
residing  near  headquarters. 

If  it  is  true,  as  stated  in  the  annual  report  of  the  Provost-Marshal  General,  November  15, 1864, 
"  that  surgeons  of  boards  of  enrollment,  as  a  class,  are  gentlemen  of  education  and  ability,  reliable 
and  honest,  &c.,"  was  it  not  an  act  of  gross  injustice  to  them,  nay,  an  insult  to  their  intelligence, 
to  have  boards  of  inspection  clothed  with  power  to  reject  (perhaps  arbitrarily)  any  men  piouounced 
fit  for  service  by  the  surgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment,  and  to  cause  to  be  charged  the  expenses  of 
recruiting  those  thus  rejected  to  the  provost-marshal  and  surgeon  of  the  district?       *         #         * 

EICUAKD  STEBBINS, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Sixth  Congremonal  District  of  Iowa. 

Waterloo,  Iowa,  May  31,  1805. 


MICHIGAN— FOURTH   DISTRICT.' 

Extracts  from  report  of  De.  Alonzo  Platt. 

•  *  *        The  whole  number  of  men  examined  by  me,  including  enrolled  and  drafted 

men,  recruits,  and  substitutes,  has  been  about  eigl^  thousand. 

The  Fourth  Congressional  District  of  Michigan  is  situated  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the 
Lower  Peninsula,  with  the  excei)tion  of  Manitou  and  Beaver  Islands  in  Lake  Michigan,  and  the 
ciunty  of  Delta,  on  the  western  side  of  the  lake.  It  embraces  twenty-five  counties;  is  bou7iiled  on 
the  west  by  Lake  Michigan,  and  on  the  north  by  the  Straits  of  Mackinac ;  is  situated  between  4:^o 
and  45°  north  latitude,  and  is  eight  hundred  miles  from  the  ocean. 

The  surface  of  the  country  is  gently  undulating,  the  soil  various,  rich,  and  fertile,  producing 
winter-wheat  of  the  finest  quality.  It  is  well  watered  ;  the  streams  are  rapid,  affording  an  abun- 
dance of  water-power,  and  emptying  their  waters  int.o  Lake  Michigan. 

The  timber  is  mostly  beech,  maple,  and  oak,  with  belts  of  pine.  The  district  is  located 
between  two  inland  seas.  Lake  Huron  on  the  east  and  Lake  Michigan  on  the  west.  The  climate  is 
more  or  less  modified  by  its  location  both  in  summer  and  winter,  the  prevailing  winds  being  from 
the  west  and  southwest.  During  all  seasons,  the  atmospherical  changes  are  more  equal,  if  con- 
trasted with  the  territory  both  e.st  and  west,  and  more  particularly  with  the  western  side  of  the 
lake.  This  results  from  its  being  in  proximity  to  two  large  bodies  of  water,  from  the  surface  of 
whi(;h  is  constantly  ascending,  through  the  medium  of  the  atmosphere,  from  the  action  of  the  solar 
rays,  a  large  amount  of  aqueous  vapor,  rendering  the  atmosphere  moist  and  the  dews  copious. 
This  moisture  emanating  fresh  from  such  i)ure  bodies  of  water  cannot  be  mingled  with  any  deleteri- 

'  No  reports  were  received  i'loiii  the  first,  seeoud,  tbird,  and  sixtli  districts. 


464  surgeons'  reports — Michigan — foorth  district. 

ons  or  hurtful  substances,  but  renders  tbe  atu:ospbere  inviftorating  and  braciug  to  tbose  wbo  bave 
become  debilitated  from  disease  or  depressed  troui  atmospbeiical  beat. 

Imraediately  ujwu  tbe  border  of  Lake  Michigan,  during-  the  summer,  the  winds  are  cool  and 
refreshing,  auddnriug  the  winter  are  modified  and  >-oitened  by  passing  over  a  sheet  of  water,  in  length 
from  eighty  to  a  hundred  miles,  tbe  average  depth  of  which  is  1,000  feet,  and  which  never  freezes 
except  at  its  borders.  Moisture  exercises  and  produces  a  marked  influence  over  climate,  rendering 
locations  more  temperate,  and  is  the  obvious  reason  of  seasons  being  more  mild  in  the  same  par- 
allels of  latitude.  The  western  winds,  the  course  of  which  is  for  an  immense  distance  over  dry 
land,  and  which  contribute  largely  in  summer  to  elevate  the  temperature  and  in  the  winter  to 
reduce  it,  after  passing  over  the  lake,  reach  the  eastern  shore  modified  in  winter  by  the  water  hav- 
ing imparted  its  latent  heat  to  the  colder  wind,  and  in  summer  from  its  having  given  its  moisture. 
These  equalizing  influences  thus  act  upon  the  atmosphere  at  diflereut  seasons.  Fruits  of  all  kinds 
are  grown  upon  the  eastern  side  of  tbe  lake,  while  they  do  not  flourish  on  the  western.  The  same 
influences  affect  the  climate  on  the  western  shore  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  in  America,  and  on  its 
eastern  shore  in  Europe ;  on  the  latter,  the  west  winds  from  the  ocean  render  the  temi)erature 
more  mild.  Tbe  climate  of  England  and  Ireland  furnishes  a  striking  contrast  with  the  American 
side  of  the  Atlantic,  as  well  as  with  the  interior  of  Europe  in  the  same  latitude.        #        *        # 

The  counties  situated  immediately  upon  or  near  the  shore  of  the  lake  are  resorted  to  by  inva- 
lids from  the  Eastern  States,  more  particularly  by  those  afflicted  with  pulmonary  diseases,  and 
generally  wit  i  marked  benefit.  Many  by  making  their  permanent  residence  in  the  district  have 
believed  themselves  to  have  recovered  from  tuberculosis  of  the  lungs.  In  such  statements,  due 
allowance  should  be  made  for  possible  errors  in  diagnosis  ;  but  cases  have  come  under  my  imme- 
diate notice  in  which  I  am  satisfied  that  tubercles  in  their  incipient  stage  have  been  checked,  and 
in  others  in  which  they  have  been  lurther  developed  they  have  been  rendered  inoperative  in  their 
progress,  and  life  has  been  prolonged  from  the  bracing  influences  of  the  climate.  In  confirmation 
of  these  statements,  I  would  direct  your  attention  to  tbe  small  ratio  of  cases  of  developed  tubercu- 
lous phthisis  reported. 

Having  no  means  of  accurately  estimating  the  mortality  fiom  phthisis  in  this  city  (Grand 
liapids,  now  containing  ten  thousand  inhabitants)  lor  tbe  last  twenty  years,  except  from  recollec- 
tiou,  I  will  nevertheless  venture  the  opinion,  which  I  think  will  be  sustained  by  every  practitioner 
in  the  city,  that  the  deaths  from  this  disease  will  not  in  any  one  year  exceed  two  per  cent,  of  the 
whole  mortality.  The  most  frequent  diseases  of  the  resi)iratory  system  are  of  a  bronchial  or 
catarrhal  character,  being  mostly  cases  of  acute  and  chronic  bronchitis.  The  most  prevalent  diseases 
are  of  a  miasmatic  origin,  the  fevers  being  intermittent  and  remittent,  but  usually  of  a  mild  type. 
Ohronic  dysentery  and  diarrhoea  are  scarcely  known.  The  degree  of  moisture  of  tbe  atmosphere, 
says  Lebmann,  is  not  without  iufluence  on  the  respiratory  organs,  and  especially  on  the  excretions 
of  carbonic  acid.  *  *  *  The  influence  exerted  by  tbe  moisture  of  the  air  on  the  respiratory 
movements  is  not  a  question  of  mere  conjecture,  since  it  admits  of  direct  observation. 

The  view  taken  by  Dr.  Edwin  Lee,  of  London,  is  that  the  choice  of  a  climate  should  be  deter- 
mined by  the  patient's  temi)erament,  the  condition  of  the  system,  and  the  more  or  less  advanced 
state  of  the  disease.  In  general,  warm  and  dry  localities  best  suit  persons  of  a  lymphatic  or  scrof- 
ulous constitution,  where  the  circulation  is  languid.  These,  on  the  other  hand,  are  often  too  excit- 
ing for  individuals  of  a  sanguine  or  nervous  temperament,  in  whom  there  is  an  irritability  of  the 
air-passages,  a  disiiosition  to  inflammation  or  to  hiemoptysis,  with  acceleration  of  the  circulation  ; 
such  patients  would  generally  find  themselves  better  where  the  atmosphere  was  somewhat  moist 
and  not  liable  to  great  variations.  A  similar  climate  is  likewise  better  adapted  to  patients  in  more 
advanced  stages  of  the  disease. 

From  the  statistics  collected  by  the  late  Dr.  Drake,  and  al.so  from  the  reports  of  the  Army,  the 
proportion  of  deaths  from  phthisis  proves  to  be  greater  in  the  South  than  at  the  North. 

I  consider  it  is  of  great  importance  that  the  climate  of  this  region  should  be  made  known,  and 
that  the  injudicions  course  of  sending  consumptive  i)atients  to  some  southern  coast  or  island,  where 
they  must  forego  the  comforts  of  home,  of  family,  and  Iriends,  may  be  thus  avoided. 

This  district  is  inhabited  by  an  intelligent,  temperate,  frugal,  and  industrious  people,  mostly 
Americans  from  New  England  ai.d  New  Yoik.    Tiiey  are  generally  agriculturists,  with  the  excep 


surgeons'    reports MICHIGAN' FIFTH    DISIKICT.  465 

tioti  of  a  roviiiji'  population  engaged  in   hunhi'iinji,  also  a  colony  of  Ilollandfrs,  located  in   tlio 
soul  Invest  part  of  Ottawa  County.     These  latt(U-  are  a  religions  iind  industrious  people. 

No  part  of  tlie  Northwest  presents  greater  indu<!enients  th:iii  this  to  emigrants,  if  thoy  take 
into  consideration  climate,  health,  soil,  timber,  and  the  gypsum  which  is  fotind  in  great  abundance, 
as  well  as  fruits  of  all  the  kinds  that  are  'produced  in  this  latitude. 

The  ratio  of  cardiac  diseases  reported  is  quite  large.  I  purpose  to  make  a  few  statei]5euts  in 
regard  to  a  certain  form  of  heart-disease  which  is  quite  common.  The  per.sous  afflicted,  in  their 
ai)pearauce,  to  a  casual  ob.server  look  healthy,  the  countenance  generally  Hushed,  their  tempera- 
ments sanguine-bilious.  The  symptoms  of  the  disease  consist  of  jiain  or  an  nnea.«y  sensation,  and 
choking  or  faintiffg  on  exercise.  The  physical  signs  are  these :  heart  in  its  normal  position,  its 
impul.se  at  the  apex  violent  and  sharp,  striking  the  walls  of  the  chest  with  force.  All  the  above 
.symptoms  are  increased  on  exercise  or  from  sudden  mental  emotion,  the  i)ulse  r.inging  from  seventy- 
live  to  eighty-five,  full  and  strong,  with  the  general  health  not  usually  much  imi)aired.  The  causes 
are  iuvariably  attributable  to  violent  and  protracted  exercise,  such  as  running,  jumping,  lifting. 
The  subjects  were  mostly  of  active  habits,  generally  farmers  and  discharged  soldiers.  From  the 
.symptoms  and  the  history  of  the  cases,  and  from  careful  examinations,  I  was  of  opinion  that  there 
was  a  slight  hypertrophy  with  dilatation  of  the  left  ventricle,  and  so  reported  thein.  This  condi- 
tion had  been  generally  brought  on  by  overtaxing  the  organ  in  long-continued  exertion. 

Paragraph  85,  section  .3.  Epilepsy. — The  regtdations  require  the  attested  affidavit  of  a  physician 
in  these  cases.  In  this  district,  most  of  the  i)ersous  afflicted  with  the  disease  were  new-comers,  who 
have  never  had  an  occasion  to  call  a  physician.or,  if  otherwise,  they  resided  so  far  that  a  physician 
could  not  reach  theui  while  in  the  paroxysm.  In  these  cases,  the  board  had  to  rely  u[ion  the  best 
testimony  they  could  obtain.        *  #  * 

The  number  of  men  to  be  examined  per  day  shoidd  not  exceed  sixty,  if  the  surgeon  wishes  to 
do  credit  to  himself  and  justice  to  the  service. 

The  fraud  most  frequently  attempted  was  jjretendiug  blindness  of  the  right  eye  from  disease  of 
the  optic  nerve.  This  could  be  detected  only  by  the  use  of  the  ophthalmoscope.  Inflating  the 
scrotum  by  forcing  air  into  the  cellular  tissue  was  easily  detected  by  the  crei)itation  on  pressure. 

In  regard  to  what  ns'tionality  i)resents  the  greatest  physical  ai)titude  for  military  service,  I 
have  had  but  little  means  of  forming  an  opinion,  as  the  inhabitants  of  this  district  are  mostly 
Americans. 

*  *  *  ()j)g  great  obstacle  to  contend  with  in  the  examination  of  men  is  the  want 
of  a  suitable  room.  It  should  be  located  in  reference  to  stillness,  ;ind,  if  in  a  city,  it  should  be 
removed  from  the  street;  no  talking  should  be  allowed  in  it,  for  quiet  is  very  essential  duiing 
examination  of  the  lungs  and  heart.  The  room  should  be  large,  and  dressing-rooms  should  be 
adjoining.  • 

My  experience  as  to  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  for  military  service  has  been 
limited.  The  few,  however,  that  I  have  examined,  in  x'hysical  development  were  equal,  if  not 
superior,  to  any  other  race  of  men. 

I  have  no  recoinmeudations  or  suggestions  to  make  in  reference  to  the  operations  of  the  enroll- 
ment-law. 

ALONZO  PLATT, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Fourth  District  of  Michigan. 
Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  May  30,  1865. 

MICeiGAN— FIFTH  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  I.  Paddack. 

*  *  •  The  whole  number  of  men  examined  by  me  was  four  thousand  five  hun- 
dred and  thirty-five.        #  *  # 

This  district  is  composed  of  six  counties,  namely:  Oaldand,  Livingston,  Lapeer,  Macomb,  Saint 

Clair,  and  Sanilac  Counties.     The  last  three  border  upon  Laices  Huron  and  Saint  Clair  on  the  east. 

The  surface  of  the  land  is  generally  undulating,  and  the  conntrv  is  well  watered  by  numerous  small 
59 


466  surgeons'  reports — Michigan — ^fifth  district. 

lakes  and  rivers,  which  afford  an  immense  amount  of  hydraulic  power,  which  is  nsed  very  exten- 
sively for  the  manufacture  ot  lumber  and  other  purposes.     Flouringmills  are  very  numerous. 

The  soil  is  variable,  but  is  mostly  a  rich,  sandy  loam,  and  is  very  productive  in  the  grains  and 
grasses  that  are  produced  in  the  Northern  States.  It  is  timbered  with  oak,  maple,  and  beech  in 
the  south  and  west  part;  in  the  north  and  east,  there  are  large  forests  of  pine  of  excellent  quality. 
Some  parts  are  hilly,  and  those  which  border  on  the  lakes  and  rivers  in  many  places  are  marshy. 

Thedistrictcontainsfour  thousand  four  hundred  and  sixty-five  square  miles.  In  ISGO,  it  contained 
one  hundred  and  twenty-eight  thousand  seAen  hundredand  twelve  inhabitants  ;  if  the  increase  for  the 
last  five  years  has  been  but  five  per  cent.,  (which  is  a  low  estimate,)  it  has  at  thejiresent  time  a  pt)i)- 
ulation  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  thousand  one  hundred  and  forty-seven.  The  correct  enroll- 
ment-lists ending  on  the  14th  day  of  April,  1865,  show  there  are  ten  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
thirty  men  liable  to  be  called  npon  for  military  duty,  notwithstanding  the  rebellion  has  caused  a 
large  drain  from  the  number  of  its  able  bodied  men  ;  deduct  thirty  per  cent,  for  physical  disability 
and  other  causes,  then  there  remains  a  force  of  seven  thousand  five  hundred  and  eighty-one  effect- 
ive men  liable  to  be  called  into  service  if  required. 

The  inhabitants  are  enterprising,  intelligent,  and  enjoy  the  fruits  of  their  labor.  The  farmer 
who  but  a  few  years  since  bad  but  a  scanty  subsistence,  and  was  obliged  to  content  himself  with 
the  shelter  of  his  rude  log-cabin,  erected  soon  after  the  first  sound  of  the  woodman's  ax  was  heard 
in  the  forest,  animated  with  hopes  of  better  days,  and  persevering  through  a  few  years  of  toil  and 
privation,  has  become  the  possessor  of  a  commodious  dwelling,  in  which  he  can  solace  himself  with 
the  reflection  that  industry  and  economy  lead  to  wealth. 

The  country  is  divided  into  limbered  lands  and  timbered  openings,  the  timber  being  mostly  oak. 
The  soil  of  the  openings  is  readily  prepared  for  the  plow  with  little  labor.  There  is  generally  some 
underbrush,  which  requires  a  small  amount  of  work  to  remove,  and  then  the  soil  is  i-eady  for  break- 
ing up,  though  it  requires  three  yoUe  of  oxen  to  accomplish  the  task.  The  timber  being  tliinly 
scattered  is  frequently  left  standing,  but  a  circle  of  hark  is  generally  removed,  about  two  feet  from' 
the  ground,  in  order  to  destroy  its  vitality.  This  timber  sometimes  remains  for  two  or  three  years, 
except  what  is  needed  for  fencing  and  other  purposes;  this  may  appear  to  some  rather  a  rude  way 
of  farming,  but  it  is  called  labor-saving  by  those  who  have  little  help  and  limited  means  where- 
with to  obtain  it.    A  large  yield  of  wheat  is  frequently  taken  from  such  lauds  the  first  year. 

It  is  settled  mostly  by  emigrants  from  the  State  of  New  York  and  the  Canadas.  A  few  towns 
in  the  northern  and  eastern  parts  are  principally  jieopled  by  French  and  Germans;  their  lands  are 
new,  and,  having  had  but  little  capital  to  assist  them,  they  are  obliged  to  devote  a  portion  of  their 
time  to  lumbering,  fishing,  or  some  other  employment  than  that  of  agriculture. 

On  this  class  of  men  the  draft  fell  heavily ;  the  most  of  them  were  unable  to  procure  substitutes 
even  if  they  were  disposed  to  do  so,  and  the  remainder  not  being  inclined  to  learn  tactics,  the  result 
was  that  immediately  after  (if  not  before)  the  draft,  they  sought  refuge  in  Victoria's  dominions. 

The  diseases  are  mostly  intermittent  and  remittent  fevers,  which  are  produced  by  the  morbid 
effects  of  effluvia  that  proceed  from  the  surface  of  the  earth,  and  are  probably  gaseous  or  aeriform 
bodies  which  are  involved  in  the  atmosphere  ;  they  are  imperceptible  ;  we  know  nothing  of  tiieir 
physical  or  chemical  qualities,  but  we  are  made  aware  of  their  existence  by  their  pernicious  effects 
only.  They  are  called  malaria  or  miasmata,  and  are  generated  by  a  certain  degree  of  heat  and 
moisture  capable  of  producing  vegetable  decomposition.  They  seldom  originate  at  a  temi)erature 
of  less  than  00°  Fahrenheit,  though  vegetable  decomposition  may  be  going  on;  at  80°  they  are  very 
prevalent,  but  are  generally  checked  when  frost  makes  its  appearance ;  the  process  requires  a  cer- 
tain continuance  of  heat  as  well  as  a  certain  degree  of  it.  Moisture  is  as  essential  as  heat  in  its 
production ;  therefore  heat  and  moisture,  continued  for  a  considerable  length  of  time,  acting  on  dead 
vegetable  matter  so  as  to  i)roduce  rapid  decomposition,  are  generally  sure  to  produce  diseases  tiiat 
we  then  say  liave  a  njalarious  origin.  I  am  satisfied  that  dy.sentery.  neuralgia,  and  rheumatism  are 
frequently  produced  by  their  morbid  influence  upon  the  system.  I  have  frequently  seen  dysentery 
prevail  to  an  alarming  extent  in  those  seasons  of  the  year  at  which  we  should  have  expected  inter- 
mittent and  remittent  fevers  to  have  been  most  coinuion.  Dysentery  having  been  first  in  making 
its  appearance,  in  some  particular  seasons  would  run  its  course  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  any  other 


surgeons'   reports — MICHIGAN — FIFTH   DISTRICT.  467 

disease.  This  has  hapjiened  generally  when  there  has  been  a  hixiiriant  growth  of  vegetation  in  the 
early  part  of  the  siiumier  followed  by  a  drought,  after  which  fre(|neut  rains  begin  to  water  the  earth, 
iind  the  heat  continuing,  then  the  disease  begins  to  show  itself,  perhaps  in  a  mild  form  atlirst ;  but 
[«oon  putting  on  a  malignant  type,  it  becomes  a  severe  scourge  to  the  Inhabitants. 

Now,  why  is  it  that  dysentery  exists  at  that  season  of  the  year  wliich  has  been,  so  far  as  we 
can  judge,  most  favorable  to  the  production  of  remittent  and  intermittent  fevers,  unless  the  same 
causes  that  produced  the  one  are  capable  of  producing  the  other,  though  of  a  different  class  of 
diseases  ?  The  lower  order  of  animals  is  also  liable  to  suffer  from  the  poisonous  effects  of  malaria. 
In  the  State  of  New  York  I  saw  a  dog  have  regular  tertian  ague  for  several  weeks;  he  became 
debilitated  and  exhibited  little  inclination  to  take  exercise,  but  alter  a  while  regained  his  strength 
and  activity. 

There  has  been  a  considerable  number  of  drafted  men  exempted  for  physical  disability,  there 
being  no  visible  disease,  either  general  or  local,  except  that  the  men  ap[)eared  very  much  debilitated, 
and  totally  unable  to  perform  manual  labor,  which,  indeed,  was  evident  upon  athorough  examination 
as  well  as  from  the  testimony  of  reliable  neighbors,  many  of  those  in  question  having  been  invalids  for 
several  years.  On  inquiry  in  relation  to  the  causes  of  their  ill-health,  some  would  assign  one  thing  and 
some  another,  but  generally  they  were  not  very  satisfactory  reasons.  Quite  a  number  of  these  men 
had  previously  suffered  from  attacks  of  intermittent  fevers,  (ague,  as  they  denominated  it,)  but  it 
had  left  no  chronic  enlargement  of  the  spleen  nor  local  effects  of  any  kind  that  could  be  detected; 
nevert  heless,  the  system  exhibited  thepernicious  effects  of  somelatent  poison  thathadhad  an  agency  in 
producing  the  debility  they  labored  under.  My  opinion  is  that  a  large  proportion  of  these  individuals 
were  suffering  from  the  poisonous  effects  of  malarious  indnence,  which  is  operating  silently,  though 
no  less  surely,  in  destroying  the  health  of  a  large  number  of  those  inhabitants  who  have  spent  the 
greater  part  of  their  lives  in  infected  districts  of  country.  These  diseases  exist  to  a  greater  extent 
in  the  newly-settled  portions  of  country  where  the  lands  are  first  broken  up,  and  the  marshy 
grounds  and  stagnant'pools  of  water  existing  in  many  places  are  fertile  sources  from  which  eman- 
ate the  poisonous  effluvia ;  but  as  the  country  has  been  improved,  especially  by  draining  the  marshy 
lands,  these  diseases  have  become  less  frequent,  and  also  milder  in  their  type,  except  where  other 
causes  comb  ned  have  rendered  it  otherwise. 

As  there  are  more  farmers  than  any  other  class  of  men  in  this  district,  and  as  hernia  predomi- 
nates over  any  other  disability,  it  is  but  reasonable  to  conclude  that  it  is  produced  by  the  extra 
muscular  exertions  required  of  those  who  are  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits.  In  clearing  heavy 
timbered  land,  the  incessant  labor  recpiircd  will  call  for  all  the  physical  strength  a  man  possesses; 
it  is  therefore  no  wonder  that  rupture  should  frequently  result. 

Pontiac,  the  headquarters  of  the  district,  is  in  Oakland  County  ;  it  lies  in  latitude  iSo  30' 
north,  longitude  6°  1.3'  west  from  Washington,  at  a  height  of  nine  hundred  and  twenty-seven  feet 
above  the  sea.  It  has  a  population  numbering  four  thousand.  It  is  surrounded  by  rich  farming- 
lands,  which  are  extensively  cultivated,  and  yield  to  the  husbandman  ami)le  reward  for  his  labor. 
It  is  watered  by  the  Clinton  River,  which  affords  excellent  water-power.  The  Detroit  and  Mil- 
waukee Railroad  passes  through  it.  It  is  situated  twenty-five  miles  north  of  Detroit,  and  is  one  of 
the  greatest  wool-marts  in  the  State.  The  county  is  remarkable  for  its  numerous  small  and  beau- 
tiful lakes  to  the  number  of  one  hundred,  which  are  well  supplied  with  choice  fish,  ami  afford  a 
pleasant  pastime  for  those  who  are  fond  of  indulging  in  the  sport. 

In  relation  to  the  different  sections  of  paragraph  85  of  the  Revised  Regulations  of  the  Provost- 
Marshal-General's  Bureau,  as  laid  down  for  the  guidance  of  boards  of  enrollment  in  the  exam- 
ination of  drafted  men.  I  have  to  say  that  I  believe  them  to  be  judiciously  arranged.  Undoubtedly, 
any  one  having  any  of  the  disabilities  there  set  forth  as  being  disqualifying  should  be  exempted, 
but  at  the  same  time  I  am  of  opinion  that  there  is  too  wide  a  distinction  made  between  drafted 
men  and  volunteers.  I  cannot  see  why  a  man  because  he  is  so  unfortunate  as  to  be  conscripted 
should  be  held  to  service  though  he  may  have  disabilities  that  would  reject  him  if  he  were  a 
volunteer.  It  may  be  said  that  the  drafted  man,  if  he  be  not  as  sound  in  eveiy  respect  as  is  required 
of  the  volunteer,  may  yet  have  such  duties  assigned  him  as  he  ca*  perform,  and  thus  render  service 
to  the  Government,  though  in  a  less  degree  than  a  perfectly  able-bodied  man.  Granting  it  to  be 
the  fact  that  his  services  are  worth  something,  they  nevertheless  fall  far  short  of  those  of  the  man 


468  surgeons'  reports — Michigan — fifth  district. 

who  has  sufBcicut  powers  of  endurance  to  carry  a  gun  and  a  heavy  i)ack  on  hi.s  back  on  a  forced 
march  whenever  it  becomes  necessary.  When  tlie  best  men  (to  all  appearances)  are  selected,  and 
go  into  the  service  without  compulsion,  a  few  weeks  or  months  will  suffice  to  show  a  sutUcient 
number  dis(iualified  for  field-duty;  but  many  of  them  can  be  made  useful  to  the  Government  in  a 
different  capacity.  The  drafted  man,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  he  is  compelled  to  do  that  which  he 
shudders  at,  and  that  he  imagines  that  he  is  looked  upon  with  contempt  rather  than  as  an  equal 
by  those  who  enlisted  as  a  matter  of  choice,  is  apt  to  be  made  dishonest,  and  instead  of  i)roving 
trusty  and  faithful  to  the  Government,  his  whole  aim  will  be  to  make  himself  totally  unfit  for  the 
duties  assigned  him.  I  am  of  opinion  that  drafted  men  should  have  the  same  fitness  for  military 
service  as  volunteers;  they  also  should  be  paid  the  same  bounties  by  Government.  Then  the 
drafted  man  would  have  a  status,  and  he  would  consider  himself  on  an  equality  with  his  fellow- 
soldier.  If  he  chooses  to  substitute  a  person  in  his  place,  then  let  the  substitute  receive  the  bounty. 
As  the  Government  wants  the  men,  and  relial)le  men  too,  it  seems  to  me  that  if  procured  in  that 
manner  they  would  render  more  efficient  service.  At  the  same  time,  it  \\ouId  be  the  means  of 
bestowing  upon  many  a  deserving  and  destitute  family  an  assistance  that  otherwise  they  would  be 
deprived  of. 

In  the  examination  of  men  for  the  military  service  I  have  been  governed  by  the  instructions 
contained  in  the  Revised  Regulations  for  the  government  of  the  Bureau  of  the  ProvostMarshal- 
General,  and  the  instructions  contained  in  a  manual  for  enlisting  and  discharging  soldiers,  by 
Roberts  Bartholow,  A.  M.,  M.  D. ;  also  the  instructions  received  from  Dr.  D.  C.  Van  Slyck,  examin- 
ing-surgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment,  who  visited  this  office  in  October,  1864,  and  whose 
instructions  I  very  much  value. 

I  have  in  some  particular  cases,  especially  if  there  were  any  indications  of  hernia,  tested  them 
more  thoroughly  than  the  general  instrnctious  require.        #  #  # 

As  to  the  number  of  men  that  can  be  examined  physically  per  day,  I  am  of  opinion  that  no 
surgeon  should  examine  more  than  o?ie /(««f7/-efZ  drafted  men,oro?ie  hundred  and  tirenty  lecrmti^ 
or  substitutes.  I  can  examine  at  least  one  sixth  or  one-fifth  more  volunteers  than  drafted  men  in 
a  given  time,  for  the  reason  that  the  man  who  volunteers  his  services  is  generally  disposed  to  do 
that  which  the  surgeon  requires  of  him,  otherwise  he  is  suspected  of  having  some  disability  he 
wishes  to  conceal. 

The  drafted  man  studies  to  make  himself  api)ear  as  much  disqualified  as  he  is  able.  He  is 
slow  to  answer  questions,  which  he  fears  may  lead  to  the  disclosing  of  facts  that  would  make  the 
board  suspect  him  of  trying  to  deceive  them.  He  moves  as  though  he  was  weighed  down  with  an 
incubus;  his  physiognomy  is  expressive  of  sadness  and  despair.  In  some  instances,  the  whole 
contour  of  the  man  is  changed ;  he  appears  a  different  being  from  what  he  was  before  the  draft 
laid  its  weight  upon  him. 

There  are  many  frauds  practiced  by  enrolled  men  coming  before  the  board.  I  will  give  one 
instance  that  occurred  at  this  office,  which  will  illustrate  others  of  the  same  character.  A  man 
from  a  remote  part  of  the  district,  having  a  deformed  foot,  came  befoie  the  board,  and  was  exempted 
under  an  assumed  name,  that  of  his  neighbor,  who  was  an  able-bodied  man.  The  fraud  was  soon 
detected,  and  consequently  the  neighbor  was  re-instated  on  the  roll.  The  United  States  district 
attorney  was  consulted  in  the  matter,  but  it  appears  that  there  is  no  law  to  punish  such  frauds. 

In  my  opinion,  a  law  should  be  passed  which  would  inflict  a  heavy  penalty  on  those  who  are 
found  guilty  of  perpetrating  such  base  acts.  In  the  case  of  a  stranger  claiming  exemption,  there 
being  no  one  present  to  identify  him,  he  should  be  made  to  swear  that  he  is  the  identical  i)erson 
(as  the  name  indicates)  that  appears  on  the  enrollment-list.  Then,  should  it  be  otherwise,  he  could 
be  held  responsible  for  perjury,  if  for  nothing  else. 

There  was  a  man  who  enlisted  at  this  office  as  a  substitute ;  he  bore  a  good  examination  and 
was  accepted,  and  in  a  few  days  was  sent  to  the  State  lendezvous;  he  then  obtained  a  furlough 
and  went  home  to  his  family,  who  resided  a  little  more  than  twenty  miles  from  this  place,  and 
returning  in  due  time  to  the  headquarters  of  the  State,  he  claimed  that  he  was  unable  to  do  duty 
in  consequence  of  ulcers  on  his  legs.  He  was  examined  by  the  surgeon  at  the  rendezvous  and 
reported  back  to  this  office,  with  the  statement  that  he  had  chionic  ulcers  of  the  lower  extremities, 
of  many  years'  standing,  and  was  discharged  from  the  service  one  year  since.    This  man  immedi- 


SURGEONS     REPORTS MICHIGAN FIFTH    DISTRICT.  469 

ately  after  he  was  examined  at  this  oilflce  commenced  applying  some  caustic  or  irritating  sub- 
stance to  his  legs,  iu  consequence  of  which  he  succeeded  in  making  sores  which  had  the  appear 
ance  of  chronic  ulcers  of  long  standing.  He  niiide  a  confidant  of  one  of  the  Veteran  Hcserve  Corps 
men  at  the  camp,  and  tohl  him  he  had  no  disability  at  present,  but  soon  would  have;  that  he 
knew  how  to  make  his  legs  sore  and  also  how  to  heal  them,  as  the  case  might  require;  his  wife 
stated  also  that  he  had  done  that  thing  several  times.  The  facts  were  reported  to  the  surgeon  at 
the  State  rendezvous  and  his  cnse  was  reexamined.  Instead  of  obtaining  a  discharge,  as  he  had 
anticipated,  he  was  held  aud  sent  to  the  front;  his  descriptive  roll  containing  a  statement  as  to 
his  character,  so  as  to  prevent  imposition  upon  others.  According  to  his  own  statement,  he  had 
enlisted  five  or  six  times,  making  some  eleven  hundred  dollars  by  his  knavery. 

In  order  to  protect  the  board  of  enrollment  against  sucli  frauds,  the  enlisted  nam  should  be 
sent  to  the  headquarters  of  the  State  immediately,  aud  there  be  re-examined  as  speedily  as  possible, 
(if  a  subsequent  examiuation  is  required,)  before  he  has  time  to  manufacture  a  disability;  and  then 
I  have  no  doubt  the  provost-marshal  and  the  surgeon  would  escape  the  censure  they  have  many 
times  had  heaped  upon  them  unjustly  in  consequence  of  allowing  rascals  sufiicient  time  to  mature 
their  villainous  designs. 

The  surgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment  has  a  far  better  opportunity  for  judging  of  the  present 
ability  of  a  man  for  military  service,  at  the  time  of  his  enlistment,  than  the  surgeon  who  reexam- 
ines  him  some  weeks,  aud  perhaps  months,  after,  and  discovers  a  disability  which  he  supposes  to 
haveexisted  at  the  time  of  his  enlistment,  but  which,  in  fact,  did  not  then  exist.  Drafted  men  and 
enrolled  men  come  before  the  board  claiming  that  they  have  hernia  and  consequently  are  com- 
pelled to  wear  a  truss,  which  they  have  adjusted  to  the  best  of  their  ability  ;  but,  on  examination, 
it  becomes  evident  that  the  thing  had  been  ajjplied  just  previous  to  the  inspection,  and  as  no  hernia 
can  be  found  they  are  told  that  such  a  deception  is  not  well  calculated  to  avail  them  anything.  A 
.drafted  man  presented  himself  for  examiuation  before  he  was  ordered  to  report.  Ue  was  very 
anxious  to  be  inspected,  as  he  had  a  large  blister  on  one  of  his  legs,  which,  he  stated,  had  fre- 
quently made  its  appearance  and  caused  him  to  be  very  lame.  When  he  was  told  that  he  had 
caused  the  blister  himself  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  a  discharge,  he  appeared  very  much  disap- 
pointed, and  immediately  left  the  room.  There  was  a  drafted  man  who  was  examiued  at  this  office 
and  held  to  service,  as  there  could  not  be  found  any  disability  for  which  to  exempt  him  ;  he  was 
accordingly  sent  to  the  State  rendezvous.  A  few  weeks  elapsed,  aud  he  was  reported  back  to  this 
office  as  having  paralysis  agitans,  in  consequence  of  which  he  was  discharged.  I  was  informed  by 
one  of  his  neighbors  {who  was  a  reliable  man)  that  on  his  return  home  the  disease  immediately  left 
him,  and  he  was  able  to  resume  the  manual  labor  which  he  had  formerly  performed. 

In  cases  where  there  is  reason  to  suspect  simulation,  an  espionage  should  be  instituted  over 
such  iiersous,  and  very  soon  their  hypocrisy  will  be  detected. 

There  have  been  sent  to  the  State  rendezvous  from  this  oflQce  three  thousand  and  eighty  men 
who  have  been  receii)ted  for,  only  sixteen  of  whom  have  been  reported  back  as  unfit  for  duty;  and 
I  have  no  doubt  that  the  greater  part  of  these  have  managed  to  carry  out  theii'  various  schemes 
of  deception  so  adroitly  that  the  vigilant  eye  of  the  surgeon  at  Jackson  has  failed  to  discover  the 
imposition.  I  think  satisfactory  reasons  were  given  in  all  these  cases  why  the  men  were  accepted  at 
this  ofBce. 

As  to  what  nationality  presents  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  military  service,  I  think  the 
answer  is  clearly  expressed  in  Dr.  Roberts  Bartholow's  manual  of  instructions  for  enlisting  and 
discharging  soldiers,  page  208.  He  says,  "An  unprejudiced  view  of  the  various  races  aud  nationali- 
ties forming  our  Army  will  disclose  the  fact,  I  think,  that  the  fused  European  nationalities,  consti- 
tuting what  is  now  known  as  the  North  American  race,  and  which  begins  to  assume  characteristics 
distinct  as  those  of  the  English,  French,  German,  or  Spanish  races,  is  better  fitted  for  military 
purposes  than  either  or  all  of  the  representatives  of  foreign  nations." 

My  experience  as  to  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  colonul  race  for  military  service  has  been 
limited,  as  only  a  small  number  has  been  examined  at  this  oflice. 

I.  PADDAGK, 
Late  Surgeon  Board  of  EnroUment  Fifth  District  of  Michigan. 

PoNTiAC,  Mich.,  Octohcr  12,  1SG5. 


470  surgeons'  reports — Wisconsin — fifth  district. 

WISCONSIN— FIFTH  DISTEIOT.» 

Extracts  from  report  of  De.  H.  O.  Cetane. 

*  *  *  Entering  the  service  of  the  United  States  in  June,  ISOl,  I  continued  on 
duty  in  the  field  or  in  general  hospitals  until  May,  1863,  when  I  resigned  my  position  as  surgeon  in 
charge  of  St.  John's  College  Hospital,  Annapolis,  Md.,  and  received  the  appointment  of  surgeon  to 
the  board  of  enrollment  for  this  district. 

While  on  duty  in  hospital,  I  was  in  the  weekly  habit  of  examining  men  for  discharge  from 
service,  and  since  occupying  my  present  position  I  have  been  constantly  on  duty ;  I  have  had  an 
assistant  but  five  months,  and  have,  in  the  mean  time,  examined  fourteen  thousand  one  hundred 
and  sixty-five  men,  mostly  enrolled  or  drafted  men,  nearly  all  of  whom  claimed  severe  indisposition 
of  some  kind. 

The  labors  of  the  surgeon  are  so  severe  and  unpleasant,  and  the  pay  so  inadequate,  that  I  think 
there  are  very  few  but  are  satisfied  with  their  experience,  and  are  quite  willing  to  leave  the  field. 

This  district  is  situated  in  the  extreme  northeastern  corner  of  the  State.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Green  Bay  and  the  Peninsula  of  Michigan,  on  the  east  by  Lake  Michigan,  and  on  the 
south  and  west  by  the  fourth  and  sixth  districts.  It  comprises  thirteen  large  counties,  and  in 
extent  north  and  south  extends  through  fully  two  degrees  of  latitude.  It  contains  ten  thousand 
four  hundred  square  miles. 

The  southwestern  counties  are  chiefly  openings  and  prairie,  with  sufiBcient  timber  for  all  the 
purposes  of  husbandry.  The  soil  is  productive,  and  the  inhabitants  are  mainly  occupied  in  the 
pursuit  of  agriculture.  These  counties  are  chiefly  settled  by  men  from  the  Eastern  and  Middle 
States,  generally  intelligent  and  industrious  ;  they  have  efficient  schools  and  all  the  marks  of  an 
advanced  civilization.  While  the  more  eastern  and  northern  counties  are  covered  with  dense  for- 
ests, and  though  there  is  much  soil  that  is  productive,  the  chief  value  is  in  its  fine  groves  of  timber 
and  the  extensive  fisheries  on  the  lake  and  bay. 

A  large  preponderance  of  this  population  is  foreign,  representing  every  state  and  duchy  in 
Europe.  They  subsist  by  the  cultivation  of  small  farms  and  the  manufacture  of  lumber  and 
shingles  from  their  pine-forests.  Necessity  compels  them  to  be  industrious,  but  they  are  usually 
very  poor  and  ignorant,  mostly  Eoman  Catholics,  and  as  such  generally  hostile  to  the  conscription- 
act.  These  men  are  often  ignorant  of  the  most  common  civilities  of  life ;  they  are  unscrupulous  as 
to  the  means  for  obtaining  the  desired  end,  regarding  bribery  and  corruption  as  legitimate  rather 
than  as  crimes  to  be  punished.  A  virtuous  public  sentiment  cannot  reach  them,  since  they  are 
surrounded  by  those  who  are  opposed  to  the  wholesome  administration  of  the  law,  and  alike  inter- 
ested in  preventing  its  execution.  Demagogues,  interested  in  preserving  their  party  ascendency, 
have  educated  this  people  to  believe  that  the  war  was  not  only  useless  and  cruel,  but  that  its  effect 
would  be  to  finally  subvert  their  civil  and  political  privileges.  Hence  the  difficulty  in  procuring 
an  enrollment  of  some  of  these  counties,  and  the  inability  to  compel  drafted  men  to  report.  Usually, 
the  strong  and  able-bodied  ran  away,  while  the  cripples,  those  of  overage,  and  aliens,  aloue 
reported. 

I  know  of  no  disease  peculiar  to  this  district,  or  to  any  part  thereof,  which  is  not  incident  to 
other  of  the  Northwestern  States  in  the  same  latitude.  I  would  mention  pneumonia  and  inflam- 
matory rheumatism  as  the  most  prevalent  diseases  of  serious  character  common  to  this  locality. 
Phthisis  is  far  less  prevalent  than  in  the  Eastern  or  Middle  States. 

The  ratio  per  thousand  exempt  for  physical  disability  has  been  much  larger  in  that  portion  of 
the  district  just  considered,  which  may  be  accounted  for  in  the  following  manner:  First,  as  above 
stated,  the  people  are  poor,  the  country  heavily  timbered,  and  in  most  instances  thus  timber  in 
clearing  the  land  has  to  be  removed  by  hand  for  the  want  of  a  team  ;  hence  the  large  proportion 
of  cases  of  hernia,  varicocele,  and  varicose  veins  of  the  inferior  extremities,  together  with  necrosis 
of  tibia,  fractures,  and  dislocations.  These  causes,  together  with  bad  surgery,  and  often  no  surgery 
whatever,  have  produced  many  cripples.  Secondly,  the  able-bodied  men  have  left  the  country  and 
failed  to  report. 

'  Tliis  was  the  only  report  received  from  the  State. 


surgeons'   reports WISCONSIN — FIFTH   DISTRICT.  471 

Most  of  paragraph  85,  Eevised  Eegulations  of  the  Provost-Marshal-General's  Bureau,  I  concur 

in;   but  bog  leave  to  suggest  some  few  modifications.     Admitting  all  surgeons  to  be  capable  and 

honest,  much  benefit  would  accrue  both  to  the  Government  and  to  the  men  examined  from  giving  the 

,  surgeon  greater  discretion  in  his  decisions  as  to  drafted  men.    I  will  allude  only  to  such  sections 

as  my  experience  leads  me  to  believe  would  be  bettered  by  a  change. 

I  would  suggest  that  sections  5,  C,  and  9  be  merged  into  one,  since  their  general  import  is  the 
same,  and  the  hurry  and  confusion  of  the  provost-marshal's  office  is  unfavorable  to  a  critical  diagnosis. 

I  would  also  suggest  that  sections  12  and  13  be  so  amended  as  to  hold  to  service  all  men  with 
no  other  disqualification  than  the  loss  of  one  eye,  whether  right  or  left ;  but  all  men  very  near-sighted 
I  would  reject.  Under  the  present  rule  I  have  liad  to  hold  men  to  service  who  were  useless  to 
the  Government  on  account  of  near  sightedness. 

Section  20,  I  regard  as  quite  too  arbitrary,  and  think  it  should  be  so  amended  as  to  give  the 
surgeon  greater  discretion.  At  present,  if  a  man  has  an  incisor  or  canine  tooth  in  each  jaw,  though 
otherwise  toothless,  I  am  compelled  to  hold  him  ;  while  his  neighbor,  having  sound  molars  and  a 
line  set  of  artificial  teeth  in  his  pocket,  is  exempt.  There  is  not  only  apparent  but  real  injustice  in 
this,  and  the  surgeon  is  sujiposed  to  be  at  fault  in  the  matter. 

I  also  believe  that  section  29  should  be  so  amended  as  to  exempt  men  for  excessive  varicocele, 
as  it  is  often  disqualifying.        *  *  # 

The  number  of  men  that  can  be  carefully  examined  per  day  by  one  surgeon,  leaving  him  time  to 
still  perform  his  other  iudispensable  duties  as  member  of  the  board  of  enrollment,  will  not  exceed 
sixty;  and  to  do  this  the  surgeon  mu.st  be  very  active,  for,  since  he  is  made  responsible  for  all  acts 
of  an  assistant,  he  naturally  desires  to  inspect  every  man  himself. 

The  frauds  practiced  by  enrolled  and  drafted  men  are  so  numerous  and  varied  as  to  require  the 
utmost  vigilance  ou  the  part  of  the  surgeon.  I  will  mention  a  few  most  to  be  guarded  against. 
Alleged  bliuduess  of  right  eye  is  very  common;  the  pupil  often  appearing  fully  and  apparently  per- 
manently dilated,  and  the  eye  presenting  the  appearance  of  genuine  amaurosis.  The  ophthalmo- 
scope, however,  detects  no  lesion  whatever,  and  the  color  and  general  appearance  of  the  eye 
are  healthy.  Some  of  these  men  had  belladonna  upon  their  persons  at  the  time  of  examination, 
which  they  had  been  using  freely. 

Every  expedient  is  also  tried  to  get  up  an  inordinate  action  of  the  heart.  I  have  required  the 
men,  in  all  suspected  cases  of  this  kind,  to  sit  quiet  for  a  few  hours,  that  I  might  give  them  a  more 
thorough  inspection,  and  have  found  this  method  very  salutary. 

Often  a  certain  form  of  malingering  becomes  fashionable  in  a  particular  locality.  In  one 
county  in  this  district  it  was  very  common  for  men  to  report  with  very  bad-looking  ulcers  on  the 
leg,  decidedly  phagadenic  iu  their  character,  always  on  the  fleshy  jiortion  of  the  leg,  and  never 
over  the  tibia.  1  very  soon  learned  that  these  sores  had  been  manufactured  in  anticipation  of  the 
draft,  and  I  have  affidavits  of  some  (who  became  ashamed  of  the  trick)  that  they  were  induced  to 
have  the  sores  made  by  certain  doctors  of  medicine,  for  which  operation  they  were  to  pay  fifty 
dollars  if  exempted.  Some  of  these  men  were  so  injured  I  was  compelled  to  exempt  them,  as'it 
was  evident  it  would  require  two  or  three  months' treatment  to  heal  the  ulcers.  Other  cases  of 
less  severity  I  held  for  treatment,  and  finally  sent  them  forward.  I  will  here  mention  an  ingenious 
fraud  practiced  upon  me  by  some  Bolieraians.  These  men  claimed  to  have  hernia  of  many  years' 
standiug,  and  of  a  peculiar  character ;  that  it  had  defied  all  treatment,  and  had  baffled  the  surgeons 
in  Europe;  that  it  incapacitated  them  from  labor  of  any  kind  requiring  locomotion.  On  inspecting 
these  men,  I  found  such  an  anomalous  condition  of  the  scrotum  and  surrounding  parts  as  to  make 
it  quite  impossible  to  diagnose  the  case  satisfactorily.  The  scrotum  was  evidently  inflamed,  tender, 
and  much  thickened,  feeling  much  like  a  large,  solid,  corrugated  orange.  The  cellular  tissue  was 
so  thickened,  extending  above  the  pubes,  that  it  was  quite  impossible  satisfactorily  to  inspect  the 
iuguinal  regiou,  or  to  come  to  any  definite  conclusion  as  to  the  cause  of  the  difficulty.  On  a  more 
ciireful  inspection,  however,  I  discovered  a  fine  crepitus,  as  of  air  in  the  cellular  tissue  about  the 
pubes,  and,  in  one  instance,  in  Iheprepuce;  this  led  me  to  susi>ect  a  trick,  and  ou  pushing  my  investi- 
gations 1  learned  that  an  incision  had  been  made  iu  one  or  more  places  in  the  scrotum,  a  blow-pipe 
inserted,  and  the  surrounding  parts  completely  filled  with  air.     The  orifice  was  then  closed,  and 


472  surgeons'  reports — Wisconsin — fifth  district. 

healed,  the  air  remaining  in  situ,  and  apparently  producing-  inflammation  of  the  parts.    I  subse- 
quently learned  that  this  deception  was  not  uncommon  among  Bohemians  in  Europe. 

The  frauds  practiced  by  recruits  and  substitutes  have  usually  I'ehited  to  concealing  their  age; 
where  advanced,  by  coloring  their  hair  and  whiskers,  and  by  the  declarations  of  the  party  ;  and  if 
too  young,  by  the  afBdavits  of  parties  interested  and  of  the  parents.  Situated  as  we  are  on  the 
borders  of  Canada,  a  large  number  of  supposed  "  bounty  jumpers"  have  presented  themselves  to 
this  board  for  enlistment;  but  tlie  constant  vigilance  of  its  officers  in  the  examination  of  this  class 
of  recruits  has  prevented  more  than  half  a  dozen  of  them  entering  the  service  from  this  office.  Of 
all  facts  in  this  connection,  the  provost-marshal  will  make  a  full  report. 

Under  the  head  "  any  other  obstacles,"  as  a  member  of  the  board  of  enrollment,  I  will  say  that 
there  have  been  frauds  almost  innumerable  practiced  upon  the  conscript  as  well  as  many  upon  the 
Government  and  its  officers.  Outside  parties,  claiming  to  have  some  legal  knowledge,  acting  as 
attoi'neys  for  anyone  able  to  pay  them  a  fee,  have  made  the  frightened  conscript  believe  tliat  they 
possessed  influence  with  the  marshal  or  the  surgeon,  and  for  a  specific  sum  they  could  i)robably  pro- 
cure his  discharge.  The  man  at  once  advances  the  money,  and  if  by  any  circumstance  he  happens 
to  be  exempted,  the  attorney  keeps  the  money,  the  conscript  believing  that  most  of  it  has  been  paid 
to  the  officer  for  such  exemption.  A  good  deal  of  money  has  in  this  way  been  filched  from  con- 
scripts, who  have  been  made  to  believe  the  Government  and  all  its  officers  corrupt.  Such  con- 
duct invariably  begets  hard  feelings,  the  conscript  feels  that  he  has  been  fleeced,  and  believes  his 
attorney,  who  tells  him  he  made  the  best  bargain  he  could  with  the  officers.  All  this  is  done  out- 
side, we  know  nothing  of  it  at  the  time,  and  it  is  quite  beyond  our  control.  The  officers  are 
not  only  unable  to  guard  the  rights  of  the  conscript,  but  equally  impotent  to  jii'otect  their  own 
reputation  wlieu  assailed  in  this  manner.        *  *  # 

If  possible,  some  plan  should  be  devised  to  prevent  the  crime  of  perjury,  as  during  the  recent 
drafts  it  has  been  practiced  to  a  fearful  extent  until  it  seems  that  truth  is  an  excejition.  Twenty, 
fifty,  or  a  hundred  dollars  is  ofl'ered  an  attorney  to  free  the  conscript  from  the  operations  of  the 
draft.  To  accomplish  this,  the  attorney  writes  out  the  most  glaring  falsehood,  and  the  conscript 
swears  to  it — both  equally  interested  in  defrauding  the  Government — and  on  this  jjaper,  thus  pro- 
cured, the  board  of  enrollment  (though  believing  the  whole  thing  false)  is  often  compelled  to  grant 
the  exemption.  I  am  happy  to  state  that  all  attorneys  are  not  thus  dishonest ;  still,  no  man  has  so 
bad  a  case  as  not  to  find  some  one  to  engage  for  him.  To  obviate  this  difficulty  and  to  preserve  the 
integrity  of  the  people,  I  would  respectfully  suggest  that  a  commissioner  or  commissioners  be 
appointed  by,  and  in  the  pay  of,  the  Government,  before  whom  all  testimony  shak  be  taken  and  all 
affidavits  made  touching  any  case  of  exemption  other  than  for  physical  disability,  whose  duty  and 
sole  object  shall  be  to  arrive  at  facts,  acting  alike  for  the  Government  and  for  the  people,  and 
ignoring  all  attorneys  whatever. 

I  would  let  the  party  claiming  exemption  present  his  testimony  to  the  enrolling-board,  and 
they  should  proceed  to  investigate  and  decide  his  claim  without  the  interference  of  an  attorney, 
who  only  too  often  prevents  the  ends  of  justice  and  leads  the  conscript  into  difficulty.  It  is  believed 
that  by  this  or  some  similar  method  the  conscript  could  save  a  heavy  attorney's  fee,  (as  the  regula- 
tions on  this  point  I  think  are  totally  disregarded,)  and  in  hundreds  of  instances  it  would  prevent 
the  commission  of  perjury,  so  common  at  present. 

In  considering  the  military  aptitude  of  nationalities,  the  questions  of  occupation,  locality,  and 
race  are  of  much  importance,  and  should  be  well  considered;  iu  an  older  settled  district,  they 
would  furnish  much  useful  information. 

Locality  doubtless  has  much  influence  over  the  health  and  stamina  of  recruits  permanently, 
located,  and  where  the  habits  of  the  people  are  less  migratory.  While  iu  the  English  service  im- 
portant diflerences  are  found  between  town  and  country  recruits,  no  such  distinction  can  be  made 
in  this  country,  and  more  especially  it  is  impossible  in  this  district.  The  largest  town  has  a  popu- 
lation of  less  than  ten  thousand,  and  the  people,  as  a  class,  are  industrious  and  energetic.  Dence, 
perhaps,  the  small  percentage  of  exemptions  for  physical  disability  in  this  district,  compared  with 
the  more  densely-populated  sections  of  the  country. 

Occupation,  iu  this  district,  is  of  far  greater  importance  in  the  selection  of  recruits  than  locality. 


surgeons'    reports WISCONSIN FIFTH    DISTRICT.  473 

This  I  have  been  able  to  demonstrate  from  the  examinations  of  lumbermen  as  compared  with 
farmers  and  shoemakers.  The  lumbermen  (unless  they  have  hernia)  are  universally  good  recruits, 
having  abundance  of  vitality,  with  muscles  well  developed;  they  are  a  brave,  cheerful,  and  hardy 
class.  In  one  sub-district  is  a  large  tannery,  and  a  boot  and  shoe  manufactory,  emi)loying  severnl 
hundred  hands;  of  these  mechanics  nearly  sisty-tive  per  cent,  were  disciiarged  from  enrollment, 
before  the  draft,  for  physical  disability.  Very  few  among  them  who  had  prosecuted  their  trade  for 
ten  years  but  had  organic  disease  of  heart  or  lungs ;  very  many  of  them  had  i)htliisis  ;  nearly  nil 
appeared  with  thorax  flattened,  muscles  wasted,  and  generally  impaired  vitality. 

Race. — Under  this  head  I  am  compelled  to  say  that  such  an  admixture  has  been  presented  to 
this  board  as  to  render  discrimination  very  difficult.  My  experience  in  the  physical  qualifications 
of  the  colored  race  has  been  too  limited  to  warrant  an  opinion,  not  having  examined  more  than 
twenty  five  recruits. 

Of  the  Indian  race  I  have  examined  about  one  hundred  and  thirty  men,  embracing  half-breeds 
of  the  Stockbridge,  Brothertown,  Chijjpewa,  Oneida,  and  Menoinoiice  tribes;  of  these  men  only 
about  ten  percent,  were  rejected  as  physically  disqualified,  and  most  of  these  for  extensive  cica- 
trices from  burns  or' incised  wounds.  Only  one  case  of  hernia  occurred,  but  neither  varicocele  nor 
varicose  veins  of  the  extremities.     There  were  three  or  four  cases  of  s(;rofula  and  secondary  syphilis. 

I  learn  from  officers  commanding  these  men  that  they  were  good  soldiers,  being  unsurpassed 
for  scouting  or  picket  duty,  but  quite  unable  to  stand  a  charge  or  artillery  fire. 

My  observations  fail  to  verify  the  assertion  of  some  statistical  writers  that  the  Irishman  pos- 
sesses the  greatest  physical  at)titnde  for  military  service.  While  it  is  true  that  his  limbs  are  more 
symmetrical,  his  feet  better  arched,  and  his  temperament  more  ardent  than  is  found  to  be  the  case 
in  the  Teutonic  race,  still  it  must  be  confessed  he  has  usually  more  vehemence  than  discretion,  and 
though  courngeous,  it  is  the  counige  of  impulse  rather  than  the  result  of  deliberate  valor. 

From  four  yeans'  ex[)erience  in  the  field,  in  hospitals,  and  as  exaujiniiig-surgeon  of  this  board, 
I  am  decidedly  of  opinion  that  the  mixed  races  as  found  in  the  descendants  of  the  early  settlers  of 
New  England,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Ohio,  where  physical  development  and  courage  are 
combined  with  intelligence  and  i)atriotism,  make  the  best  soldiers  the  world  has  ever  seen,  and  as 
a  class  by  far  excel  the  representatives  of  any  European  state. 

Though  I  regard  the  enrollment-law  as  somewhat  defective,  I  look  upon  the  failure  to  carry  out 
some  of  its  expressed  provisions  as  still  more  to  be  regretted.  I  have  already  alluded  to  the  hostility 
to  the  law  in  certain  localities  in  this  district,  nor  has  this  hostility  abated  particularly  since  its 
operationshave  ceased  ;  but  many  who  formerly  had  respect  for  the  Government  and  the  laws  enacted 
by  it  now  feel  a  contempt  for  both.  This  feeling  is  produced  by  the  return  of  a  large  number  of 
deserters  among  them  ;  these  men  having  now  returned  to  their  old  homes,  in  some  townships  are 
reported  to  be  a  majority  of  the  voting  population,  and  will  exercise  the  elective  francise  as  for- 
merly. They  are  fully  aware  that  this  board  has  no  power  to  arrest  them,  and  that  the  Govern- 
ment has  no  longer  use  for  them,  and  hence  they  make  little  or  no  concealment  of  the  fact  that  they 
have  evaded  the  service  due  to  the  country,  and  take  occasion  to  insult  returned  soldiers,  who,  as  is 
natural,  are  constantly  complaining  of  this  state  of  things. 

I  would  recommend  the  revision  of  the  law  so  far  as  to  accept  no  recruits  under  eighteen  years 
of  age  ;  young  lads  have  not  the  physical  stamina  adequate,  and  soon  become  weary  and  discour- 
aged, only  cumbering  the  ambulances  and  hospitals. 

H.  O.  CRANE, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Fifth  District  of  Wisconsin. 

Green  Bat,  Wis.,  May  30,  1865. 
60 


474  surgeons'  keports — Minnesota — first  district. 

MINNESOTA— FIRST  DISTRICT.      • 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  Edwin  C.  Cross. 

•  *  *        There  were  examined  at  this  office  from  March  9  to  April  14,  1865, 

Drafted  men 152 

Recruits 606 

Substitutes 7 

Total 765 

The  disposition  made  of  these  men  was  as  follows  : 

Drafted  men  held  to  service 29 

Drafted  men  exempted  for  disability 87 

Drafted  men  exempted  lor  all  other  causes,  such  as  over- age,  alienage,  &c...  36 

Recruits   accepted 366 

Recruits  rejected  for  physical  disability .- '. 240 

Substitutes  accepted 7 

Total,  as  above 765 

The  First  Congressional  District  of  Minnesota  comjirises  eighteen  pirrtiallysettled  counties  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  State,  and  embraces  a  population  of  about  one  liundred  thousand  persons. 

The  counties  composing  it,  commencing  at  the  southeast  corner  of  the  State,  and  numbering 
from  east  to  west,  are  Houston,  Fillmore,  Mower,  Freeborn,  Faribault,  and  Martin  in  the  first  tier; 
in  the  second  tier,  Wiuona,  Olmsted,  Dodge,  Steele,  Wase(!a,  Blue  Earth,  and  Brown ;  in  the  third 
tier,  (leaving  out  Wabasha  and  G-oodhue  in  the  Second  Congressional  District,  on  the  east,)  Rice, 
La  Sueur,  and  Nicollet ;  and,  in  the  fourth  tier,  (passing  over  Dakota,  also  in  the  Second  District,) 
Scott  and  Sibley. 

From  this  it  will  be  seen  the  district  is  two  counties  wide  on  the  east,  and  bordering  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  and  passing  west  three  counties  it  extends  north  one  county,  and  from  the  fifth 
.county  west  is  four  counties  wide. 

The  two  counties  lying  on  the  Mississippi  River,  Houston  and  Winona,  are  very  much  broken 
by  the  Mississi[)pi  bluffs,  and  contain  much  less  available  land  than  the  counties  farther  west. 
The  next  two  counties  are  somewhat  broken  by  the  Root  and  Zumbro  Rivers,  which  meander 
through  thera ;  but  the  loss  of  arable  land  in  these  counties  is  more  than  compensated  bj"  the  abun- 
dant supply  of  pure  water  from  those  streams  and  their  tributaries,  and  the  extensive  groves  of 
timber  that  border  them.  West  of  the  two  last-named  counties,  the  country  is,  with  the  exception 
of  that  portion  immedialely  contiguous  to  the  Minnesota  River,  unitoniily  level,  with  an  adequate 
supi^ly  both  of  water  and  timber,  but  w-ith  a  soil  of  unsurpassed  fertihly,  yielding  bountifully  of 
wheat,  oats,  barley,  corn,  grass,  and  roots  of  all  kinds  in  response  to  the  merest  pretense  of  farming. 

The  population  of  the  district,  as  a  wbole,  is  a  mixed  one,  made  up  cliiefly  of  Americans,  Irish, 
Germans,  and  Scandinavians,  with  a  i>reponderance  of  one  or  the  other  in  the  several  localities. 
In  Winona,  Olmsted,  Dodge,  Steele,  Waseca,  Mower,  Freeborn,  Faribault,  Martin,  and  Rice  Coun- 
ties, the  American  element  preponderates;  in  Houston  and  Fillmore  Counties,  the  Scandinavian; 
in  Nicollet  and  Brown  Counties,  the  German;  and  in  Le  Sueur,  Scott,  and  Sibley  Counties,  the 
Irish. 

The  occupation  of  the  people  is  almost  exclusively  grain-growing,  but  cattle  and  sheep  raising 
is  now  receiving  increased  attention. 

The  diseases  of  this  district  are  continued  fevers  from  general  causes,  and  inflammatory 
diseases  arising  generally  from  the  cold  and  changeable  character  of  the  climate.  Intermittent 
levCT  is  almost,  and  the  special  diseases  of  southern  climates  entirely,  unknown  here. 

No  enrollment  of  this  district,  or  any  pai  t  of  it,  has  been  made  since  I  have  been  a  member  of 


surgeons'   reports MINNESOTA — SECOND   DISTRICT.  475 

the  board,  and  my  duties  as  surgeon  have  occupied  my  wliole  time ;  consequently  I  cannot  give  auj 
opinion  in  reference  thereto. 

The.  causes  of  disability  of  drafted  men  and  substitutes  comprise  the  greater  part  of  the  list 
included  in  paragraph  85,  Revised  Eegulatious,  Provost-Marshal-General's  Bureau.  If  there  were 
a  greater  number  of  men  exempted  for  one  cause  than  another,  tliat  cause  is  hernia — section  23, 
paragraph  85  of  above-mentioned  regulatiotis.  I  felt  obliged  under  the  instructions  to  exenii)t  all 
recruits  and  drafted  men  who  had  the  smallest  abdominal  or  umbilical  hernia,  notwithstanding,  in 
many  instances,  the  hernia  was  so  small  as  not  to  amount,  in  my  o])ini()n,  to  a  disability.  In  lact, 
I  bad  often  to  inspect  the  abdomen  with  the  greatest  care  to  discover  its  existence  at  all,  and  in 
many  cases  to  reject  men  of  the  verj'  best  physical  capacity  for  military  service,  and  sometimes 
men  without  families  or  other  local  connections  to  keep  them  at  home,  on  account  of  a  very  small 
and  apparently  harndess  umbilical  or  ventral  hernia.  1  would,  therefore,  respectfully  recommend 
that  section  23  of  i)aragiaph  85  of  above-named  regulations  be  so  altered  as  to  read  "hernia  unless 
it  be  so  small  as  not  to  amount  to  a  disability  in  tbe  opinion  of  the  oxainining-surgeon." 

Sections  3,  9,  15,  and  19  are  liable  to  many  abuses,  men  being  able  to  bring-  any  amount  of 
sworn  testimony,  and,  1  am  sorry  to  say,  many  times  from  physicians  in  apparently  good  standing, 
to  prove  a  false  case.  Still,  I  do  not  know  that  I  can  suggest  an  improvement  in  the  last-named 
sections.  Generally,  the  several  sections  under  paragraph  85  seem  to  be  very  complete,  and  answer 
very  well  as  a  guide  to  the  surgeon  in  making  his  examinations.         «  *  # 

I  could  only  examine  eaiefully  and  minutely  Irom  Jijtij  to  dxty  men  per  day.  If  I  should  exceed 
that  number,  I  should  be  more  liable  to  imposition  froui  recruits  or  drafted  men. 

The  American-born  citizen  i)resents  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  lor  uiilitary  service.  The 
Germans  have  well  performed  their  part  in  this  district  during  llie  war.  I  have  had  but  little  expe- 
rience in  examining  colored  recruits,  not  sufficient  to  form  an  oiiinion  of  their  general  physical  qual- 
ifications for  military  service. 

EDWIN  G.  CEOSS, 
Examining- Bunjeon  Board  of  Enrollment  First  Congressional  District  of  Minnesota. 

EocHESTEB,  Minn.,  Muij  L'O,  18G5. 


MINNESOTA— SECOND  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  rejmrt  of  Dr.  J.  H.  Stewart. 

•  *  *  I  ha\e  acted  as  surgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment  of  this  district  for  the 

past  seven  months.    During  that  period  I  have  examined  : 

Recruits,  substitutes,  and  drafted  men 2, 875 

Enrolled  men,  say 2, 000 


4,875 


Prior  to  my  appointment  as  surgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment,  I  examined  the  recruits  for 
several  of  the  Minnesota  volunteer  regiments,  say  3,C00,  making  the  total  number  examined  by  me 
7,875. 

This  district  covers  all  that  part  of  the  State  which  is  east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  that 
part  west  of  tbe  Mississii)pi  and  north  of  the  Minnesota,  (oniiltJMg  the  tier  of  counties  bordering 
on  this  stream.)  It  also  includes  Dakota,  Goodhue,  and  Wabasha  Counties,  stretching  along  the 
west  of  the  Mi.sissippi  from  the  mouth  of  the  Minnesota  southward. 

The  settled  portion  of  the  district  has  an  extent  of  about  two  humbed  miles  north  and  south 
and  about  one  hundred  miles  east  and  west,  and  embraces  thiity  organized  counties. 

It  is  watered  by  the  Mississippi,  Minnesota,  and  Saint  Croix  Rivers,  which  are  all  niivigable,  and 
by  many  smaller  streams.  It  is  dotted  by  lakes  and  streams  of  the  purest  water.  The  general 
surface  is  rolling.  Heavy  bodies  of  hard  wood  and  pine  Ibrests  abound  in  certain  localities.  The 
remaining  surface,  not  cultivated,  is  covered  with  oak-openings  and  small  prairies. 


476  surgeons'  eeports — Minnesota — second  district. 

Ascertained  by  a  series  of  observations  extendiug  over  twenty  years,  the  mean  winter  temper- 
ature is  IGo.G;  the  iiicau  summer  temperature  is  TOo.SG;  the  yearly  fall  of  rain  and  melted  snow  is 
23.50  iucbcs. 

It  may  be  assumed  that  one-third  of  the  population  of  the  district  is  composed  of  natives  of 
Germany,  Sweden,  Norway,  and  Ireland.  The  natives  of  the  New  England,  Eastern,  and  Western 
States  compose  the  bulk  of  the  remaining  inhabitants. 

The  principal  occupations  of  the  inhabitants  are  farming  and  lumbering. 

Acute  rheumatism  and  typhoid  fever  are  the  prevalent  diseases  of  the  district.  Persons  unac- 
customed to  the  climate  and  the  excessive  changes  of  temperature  caused  by  the  extreme  heat  of 
the  days  and  the  extreme  coldness  of  the  nights  are  the  cliief  victims  of  these  attacks. 

The  exemptions  and  rejections  for  certain  diseases  and  disabilities  in  this  distiict  are  consider- 
ably in  excess  of  the  usual  ratio.     For  example :     . 

Epilepsy.— T\w  ratio  in  this  distiict  is  about  18  per  1,000.  My  own  experience  in  a  practice  of 
ten  years  iu  this  State  is  that  epilepsy  is  a  rare  disease.  For  jyroof  of  the  disability,  however,  the 
surgeon  must  mainly  rely  upon  the  atiQdavits  of  physicians.  Many  of  these  are  ignorantly  and 
some  willfully  untrue.     No  other  conclusion  can  be  arrived  at. 

Developed  tuberculosis.— The  ratio  in  this  district  is  about  IS  per  1,000.  Consumption,  originating 
here,  is  extremely  rare,  yet  the  number  entitled  to  exemption  under  this  head  is  large.  For  years, 
Minnesota  has  been  the  known  and  popular  resort  of  invalids,  and  particularly  of  those  affected  by 
lung-diseases.  All  the  persons  rejected  or  exempted  by  me  for  developed  tuberculosis  have  been, 
upon  inquiry,  ascertained  to  belong  to  this  class. 

Permanent  physical  disahility.— This  section,  No.  9,  under  circular  of  Surgeon  Baxter,  of  Decem- 
ber S,  18G4,  covers  all  disqualificatious  not  otherwise  provided  for.  A  great  part  of  the  exemptions 
under  this  section  in  this  district  would,  under  Circular  No.  100,  of  November  9,  1SG3,  have  been 
made  for  "decided  feebleness  of  constitution."  They  are  invalids  from  every  conceivable  cause, 
who  have  come  hither  iu  hopes  to  renew  their  lease  of  life.  Many  in  time  recover,  but  there  are 
always  numbers  who  have  not  recovered,  and  who,  if  transferred  to  the  field  and  a  less  healthy 
climate,  would  serve  only  to  fill  the  hospitals. 

The  changes  that  1  would  I'ecommeud  in  paragraph  85,  Revised  Regulations,  Provost-Marshal- 
General's  Bureau,  have  been  suggested  by  actual  cases  that  have  occurred  during  my  examinations. 
Section  13.  I  would  recommend  that  some  discretion  be  allowed  surgeons  of  boards  of  enroll- 
ment in  applications  for  exemptions  for  nearsightedness.  As  the  section  now  stands,  the  prohibi- 
tion is  absolute ;  yet  there  are  occasionally  ca.ses  in  which  the  disability  is  so  extreme  as  to  render 
the  man  absolutely  useless  for  any  conceivable  militaiy  duty. 

I  would  recommend  that  the  minimum  height  of  dralted  men  and  recruits  be  made  to  corre- 
spond. 

I  would  recommend  generally  that  all  distinctions  in  the  physical  qualifications  of  drafted  men 
and  recruits,  not  absolutely  necessary  to  be  maintained,  be  abolished.        *  *  * 

It  was  found  impossible  to  examine  a  tithe  of  the  enrolled  men  who  presented  themselves,  if  the 
form  prescribed  in  paragraph  95,  Revised  Regulations,  ProvostJIarshnl  General's  Bureau,  was  strictly 
complied  with.  Each  man  was  questioned  as  to  claims  for  exemption.  If  the  cause  was  found  to 
exist,  much  unnecessary  examination  was  avoided.  If  it  did  not  exist,  and  no  other  cause  could  be 
pointed  out,  he  was  dismissed  unless  he  claimed  a  full  examination,  which  was  always  granted.  By 
this  course,  some  whom  a  thorough  examination  would  have  caused  to  be  exem])ted,  were  left  on  the 
enrollment-lists,  but  if  all  who  presented  themselves  had  been  examined  as  required  by  paragraph 
95,  many  more  whose  defects  were  patent  would  not  have  been  reached.  The  time  was  too  limited 
to  examine  all  who  applied,  and  the  choice  of  evils  was  adopted. 

Fifty  men  are  all  that  can  be  examined  iu  a  day  by  one  surgeon  with  accuracy.  To  do  this 
will  require  him  to  work  from  8  to  12  a.  m.  and  from  1  to  5  p.  m.,  and  allow  but  ten  minutes  for 
the  examination  of  each  man.  This  applies  to  recruits,  substitutes,  and  drafted  men.  Enrolled 
men  may  be  examined  at  the  rate  of  one  hundred  per  day  by  pursuing  the  method  pointed  out 
under  section  5. 

The  intense  desire  to  obtain  exemption  from  military  service  led  many  to  practice  fraud  and 


surgeons'   reports — MINNESOTA — SECOND   DISTRICT.  477 

deception.  Niue-tentbs  of  tbe.se  frauds  were  perpetrated  by  tbe  foreign-born  population.  Two 
cases  of  simuhxted  eiupbyseina  bave  been  before  lue.  Air  was  introduced  tbrougb  punctures  into 
tbe  cellular  tissue  of  the  cbest,  and  so  skillfully  was  it  done  that  one  man,  Cbarles  Kissner,  aided 
by  bis  general  appearance  and  an  old  fracture  of  tbe  ribs,  succeeded  in  obtaining  exemption.  The 
other  man,  James  Stratton,  presenting  every  appearance  of  stout  and  nigged  bealtli,  suspicions 
were  excited,  and  investigation  finally  disclosed  tbe  fact  that  tbe  operations  on  these  men  liad 
been  performed  by  "  a  doctor"  of  Saint  Anthony.  An  attemi)t  to  simulate  double  inguinal  liernia, 
by  tbe  same  means,  was  readily  detected.  Gbrouic  ulcers  bave  been  IVequently  imitated  or 
exaggerated.  When  any  doubts  existed,  confinement  in  the  quarters  under  strict  watcli,  and 
the  removal  of  all  irritants  from  tbe  reach  of  the  man,  generally  decided  tbe  question.  One 
case  of  this  kind  deserves  mention;  it  is  that  of  Nicholas  Wee,  a  drafted  man.  AVliun  exam- 
ined, his  feet  presented  the  appearance  of  raw  flesh.  They  bad  evideutly  been  subjected  to  the 
influence  of  powerful  irritants.  As  the  best  means  of  unfolding  the  fraud,  tbe  man  was  dismissed 
with  a  certificate  of  exemption.  After  sixty  days,  he  was  arrested  and  brought  before  me.  His 
feet  bad  nearly  recovered,  and  it  was  finally  ascertaineil  that  tbe  original  appearance  bad  been 
caused  by  soaking  tbe  feet  in  very  strong  hot  lye.  This  be  had  practiced  for  ten  days  prior  to  his 
first  examination.  Two  cases  of  amputation  of  index-finger  of  right  band,  to  escape  tbe  dralt,  bave 
come  under  my  notice.  Tbe  perpetrators  were  evidently  not  well  informed  concerning  the  grounds 
of  exemption.  Pretended  ankylosis  of  tbe  joints,  generally  of  tbe  shoulders,  has  been  frequent. 
Watching  an  opportunity  when  the  man  is  off  bis  guard,  a  sudden  effort  by  the  surgeon  will  cause 
the  joint  to  freely  recover  its  motion.  Chronic  rheumatism  is  often  simulated.  Section  11  of 
paragraph  85,  Kevised  Eegulatious,  Provost-Marsbal-General's  Bureau,  gives  ample  instructions 
for  deciding  these  cases. 

Several  cases  of  alleged  heart-disease  b(ive  come  under  my  notice.  The  excited  and  irregular 
action  of  tbe  heart  and  the  high  pulse  were  caused  by  drugs  administered  for  that  purpose.  Con- 
finement in  tbe  quarters  for  a  few  days,  under  strict  watch,  dissipated  all  of  the  symptoms.  Deaf- 
ness is  often  feigned.  When  no  doubt  exists  as  to  tbe  man's ^arfiai  deafness,  it  is  often  very  diffi- 
cult to  decide  whether  he  is  or  is  not  exaggerating  his  infirmity.  Such  cases  require  all  the 
patience  and  tact  of  tbe  surgeou.  Measured  by  the  applications  for  exemiition,  thirty  men  in  every 
thousand  in  this  district  bave  epilepsy.  Tbe  mere  statement  is  sufficient  proof  that  a  great  propor- 
tion of  these  applications  were  fraudulent.  The  only  safeguard  is  to  require  that  tbe  affidavit  of 
the  physician  shall  state  explicitly  that  be  has  attended  on  the  man  when  the  epileptic  fit  was 
actually  on  him,  and  to  require  also  that  the  physician  be  a  ni;;n  of  undoubted  character  and 
standing. 

The  surgeon  is  often  called  upon  to  give  an  opinion  in  ca.ses  of. applications  for  exemption  for 
unsuitableness  of  age.  Innumerable  attempts  at  fraud  under  this  bead  have  been  made  in  this 
district.  In  all  cases  of  doubt,  documentary  evidence,  such  as  baptismal  records,  passports,  family- 
records,  &c.,  should  be  required,  and  these  should  be  closely  scrutinized.  Many  instances  of 
forged  and  altered  documents  of  this  description  have  been  detected.  The  identity  of  names  also 
opens  the  door  to  many  frauds.  Tbe  certificate  of  the  baptism  of  John  Murphy  answers  indiscrimi- 
nately for  all  the  John  Murpbys  in  tbe  district.  The  drafted  or  enrolled  man  is  sometimes  repre- 
sented by  another  who  is  undoubtedly  over  age.  These  frauds,  however,  are  generally  exposed  by 
the  man's  neighbors  and  townsmen. 

Large  local  bounties  act  as  an  incentive  to  recruits  and  substitutes  to  practice  frauds.  The 
object  is  to  pass  the  examination  of  the  surgeon  of  the  board  of  enrollment,  be  mustered,  and  draw 
the  local  bounty.'  They  are  next  examined  by  the  board  of  surgeons  at  general  rendezvous.  The 
object  of  tbe  man  is  then  to  be  rejected  ;  if  he  succeeds,  he  is  discharged,  retaining  tbe  bounty,  and 
has  made  a  speculation  quite  as  lucrative  as  bounty -jumping,  and  lacking  the  attendant  danger  of 
punishment.  The  statement  of  recruits  and  substitutes  who  have  recently  enlisted  and  received 
large  bounties  should  be  received  by  the  esamining-surgeons  at  general  rendezvous  with  extreme 
caution  and  many  grains  of  allowance  It  is  evidently  aiding  and  encouraging  these  frauds  to 
reject  men  when  tbe  recorded  reasons  are  the  men's  own  stateuients,  "  that  a  cut  on  the  foot 
received  when  a  child  prevents  him  from  wearing  shoes'' — "that  a  varicocele  (which  shows  for 
itself)  prevents  him  from  walking" — "  that  he  has  weak  ankles" — "that  he  was  discharged  from 


478  surgeons'  reports — California — northern  district. 

the  service  for  pain  iu  the  chest" — "that  his  general  health  is  not  good,  and  three  years  ago  he  fell 
out  of  a  wagon  in  a  tit" — "that  he  was  not  stripped  at  his  first  exin)inatiou  " — "  tljat  he  was  not 
examined  at  all " — "  that  he  only  enlisted  to  escape  the  draft."  Wiien  such  statements  are  recorded 
repeatedly  in  official  reports,  recommending  tlie  discharge  of  men,  1  am  justified  in  inferring  that 
they  had  some  weight  in  the  decision  of  the  cases.  Much  of  this  can  be  prevented  by  retaining  the 
local  bounty  until  the  recruit  or  substitute  passes  the  final  examination  at  general  rendezvous.  If 
rejected,  the  bounty  should  belong  to  the  Government,  in  lien  of  his  services,  and  the  sub-district 
retain  the  credit.  The  men,  under  this  rule,  should  be  examined  promptly  within  three  days  after 
arriving  at  general  rendezvous.  None  should  be  allowed,  as  has  been  done,  to  remain  unexamined 
or  unreported  for  four  months.  Drafted  men  should  be  examined  at  general  rendezvous  by  the 
same  rules  enjoined  on  surgeons  of  boards  of  enrollment.  This  is  too  evident  to  need  urging,  yet 
until  recently  it  has  not  been  done  iu  this  district. 

The  recruits,  substitutes,  and  drafted  men  examined  by  me  were  principally  natives  of  the 
United  States,  Germany,  Sweden,  Norway,  Ireland,  England,  and  Canada. 

In  my  opinion,  the  natives  of  the  United  States  present  very  decidedly  the  greatest  physical 
aptitude  for  military  service. 

I  have  examined  too  few  of  the  colored  race  to  form  a  very  decided  opinion  as  to  their  physical 
qualifications  for  military  servdce.  Those  that  I  have  examined,  however,  have  been  found  fully 
equal  to  the  average  of  the  white  race.        *  *  * 

J.  H.  STEWART, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment  Second  District  of  Minnesota. 
Saint  Paul,  Minn.,  Blay  30,  1865. 


CALIFORNIA— NORTHERN  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  Lorenzo  Hubbard. 

*  *  *        Iu  the  Northern  District  of  California,  during  my  term  of  office,  there  have 

been  examined  about  six  hundred  recruits,  and  twenty-four  men  claiming  exemption  from  the  draft. 

Recruits  were  mostly  from  the  mining-districts,  perhaps  one-eighth  being  farmers  and  mechan- 
ics. The  largest  number  of  the  men  were  between  the  ages  of  18  and  38  years,  this  being  not  far 
from  the  average  of  the  extremes  in  the  ages  of  our  male  population.  They  were  generally  from 
au  industrious  class  of  citizens,  having  for  the  most  part  been  disappointed  in  the  attainment  of 
the  object  which  brouglit  them  to  the  State.  Iu  such  a  population  we  should  not  expect  to  find  a 
great  variety  of  infirmities.  Most  of  the  applicants  were  young,  and  physically  perfectly  devel- 
oped, having  been  accustomed  to  continual  hard  labor,  but  not  to  such  a  degree  as  to  impair  the 
constitution. 

Occasionally  a  recruit  is  offered  who  has  suffered  from  hernia,  varicocele,  or  varicose  veins 
of  the  lower  extremities.  I  mention  these  disabilities  here,  because  they  are  the  most  com- 
mon, being  generally  induced  by  lifting  and  slip|)iug  iu  the  performance  of  labor  incident  to  min- 
ing. Defects  of  the  eye  are  also  very  common  in  California  ;  teamsters  and  herders  suffer  more 
than  any  other  class  of  persons  from  this  caune,  owing  to  their  continual  exposure  to  the  burning 
rays  of  the  sun,  and  to  the  clouds  of  dust  that  enveloi)  them  a  considerable  ])ortion  of  (he  time. 

Perhaps,  also,  in  California  a  larger  proportion  of  the  male  population  have  suffered  from  syph- 
ilis than  in  some  of  the  older  States;  but,  as  a  general  thing,  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  our 
recruits  are  su])erior  to  those  of  any  other,  except,  perhaps,  of  some  of  the  border  States. 

General  debility  and  disease  of  the  internal  organs,  occasioned  by  malarious  fevers,  are  com- 
mon in  the  valleys  of  this  State.  The  constitution  once^  undermined  by  these  fevers,  the  patient 
seldom,  if  ever,  so  far  recovers  as  to  be  able  to  endure  continued  hard  labor,  and  a  few  days 
fatigue  generally  finds  him,  if  a  recruit,  iu  the  aml)ulaiice  or  the  hospital. 

The  Northern  District  of  California  comjjrises  all  that  part  of  the  State  north  of  the  bays  of 
San  Francisco,  San  Pablo,  and  Suisun,  following  the  west  bank  of  the  Sacramento  River  to  the 
southern  boundary  of  Sutter  County;  thence  easterly,  including  Sutter,  Yuba,  aud  Sierra  Counties, 


surgeons'   reports — CALIFORNIA — NORTHERN   DISTRICT.  479 

to  the  eastern  line  of  the  State;  thence  northward  to  the  Oregon  line,  embracing  an  extent  of 
country  of  some  three  hunclreil  miles  in  length  and  two  hundred  and  fifty  miles  in  breadth,  lying 
between  the  parallels  of  37°  30'  and  42°  north  latitude.  It  is  composed  of  the  following  Counties, 
viz:  Butte,  Colusi,  Del  Norte,  Klamatb,  Lake,  Lassen,  Mendocino,  Marin,  Napa,  Plumas,  Sutter, 
SUasta,  Siskiyou,  Solano,  Sonoma,  Sierra,  Trinity,  Tehama,  Yuba,  and  Yolo.  The  relative  geo- 
graphical position  of  the  above-named  counties  is  as  follows,  commencing  on  the  bay  of  San  Fran 
Cisco  on  the  south,  thence  north,  skirting  the  coast  to  the  Oregon  line:  1st,  Marin  ;  2d,  Sonoma; 
3d,  Mendocino;  4th,  Humboldt;  5tb,  Klamath  ;  Gth,  Del  Norte.  Second  tier  of  counties,  lying  west 
of  the  Sacramento  Eiver  and  occupying  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Coast  range  of  mountains,  com- 
mencing at  Suisun  Bay  on  the  south,  thence  north  to  the  Oregon  line  :  1st,  Solano  ;  2d,  Napa ;  3d, 
Lake;  4th,  Yolo;  5th,  Colusi  ;  Gth,  a  part  of  Tehama,  Trinity,  and  a  part  of  Siskiyou.  Third  tier 
of  counties  lying  in  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento,  and  occupying  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  range  of  mountains,  commencing  at  the  southern  line  or  boundary  of  Sutter  County: 
First.  Those  counties  lying  mostly  in  the  valley:  1st,  Sutter;  2d,  Yuba;  3d,  Butte;  4th,  Tehama. 
Second.  Those  counties  lying  mostly  in  the  mountains:  1st,  Sierra;  2d,  Plumas;  3d,  Lassen;  4th, 
Shasta;  5th,  Siskiyou.        »  #  * 

What  is  known  as  the  Coast  range  of  mountains  passes  througli  the  whole  extent  of  the  dis- 
trict from  south  to  north.  Between  it  and  the  Sierra  Nevada  range  lies  the  great  Sacramento 
Valley,  with  its  rivers,  lakes,  and  tulares.  The  Sacramento  River  drains  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
Coast  range  and  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

The  western  aspect  of  the  Coast  range  is  abrupt  and  extremely  broken.  The  streams  for  the 
most  part  pass  through  narrow  defiles  opening  into  small  but  fertile  valleys.  The  mountain  sides, 
though  generally  precipitous,  contain  much  sloping  prairie  ground,  which  produces  a  luxurious 
growth  of  grass,  nearly  to  their  summits. 

An  abundance  of  fine  timber  is  also  found  on  the  broken  table-grounds  near  the  coasts,  in  the 
valleys,  and  on  the  mountain  sides.  The  forests  of  this  region  beggar  all  description.  When  in 
the  midst  of  one  the  traveler  is  lost  in  amazement,  and  can  scarce  believe  what  his  eyes  behold. 
Trees  are  seen  towering  to  the  height  of  three  and  four  hundred  feet,  their  diameters  varying  from 
twelve  to  thirty  feet;  they  are  scattered  at  short  intervals  over  many  acres,  giving  an  idea  of 
weight  sufficient  to  crush  in  the  crust  of  earth  upon  which  they  stand. 

In  the  bosom  of  the  Coast  range  lies  Clear  Lake,  at  an  elevation  of  three  thousand  five  hun- 
dred feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  From  the  bed  of  this  lake  has  been  obtained  a  very  pure 
article  of  borate  of  soda.  In  this  vicinity  are  also  found  the  famous  Pacific  geysers,  which  are 
continually  active,  spouting  forth  jets  of  steam  and  boiling-waler  to  the  height  of  many  feet.  Sul- 
phur and  iron  si)rings  of  all  temperatures  are  also  found  at  many  points  in  this  range.  .  Gold,  silver, 
coppei',  platiuuu),  and  iridium  are  products  of  this  region,  the  two  latter  metals  being  found  on  the 
beach,  associated  with  fine  gold  and  black  sand.  Recently,  coal  and  petroleum  have  been  added 
to  the  foregoing  list. 

The  eastern  declivitj',  like  the  western,  is  abrupt  and  broken,  and  quickly  slides  off  into  foot- 
hills which  are  chopped  into  hundreds  of  spurs  and  low  ridges  extending  quite  into  the  plains. 
The  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  is  more  gradual;  but,  here  too,  is  exhibited  the  general 
characteristic  of  all  mountain  ranges  on  the  Pacific  ;  abrupt  declivities,  deep  calions,  and  broken 
surfaces.  As  the  valley  is  approached  the  foot-hills  slide  out,  as  it  were,  from  the  mother  range  in 
almost  endless  number.  These  lower  ranges  are  composed  of  drift  and  obtrusive  rocks.  On  the 
surface,  for  a  few  feet  in  depth,  may  be  found  clay,  loam  or  sand,  then  a  crust  termed  bedrock, 
and  underneath  an  indefinite  series  of  strata  of  sand,  gravel,  bneccia,  granite,  cement,  &c.  It  is  in 
these  strata  that  placer  gold  is  found;  the  richest  deposits  are  found  in  a  stratum  of  course  gravel 
resting  upon  the  bed-rock. 

I  may  here  observe  that,  contrary  to  what  usually  occurs  in  mountain  ranges,  both  declivities 
of  the  Coast  range  are  steep,  as  is  also  that  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  facing  the  valley.  The  reason 
probably  is,  that  the  foothills  of  both  have  at  some  period  been  washed  by  tidewater,  when  the 
Sacramento  Valley  was  the  bed  of  a  continuous  bay,  and  the  Coast  range  of  mountains  formed  the 
sea  boundary  from  the  present  bay  of  San  Francisco  northward. 


480  suRGEOisrs'  reports — California — northern  district. 

The  Northern  Sacramento  Valley  is  drained  by  the  Sacramento,  Ynba,  and  Feather  Eivers 
Into  these  rivers  their  tributaries  pour  the  waters  from  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  oti 
the  east,  and  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Coast  range  on  the  west.  The  margins  of  these  livers 
abound  in  large  tracts  of  marsh  or  tule  lands,  which  are  intersected  in  all  directions  by  extensive 
sloughs,  wliich  latter  frequently  have  no  connection  with  the  rivers  except  at  the  time  of  freshets. 
The  banks  of  these  rivers  are  usually  the  highest  portion  of  the  country  through  which  they  pass; 
so  that  when  the  rivers  fall  after  an  overflow,  a  very  large  surface  of  land  is  left  undrained. 

After  the  first  bottom-grounds  "are  passed  more  elevated  table-lands  are  reached,  whose 
extended  ])laius  are  unaffected  by  the  rains  of  winter.  The  bottom-soil  in  the  valleys  is  a  flue  rich 
alluvium,  in  some  parts  sandy  ;  the  higher  tables  are  mostly  clay.  The  superficial  water  on  the 
tule-lauds  soon  drains  off  through  the  gravel-beds  which  geuerally  underlie  the  upper  strata  of  soil, 
or  it  is  carried  away  by  evaporation  during  the  early  summer  months,  the  deep  sloughs  only 
remaining  partially  filled.  Watei  can  be  obtained  at  almost  any  point  in  the  valley  at  the  depth 
corresponding  with  the  beds  of  the  streams.        *  #  * 

Before  closing  this  part  of  my  report,  it  may  be  of  interest  to  extend  the  remarks  to  some  of 
the  productions  of  the  district,  confining  them  to  such  as  are  of  practical  importance. 

Forest  trees. — Pinus  lamhertiana — Sugar-pine. — This  tree  is  found  in  the  mountains  from 
San  Diego  to  Oregon.  At  the  south  it  is  found  at  an  elevation  of  about  live  thousand  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  ocean,  and,  at  the  Oregon  line,  immediatelj'  on  the  coast.  Its  height  varies  from  one  to 
two  hundred  feet,  and  it  is  from  one  to  ten  feet  in  diameter.  'It  is,  perhaps,  the  most  beautiful  as 
well  as  the  most  useful  tree  in  the  State.  The  rift  is  exceedingly  straight.  It  was  from  this  tree 
that  miners  in  early  times  provided  themselves  with  shingles  and  clapboarding,  a  common  ax  only 
being  required  to  manufacture  boards  from  six  to  ten  feet  in  length. 

Sequoia  sempervirens — Red-wood. — Dr.  Torrey  has  improperly  made  a  distinction  between  this 
and  the  mammoth  Washington  (WcUingtonia  gigantea.)  The  Washingtonia  gigantca,  (as  it  should 
be  called,)  is  really  no  other  than  a  mammoth  red-wood  tree,  while  the  Sequoia  sempervirens  is  a 
smaller  growth  of  the  same  species. 

At  Humboldt  Bay  a  forest  of  mammoth  and  smaller  red-wood  trees  are  found  intermingled. 
The  only  appreciable  difference  is  that  the  trees  called  red-wood  do  not  exceed  thirteen  feet  in 
diameter,  while  the  mammoth  Washington  may  vary  from  fifteen  to  thirty  feet.  In  the  space  of  a 
few  acres  I  once  measured  eight  trees,  all  exceeding  seventeen  feet  in  diametei',  and  one  measured 
twenty-two  feet,  at  a  height  of  five  feet  from  the  ground. 

•    The  red-wood  is  in  general  use  for  boards,  shingles,  railroad-ties,  posts,  and  piles ;  its  timber  is 
durable.  * 

Lihocedrus  f7ecMrreH.s— White  cedar. — This  is  a  valuable  timber,  and  much  used  by  farmers  for 
fencing  and  building. 

Juniperus  virginianus—  Red  cedar. — This  is  also  a  common  tree  and  much  used  for  lumber. 

Abies  douglasii — Oregon  pine. — This  is  the  most  abundant  of  all  the  timber-trees,  and  is  in  gen- 
eral use  for  planks,  joists,  &c. 

Pinus  hrachyphyUa — Yellow  pine. — This  is  a  soft  wood,  and  easily  worked.  It  is  equal  in 
beauty  to  any  other  pine.  It  sometimes  rises  to  the  height  of  a  hundred  feet  or  more,  and  has  a 
diameter  of  from  one  to  six  feet. 

Pinus  edulis — Nut-pine. — This  tree  attains  to  forty  or  fifty  feet  in  height,  but  is  not  used  for 
domestic  purposes ;  the  wood  is  hard,  and  if  found  durable  it  might  be  used  to  advantage  for  railroad- 
ties.    The  nut  is  sweet,  and  much  used  by  Indians  as. an  article  of  food. 

Quereus  echinatus. — Leaves,  hjnceolate,  oblong,  sometimes  obovate,  commonly  obtuse,  but 
occasionally  quite  acute  ou  the  same  tree;  leaves  four  to  five  inches  long,  sharply  toothed.  The 
acorns  are  two  or  three  together;  the  cups  are  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  thickly  covered  with  rigid 
.sublutate  scales.  The  acorns  are  short  and  thick,  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  length.  In 
the  mountains  this  oak  attains  the  height  of  from  thirty  to  fifty  feet,  and  is  from  six  to  eleven  inches 
in  diameter. 

Quereus  densiflora. — This  evidently  belongs  to  the  preceding  species,  the  former  being  found  in 
the  foot-hills,  and  the  latter  high  in  the  mountains. 


SURGEONS     REPORTS — CALIFORNIA NORTHERN    DISTRICT.  481 

Quercus  agrifolia. — This  is  a  common  tree,  and  rises  from  fortj'  to  fifty  feet  in  Leight,  and  is  a 
foot  or  more  in  diameter. 

Quercus  tinctoria. — This  is  also  a  common  tree,  and  varies  but  little,  if  any,  from  the  Q. 
tinctoria  of  the  Atlantic  States.  The  bark  is  valuable  for  tanning-purposes.  The  acorns  are  larger 
than  those  of  the  Atlantic  variety,  and  the  glands  are  sometimes  more  than  two-tldrds  immersed  in 
the  cup,  with  the  upper  scales  elongated.    The  largest  acorns  are  an  inch  and  a  quarter  in  length. 

Quercus  hindsii. — This  is  a  tall  tree,  with  a  trunk  varying  from  one  to  three  feet  in  diameter;  it 
is  common  in  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento,  and  on  the  plains  in  the  vicinity  of  Marysville.  It  is 
remarkable  for  the  unusual  length  of  its  acorns.  These  are  sometimes  two  inches  in  length,  taper- 
ing at  the  point,  or  rather  obtuse  at  the  summit,  and  frequently  curved.  The  cup  is  luberculate, 
with  a  thickened  scale.  These  are  a  staple  food  with  the  Indians ;  they  are  first  baked,  then  pul- 
verized in  a  stone  mortar,  and  finally  moistened  and  rubbed  up  with  baked  or  boiled  salmon,  or 
other  fish,  and  baked  in  the  ashes,  or  on  a  slab  of  stone  or  wood. 

Quercus  virens — Live-oak. — This  is  found  in  great  abundance  in  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento, 
but  is  not  mentioned  by  Dr.  Torrey.  It  attains  the  height  of  eighty  to  one  hundred  feet,  and  is 
from  two  to  four  feet  in  diameter.    The  timber  is  free,  excessively  hard,  tenacious,  and  durable. 

Populus  monili/erus — Spanish  Alamo  poplar. — This  is  a  common  tree,  found  in  low  ground?, 
and  on  the  banks  of  streams.  It  is  not  valuable  for  timber,  as  the  wood  is  soft  and  quickly  decays. 
It  is  sometimes  grown  for  shade. 

A  great  variety  of  willows  are  found  in  this  district.  Salix  hindsii  grows  in  great  abundance 
in  the  valleys  of  the  Sacramento  and  Feather  Rivers.  Branches  very  slender,  pale  brown,  leaves 
about  an  inch  and  a  half  long  and  two  or  three  lines  wide,  thinly  pubescent.  The  charcoal  from 
this  tree  is  well  adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder. 

The  Spanish  madrona  and  manzanita  are  indigenous  to  this  district.  The  first  is  a  tree  from 
forty  to  fifty  feet  in  height,  and  from  one  to  two  feet  in  diameter.  The  bark  is  remarkable  for  its  rosy 
flesh  color  and  smoothness.  The  wood  is  fine  and  hard^  and  admits  of  a  high  polish.  It  is  much 
used  in  ornamental  work. 

The  manzanita  is  a  shrub,  which  rises  some  twenty  or  thirty  i'eet  in  height,  with  many  stems 
starting  from  one  root,  which  steins  are  from  three  to  six  inches  in  diameter.  The  bark,  like  that 
of  the  madrona,  is  perfectly  smooth,  and  of  a  beautiful  mahogany  color.  Both  bear  fruit  resembling 
the  apple  in  shape,  though  only  a  miniature  of  it  in  size. 

The  madrona  fruit  is  of  a  beautiful  vermilion  color;  the  taste  is  of  a  sweetish  flavor,  with  a 
little  astriugency,  and  it  is  much  valued  by  the  native  Indians.  The  fruit  of  the  manzanita,  when 
ripe,  is  of  a  dark  purple,  quite  acid,  and  is  also  used  bj'  the  Indians. 

Nearly  every  variety  of  known  grasses  is  cultivated  here.  The  wild  oat,  an  indigenous  plant, 
is  found  everywhere  in  the  valleys  and  on  the  mountains ;  it  is  also  improved  by  cultivation,  and 
forms  a  staple  article  of  hay. 

Of  the  cereals,  Indian  corn,  barley,  wheat,  oats,  buckwheat,  and  rye  are  cultivated  success- 
fully.   Potatoes,  the  common  and  the  Carolina  variety  ;  flax  and  hemp  also  are  abundant. 

Almost  all  vegetables  known  in  any  pare  of  the  world  are  grown  here,  the  mountains  and  val- 
leys affording  the  necessary  variety  of  climate.  So  with  fruits,  the  pear,  apple,  quince,  plum,  and 
cherry,  of  the  northern  climate,  flourish  well.  Also  the  peach,  fig,  apricot,  and  pomegranate. 
Every  variety  of  the  grape  grows  in  the  greatest  profusion.  Tobacco  of  the  finest  quality  has  been 
manufactured  from  plants  grown  in  the  valleys  of  this  district.  Perhaps  there  is  no  climate  in  the 
world  better  adapted  to  the  growth  of  this  staple  than  that  of  the  Sacramento  Valley. 

Cotton-culture  has  not  thus  far  been  successful ;  experiments  are  still  being  made,  as  well  as 
experiments  in  the  cultivation  of  rice  on  tulare-lands. 

The  soils  are  mostly  as  follows  :  In  the  valley-bottoms,  sandy  loam,  usually  combined  with 
muck,  which  gives  the  soil  a  dark  color.  On  the  second  table-grounds,  white,  tenacious  clay,  sand 
and  clay,  and  red  and  yellow  clay.  On  the  hills  and  mountains,  red  and  yellow  clay  mixed  with 
sand  and  loam,  sand  and  loam  or  light  siliceous  soil.  The  red  and  yellow  soils  of  the  hills  are 
found  to  produce  grapes  of  much  finer  flavor  than  the  bottom-grounds  of  the  valleys.  The  fruit  is 
smaller,  ripens  sooner,  and  is  of  much  higher  flavor. 
01 


482  surgeons'  reports — California — northern  district. 

Golil,  silver,  copper,  platinum,  iridium,  quicksilver,  petroleum,  aud  coal,  are  the  principal 
mineral  productions.  A  quarry  of  marble  has  lately  been  opened  near  Benicia,  in  Solano  County  ; 
also  several  quarries  of  a  superior  quality  of  granite  and  freestone  in  Sierra,  Yuba.  Sutter,  Butte, 
aud  Solano  Counties. 

The  Shasta  Butte  stands  about  the  center  of  this  district,  and  is  said  to  be  the  loftiest  peak 
in  the  United  States.  Its  height  is  14^,400  feet,  being  1,000  feet  higher  than  Mount  Hood  in  Oregon, 
which  stands  next  in  altitude. 

Before  the  acquisition  of  California  by  the  United  States,  grazing  was  the  staple  business  ; 
since  then  more  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  cultivation  of  the  cereals,  but  the  climate  and  indig- 
enous productions  of  the  country  render  it  peculiarly  adapted  to  herding.  Already  much  has  been 
accomplished  in  the  way  of  improvement  of  stock,  and  the  choicest  breeds  of  Europe  aud  the 
Atlantic  States  have  been  imported  and  are  uow  bred  from  by  our  farmers.  The  Cashmere  goat 
has  also  recently  been  imported,  and  has  thus  far  thriven  finely. 

Meteorology  of  the  district. — There  can  be  no  subject  appertaining  to  the  medical  history  of  a 
country  of  more  interest  than  this,  and  I  have  it  in  my  power  to  exhibit  the  results  of  a  series  of 
observations  extending  through  a  period  of  five  years.  I  believe  them  to  be  sufBciently  accurate 
to  afford  a  just  appreciation  of  the  climatic  features  of  this  portion  of  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento. 

The  observations  quoted  were  made  by  Dr.  Logan,  at  Sacramento  City,  forty  miles  south  of 
this  place,  on  the  easterly  line  of  the  district,  and  not  far  from  the  longitudinal  center,  and  may  be 
regarded  as  a  fair  average  for  the  valley  portion  of  it.  The  results  which  have  been  obtained  are 
derived  from  three  daily  observations,  made  for  the  most  part,  under  the  system  adopted  by  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  at  7  a.  m.,  2  p.  m.,  and  9  p.  ni.,  of  each  day.         *  *  * 

The  mean  difference  of  successi\'e  months  above  or  below  the  annual  average  of  five  years,  does 
not  amount  to  more  than  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch. 

Between  the  highest  mensal  mean  and  the  lowest,  a  fraction  of  over  one-fifth  of  an  inch  is 
found.    The  extreme  range  observed  during  the  month  is  also  limited.        *  *  * 

The  extreme  annual  range  is  also  small.  During  18o3  the  maximum  height  of  the  barometer 
occurred  in  November  and  December,  and  read  28.980;  the  extreme  annual  range  being  1.4C0 
inches. 

The  maximum  for  the  year  VS5o  reached  30.410.  The  lowest  reading  for  the  same  year  was 
29.509  on  the  19th  September.    The  extreme  annual  range  was,  therefore,  1.050  inches. 

The  extreme  range  for  1854  was  only  0.850,  and  that  of  1857  but  0.783  inch. 

During  the  rainy  season  the  northerly  winds  always  determine  the  greatest  elevation,  and  the 
southerly  the  greatest  depression,  of  the  mercurial  column. 

The  mean  annual  atmospheric  pressure  is  put  down  at  30.006  inches.  The  diurnal  mean,  cal- 
culated from  the  hourly  observations,  presents  a  result  from  which  may  be  deduced  the  absolute 
mean  for  each  month.     ■ 

Barometer. — The  following  table,  from  observations  taken  once  a  month  during  1857,  gives  the 
mean  successive  hourly  range  for  the  year.  The  signs  +  and  —  denote  the  range  of  each  hour 
above  or  below  the  mean  of  24  hours. 


SURGEONS'    REPORTS CALIFORNIA NORTHERN    DISTRICT. 


483 


Table  of  successive  hourly  ranges  of  barometer  for  1857. 


Hours. 


/  a.  m . 

8  a.  Ill . 

9  a.  m . 

10  a. in . 

11  a.  Ill . 
laiu... 

1  p.  m 

2  p.  ni . 

3  p.  ni . 

4  p.  m . 
."j  p.  m. 

6  p.  m. 

7  p.  m. 

8  p.  Ill . 

9  p.  ni . 

10  p.  111. 

11  p.  m. 

12  p.  111. 

1  a.  m . 

2  a.m. 

3  a.m. 

4  a.  m . 

5  a.  m . 
(i  a.  m. 


Sums  . 
Means . 


-f  .044 
+  .041 
+  .041 
+  .03(i 
+  .031 
+  .028 
+  .Ol.'-i 

—  .029 

—  .0;!3 

—  .053 

—  .029 

—  .031 

—  .028 
-.020 

—  .023 

—  .047 
+  .002 
+  .002 
+  .005 
+  .005 
+  .010 
+  .013 
+  .015 
+  .013 


600 


.025 


1186 


.049 


+  .134 

-  .064 

+  .125 

-.057 

+  .114 

—  .032 

+  .081 

-.026 

+  .058 

—  .018 

+  .028 

—  .043 

+  .024 

—  .049 

+  .018 

—  .046 

+  .012 

—  .046 

—  .005 

—  .C43 

—  .005 

—  .040 

—  .010 

—  .008 

—  .007 

—  .040 

—  .000 

—  .008 

—  .022 

+  .015 

—  .022 

+  .040 

—  .042 

+  .040 

—  .042 

+  .052 

—  .051 

+  .057 

—  .053 

+  .064 

—  .062 

+  .067 

—  .083 

+  .072 

—  .087 

+  .072 

—  .097 

+  .073 

1078 


.045 


+  .098 
+  .098 
+  .103 
+  .101 
+  .083 
+  .053 
+  .031 

—  010 

—  .029 

—  .047 

—  .135 

—  .054 

—  .060 

—  .048 

—  .040 

—  .019 

—  .011 

—  .o:;o 

—  .027 

—  .025 
.022 

—  !oi9 

—  .019 

—  .022 


1084 
.045 


—  .008 

—  .016 

—  .012 

—  008 
-.010 
-.040 

—  .037 

—  .040 

—  .052 

—  .059 

—  .056 

—  .035 

—  .026 

—  .024 
+  .002 
+  .040 
+  .043 
+  .045 
+  .048 
+  .051 
+  .053 
+  .051 
+  .043 
+  .034 


83C 


.035 


+  .052 
+  .042 
+  .03H 
+  .048 
+  .04S 
+  .041 
+  .018 
+  .014 

—  .007 

—  .019 

—  .031 

—  .019 

—  .046 

—  .058 

—  .037 

—  .027 

—  .016 
+  .012 
+  .015 
+  .007 

—  .005 

—  .012 

—  .024 

—  .028 


C64 


.028 


+  .028 
+  .036 
+  .042 
+  044 
+  .039 
+  .037 
+  .020 

—  .008 

—  .014 

—  .012 

—  .031 

—  .046 

—  .038 

—  .017 

—  .Ol'J 

—  .010 

—  .007 

—  .009 

—  .012 

—  .013 

—  .013 
-.011 

—  .019 
.000 


516 


.022 


—  .024 

—  .024 

—  .032 

—  .014 

—  .002 

—  .017 

—  .018 

—  .038 

—  .038 

—  .046 

—  .050 

—  .056 

—  .033 

—  .018 

—  .005 
+  .030 
+  .023 
+  .026 
+  .028 
+  .031 
+  .030 
+  .065 
+  .086 
+  .108 


S 


+  .057 
+  .061 
+  .075 
+  .078 
+  .067 
+  .052 
+  .031 
+  .009 

—  .007 

—  .025 

—  .032 

—  .032 

—  .053 

—  .035 

—  .024 

—  .022 

—  .019 

—  .021 

—  .016 

—  .013 

—  .020 

—  .033 

—  .045 

—  .020 


842 


853 


.0.35        .030 


+  .080 
+  .095 
+  .092 
+  .084 
+  .079 
+  .062 
+  .037 
+  .008 
.000 

—  .024 

—  .030 

—  .030 

—  .018 

—  .039 

—  .036 

—  .045 

—  .038 

—  .032 

—  .030 

—  .034 

—  .040 

—  .035 

—  .0,52 

—  .046 


1066 


.044 


S 


+  .056 
+  .044 
+  .053 
+  .065 
+  .038 
+  .025 
+  .014 
+  .006 
+  .004 
+  .006 

—  .003 
+  .013 
+  .016 
+  .002 
+  .004 

—  .005 

—  .005 

—  .009 

—  .019 

—  .032 

—  .046 

—  .066 

—  .086 

—  .080 


703 


.029 


+  .117 
+  .117 
+  .122 
+  .127 
+  .107 
+  .078 
+  .047 
+  .029 
+  .004 

—  .002 

—  .017 

—  .021 

—  .027 

—  .036 
+  .037 

—  .039 

—  .042 

—  .051 
-.064 

—  .006 

—  .074 

—  .074 

—  .091 

—  .100 


1495 


.062 


.038 


The  mean  successive  daily  ranges  in  snmraer  frequently  do  not  amount  to  more  than  ninety- 
four  thou.sandths  of  an  inch. 

The  following  calculation,  from  the  reading  of  :he  Smithsonian  barometer,  during  the  last  two 
years,  substantiates  this  fact : 


Barometer. 

5 

1-5 

i 

1 

< 

zi 
S 

a 

1-^ 

+2 

CO 

< 

1 

.a 

o 

.088 
.075 

c 

3 
o 

t4 

1 

Q 

c 

Mean,  1856 

Mean,   1857 

.130 
.110 

.114 
.120 

.116 
.101 

.056 
.109 

.114 
.071 

.091 
.062 

.060 
.040 

.070 
.059 

.108 
.057 

.103 
.110 

.100 
.143 

.099 
089 

Mean,  two  years 

.120 

.120 

.109 

.083 

.093 

.097 

.050 

.065 

.068 

.082 

.107 

.152 

.094 

Sarovieter. 


Date. 


January  22... 
February  23.. 

March  23 

April  29 

May  22 

June  22 

July  22 

Augu.st  28..  -. 
September  23. 

October  21 

November  27.. 
December  33.. 


Daily  mean. 


30. 
30. 
30. 
29. 
30. 
29. 
29. 
29. 
29. 
29. 
30. 
30. 


233 
018 
139 
948 
007 
889 
856 
905 
922 
986 
225 
155 


Hourly  mean. 


Difference. 


30. 237 

29.  976 

30.  172 
20. 932 
30. 031 
29. 879 
29.  855 
29. 927 
29.  908 
29.  969 
30. 203 
30. 120 


Mean  flifferenee. 


+  0.  004 

—  0. 042 
+  0. 033 

—  0. 016 
+  0. 024 

—  0.010 

—  0.001 
+  0.  022 

—  0.014 

—  0.  017 

—  0. 022 

—  0. 035 


0.020 


484 


SURGEONS     KEPORTS — CALIFORNIA — NORTHERN    DISTRICT. 


Thermometer. — The  thermometer,  like  the  barometer,  reveals  some  characteristics  of  a  tropi- 
cal, rather  thau  of  the  temperate  climate  to  which,  geographically,  this  district  appertains. 

The  mean  monthly  and  annual  temperature  as  seen  in  the  accompanying  tables  are  calculated, 
like  those  of  the  barometer,  from  the  daily  observations  made  at  7  a.  m.,  2  p.  m.,  and  9  p.  m. 

The  minimum  temperature,  as  seen  from  the  curve  projected  in  the  chart  of  hourly  observa- 
tions, occurs  between  4  and  5  a.  m.,  and  the  maximum  about  3  p.  m.  Consequently  the  mean 
deduced  from  the  latter  is  generally  minus  that  of  the  former.  The  following  table  is  to  be  applied 
in  order  to  obtain  the  absolute  mean. 

Thermometer. 


Dates.    1857. 


January  22... 
Febrnary  23.. 

March  23 

April  29 

May  22 

June  22 

July22 

August  28. ... 
September  23. 
October  21  ... 
November  27  . 
December  23 . . 


Daily  mean. 


48.00 
54.00 
52.  00 
62.66 
63.66 
70,66 
77.00 
66.33 
64.00 
59.00 
52.66 
43.33 


Hourly  moan. 


48.50 
53.75 
50.38 
61.88 
62.46 
69.83 
75. 23 
65. 21 
64.08 
58.50 
53.58 
43.50 


Sum  .. 
Mean 


Diflerence. 


-f  0.50 

—  0.25 

—  1.62 

—  0.78 

—  1.20 

—  0.83 

—  1.77 

—  1. 12 
+  0.08 

—  0.50 
+  0.92 
+  0.17 


9.74 
0.81 


It  will  be  seen  in  the  table  subjoined  that  the  measures  of  critical  intervals  are  so  far  from  cor- 
responding with  the  quantity  obtained  in  all  other  localities,  and  which  are  generally  so  near  as  to 
amount  almost  to  a  constant,  that  the  two  times  of  day  at  which  the  mean  temperature  occurs  can 
only  be  regarded  as  appro.ximative.  January  affords  a  solitary  instance  of  the  daily  mean  temper- 
ature occurring  after  midnight,  viz.,  12  h.  30  m.,  p.  m. 

Table  of  the  hours  of  mean  temperature  and  the  ^'■critical  inter  vaV^  between  those  hours. 


Dates.     1857. 


January  22 . . . 
Februaiv  23.. 

March  22 

April  29 

May  22 , 

June  22 

July  22 

August  28 

September  23. 

October  21 

November  27  . 
December  23  . 


Daily  mean. 


48.50 
53.75 
50.38 
61.88 
62. 46 
69.83 
75.63 
65.21 
64.08 
58.50 
53.58 
43.50 


Morning  mean. 


lib. 
10  b. 

8  b. 

9h. 

7  b. 

7  h. 

8  b. 

7  h. 

8  b. 
9h. 

10  h. 
10  b. 


30  m. 
45  m. 

41  m. 

53  m. 
30  m. 
33  m. 

54  m. 
36  m. 

42  m. 
38  m. 
47  m. 
45  m. 


Evening  mean. 


Critical  interval. 


12  b. 
10  li. 

y  b. 

9  b. 

8  b. 

8  b. 

8  b. 

8  b. 

9  b. 
9  b. 

12  b. 
9  b. 


30  m. 

15  m. 
19  m. 

7  m. 

16  m. 
6  m. 

41  ni. 
47  m. 
55  m. 
15  m. 
35  m. 
30  m. 


Mean . 


13  h. 

11  b. 

12  b. 

11  b. 

12  b. 

12  b. 
11  b. 

13  b. 
lib. 
11  b. 
13  b. 
10  h. 


30  m. 
38  m. 
14  m. 

46  m. 
.33  m. 

47  m. 
11  m. 
13  m. 
37  ni. 

48  m. 
45  m. 


12  b.  20  m. 


One  of  the  most  striking  features  of  the  climate  seen  on  the  accompanying  chart  of  diurnal 
variations,  is  the  great  reduction  of  temperature  after  the  hour  of  maximum  observation.  How- 
ever high  the  wave  of  temperature  towers  up  under  the  influence  of  a  vertical  sun  and  cloudless 
sky,  it  sinks  proportionately  low  during  the  night,  renderin.i;  it  cool  and  chilly. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  successive  hourly  ranges  daring  one  day  of  each  month  of  the 
year : 


SURGEONS     REPORTS — CALIFORNIA — NORTHERN   DISTRICT. 


485 


Tabic  of  successive  hourly  ranges  of  the  thermometer  for  1857. 


Hours. 

P 
§ 

CO 

CI 
3 
Pi 

o 

p. 
< 

a 

a; 
a 

3 

si 

M 

3 
< 

S 

c2 

o 
o 
O 

a 

> 

o 

a 

3 

7  a.  m 

—  4.50 

—  H.50 

—  250 

—  2.50 

—  0.50 
+  0.50 
+  1.50 
+  2.50 
+  4,50 
+  4. .50 
+  ;t.50 
+  2.50 
+  2.50 
+  1.50 
+  1.50 
+  1.50 
+  1.50 
+  0..50 

—  0..50 

—  0.50 

—  2.50 

—  3.50 

—  4.50 

—  3.50 

—  4.75 

—  4.75 

—  3.75 

—  0.75 
^  0.25 
+  3.25 
+  4.25 
+  5.25 
+  4.25 
+  4.25 
+  3.25 
+  2.25 
+  1.25 
+  0.25 
+  0.25 
+  0.25 

—  0.75 

—  0.75 

—  0.75 

—  1.75 

—  1.75 

—  2.75 

—  2.75 

—  3.75 

—  2.38 

—  1.38 
+  0.02 

+  2.(;2 

+  3.62 
+  4.C2 
+  5.62 
+  5.62 
+  5.62 
+  5.62 
+  5.62 
+  4.62 
+  3.62 
+  2,62 
+  1.62 

—  0.38 

—  2.38 

—  2,38 

—  4.38 

—  6.38 

—  7.38 

—  8.38 

—  8.38 

—  7.38 

—  6.88 

—  4.88 

—  0,88 
+  1.12 
+  2.12 
+  4.12 
+  5.12 
+  9.12 
+10.12 
+10.12 
+  7.12 
+  5.12 
+  4.12 
+  3.12 
+  0.12 

—  0.88 

—  3.88 

—  3.88 
-4.88 

—  5.88 

—  6.88 
-7.88 

—  7.88 

—  6.88 

—  1.46 

+  1..54 
+  3.54 
+  6.54 
+  7..54 
+  6.54 
+  5..54 
+  6.54 
+  6.54 
+  5.54 
+  4.54 
+  4.54 
+  1.54 
+  0..54 

—  1.46 

—  4  46 

—  5.46 

—  6.46 

—  7.46 

—  8.46 

—  9.46 

—  8.46 

—  5.46 

—  2.46 

—  2.83 
+  2.17 
+  6.17 
+  8.17 
+  8.17 
+  7.17 
+  6.17 
+  6.17 
+  5.17 
+  4.17 
+  5.17 
+  5.17 
+  3,17 
+  0.17 

—  1.83 

—  1.83 

—  3.83 
-6.83 

—  7.83 

—  8.83 

—  8.83 

—  9.83 
-9.83 

—  5.83 

—  6  23 

—  3.23 

+  0.77 

+  7.77 
+  8.77 
+  9.77 
+  11.77 
+12.77 
+  9.77 
+  6.77 
+  4.77 
+  4.77 
+  1.77 

—  0.23 

—  2,83 

—  4.23 

—  4.23 

—  6.23 

—  8.23 
—10.23 
—11.23 

—  8.23 
—10.23 

—  1.21 

+  0.79 
+  2.79 
+  4.79 
+  5.79 
+  5.79 
+  4.79 
+  4.79 
+  4.79 
+  4.79 
+  4.79 
+  4,79 
+  4.79 
+  0.79 

—  0.21 

—  2.:1 

—  3.21 

—  4.21 

—  5,21 

—  6,21 

—  7.21 

—  8.21 

—  8.21 

—  6.21 

—  4.08 

—  2.08 
+  0,92 
+ 1.92 
+  2.92 
+  2.92 
+  2.92 
+  2.92 
+  3.92 
+  4.92 
+  3.92 
+  3.92 
+  3.92 
+  2.92 
+  0.92 

—  0.08 
-1.08 

—  1.08 

—  3,08 

—  4.08 

—  5.08 

—  5.08 

—  6.08 
-7.08 

—  3.50 

—  2.50 

—  2.50 
+  1.50 
+  1.50 
+  4,50 
+  5..50 
+  4,50 
+  4.50 
+  4. .50 
+  4.50 
+  3.50 
+  2,50 
+  2.50 
+  0.50 

—  1.50 

—  2..50 

—  3,.50 

—  3.50 

—  3.50 

—  3,50 

—  5.50 

—  4.50 

—  3.,50 

—  5.58 

—  5..58 

—  3.58 
— 1..58 
+  0.42 
+  1.42 
+  2.42 
+  2.42 
+  3.42 
+  2.42 
+  2.42 
+  1.42 
+  1,42 
+  0.42 
+  0.42 
+  0.42 
+  0.42 
+  0.42 

—  0.58 

—  0..58 

—  0.58 

—  0.58 

—  0.58 

—  0.58 

—  5.50 

—  5.50 

—  3.50 

—  1.50 

+  o..^o 

+  2.,50 
+  4.t0 
+  4.50 
+  5,50 
+  .4.50 
+  3,50 
+  3,50 
+  2,50 
+  1.50 
+  0,50 

—  0..50 

—  2..5() 

—  3.50 

—  2,50 

—  1.50 

—  1.50 

—  2..50 

—  1.50 

—  1.50 

9  a.  ni 

10  a.  m 

11a.  m           ...... 

12  m 

1  p. HI 

3p.  ni.   .-  

3piii 

4  p.  HI...- 

5p.  m 

6p.  m  ........... 

7  p.  m 

8p.  m 

i>  p.  m 

10  p.  m 

11  p.  m 

12  p.  m 

la.  tu 

2a.m 

3  a.  m 

4  a.  m 

5  a.  m 

6  a.  m 

5700 

5800 

10424 

12300 

12208     13534 

15900 

10460 

7784 

8000 

3968 

6700 

2.38 

2.42 

4.34 

5.13 

5.09 !       5.64 1       6.63 

4.36 

3.24 

3.33 

1.65 

2.79 

3.92 

1 

1 

The  mean  daily  range  for  each  month  is  exhibited  in  the  subjoined  table,  which  embodies  the 
two  last  years'  observation  with  the  thermometrograph  : 


For  1856  and  1857. 

a 
a 
>-> 

it 

.a 
u 

c: 

< 

1-5 

■^ 

en 
3 
Ml 

< 

B 

1 

O 

a 

> 

o 

iZi 

a 

"a 

3 
P 
0 

Meau  of  all  highest  readings  by 

51.32 

39.81 
11.51 

57.38 

43.72 
13.66 

63.56 

47.91 
15.65 

68.22 

50.01 
18.21 

71.30 

53.35 
17.95 

79.20 

58.88 
20.32 

78.95 

58.88 
22.07 

81.03 

64.69 
16,34 

71^.99 

r>5.45 
23.54 

67.75 

49.86 
17.89 

59.41 

43.64 
15.77 

50,64 

37.80 
12.84 

67.29 

Mean  of  all  lowest  readings  by 

50,33 

Meau  daily  mensal  range 

16.96 

Dividing  the  year  into  its  meteorological  seasons,  the  mean  daily  range  will  be  as  follows : 
Spring,  (February,  March,  i;nd  April,)  15°  84' ;  autumn,  (October  and  Js^ovember,)  16°  83' ;  summer, 
(May,  June,  July,  August,  and  September,)  19°  64' ;  winter,  (December  and  January,)  12°  18'. 

Iteverting  to  the  table  of  montlily  and  annual  means,  we  find  the  resi)ective  mean  tempera!  nre  of 
the  seasons  to  be  as  follows:  For  the  spring  months,  mean,  55°  31';  the  mean  maximum  being 
71°  20',  and  the  mean  minimum,  42°  13';  for  the  summer,  mean,  70°  19',  and  the  mean  maximum 
and  minimum,  92°  50'  and  55°  n'  respectively;  for  the  autumn,  meau,  58°  47' ;  and  mean  maximum 
and  minimum,  78°  20'  and  44°  00'  respectively  ;  in  the  two  winter  montlis,  is  45°  94' ;  the  mean 
maximum,  00°  90',  and  the  mean  minimum,  29°  70'.  Thus  it  is  demonstrated  that  there  is  a  mean 
difference  between  winter  and  spring  of  90  35' ;  between  spring  and  summer  of  14°  88' ;  between 
summer  and  autumn  of  11°  72';  and  between  autumn  and  winter  oi'  12''  52'.  The  dilference  of 
means  of  the  hottest  and  coldest  months,  between  summer  and  winter,  is  also  shown  tfl  be  24^  25' ; 
and  the  extreme  variation,  or  the  difference  between   the  meiin  maximum  of  the  former  and  mean 


486 


surgeons'    KEPORTS — CALIFORNIA — NORTHERN    DISTRICT. 


miuimum  of  the  latter,  41°  50'.  It  will  be  uoticed  that  iu  our  divisions  of  the  seasons  we  Lave, 
in  accordance  with  the  phenomena  observed,  defined  February  as  the  first  of  the  spring  mouths, 
and  appropriated  five  months  to  summer  and  only  two  to  autumn  and  two  to  winter.  Indeed,  the 
seasons  are  of  so  short  duration  that  the  tropical  division  into  the  wet  and  dry  seasons  would, 
perhaps,  be  more  appropriate. 

The  whole  jieriod  of  sensible  winter  is  far  from  being  a  complete  season  of  suspension  of  veg- 
etation.    Many  forms  of  vegetation  are  active  the  whole  period. 

The  Jowest  mean  daily  temperature  of  the  winter  season  is  seldom  below  40°,  although  the 
theimometer  has  been  known  to  fall  as  low  as  33°  as  late  as  the  middle  of  February.  The  budding 
process  is  evident  during  the  first  days  of  February.  Usually  the  spring  is  well  advanced  iu 
March. 

The  greatest  vicissitudes  of  temperature  occur  iu  the  summer  season,  autumn  being  similar  to 
spring.  The  first  frosts  occur  about  the  middle  of  i!fovember.  The  decline  to  winter  is  gradual 
antil  the  latter  part  of  December ;  ice  is  found  during  the  last  days  of  this  month  and  January. 
It  seldom  remains  uuthawed  for  twenty-four  consecutive  hours.  As  a  physical  constant,  it  is  a 
matter  of  some  difficulty  to  place  within  5°  of  different  latitudes  isothermal  lines  for  the  season. 
That  of  60°  for  the  spring,  designed  for  the  United  States  Army  Meteorologic;il  Eegister,  which 
connects  Sacramento  with  Beaufort,  N.  C,  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  San  Diego  on  the  Pacific 
coast,  curves  5°  52'  latitude  to  the  south  on  arriving  at  the  latter  point. 

A  corresponding  divergence  to  the  north  occurs  in  winter.  The  isochimenal  line  of  45°  wliich 
is  common  to  Beaufort,  N.  C,  and  Sacramento,  describes  a  northerly  curve  of  8°  03'  latitude  before 
reaching  the  Pacific  at  Port  Orfonl,  Oregon,  latitude  42°  44',  the  mean  annual  temperature  of  which 
place  is  only  53°  OC. 

The  isothermal' of  70°  starting  from  latitude  40°  on  the  Atlantic  coast  comes  out  on  the  Pacific 
coast  on  parallel  30°.  The  great  curvature  to  the  south  on  the  Pacific  coast  during  spring  and 
summer  demonstrates  one  of  the  peculiarities  of  the  distribution  of  heat  iu  this  region ;  for  the 
mean  of  the  three  months  of  spring  the  temperature  which  predominates  on  the  line  of  coast 
westward  of  the  Coast  range  of  mountains  is  striliingly  uniform,  and  shows  but  little,  if  any, 
advance  on  that  of  winter.  Indeed,  the  same  may  be  said  of  the  summer  mouths.  For  some 
hundreds  of  miles  on  the  40th  parallel  there  is  very  little  diflerence  in  the  sea-temperature  for  the 
entire  year,  and  the  cold  of  the  Pacific  extends,  according  to  the  showing  of  Blodget,  from  the  50th 
to  the  30th  parallels.  Thus,  while  the  extreme  summer  heat  is  common  to  all  the  valleys,  the 
meau  summer  temperature  of  San  Francisco  and  much  of  the  coast  north  is  only  00°. 

Tabic  of  greatest  monthli/  vicissitudes  of  temperature,  as  obtained  from  two  successive  daily  means.     Cal- 
culated for  the  meteorological  seasotis  of  1856  and  1857. 


Spring 


Sururaer. 


D.aily 
mean. 

Vicissi- 
tudes. 

Wind. 

Date. 

Daily 
mean. 

Vicissi- 
tudes. 

• 

Wind. 

Date. 

7  a.m. 

2  p.m. 

9  p.m. 

7  a.m. 

2  p.  m. 

9  p.  m. 

February  26 

February  27 

March  S'   

53. 6G ) 
48. 33  I 
54.  33  \ 
61.67  5 
56.  67  ) 
Cl.  67  5 

5.34 
7.34 
g.00 

N.W. 

N.W. 

N. 
N.W. 

W. 

s. 

N.W. 
X.W. 

N. 
N.W. 
S.  W. 
S.W. 

W. 

N.W. 

S.W. 

.N.W. 

S. 

S.W. 

M.iy3 

May4  

Juuo  13 

Judo  14  

July  11 

57.  67  ? 
68.  33  5 
79.  00  t 
70.  33  i 
81.  67  ( 
7-A  33  i 
70.  67  I 
79.  33  i 
67.  00  ( 
77.  67  5 

10.66 
8.67 
9.34 
8.66 

10.67 

N.W. 

S 

E. 

S. 
S.E. 
S.W. 

s. 
s. 

S.E. 

N. 

N.W. 

S.  W. 

■    S. 

S. 

S. 

S. 

s. 

S.W. 

w. 

N. 

S. 
S.W. 

s. 

Maicli  9 

Apvil3 

April  4 

s. 
s. 

July  12 

s. 

Auj;ust  5 

August  6    

s. 
s.  w. 

September  22 

S.E. 
N.W. 

SURGEONS     REPORTS CALIFORNIA NORTHERN    DISTRICT. 


487 


Date. 


October  28  . . . 
October  29  . . . 
Js'ovoniber  2.. 
November  3.. 


Daily 
moiu. 


59.  00  ; 

67.  00  • 

68.  00  i 
58.  38 


Vicissi- 
tudes. 


8.00 
9.67 


Wind. 


7  a.  m.    2  p.  m. 


N.W. 

N. 
N.W. 

N. 


N.  W. 

N.W. 
S.E. 


9  p.m. 


■N.E. 

N.  W. 
N.  W. 
S.E. 


Date. 


December  22 . 
Deccniber  23 . 

January  0 

Jauu.iry  7  — 


Winter. 


Daily 
mean. 


41. 38  ( 

->i.  00  5 

4(i.  07  { 
38  37  J 


Vicissi- 
tudoj. 


9.07 

8.00 


Wi-.id. 


7  a.  m.    2  p.  m. 


N.  E. 

N.E. 

N. 

N. 


S.E. 

S.E. 
N.  W. 
N.  W. 


9p.  lu. 


S.E. 
S.  W. 

N. 
N. 


Spring. 


Summer. 


February  .T  . 
February  0 
I'.areb  li)  , . . 
JlarehSO  ... 
April  23  ..  . 
April  24  . . . . 


Daily 
mean. 


48.  33  ', 
41.00  ' 
57.  67 
52.  00  • 
08.  67 
62.  33 


Vicissi 
tudes. 


7.33 
5.07 
0.34 


S.E. 
N.W. 
S  W. 

w. 

E. 
S. 


■Wind. 


2  p.m. 


0 

W. 
N.  VV. 
N.  W. 
S.W. 

N. 
S.W. 


9  p.m. 


S. 
N.  W. 
N.W. 

S. 

S. 
S.  W. 


Date. 


May  23 

May24  

June  17 

Juno  18   

July  15 

July  111  

AURU5t7 

Anjiust  8 

September  14- 
September  15 


Daily 
mean. 


68.  33  ( 
70.  6-  5 
87.  00  ) 
78.  33  5 
70.  67  ( 
78.  00  5 
73.  07  i 
80.  00  J 
73.  00  ( 
65.  07  5 


Vici.ssi- 
tudes. 


8.34 
8.67 
7.33 
6.33 
7.33 


7o.  m. 


N. 

S. 
N.  w. 
S.E. 
S.E. 

N. 
S.E. 
S.E. 

N. 
N.E. 


2  p.m. 


N.W. 
N.W. 
N.  W. 
S.E. 
S. 
N. 

s.  w. 

N.W. 

N. 
N. 


9  p.m. 


N. 
N.W. 
S.  W. 
S.E. 
S.E. 
S.  W. 
S.  W. 
S.W. 

s. 

S.E.  . 


Date, 


October  16  , 
Oclober  17  .. 
November  5 
November  6 


Daily 
mean. 


68.  00  \ 
62.  00  S 
02.  67  ) 
55.  07  5 


Vicissi- 
tudes. 


6.00 
7.00 


N. 
S.E. 
S.E. 

E. 


Wind. 


N. 
W. 

s.  w. 

N.W. 


9  p.  m. 


S.  W. 

s.  w. 
s.  w. 

N.W. 


Date. 


December  0 . 
December  7 . 


Daily 
mean. 


49. 00  i 
43.  67  ' 


Vicissi 
tades. 


5.33 


Wind. 


S.W. 

N. 


P  p.  m. 


N.W. 
^f.E. 


9  p.m. 


N.W. 

N. 


Prcmlent  diseases. — Nearly  every  variety  of  disease  is  met  with  iu  this  State,  the  seeilsoC  ti'any 
of  them,  doubtless,  having  been  brought  by  the  thousauds  of  emigraut.s  who  have  tlocked  hillier 
from  every  quarter  of  the  globe.  This  fact,  as  well  as  other  iuterestiug  details,  will  be  exhibited  in 
the  accompanying  tables,  for  which  I  am  indebted  to  Dr.  Logan,  of  Sacramento  City. 

In  this  report  I  propose  to  give  little  more  than  the  names  of  the  diseases  regarded  as  indi- 
genous to  this  State,  premising  that  they  are  the  same,  with  slight  modifications,  from  San  Diego 
to  the  Oregon  line  : 

Epidemic  and  endemic  diseases: 
Intermittent  fever. 
Itemitteut  fever. 
Typhoid  fever. 

Scarlatina,  simples  and  aiigiiiosa. 
Scarlatina  maligna,  (diphtheria.) 
liiieumatism. 
Erysipelas. 

Dysentery  ami  diariha-a. 
Concomitant  diseases : 

Diseases  of  the  brain  ami  nervous  system.  , 

Diseases  of  the  respiratory  organs. 
Diseases  of  the  urinary  organs. 
Intermittent  and  remittent  fevers  prevail  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  at  all  seasons  of  the  year. 


488  surgeons'  reports — California — northern  district. 

But  with  the  commeucemcnt  of  summer  intermittents  become  more  abundant,  and  as  the  season 
wears  on  to  autumn,  remittent  takes  the  place  of  the  milder  form ;  from  this  period,  and  running 
even  into  winter,  the  typhoid  grade  is  common. 

Every  year  these  diseases  follow  about  the  same  course,  although  the  regularity  depends  very 
much  upon  the  amount  of  water  that  falls  during  the  winter-season. 

When,  for  a  number  of  years  in  succession,  the  ground  has  been  saturated,  vegetation  is  very 
abundant,  and  every  succeeding  year  vast  accumulations  are  found  on  the  bottoms,  in  the  sloughs 
and  tulares  bordering  upon  the  rivers,  which  decompose  rapidly  under  a  temperature  of  from  sixty 
to  ninety  degrees,  causing  an  abundant  emanation  of  miasma.  Continual  exposure  to  the  intense 
rays  of  the  sim  is  another  powerful  agent  in  exciting,  and,  I  have  been  inclined  to  believe,  also 
in  predisposing,  to  disease. 

The  northern  monsoon  prevailing  on  this  coast,  from  April  till  October,  is  a  hot  dry  wind  which 
sweeps  through  the  valleys  and  over  the  parched  plains,  gathering  up  in  its  course,  and  bearing 
with  it,  all  the  noxious  gases  emanating  from  the  country  over  which  it  passes.  The  current  of  air 
thus  put  in  motion  loses  much  of  its  vit^l  properties  by  exposure  to  the  accumulated  heat  in  its 
transit  over  two  or  three  hundred  miles  of  an  arid  country,  and  is  thus  another  prolific  source  of 
disease. 

In  the  intermittent  variety  of  malarious  fever  the  paroxysms  are  mostly  regular,  but  the  stages 
in  the  beginning  are  not  strongly  marked,  the  one  imperceiitibly  gliding  into  the  other.  At  first 
the  temperature  is  so  slightly  reduced  in  the  cold  stage  that  attention  may  not  be  drawn  to  its 
existence  for  a  number  of  days.  The  patient  complains  of  general  debility,  lassitude,  uneasiness  and 
restlessness,  particularly  at  night,  loss  of  appetite,  with  the  recurrence  of  fever,  generally  every  other 
day.  The  pulse  is  considerably  accelerated  during  the  exacerbation  of  fever,  but  in  the  interval  is  at 
the  normal  standard.  The  tongue  is  but  little  coated  at  first,  but  as  the  disease  progresses,  assumes 
a  lighter  or  brownish  covering.  After  a  few  days  the  cold  stage  becomes  more  perceptible,  some- 
times, however,  amounting  to  little  more  than  a  general  coldness  over  the  body  and  limbs ;  at  other 
times  the  body  will  convey  to  the  touch  the  sensation  of  stinging  heat,  while  the  extremities  remain 
cold ;  and  then,  again,  rigors  will  be  manifest,  and  sometimes  well-marked  chills.  The  re-action  of 
fever  is  in  proportion  to  the  severity  of  the  chill,  or  cold  stage,  and  when  both  the  former  stages  are 
distinct,  the  sweating  stage  is  correspondingly  profuse. 

When  the  cold  and  hot  stages  are  mixed,  that  is,  when  fever  commences  almost  simultaneously 
with  the  cold  stage,  then  the  fever  remits  from  day  to  day,  and  never  entirely  leaves  the  patient. 
When  this  is  the  case  the  skin  is  seldom  moist :  sometimes,  however,  for  a  few  moments  perspiration 
may  be  observed,  while  immediately  afterward  the  skin  will  be  hot  and  dry  ;  or  it  may  be  that  in 
this  form  the  symptoms  assume  a  choleraic  tendency,  anfl  the  perspiration  for  most  of  the  time  will 
be  profuse,  with  great  oppression  in  the  chest,  and  almost  constant  vomiting  and  purging,  some- 
times of  bilious  matter,  but  more  frequently  of  a  colorless,  serous  fluid,  unmixed  with  bile  or 
flocculi. 

Neuralgic  pains  of  the  face,  head,  chest,  and  limbs  are  almost  constant  concomitants  of  the 
foregoing  symptoms,  and  still  more  commonly  a  powerful  determination  to  the  glandular  system  is 
observed,  which  never  fails  to  produce  serious  disturbance.  At  other  times  the  fever  assumes  an 
enteric  form.  The  tongue  is  covered  at  first  with  a  light-brown  coat,  which  is  soon  partially  cleared 
away,  when  the  whole  surface  becomes  dry  and  parched.  The  pulse  is  frequent,  ranging  from  90 
to  130  in  a  minute,  and  a  peculiar  tremulousness  also  pervades  the  whole  muscular  system.  The 
patient  is  occasionally  flighty,  particularly  after  waking  from  sleep.  Sometimes  the  delirium  is 
considerable;  he  talks  incoherently  or  forgets  to  complete  his  sentence.  The  bowels  are  ttsually 
torpid,  but  occasionally  a  dysentery  sets  in,  with  distressing  tenesmus.  The  abdomen  soon  be- 
comes tympanitic  and  tender  to  the  touch,  affording  a  crackling  sensation  to  the  fingers  on  pressure. 
In  fatal  cases  the  mucous  membrane,  and  particularly  the  mucous  follicles  of  the  intestines,  are 
found  seriously  diseased,  in  so  much  that  the  system  fails  to  receive  snfiBcient  sustenance  to  main- 
tain animal  life,  or  death  may  follow  from  local  congestion  induced  by  nervous  depression. 

Putrid  sore  throat, also  denominated  dii)htheria,  isciomtnoii.  Perhaps,  as  suggested  byPichard 
(jomiiiae,  of  London,  the  name  oi  hcqus  iiialir/iiH.s  ((ii(/iiWfiHs  would  more  fully  describe  the  disease. 


surgeons'    reports — CALIFORNIA NORTHERN   DISTRICT.  489 

The  malady  is  Iierpetic,  without  doubt,  and  also  malignant,  as  every  well  marked  case  will  attest. 
It  is  epidemic  in  cbaracter,  and  prevails  mostly  among  cliildren  ;  adults,  however,  enjoy  no  partic- 
ular immunity. 

Eheumatism  is  a  common  disease  throughout  the  State,  owing  partly  to  miasmatic  causes,  and 
partly  to  exposure  to  dampness.  The  miners  who  work  in  shafts  and  tunnels  are  constantly  ex- 
posed to  the  drijjpings  from  the  earth  an<l  rocks,  and  are  seldom  dry  during  their  working-hours; 
and  those  employed  in  river  and  placer  mining  are  obliged  to  stand  a  considerable  portion  of  their 
time  in  water.     Such  persons  are  particularly  liable  to  the  disease. 

Dysentery  and  diarrhoea  are  common  to  the  country  iu  certain  seasons,  and,  as  is  supposed,  have 
a  malarious  origin. 

Diseases  of  the  brain  are  quite  iirevaleut,  brought  on  by  vicissitudes  of  fortune  more  than  by 
any  other  cause. 

Other  diseases  prevail,  but  to  no  greater  extent  than  in  other  countries  among  an  adult  i)opu- 
lation. 

Character  of  the  inhdhitanfs,  their  mode  of  life,  d:c. — The  general  character  of  the  inhabitants  in 
this  State  is  the  same  throughout.  In  this  connection  I  speak  only  of  emigrant  population.  The 
native  Californiaus  were  originally  from  Mexico,  and  are  now  much  mixed  with  the  ludiau  race. 
This  class  retain  the  characteristics  of  the  Mexicans.  Before  gold  was  discovered,  they  depended 
on  herding  mostly  for  a  living.  Their  knowledge  of  husbandry  was  extremely  crude,  and,  in  fact, 
but  little  attention  was  paid  to  the  cultivation  of  the  soil.  They  lived  in  adobe  huts,  without  floors, 
and  for  the  most  part  slept  on  the  ground.  They  are  now,  however,  adopting,  to  some  extent,  the 
habits  of  our  people,  and  are  vastly  improving  in  character.  They  take  naturally  to  cultivation, 
and  readily  adopt  the  improvements  introduced  by  the  Yankees,  and  some  of  them  stand  among 
our  most  successful  farmers. 

The  character  of  the  emigrant-population  of  California  is  only  a  reflex  of  that  of  New  England. 
The  mode  of  life  is  the  same,  and  the  occupation  differs  only  from  the  fact  Ihat  there  is  here  a 
large  mining  population,  which  delves  and  works  for  gold. 

Manufacturing  and  farming  have  been  carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent  during  the  last  li\e 
years,  and  both  are  becoming  more  important  every  year.  The  habits  of  the  people  differ  from 
those  of  residents  of  the  old  States  in  no  particular  respect.  Perhaps,  as  a  general  rule,  the  peo- 
ple are  not  quite  as  puritanical  in  their  religious  and  moral  notions  as  they  are  iu  Massachusetts 
and  Connecticut;  but  everywhere  throughout  the  State  may  be  S(  en  thriving  villages  with  their 
churches  and  school-houses;  the  latter  well  filled  with  bright  faces,  peculiar  to  the  children  of 
California;  and  the  former,  on  the  sabbath,  crowded  with  devout  worshipers. 

The  Mongolians,  though  uumerous,  are  as  much  outside  barbarians  here  as  though  they  were 
still  in  China  or  Tartary. 

In  reply  to  the  inquiry  why  certain  diseases  or  disabilities  have  disqualified  a  greater  ratio  per 
thousand  for  military  service,  I  would  say  that  some  diseases,  though  mild  in  character,  positively 
disqualify,  owing  to  the  organ  attacked.  For  instance,  in  disease  of  the  stomach  of  long  standing, 
the  stomach  being  unable  to  perform  its  duty,  the  system  would  necessarily  fail  to  receive  proper 
sustenance,  and  the  person  thus  affected  could  not  endure  the  hardships  of  a  military  campaign. 
Diseases  of  the  skin  might  be  extensive,  if  not  inveterate,  and  jet  no  very  important  changes 
ensue. 

Again  :  hernia,  as  a  general  rule,  is  regarded  as  a  discpialifying  defect,  although,  except  on 
extraordinary  occasions,  the  bowels  may  retain  their  normal  position.  Any  untoward  accident  is 
liable  at  any  moment  to  render  the  subject  of  it  helpless  ;  while  varicocele  or  cirsocele  may  be  much 
more  apparent,  yet  the  recruit  be  capable  of  performing  duty  to  a  good  degiee. 

Persons  affected  with  chronic  gastritis,  chronic  gastro-enteritis,  chronic  diseases  of  the  liver  or 
spleen,  engorgement  or  tubercular  infiltration  of  the  mesentery,  chronic  diarrhoea  or  dyse:  tery, 
seldom  if  ever  so  far  recover  as  to  be  a,ble  to  endure  the  hardships  and  privations  of  a  campaign  ; 
a  little  exposure,  and  the  old  disease  returns,  or  the  consequent  debility  of  constitution  will  mani- 
fest itself  whenever  unusual  exertion  is  endured.  Acute  affections  of  these  organs  may  be  coni- 
liaratively  harmless  in  their  results,  and  the  recruit  may  soon  recover  from  them. 

Slight  affections  of  the  eyes  might  totally  disqualify,  while  comparatively  extensive  disease  of 
62 


490  surgeons'  reports — California — northern  district. 

the  nose  or  ear  miyht  not  require  rejection.  Perfect  vision  is  indispensable  to  the  soldier,  while  the 
senses  of  hearing  iind  smelling,  though  important,  are  not  so  absolutely  necessary. 

Diseases  of  the  heart,  also,  absolutely  disqualify,  while  the  liver,  spleen,  and  pancreas  may 
suffer  considerable  organic  aft'ection,  and  the  recruit  still  be  able  to  perform  much  exercise  and 
endure  great  hardshii)s.  Derangements  of  these  organs  may  disqualify  by  indncing  general  debil- 
ity, yet  there  is  not  the  absokite  certainty  of  disastrous  consequences  following  tiiat  there  is  when 
the  heart  is  the  organ  diseased. 

Section  12  of  paragraph  85,  Revised  Eegulations,  "  Total  loss  of  sight  of  right  eye  ;  cataract 
of  right  eye  ;  loss  of  crystalline  lens  of  right  eye,"  disqualifies  for  military  service.  Except  in  time 
of  great  public  danger  and  emergency,  the  total  loss  of  the  sight  of  either  eye  should,  in  my  opin- 
ion, disqnalify  ;  but  I  can  scarcely  see  Mifficient  reason  for  the  distinction  now  made.  Soldiers 
usually  aim  with  the  right  eye,  but  with  a  little  practice,  hunters  assure  me,  it  makes  very  little  if 
any  difterence  whether  they  use  the  right  eye  or  left,  in  sharp  shooting.  I  am  of  opinion  that 
"  nearsightedness,"  if  to  any  considerable  degree,  should  be  a  disqualifying  circumstance. 

Section  1!).  "  Stammering."  I  cannot  see  why  stammering,  when  the  recruit  is  perfect  every 
other  way,  should  be  a  cause  for  rejection.  Soldiers  are  required  to  see,  hear,  and  act,  but  very 
seldom  are  they  required  to  speak  much  ;  with  imperfect  siieech,  and  by  gestures,  tbej-  can  yet  be 
understood. 

Section  20.  "  Total  loss  of  front  teeth,  the  eye-teeth  and  first  molars,  even  if  only  of  one  jaw." 
I  have  examined  uian^'  otherwise  sound  and  capable  men  laboring  under  the  above  disability.  The 
only  reason  given  for  the  establishment  of  this  rule  is  that  the  person  would  not  be  able  to  tear  the 
cartridge  with  his  teeth,  and  that  the  loss  of  teeth  ujight  interfere  with  mastication.  In  the  first 
place,  if  the  lower  teeth  are  perfect,  there  would  be  no  difficulty  in  tearing  the  cartridge  with  them 
against  the  upper  gums;  and  in  the  second  place,  if  the  molars  are  sound,  mastication  can  be  per- 
formed with  sutiBcient  rapidity  and  perfection  to  answer  the  requirements  of  the  stomach.  Without 
laying  down  any  positive  rule,  would  it  not  be  better  to  leave  this  matter  to  the  judgment  of  the 
examining  surgeon  ? 

Section  33.  I  would  recommend  striking  out  "  total  loss  of  any  two  fingers  of  the  same  hand," 
and  allow  the  surgeon  to  judge  of  the  incapacity  arising  from  this  cause.  A  great  many  valuable 
men  would  be  lost  to  the  service  by  invariable  adherence  to  this  rule  ;  besides,  by  their  indiscrim- 
inate exemption,  the  burden  of  bearing  arms  will  often  fall  unreasonably  heavy  on  many  less  com- 
petent persons.        *  #  # 

"Of  frauds."  My  experience  has  been  limited  in  this  respect.  A  few  enrolled  men  appeared 
for  exemption  on  account  of  impaired  vision,  when  no  disease  could  be  detected,  and  others  com- 
plained of  deafness,  who,  when  not  under  examination,  appeared  to  hear  quite  well.  A  few  others 
asked  to  be  exempted  on  account  of  hicmorrhoids,  in  whose  cases  no  disease  could  be  detected. 
I  have  also,  in  a  few  instances,  found  that  recruits  desiring  to  enter  the  service  have  denied  the 
existence  of  these,  or  of  other  diseases  difficult  of  diagnosis.  They  will  often  attempt  to  deceive  in 
relation  to  hernia,  or  old  varicose  ulcers,  insisting  that  the  latter  are  recent. 

Perhaps  of  all  classes  of  recruits  the  greatest  difficulty  is  experienced  with  persons  broken 
dow.n  in  constitution  fi'om  any  cause,  and  particularly  with  the  inebriate.  Such  a  man  can  scarcely 
be  convinced  that  he  is  not  as  competent  to  perform  military  duty  as  his  associates.  He  will 
exhibit  with  a[)parent  confidence  an  emaciated  leg  and  arm,  and  swear  that  he  can  lift  four  hun- 
dred pounds,  and  throw  a  sledge  farther  than  any  man  in  the  State;  all  of  which  ten  years  ago 
might  have  been  true;  but  now  his  clothes  hang  loosely,  and,  like  his  drooping  person,  are  sadly 
dilapidated.  A  glass  of  spirits  straightens  hiui  up  for  the  examination,  and  his  friends,  anxious  for 
a  riddance,  with  persuasive  eloquence  urge  his  acceptance.  Probably  the  surgeon  will  be  visited 
by  one  and  another  for  two  or  three  days  before  the  Candidate  is  presented,  and  when  a  favorable 
moment  occurs,  and  the  recruit  is  found  in  his  best  possible  condition,  the  enlisting  officer  makes 
ui)  hispa[)ers,  and,  armed  with  these,  he  enteis  the  examination-room. 

To  resist  the  influences  brought  to  bear  upon  the  surgeon  requires  some  honesty  of  purpose  as 
well  as  firmness.  I  have  been  importuned  by  the  female  friends  of  such  persons,  and  have  always 
made  enemies  when  their  requests  have  been  denied. 

The  "  best  method  of  avoiding  or  overcoming  these  difficulties  in  future"  will  be,  in  my  opinion. 


SUEGEOKS     KEPOUTS CALIFOKNIA MIIJDI-E    DISTRICT.  491 

1st,  to  always  api)oiiit  honest  aud  coiiipetoiit  examiiiiug  surgeons  ;  lid,  to  placo  the  entire  responsi- 
bility of  all  examinations  on  tlie  examining  surgeon,  and  also  to  remove  the  ai)parent  exi  ressiou  of 
distrust  coutained  in  section  88. 

Most  of  the  recruits  examined  here  were  natives  of  the  United  States  or  of  Irelaml.  American 
recruits  average  in  height  about  5  feet  7J  inches ;  girth  of  tjhest  at  ex[)iralion,  c!li  inches.  Irish 
recruits  average  in  height  about  5  feet  G  inches;  girth  of  chest  at  expiration,  about  30  inches. 

The  American  soldier  is  more  active  aud  calculating,  while  the  Irish  soldier  may  be  lirmer  and 
more  enduring. 

I  have  very  little  experience  as  to  the  "  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  for  military 
service,"  beyond  the  result  of  general  observation.  The  colored  men  in  this  State  are,  to  all 
appearance,  quite  as  athletic  as  our  own  race.  They  are  generally  above  ordinary  height,  well 
developed,  and  active.  Many  of  them  are  barbers,  some  are  house-servants,  and  others  men  of  all- 
work,  some  of  whom  can  read  and  wiite,  aud  are  sufficiently  intelligent  to  perform  any  maniud 
branch  of  military  service.      ********* 

LOKENZO  UUIiBAlU), 
Lute  iSurgeon  Board  of  Enroll  iiicnt  Northern  Dtxtrict  of  CuJifornia. 

Marysville,  €&!.., 'full/  29, 1865. 

CALIFORNIA— MIDDLE  DISTRICT. 
Extracta  from  rcjMrt  of  Dr.  A.  B.  Nixon. 

*  *  *  I  have  examined  about  one  thousand  persons  for  military  service,  but  kept  no 

record  of  rejections  until  the  1st  of  December,  1864,  since  which  time  I  have  examined  417.  Of 
the  latter  number,  14  were  rejected  for  syphilis,  7  for  hernia,  1  for  defective  eyes,  9  ibr  general 
physical  disability,  1  for  loss  of  teeth,  1  for  consumption,  1  for  ankylosis  of  the  ankle-joint,  1  for 
varicose  veins  of  inferior  extremities,  1  for  deformity  of  foot,  1  for  splay-feet,  1  for  chronic  ulcers 
on  inferior  extremities,  aud  1  for  skiu  disease  ;  iu  the  aggregate,  40  rejections,  being  nearly  10  per 
cent,  of  the  number  examined. 

Before  I  commenced  keeping  a  record  of  rejections,  a  much  larger  percentage  of  those  exam- 
ined was  found  to  be  unfit  for  service,  aud  out  of  the  first  three  hundred  or  four  hundred  who  pre- 
sented themselves  for  enlistment  about  20  per  cent,  were  rejected. 

My  district  was  composed  of  the  following  counties,  viz  :  Sacramento,  San  Joaquin,  Stanislaus, 
Nevada,  Placer,  El  Dorado,  Amador,  Calaveras,  Tuolumne,  Alpine,  and  jMouo,  situated  in  the  cen- 
tral and  eastern  part  of  the  State,  aud  including,  perhaps,  the  greatest  variety  of  climate,  mineraks, 
timber,  and  soil  of  any  other  equal  extent  of  country  on  the  habitable  globe. 

Sacramento,  Sau  Joacpiiii,  and  Stanislaus  Counties  are  chiefly  composed  of  rich  valley  lauds, 
and  the  two  former  are  extensively  cultivated,  and  produce  large  quantities  of  grain,  vegetables, 
and  fruit.  Stanislaus  County  is  chiefly  used  for  grazing  purposes;  and,  being  more  remote  from 
market,  its  agricultural  lands,  although  rich,  will  not  at  present  pay  for  cultivation.  Sacramento 
aud  Sau  Joaquin  Counties  are  penetrated  by  navigable  waters,  aud  are  very  favorably  situated  for 
profitable  farming  purposes,  aud  for  trade.  On  the  east  they  lie  immediately  contiguous  to  the 
mines,  which  afford  a  limited  market;  ou  the  west  they  are  bounded  by  navigable  tide-waters,  by 
which  means  they  have  a  good  outlet  for  the  easy  and  cheap  trausjjortation  of  their  surplus  pro- 
duce to  all  parts  of  our  extensive  coastwise  country,  the  commerce  of  which  in  time  will  be  of  im- 
mense value  to  our  interior  agricultural  districts.  The  eastern  portion  of  these  counties  coutain 
some  placer-miues,  but  of  late  years  they  have  been  abandoned  pretty  much  to  Chinese  laborers, 
who  are  willing  to  work  for  less  pay  than  Americans.  These  Chiuese  miners  are  very  industrious, 
as  a  class,  and  are  making  money  out  of  the  mines. 

The  other  seven  counties  of  my  district  are  exceedingly  mountainous,  aud  are  inhabited  chiefly 
by  miners,  although  of  late  years  cousiderable  attention  has  been  given  to  the  cultivation  of  fiiiit 
aud  general  farm-products.  Some  of  the  table-lands  and  small  valleys  iu  the  mountains  produce 
good  wheat  and  barley. 


492  surgeons'  reports — California — middle  district. 

Many  persons  are  engaged  in  the  cultivation  of  the  grape,  which  promises  fair  to  become  a  great 
and  vahiable  product  of  this  State.  The  grapes  produced  in  the  mountains  are  of  the  most  exqui- 
site Oavor,  and  the  yield  to  the  vine  is  enormous.  Every  variety  of  foreign  grape  succeeds  well  in 
tiie  loot-hills  of  tliese  mouutain  counties,  as  well  as  throughout  most  parts  of  the  counties  of  Sac- 
ramento, San  Joaquin,  and  Stanislaus.  On  some  of  the  low  lauds  of  the  counties  last  mentioned 
some  varieties  of  the  foreign  grape  mildew,  but  such  localities  aie  small  in  extent.  The  seavSoa 
throughout  this  section  of  California,  during  which  the  grape  is  maturing,  is  that  of  cloudless  skies, 
and  the  atmosphere  being  dry  no  deleterious  property  is  imparted  to  the  growing  vine  or  tender 
grape. 

The  quartz-mines  throughout  the  district  are  being  extensively  prospected  and  worked,  and 
will  afford  profitable  employment  for  a  numerous  poi)ulatiou  for  ages  to  come.  This  district  might 
be  properly  classed  as  an  agricultural  and  mining  section  of  the  country,  but  the  two  interests  are 
so  nicely  blended  together  that  it  would  be  difficult  to  arrive  at  a  dividing  line  ;  consequently.  I 
shall  class  its  inhabitants  as  miners,  .agriculturists,  and  traders.  The  mountain  counties  are 
remarkably  free  from  any  local  morbific  iuflueuces,  and  most  of  the  sickness  can  be  traced  to 
exposure  to  the  vicissitudes  of  weather  during  the  rainy  season. 

The  general  disposition  of  the  mining-population  is  rather  migratory,  and  many  of  them  are 
consequently  very  improvident,  but  the  life  they  lead,  in  my  opinion,  firs  them  to  become  the  very 
best  soldiers  in  the  world,  and  should  an  emergency  ever  arise  which  would  require  California  to 
j)ut  an  army  in  the  field,  1  feel  sure  it  would  compare  well  with  the  very  best  that  could  be  raised 
in  any  other  part  of  our  country.  The  inhabitants  of  this  district  are  decidedly  a  newspaper- 
reading  people,  and  everywhere  you  find  a  general  difl'usion  of  knowledge  of  the  passing  events  in 
the  world.  No  matter  where  you  travel,  in  the  most  hidden  recesses  of  the  mountains,  you  will 
find  the  newspaper.  The  life  of  the  miner  is  one  of  great  excitement  and  activity,  and  the  class  of 
men  thus  engaged  in  this  district  is  intelligent  and  enterprising. 

The  geographical  description  of  the  district  is  one  of  mountains  and  valleys,  with  a  climate 
unsurpassed  for  its  salubrity  and  attractiveness.  The  average  tem  perature  at  the  city  of  Sacra- 
mento during  the  year  is  about  fifty-nine  degrees ;  the  latitude  about  thirty-eight  and  a  half  degrees 
north. 

The  average  temperature  for  the  different  mouths  of  the  year  is  as  follows  :  January,  45° ;  Feb- 
ruary, 48°;  March,  510;  April,  59°;  May,  07° ;  June,  71°;  July,  73°;  August,  73°;  September, 
CGo  ;  October,  04°  ;  November,  51'°  ;  December,  45°.     (See  comparative  meteorological  table.) 

Nearly  all  the  rain  falls  between  the  months  of  November  and  May,  the  period  called  the  rainy 
season,  as  contradistinguished  from  the  dry  season,  which  occupies  the  remainder  of  the  year. 

The  climate  of  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  Valleys  differs  from  that  of  the  neighborhood 
of  Sau  Francisco  and  the  coastwise  counties.  There  are  no  fogs,  and  only  faint  sea-breezes  ;  the 
winters  are  four  or  five  degrees  colder,  and  the  summers  from  fifteen  to  twenty  degrees  warmer. 
The  excessive  heat  of  summer  may  be  attributed  to  the  want  of  ocean  winds  and  fogs.  The  greater 
cold  of  winter  is  caused  by  the  distance  from  the  ocean,  and  the  proximity  to  the  snow-covered 
mouutaiiis  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Sacramento  County,  lying  near  the  great  gap  in  the  Coast  range 
of  mountains,  is  cooler  in  summer  than  any  other  portion  of  tlie  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  Valleys. 
In  that  section  of  my  district  embracing  within  its  limits  the  summit  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
Mountains,  the  heat  of  summer  at  midday  is  very  nearly  the  same  as  in  Sacramento  County,  but 
the' winter  is  colder,  and  snow  falls  to  the  depth  of  from  five  to  fifteen  feet,  and  lies  upon  the  ground 
for  three  or  four  months.  Ice  forms  six  to  eight  inches  in  thickness  in  the  coldest  places,  and  as 
the  country  becomes  older  will  be  extensively  usetl  in  the  mining  towns  and  cities.  During  the 
hot  season  of  the  year  the  nights  are  always  cool  and  invigorating. 

The  average  amount  of  rain  annually  falling  in  the  valleys  of  my  district  is  about  twenty 
inches.  In  the  mountains  the  quantity  is  much  greater.  This  country  is  subject  to  great  droughts 
and  great  floods.  There  have  been  seasons  which  passed  without  a  sufficient  fall  of  rain  to  mature 
grass  or  any  kind  of  vegetable  ;  such  years,  however,  seldom  occur.  When  the  wind  blows  from 
the  north  wc  expect  no  rain,  but  when  it  veers  to  the  south  rain  may  be  expected  in  the  course  of 
forty-eight  liours. 

Very  little  electricity  is  manifested  in  the  clouds  at  any  season  of  the  year,  and  it  is  very  sel- 


REPORTS — CALIFORNIA MIDDLE    DISTRICT.  493 

doiii  that  tbnuder  is  heard  or  liglitniiig  seen;  high  up  in  the  mountains  there  is  occasiouiilly  a 
tliniuler-storm.  I  have  never  seen  a  lightning-rod  in  the  country,  and  doubt  much  whellicr  sucli  a 
tiling  liiis  ever  been  erected.  Ilail  storms  are  of  rare  occurrence,  and  instead  of  taldny  iilacc  in 
July  and  August,  as  is  usual  in  the  Eastern  States,  they  happen  here  only  between  the  months  of 
February  and  May. 

Tlie  aurora  borealis  has  been  seldom  seen  in  this  State,  perhaps  not  more  than  half  a  dozen  times 
within  the  last  ten  years.  The  aurora  of  the  28th  day  of  August,  1859,  seen  over  a  great  part  of 
the  world,  was,  however,  plainly  visible  in  this  State. 

Earthquakes  are  common  in  some  parts  of  California,  but  they  are  seldom  felt  in  any  of  the 
counties  comprising  this  district. 

The  great  number  of  cloudless  days  renders  the  climate  a  very  dry  one.  Dew  rarely  falls,  and 
the  earth  becomes  dry,  and  baked  hard  to  the  depth  of  many  inches,  and  even  feet.  The  grass  and 
herbage,  except  near  springs  or  swampy  lands,  are  dried  up,  and  become  as  brown  as  the  soil  upon 
which  they  grow.  The  atmosphere  during  the  summer  months  becomes  exceedingly  dry,  conse- 
quently the  heat  is  not  nearly  so  oppressive  as  in  other  climates  with  atmospheres  containing  a  great 
deal  of  moisture. 

The  botany  and  zoology  of  the  district  are  peculiar  to  this  country,  and  on  that  account  quite 
interesting,  but  in  this  report  I  can  refer  only  to  the  more  prominent  characteristics  of  the  subject 
without  entering  into  an  elaborate  description.  Our  trees  are  like  and  yet  unlike  those  of  the 
Atlantic  States.  We  have  the  oak,  pine,  spruce,  sycamore,  and  horse-chestnut,  yet  any  observant 
man  sees  at  a  glance  that  they  differ  in  many  important  particulars  from  the  trees  known  by  those 
names  elsewhere.  California  is  noted  for  containing  a  number  of  the  largest  and  most  beautiful 
coniferous  trees  in  the  world,  growing  to  the  height  of  three  hundred  feet,  with  a  diameter  corre- 
sponding to  their  height,  which  in  some  instances  measures  twenty  feet  and  upward.  Among  these 
giants  of  the  forest  are  the  sugar-pine,  red-fir,  yellow-fir,  and  mammoth  trees.  Other  conifers  con- 
tribute to  the  maguiflceuce  of  our  forests. 

Thesugiir-i)ine,  P/»Hs  lambertiana,  is  preeminently  the  most  magnificent  tree  of  the  forest,  but 
does  not  attain  to  the  immense  i)roportious  of  the  mammoth  tree.  Sequoia  gigantea.  It  strongly 
resembles  the  white-pine,  Pinus  strobus,  of  the  Eastern  States.  The  mature  tree  sometimes  reaches 
the  very  great  height  of  three  hundred  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  twenty  feet.  The  young  trees  of  the 
sugar-pine  give  early  promise  of  a  vigorous  growth,  and  of  the  mnjesty  to  which  they  subsequently 
attain.  These  trees  are  remarkably  destitute  of  branches,  and  the  trunk  stands  a  perpendicular 
cone,  with  small  branches  near  the  top,  forming  an  evergreen  wreath,  apparently  more  for  orna- 
ment than  for  any  useful  purpose  to  the  tree.  The  leaves  are  about  three  inches  long,  dark  green, 
and  grow  in  groups  of  five.  The  cones  are  very  large,  and  are  sometimes  found,  under  the  trees, 
from  twelve  to  eighteen  inches  long,  and  from  three  to  four  inches  in  thickness.  The  wood  is  the 
same  as  that  of  other  white-pines,  soft,  homogeneous,  straight-grainrd,  clear,  and  free  splitting.  It 
furnishes  an  excellent  quality  of  lumber  for  inside  work  of  houses,  and  is  used  extensively  for 
building-purposes. 

The  mammoth  tree.  Sequoia  gigantea,  stands  the  acknowledged  monarch  of  the  forest.  In  a 
grove  of  these  trees  in  Calaveras  County  there  are  ten,  each  of  which  measures  thirty  feet  in 
diameter,  and  eighty  which  are  between  fifteen  and  thirty  feet.  One  of  these  trees,  which  fell 
many  years  ago,  must  have  been  at  least  forty  feet  in  diameter  and  four  hundred  feet  in  height. 
This  tree  is  found  only  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  between  latitudes 
34°  and  41°.  Its  leaves  are  set  in  pairs,  and  are  of  two  kinds,  short  and  long.  The  coues  are 
small,  not  being  much  larger  than  a  hen's  egg,  and  the  seeds  are  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in 
length,  and  not  much  thicker  than  common  writing-paper.  The  wood  bears  a  close  resemblance 
to  red-cedar,  and  is  very  durable.  It  grows  in  deep  fertile  soil  in  company  with  the  various  species 
of  pine,  fir,  spruce,  and  cedar.  These  groves  are  exceedingly  dense,  so  much  so  that  the  rays  of 
the  sun  scarcely  reach  the  earth.  There  is  said  to  be  a  grove  of  these  trees  in  Tulare  County  eight 
miles  in  length,  and  some  of  the  trees,  it  is  said,  measure  at  a  height  of  twelve  feet  from  the  ground 
the  great  circumference  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet.  The  groves  of  these  trees  are  not  by  any 
means  common,  and  are  generally  confined  to  a  comparatively  small  area  of  land. 

The  yellow-pino,  Pinus  brachiiplnjlla,  is  a  noble  tree,  and  sometimes  reaches  a  diameter  of  seven 


494  SUEGEOXS     REPORTS CALIFORNIA MIDDLE    DISTRICT. 

feet.  Its  loaves  grow  iu  threes  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  and  present  a  peculiar,  tufted  appear- 
ance. The  color  of  the  loaves  is  a  dark  green.  This  tree  is  found  in  great  abundance  near  the 
snow-lines  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Tlie  nut-pine,  Finns  sahiniana,  is  remarkable  for  its  wide-spreading  branches,  aud  large  cones 
filled  with  edible  seeds.  It  is  not  a  large  tree,  scarcely  ever  attaining  a  circumference  greater  than 
twelve  feet,  and  a  height  of  sixty  or  seventy  feet.  The  seeds  are  about  the  size  of  a  common  white 
bean,  and  are  quite  palatable,  with  a  slight  terebinrhine  taste. 

The  red-fir,  Abies  flouglasii,  is  a  noble  aud  majestic  tree,  often  reaching  the  height  of  three 
hundred  feet,  with  a  diameter  from  eight  to  twelve  feet.  The  wood  is  strong,  with  coarse  and 
uneven  grain,  and  is  much  used  for  rough  work  on  buildings,  and  for  fencing.  These  ti'ees  grow  in 
dense  forests  high  up  in  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

The  yellow-fir,  Abies  icilliamsonii,  bears  a  close  resemblance  to  the  red  fir,  and  they  are  usually 
found  together. 

The  madrona,  Arbutus  menziesii,  is  an  evergreen,  with  brightgreeu,  oval-shaped  leaves,  and  a 
bright-red  bark.  The  bark  is  smooth,  and  peels  off',  like  that  of  the  sycamore,  at  regular  seasons. 
The  new  bark  is  a  light-green,  which  turns  to  red.  The  wood  is  very  hard,  and  susceptible  of  a 
high  degree  of  polish.  This  tree  bears  a  bright-red  berry  in  clusters.  The  wood  is  used  in  the  arts 
to  a  considerable  extent.  The  Mexicans  use  it  for  the  manufacture  of  stirrups.  The  United  States 
steamship  Saginaw  was  built  principally  of  this  wood,  but  I  am  not  informed  in  regard  to  its  dura- 
bility. 

The  raanzanita,  Arctostapliylos  glauca,  is  quite  a  feature  in  the  forests  of  this  district.  It  grows 
to  be  about  ten  or  twelve  feet  iu  height.  The  trunk  divides  uear  the  ground  into  many  branches. 
Tiie  wood  is  of  a  dark -red  color,  very  hard  and  dense,  and  is  used  to  some  extent  in  the  manufacture 
of  walking  canes,  but  it  is  of  little  use  in  the  arts,  as  its  growth  is  generally  very  crooked  and  un- 
even. This  shrub  bears  a  red  berry,  which  grows  in  clusters,  and  has  rather  a  pleasant  acidulous 
taste;  it  is  eateu  by  the  Indians  and  grizzly  bears. 

The  white-oak,  Qnercus  Jiimlsii,  is  a  characteristic  tree  of  California.  It  resembles  the  white- 
oak  of  the  Atlantic  States  in  the  color  of  its  bark  and  shape  of  its  leaves,  but  its  growth  is  differ- 
ent. It  seldom,  reaches  a  height  greater  than  fifty  or  sixty  feet,  and  is  often  wider  than  it  is  high. 
The  trunk  throws  out  large  horizontal  branches  from  six  to  twelve  feet  from  the  ground,  and  all 
appearance  of  its  trunk  is  soon  lost  in  its  branches.  This  tree  is  principally  useful  for  fuel,  being 
too  brittle  to  be  used  for  any  other  purpose.  The  tree  is  very  beautiful,  however,  aud  the  open 
groves' of  it  in  the  valleys  and  foot-hills  of  the  mountains  give  to  the  country  a  quie't  beauty  which 
adds  greatly  to  the  attractiveness  of  California.  TLe  acorns  of  these  trees  constitute  the  principal 
food  of  the  Indians  during  the  winter  season. 

The  evergreen-oak,  Quercus  agrifolia,  is  a  low-spreading  tree,  aud  its  foliage  is  of  a  dark- 
green  color,  and  very  dense.  The  bark  is  extensively  used  by  tanners,  and  is  said  to  be  very 
good  for  their  purpose.  It  is  found  in  the  foot-hills  and  along  water-courses.  The  acorn  is  small, 
sharp-pointed,  and  bitter.  The  wood  is  hard,  crooked,  aud  gnarled,  and  is  not  used  much  for  any 
purpose  except  fuel. 

The  poison-oak,  Bhus  toxicodendron,  grows  abundantly  iu  the  foot  hills  and  along  water  courses. 
It  is  found  growing  invariably  as  a  shrub,  aud  never  as  a  creeper  or  parasite,  as  in  the  Atlantic 
States.  The  touch  of  the  leaf  is  exceedingly  i)oisonous,  causing  an  eruption  which  is  olten  com- 
municated to  all  parts  of  the  body. 

The  buckeye  and  sycamore  grow  iu  abundance  along  the  water-courses,  but  differ  in  some 
respects  from  the  same  class  of  trees  iu  the  Atlantic  States. 

A  few  walnut  trees  grow  along  the  Sacramento  River,  but  the  walnut  cannot  be  classed  as  indig- 
enous. We  have  the  wild  cherry  and  wild  plum,  but  they  only  grow  as  bushes  or  shrubs ;  the  fruit, 
however,  resembles  that  of  the  Atlantic  States.  There  are  also  wild  grapes,  blackberries,  goose- 
berries, and  strawberries. 

Of  nutritious  grasses  there  is  quite  a  number,  but  their  roots  do  not  form  a  living  sod.  The 
drought  of  the  summer  and  fall  kills  the  roots,  but  the  ground  being  seeded  from  year  to  year  the 
grasses  are  perpetuated  in  that  way ;  but  as  the  country  becomes  settled,  and  the  grass  is  eaten  off' 
by  domestic  animals,  it  will  disappear.     Wild  oats  grow  abundantly,  and  are  cut  extensively  for 


surgeons'    reports CALIFORNIA MIDDLE    DISTRICT.  495 

hay.  Wild  flowers  are  very  abuudaut,  and  of  great  variety.  Tlie  grass  and  herbage  begin  to 
grow  after  the  first  rains,  and  continue  green  until  alter  the  coiuineucenient  of  the  dry  season, 
when  all  vegetation  begins  to  put  on  the  sere  and  yellow  leaf  of  autumn.  Indeed,  there  are  but 
two  distinct  seasons  of  the  year  in  Ciilifornia,  and  they  are  s[»ring  and  autunui. 

The  mistletoe  and  Bpxnish  moss  grow  abundantly  upon  the  oak  in  various  localities.  In  many 
places  the  Spanish  moss  is  very  abundant,  and  hangs  in  long,  lacelike  festoons  from  the  branches 
of  the  trees,  giving  a  peculiar  beauty  to  the  groves  and  natural  scenery. 

Among  the  indigenous  animals  may  be  classed  the  grizzly,  black,  and  cinnamon  bears,  the 
gray  wolf,  the  coyote,  the  California  lion,  the  panther,  wihl  cat,  badger,  raccoon,  mountain  cat, 
squirrel,  rabbit,  hare,  monntain-sheep,  antelope,  deer,  elk,  beaver,  otter,  skunk,  and  many  other 
smaller  quadrupeds;  also  vultures,  eagles,  hawks,  owls,  woodpeckers,  magpies,  crows,  ravens, 
blackbirds,  robins,  doves,  humming-birds,  quails,  grouse,  road-runners,  linnets,  goldtinches,  orioles, 
bee-birds,  blue-jays,  larks,  and  a  great  number  of  aquatic  birds,  both  waders  and  swimmers,  includ- 
ing swans,  geese,  ducks,  snipe,  cranes,  pelicans,  &c. 

Reptiles  are  but  few.  There  are  several  kinds  of  snakes ;  the  rattlesnake  is  the  only  one  that 
I  know  of  which  is  poisonous,  and  it  is  seldom  seen:  There  are  several  varieties  of  frog  and  lizard, 
and  in  many  places  the  latter  is  quite  numerous. 

The  waters  of  California  abound  with  a  great  variety  of  fish.  Fisheries  have  been  established 
at  nuiny  jioints  on  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  Kivers,  and  large  quantities  of  salmon  are 
caught  and  cured  for  market.  Sturgeon  is  abundant  and  very  large,  but  is  not  much  used  for  food. 
In  the  mountains,  the  watercourses  and  lakes  abound  with  spotted  and  salmon  trout,  which  are 
much  used  for  food  ;  they  are  obtained  in  large  quantities  from  Lakes  Tahoe  and  Donner.  These 
two  beautiful  lakes  are  situated  in  the  summit-range  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  having  an  altitude  of 
six  thousand  one  hundred  and  seven  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  lie  near  the  great  thor- 
oughfares of  travel  between  this  State  and  the  State  of  Nevada. 

The  geography  of  the  several  counties  of  the  district  may  be  more  minutely  described  as 
follows : 

Sacramento  County  has  an  area  of  about  nine  hundred  square  miles,  and  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Placer  and  Sutter  Counties,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Sacramento  liiver,  on  the  south  by 
San  Joaquin  and  Mokelumne  Ilivers  and  Dry  Creek,  and  on  the  east  by  El  Dorado  County ;  it  is 
intersected  by  the  American  River.  The  soil  of  this  county  is  generally  fertile,  and  is  extensively 
cultivated.  Sacramento  City  is  the  county-seat  and  the  ca|)ital  of  the  State,  and,  as  a  center  of 
commerce,  possesses  great  advantages.  It  is  accessible  for  steamers  and  sailing-vessels  of  large 
size  at  all  seasons  of  the  yeai". 

These  advantages  have  made  this  place  the  principal  entrepot  from  which  supplies  are  for 
warded  to  the  great  miniug  regions  in  the  north  and  interior  of  the  State,  and,  latterly  to  a  great 
extent,  to  the  mining  regions  of  the  State  of  Nevada.  This  city  has  two  railroads  penetrating  to 
the  eastward,  through  the  mining  sections  of  the  interior. 

The  people  of  this  county  are  engaged  in  agriculture,  trade,  manufacturing,  and  mining.  The 
first  settlement  was  made  in  the  year  A.  D.  1839,  by  John  A.  Sutter,  a  Swiss  by  birth.  He  obtained 
from  the  Mexican  government  a  grant  of  eleven  square  leagues  of  land,  and  under  that  title  the 
site  of  Sacramento  City  and  two  leagues  of  the  surrounding  country  is  now  held.  In  the  year  1841 
he  built  at  this  place  some  adobe  buildings,  and  surrounded  them  with  a  wall  about  sixteen  feet  in 
height,  as  a  fortification  against  the  attacks  of  hostile  Indians.  This  was  the  only  place  for  several 
years  where  white  men  had  any  permanent  foot  hold  in  the  great  Sacramento  Valley.  The  popula- 
tion of  this  county  is  24,145,  and  there  were  enrolled  in  it  7,025  men  subject  to  military  service. 

San  Joaquin  County  has  an  area  of  about  one  thousand  six  hundred  square  miles,  and  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  the  Mokelumne  River  and  Dry  Creek,  on  the  west  by  the  San  Joaquin  River,  on 
the  south  by  Stanislaus  River,  and  on  the  east  by  Calaveras  County;  it  is  intersected  by  the  Moke- 
lumne and  Calaveras  Rivers.  This  county  is  exceedingly  fertile,  and  is  extensively  cultivated.  The 
Western  Pacific  Railroad  will  intersect  it,  and  will  connect  Stockton,  its  county-seat,  with  San 
Francisco  and  Sacramento. 

Stockton  is  situated  about  four  miles  to  the  eastward  of  the  San  Joaquin  River,  upon  a  naviga- 
ble tidewater  slough,  and  has  a  population  of  about  six  thousand.    The  town  is  supplied  with 


490  surgeons'  ueports — California — middle  district. 

waterfioru.au  artesian  well,  and  jiresents  in  tlie  suuinier  season  a  very  pleasant  appearance.  Dur- 
ing tbe  winter  or  rainy  season,  tlie  country  in  anil  about  the  city  being  very  level  and  tbe  soil  a  deep 
black  loam,  the  streets  and  roads  become  almost  impassable  with  mud. 

The  State  Insane  Asylum  is  located  at  this  place.  Stockton  is  noted  for  its  windmills  used  for 
pumping  water,  its  beautilul  and  ne'at  private  residences,  and  elegant  gardens.  It  is  a  central 
commercial  i)oiut  for  the  southern  mines,  and  has  always  enjoyed  a  good  trade.  The  population  of 
the  county  is  9,434,  and  there  were  enrolled  in  it  3,321  men  as  subject  to  military  service. 

Stanislaus  County  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Stanislaus  Kiver,  on  the  west  by  Santa- 
Clara  County,  on  the  south  by  Merced  and  Mariposa  Counties,  and  on  the  east  by  Tuolumne 
County.  This  county  is  but  thinly  inhabited,  and  the  lands  are  ])riucipally  used  for  grazing-pur- 
poses.  Knight's  Ferry  is  the  county  seat.  The  county  is  intersected  near  the  center  by  the  San 
Joaquin  Eiver,  which  is  navigable  for  sm.iU  boats  during  a  portion  of  the  year.  The  population  of 
this  county  is  2,245,  and  it  had  enrolled  792'men  for  military  service. 

Nevada  County  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Sierra  and  Butte  Counties,  on  the  west  by  Yuba 
County,  on  the  south  by  Placer  County,  and  on  the  east  by  the  State  of  Nevada.  It  is  drained 
principally  by  the  Middle  and  South  Yuba  Rivers.  Gold  is  found  in  abundance  in  this  county,  both 
in  quartz  veins  and  in  placers.  Nevada  City  is  the  county-seat.  This  county  contains  about  nine 
hundred  square  miles  of  land,  and  has  a  population  of  10,447,  and  had  enrolled  4,817  men  liable  to 
military  service.  The  principal  towns  are  Nevada  City,  Grass  Valley,  North  San  Juan,  liough 
and  Eeady,  Moore's  Flat,  and  Humbug  City. 

Placer  County  contains  an  area  of  about  one  thousand  two  hundred  square  miles.  Its  popula- 
tion is  13,270,  and  it  had  enrolled  4,155  men  liable  to  military  service.  Gold  is  found  in  all  parts 
of  this  county,  but  the  quartz-veins  are  not  nearly  so  extensively  worked  as  in  Nevada  County. 
This  county  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  Yuba  County,  on  the  south  by  El  Dorado  County,  on  the  east 
by  the  State  of  Nevada,  and  on  the  north  by  Nevada  County.  The  North  Fork  of  the  American 
Eiver  intersects  the  county,  and  the  Central  Pacific  liailroad  will  cross  it  from  west  to  east.  The 
principal  towns  are  Auburn,  the  county-seat;  Yankee  Jim's,  Gold  Hill,  Dutch  Flat,  Todd's  Valley, 
Michigan  Bluffs,  Iowa  Hill,  Bath,  Forest  Hill,  Wisconsin  Hill,  and  Lincoln. 

El  DoradoCounty  adjoins  Placeron  the  south,  and  containsan  area  of  about  two  thousand  square 
miles.  It  has  a  population  of  about  21,000,  and  had  enrolled  5,497  men.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
west  by  Sacramento  County,  on  the  south  by  Aipador  and  Alpine  Counties,  and  on  the  east  by  the 
State  of  Nevada.  It  is  ittersected  by  the  Middle  and  South  Forks  of  the  American  Eiver, and  also 
by  the  Cosumnes  Eiver,  and  is  the  oldest  placer-mining  county  in  the  State.  The  first  discovery  of 
gold  in  California  was  made  in  this  county,  on  the  South  Fork  of  the  American  Eiver,  by  a  man 
named  Marshall,  in  the  spring  of  the  year  1848,  while  in  the  employ  of  Captain  Sutter,  who 
was  erecting  a  saw-mill  at  the  place  now  called  Coloma.  The  principal  towns  are  Placerville,  the 
county-seat ;  Georgetown,  Coloma,  Diamond  Springs,  El  Dorado,  Shingle  Springs,  Greenwood, 
Kelsey,  and  Unioutown.  This  county  has  an  aggregate  of  1,250  miles  of  water-ditches,  used  for 
mining-puri)oses  and  irrigation.  It  contains  many  beautilul  family  residences,  and  its  fruits  are 
unsurpassed. 

Vineyards  are  extensively  cultivated.  This  county  is  also  rich  in  goldmines,  but  the  time 
will  come  when  its  grape  crop  will  be  of  more  value  than  its  store  of  the  precious  metals. 

Amador  County  adjoins  El  Dorado,  with  the  Cosumnes  Eiver  for  its  northern  boundary,  and 
the  Mokelumne  for  its  southern.  It  has  a  population  of  10,933,  and  had  enrolled  4,049  men  liable 
to  military  service.  Jackson  is  the  county-seat,  and  the  principal  towns  are  Jackson,  Volcano, 
Butte  City,  Dry  Town,  Fiddletown,  lone  City,  Sutter  Creek,  and  Lancha  Plana.  This  county  is 
rich  in  quartz  and  placer  mines,  and  there  are  some  fine  agricultural  lands  lying  in  the  western 
portion  of  it,  including  lone  Valley,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  garden-spots  in  the  State.  Eecently 
souic  good  copper-mines  have  been  woiked  in  this  county.  Indications  of  copper  are  extensively 
found,  and  no  doubt  valuable  discoveries  of  that  metal  will  be  made  in  many  places. 

Calaveras  County  adjoins  Amador  on  the  south,  and  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Mokelumne 
Eiver,  on  the  west  by  San  Joaquin  County,  on  the  south  by  the  Stanislaus  River  and  Tuolumne 
County,  on  the  east  by  Mono  County,  and  it  is  intersected  by  the  Calaveras  Eiver.    This  county  has 


SURGEONS     REPORTS CALIFORNIA MIDDLE    DISTRICT.  497 

an  area  of  about  two  thousand  s^quaie  miles,  a  population  of  1 0,302,  and  had  enrolled  4,130  men  liable 
to  military  service.  Mokelumne  Hill  is  the  county-seat.  The  principal  towns  are  Mokelnnme  Tlill 
San  Andreas.  Murphy's  Angels,  Vallicita,  West  Point,  CauJix)  Seco,  Dowlass  Flat,  Jesus  Maria, 
and  (Jopperopolis.  This  county  is  exceedingly  rich  iu  gold-bearing  quartz  veins  and  in  copper. 
About  thirty-live  miles  east  of  Stockton  a  great  amount  of  copper-ore  is  taken  out,  which  yields 
aUout  thirty  percent,  of  pure  metal ;  at  present,  most  of  this  ore  is  shipped  to  a  foreign  market,  there 
being  no  adequate  reduction-worlds  liere  to  stii)arate  the  metal  from  the  dross-matter.  This  ore  is 
found  as  a  carbonate  and  sulphuret  of  copper,  the  sulphuret,  however,  greatly  predominating. 

Tuolumne  County  adjoins  Calaveras  on  the  south,  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  Stanislaus  County, 
on  the  south  by  Mariposa,  and  on  the  east  by  Mono  County.  The  county  has  an  area  of  about  three 
thousand  square  miles,  a  population  of  16,21*9,  and  had  enrolled  4,741  men  subject  to  military  service 
The  jnnncipal  towns  are  Sonora,  Columbia,  Springfield,  Shaw's  Flat,  Jamestown,  Chinese  Camp, 
Big  Oak  Flat,  Garrote,  Don  Pedros,  and  Pine  Log.  'This  county  was  exceedingly  rich  in  placer- 
mines,  and  was  more  especially  noted  for  its  large  number  of  nuggets.  The  aggregate  length  of 
water-ditches  it  contains  is  about  three  hundred  miles. 

Mono  and  Alpine  Counties  lie  to  the  eastward  of  Amador,  Calaveras,  Tuolumne,  Fresno,  and 
Mari])osa  Counties,  and  were  taken  out  of  those  five  counties.  These  two  counties  contain  extensive 
silver-mines,  and  are  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  State  of  Nevada.  The  altitude  of  the  mining- 
regions  in  these  counties  is  about  5,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  being  east  of  the  great 
summit-range  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  and  beyond  the  warm  influence  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  the  winters  are  very  colcl.  Owing  to  the  inclemency  of  the  climate  and  the  inaccessibility 
of  this  section  of  country,  the  mines  have  not  been  developed  or  worked  to  any  great  extent,  but 
enough  has  been  done  to  make  it  certain  that  they  are  both  rich  and  extensive.  Mono  County  bad 
237  men  enrolled  subject  to  military  service.  Alpine  County  had  not  been  organized  when  the 
enrollment  took  ]jlace. 

The  prevalent  diseases  of  the  valley  parts  of  this  district  are  remittent,  intermittent,  and  typhoid 
fevers  during  the  summer  and  autumn  months  ;  they  are  caused  by  malaria  generated  from  the 
drying-up  of  the  overflowed  and  swamp  lands.  During  the  winter  or  rainy  season,  pneumonia, 
erysipelas,  and  typhus  prevail  to  some  extent.  The  exciting  or  more  immediate  cause  of  these 
lattef  formidable  diseases  is  the  cold,  damp,  and  chilly  condition  of  the  atmosi)here  at  that  season 
of  the  year,  acting  upon  systems  that  have  been  enervated  by  other  morbific  influences.  In  the 
mining  sections  of  the  district  rheumatism,  pneumonia,  erysipelas,  and  typhoid  fevers  prevail  to  a 
considerable  extent ;  exposure  to  wet  and  cold,  no  doubt,  is  the  cause  of  these  diseases,  which,  by 
prudence,  might  be  to  a  great  extent,  if  not  altogether,  avoided.  The  mountain  sections  of  country 
are  exempt  from  any  local  morbific  influences. 

Syphilisprevails  to  a  very  great  extent,  and  is  producing  sad  and  melancholy  results.  In  a  few 
years  more  the  aborigines  of  this  country  will  be  exterminated  by  this  horrible  disease,  for  when 
they  contract  it  they  are  seldom,  if  ever,  cured.  According  to  my  experience,  this  disease  has 
caused  more  rejection  of  recruits  than  any  other,  by  one-half.  This  cannot,  however,  be  attributed 
to  any  climatic  influence;  it  may,  no  doubt,  be  attributed  to  a  want  of  the  beneficial  restraints  of 
society,  and  to  the  very  large  number  of  prostitutes  that  have  emigrated  to  this  coast.  Pheumatism 
and  syphilis  are  diseases  that  will  disqualify  many  for  the  military  service  in  this  country  for  many 
years  to  come.  Accidents  occurring  in  the  mines  and  to  those  working  with  machinery  will  also 
be  a  prolific  cause  of  disqualification. 

In  regard  to  section  10  of  paragraph  85  of  the  Revised  Regulations,  Provost-Marshal-General's 
Bureau,  1  would  respectfully  suggest  that  lossof  sight  of  either  eye  should  be  a  cause  for  exemption 
of  the  drafted  man,  but  not  of  the  volunteer.        *  *  * 

I  think  a  surgeon  could  examine,  critically  and  well,  about /or??/  persons  per  day. 

During  my  experience  the  frauds  attempted  were  only  by  those  suffering  from  hernia.  Every 
one  whom  I  rejected  for  that  cause  had  tried  to  conceal  his  infirmity. 

The  German,  I  think,  presents  the  greatest  aptitude  for  military  service,  aid  I  would  place  the 
American  next.  ^ 

In  regard  to  the  colored  race  I  have  had  but  little  experience  ;  but  for  southern  or  tropical 
03 


498  surgeons'  reports — California — southern  district. 

latitiules  I  think  tliey  would  be  physically  well  adapted  to  the  military  service,  mucb  better, 
indeed,  than  the  white  race.  lu  regard  to  mental  capacity,  I  have  no  doubt  but  they  would  fall 
far  below  the  white  race.        *  *  * 

A.  B.  NIXON,  M.  D., 
Surgeon  of  the  Board  of  Enrollment  Middle  District  of  California, 
Sackamento  City,  Cal.,  July  1,  I8C5. 


CALIFORNIA— SOUTHERN  DISTRICT. 
Extracts  from  report  o/Dr.  L.  C.  Lane 

*  •  *        The  number  of  men  examined  by  me  for  enlistment  as  soldiers  in  the  vol- 

unteer service  amounts  to  nearly  fifteen  hundred ;  of  this  number,  two  hundred  and  fifty  were 
examined  prior  to  my  having  received  any  orders  from  you  in  reference  to  making  any  record  of  the 
same. 

The  geographical  position  of  this  place  is  latitude  37°  48'  N. ;  longitude  122°  21'  W.  from 
Greenwich. 

The  major  portion  of  the  men  examined  had  been  from  one  to  ten  years  past  residents  of  a  dis- 
trict of  country  which  in  any  direction  would  not  extend  more  than  one  hundred  miles  from  this 
city;  the  remaining  portion  came  from  districts  varying  from  one  hundred  to  three  hundred  miles 
either  north  or  south  of  San  Francisco. 

The  occupations  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  district  are  agricultural  and  mining.  Most  of  the 
men  examined  had  led  an  irregular,  roving  life,  and  had  been  exposed  to  the  climatic  influence  of 
the  district  for  too  brief  a  period  to  warrant  any  conclusions  in  regard  to  it. 

Geologically,  the  country  consists  of  a  succession  of  mountains  of  a  metamorphic  formation, 
quartzose  and  basaltic,  clad  in  many  places  with  heavy  forests  in  which  the  coniferw  predominate. 
Between  these  mountains,  which  in  a  few  places  present  snow-capped  altitudes,  there  are  inter- 
posed valleys  of  Secondary  and  Tertiary  formation,  of  which,  when  cultivated,  the  luxuriant  cereals 
and  fruits  bear  ample  evidence  of  a  fertility  which  cannot  be  surpassed. 

The  residents  of  the  mountains  are  chiefly  miners  ;  those  of  the  valleys  devote  themselves 
mainly  to  agriculture.  From  an  experience  of  several  years  in  the  practice  of  medicine  in  this 
State,  I  believe  there  is  no  disease  prevalent  hero  referable  to  the  climate. 

The  laborious  occupations  of  the  miners  will  account  for  the  prevalence  of  hernia  and  a  vari- 
cose condition  of  the  spermatic  and  saphenous  veins  among  them. 

Among  the  native  Californians,  who  are  a  mixture  of  the  Spanish  and  Indian  races,  I  have 
observed  scrotal  hernia  to  be  very  prevalent ;  its  cause  may  be  found  in  their  almost  constant  habit 
of  riding  a  breed  of  half-wild  horses  which  are  peculiar  to  Spanish  America,  and  are  popularly 
called  here  "  mustangs." 

The  several  sections  comprised  under  the  head  of  paragraph  85,  "Revised  Regulations,"  &c., 
in  my  opinion,  embrace  all  the  causes  which  disqualify  men  for  military  service.  Were  I  to  offer  a 
suggestion  in  reference  to  any  change  or  amendment,  it  would  be  in  respect  to  sections  12  and  2;}. 
When  from  any  cause  the  right  eye  has  been  lost,  I  have  met  with  several  instances  in  which  the 
individuals  assured  me  that  they  were  able  to  use  the  left  eye  for  all  purposes  whatever,  and  that 
they  had  acquired  the  power  to  "  shoot  left-handed"  quite  as  well  as  they  formerly  had  done  with 
the  right  hand. 

An  experienced  examiningsurgcon  can  readily  examine  one  hundred  men  per  day,  but  to  make 
the  prescribed  record  of  the  same,  the  number  should  not  exceed  fifty  men. 

There  were  very  few  attempts  at  fraud  on  the  part  of  the  recruits  whom  I  examined,  as  there 
was  no  drafting  or  substituting  here,  and  an  exceedingly  small  number  of  men  enrolled  who  claimed 
exemption  on  the  score  of  physical  disqualification.  The  attempts  at  concealment  of  disease  on 
the  part  of  recruits  were  in  regard  to  the  power  of  vision,  and  the  use  of  the  lower  extremities. 

A  graduated  scale  of  national  aptitude  for  military  service  would  be  as  follows:  First,  Ameri- 
cans ;  second,  Germans  and  Swe^les  ;  Ihird,  Trisli  and  French  ;  fourth,  MexicauSpanish,  a  hybrid 


SUKGEONS'   REPORTS KANSAS NORTHERN   DISTRICT.  499 

race  between  Spanish  and  Indian  which  generally  presents  a  constitution  saturated  with  either 
acquired  or  inherited  syphilis. 

The  number  of  negroes  examined  by  me  is  too  small  to  form  an  accurate  judgment  in  regard 
to  their  physical  aptitude  for  military  service,  yet,  so  far  as  that  experience  goes,  it  is  in  their 
favor.        *  »  * 

L.  C.  LAXE, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Unrollnicnt  Southern  District  of  California, 
San  Francisco,  Cal.,  June  1,  1865. 


KANSAS— NORTHERN  DISTRIOT.i 
Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  Tiffin  Sinks. 

*  *  *        Mj'  experience  in  the  examination  of  men  for  military  service  consists  of 

four  months'  service  at  Fort  Leavenworth  as  post-surgeon,  and  two  years  service  as  surgeon  of  the 
board  of  enrollment  for  the  Northern  District  of  Kansas. 

The  number  of  men  examined  during  that  time  has  been  about  two  thousand. 

The  Northern  District  of  Kansas  comprises  all  that  portion  of  the  State  north  of  the  Kansas 
Elver;  the  course  of  the  river  being  nearly  due  east. 

The  district  lies  between  39°  and  40°  north  latitude,  and  17°  30'  and  25°  west  longitude,  reck- 
oning from  Washington.  The  face  of  the  country  is  nearly  uniform  from  the  Missouri  River  to  the 
western  border,  being  one  continual  succession  of  undulating  ridges  and  valleys;  the  general 
trend  of  the  ridges  and  valleys  is  north  and  south. 

From  the  Kansas  River  to  the  northern  line  of  the  State,  and"  from  the  Missouri  River  to  the 
western  border,  there  is  a  gradual  and  quite  uniform  ascent  of  about  three  feet  per  mile.  The 
country  is  prairie  interspersed  with  timber,  which  latter  is  principally  confined  to  the  margins  of 
the  streams.  The  average  width  of  the  timber  in  the  valley  of  the  Missouri  River  is  about  five 
miles,  of  the  Kansas  River  two  miles,  and  of  the  other  streams  of  importance  from  one-half  to  one 
mile.    The  timber  consists  principally  of  oak,  hickory,  walnut,  Cottonwood,  and  hackberry. 

The  country  is  open  to  the  free  passage  of  the  winds  from  the  north,  west,  and  south.  The  pre- 
vailing direction  of  the  winds  is  from  the  south  in  the  summer,  and  from  the  north  and  northwest 
during  the  remainder  of  the  year.  East  and  west  winds  are  very  infrequent.  Nothing  that  could 
be  called  a  hurricane  or  tornado  has  been  known,  although  the  winds  blow  pretty  constantly, 
and  sometimes  a  "  stiff  breeze"  is  experienced. 

Tbe  mean  annual  precipitation  of  rain  and  snow  for  the  seasons  is  as  follows,  viz :  spring,  10 
inches;  summer,  12  inches;  autumn,  8  inches;  and  winter,  3  inches. 

No  lakes,  swamps,  or  marshes  exist  in  the  district.  The  soil  being  deep,  light  and  porous,  is 
readily  permeated  by  tho  moisture,  and  as  readily  yields  it  up  to  the  demands  of  vegetation.  For 
the  first  hundred  miles  west  of  the  Missouri  River  the  rocks  belong  to  the  Middle  and  Upper  Car- 
boniferous series,  being  the  western  extension  of  the  great  coalfields  of  Missouri.  The  next  hun- 
dred miles  the  Jurassic  rocks  prevail ;  the  western  jiortion  belongs  to  the  Cretaceous  system. 

The  population  is  to  be  found  almost  entirely  in  the  eastern  half  of  the  district ;  in  the  western 
portion  the  buffalo  reigns  supreme. 

The  most  prevalent  diseases  are  malarial  fevers  in  the  fall  and  winter,  pneumonia  and  rheuma- 
tism in  the  spring,  and  dysentery  in  tbe  summer.  All  diseases  are  more  or  less  complicated  with 
malaria.  Pure  typhoid  fever  is  a  very  rare  disease,  though  typho-malarial  fever  is  of  frequent 
occurrence.  The  district  being  without  the  great  basin  of  the  Mississippi  will  account  for  the  prev- 
alence of  malarial  fevers. 

During  the  months  of  March  and  April  the  winds  are  constant,  the  temperature  exceedingly 
changeable,  and  the  rains  more  frequent  than  in  winter.  Pneumonia  and  rheumatism  prevail,  but, 
excepting  with  the  very  young  or  very  old,  these  diseases  are  rarely  fatal,  and  require  but  little 
medication.    The  counti'y  is  so  new,  or  rather  has  been  settled  so  recently,  that  with  our  necessa- 

'  No  report  was  received  from  the  Southern  District. 


500  surgeons'  reports — Kansas — northern  district. 

lily  limited  experience  it  would  be  diiBcnlt,  if  not  impossible,  to  determine  the  extent  of  climatic 
iuflueuce  iu  the  i)roduction  of  disease. 

The  "general  character"  of  the  inhabitants  is  truly  general,  for  they  represent  almost  every 
nationality  in  the  world,  and  certainly  every  State  iu  the  Union.  They  are  intelligent,  energetic, 
enterprising,  hospitable,  and  brave.  Their  occupations  are  those  of  farmers,  laborers,  mechanics, 
tradesmen,  and  professionals,  in  the  order  of  prevalence  as  enumerated. 

In  reference  to  the  different  sections  of  paragraph  85,  I  would  respectfully  submit  the  follow- 
ing observations  :  First,  as  to  section  3,  epilepsy.  "  For  this  disability  the  statement  of  the  drafted 
man  is  insuflflcieut,  and  the  fact  must  be  established  by  the  duly  attested  aflidavit  of  a  physician  in 
good  standing  who  has  attended  him  in  the  disease  within  the  six  months  immediately  preceding 
his  examination  by  the  board."  As  a  rule,  in  these  cases,  and  especially  in  those  of  long  standing, 
no  physician  has  been  in  attendance  within  the  time  specified.  Strict  compliance  with  the  instruc- 
tions would  be  tantamount  to  taking  all  the  old  epileptics  into  the  service.  Would  it  not  be  better 
simply  to  require  evidence  to  be  given"  under  oath,  and  to  leave  the  board  to  determine  what  is  to 
be  considered  satisfactory  proof? 

Section  9.  "Permanent  physical  disability,"  &c.  Why  not  strike  out  the  word  permanent  f 
It  is  a  mere  stumbling-block,  and  iu  many  instances  compromises  the  integrity  of  the  surgeon. 
Many  diseases  and  infirmities  exist  which  cannot  properly  be  classed  as  permanent,  but  which  will 
not  be  recovered  from  in  one  year.  I  would  suggest  the  addition  to  the  section  of  the  following, 
from  Circular  Letter,  Provost-Marshal's  Office,  of  December  8,  1804 :  "  In  all  cases  of  exemptions 
for  *  *  *  physical  disability,  the  specific  disease  or  infirmity  must  also  be  stated, 
under  the  head  of  remarks." 

Section  11.  "Chronic  rheumatism,"  &c.  lam  aware  of  the  impositions  that  have  been  practiced 
under  the  name  of  this  disease,  and  the  difficulties  that  would  arise  if  more  latitude  were  allowed 
in  reference  to  it,  but  right  is  right,  and  if  a  person  is  disabled  by  chronic  rheumatism,  whether  it 
is  "  manifested  by  positive  change  of  structure,  wasting  of  the  affected  limb,  puffiness  or  distortion 
of  the  joints,"  or  not,  he  is  properly  exempt.  Unfortunately  for  society  some  persons  will  swear 
falsely,  but  our  whole  legal  superstructure  is  based  upon  the  supposition  that  honesty  is  the  rule 
and  not  the  exception. 

In  other  diseases  which  cannot  be  determined  by  inspection,  testimony  is  admitted  ;  why  not 
in  this  ?  I  have  found  it  a  good  rule  in  establishing  the  statement  of  a  party,  to  require  the  aftida- 
vitsof  at  least  two  persons  who  have  been  drawn  in  the  same  sub-district.  They  are  interested  in 
his  being  held,  and  will  hardly  connive  at  his  escape.  Besides,  if  a  sufficient  number  of  able-bodied 
men  is  not  obtained  by  the  first  draft  iu  any  district,  the  dralt  can  be  repeated  until  the  requisite 
number  is  obtained,  and  Government  will  thereby  get  efficient  soldiers  instead  of  cripples. 

Section  L'O.  "  Total  loss  of  all  the  front  teeth,  the  eye-teeth,  and  first  molars,  even  if  only  of 
one  jaw."  I  think  the  old  section  requiring  "  the  loss  of  sufficient  teeth  to  prevent  the  proper  mas- 
tication of  food,"  much  better.  Several  men  presented  themselves  in  whom  there  was  a  total  loss 
of  all  the  teeth  of  one  jaw  with  the  exception  of  one  or  two  of  those  specified  in  the  above  section. 
A  strict  construction  of  the  rule  would  not  exempt  such  cases.  The  section  requires  some  modifica- 
tion. It  is  certainly  no  compliment  to  the  surgeon  to  bind  him  down  with  numerous  restrictions. 
If  he  be  capable  and  honest,  he  will  deal  justly  both  with  the  Government  and  with  the  individual. 
If  he  be  not,  all  the  restrictions  that  can  be  thrown  around  him  will  not  prevent  fraud.      *      #      * 

Judging  from  experience,  my  oi)inion  is  that  forty  men  is  as  large  a  number  as  can  be 
thoroughly  examined  in  a  day. 

The  frauds  practiced  by  drafted  and  enrolled  men  in  this  district  to  escape  the  service  have 
been  confined  to  the  exaggeration  of  real  diseases  or  defects.  I  have  had  but  little  trouble  in  this 
regard.  'With  recruits  and  substitutes  there  has  generally  been  a  disposition  to  conceal  infirmities. 
I  know  of  no  means  of  overcoming  or  avoiding  these  difficulties.  Constant  vigilance  is  the  only 
safeguard,  and  even  then  some  will  steal  a  march. 

I  should  unhesitatingly  say  that  the  nation  presenting  the  greatest  physical  aptitude  for  mili- 
tary service  is  the  mixed  Eurojiean  or  North  American  race.  Men  of  this  descent  present  the  great- 
est mental  aptitude,  and,  consequently,  are  much  more  easily  and  quickly  converted  into  efficient 
soldiers 


surgeons'  reports — NEVADA.  501 

I  bave  no  experience  as  to  tlie  physical  qualifications  of  the  colored  race  for  military  eervico. 
Their  muscular  development  is  very  fine,  and  if  appearance  indicate  anything,  they  ought  to  make 
good  soltliers. 

TIFFIN  SINKS, 
Surgeon  Board  of  Enrollment,  Northern  District  of  Kansas. 
Leavenworth,  Kans.,  July  1, 1865. 


NEVADA. 

Extracts  from  report  of  Dr.  Thomas  H.  Pinkerton. 

*  *        My  experience  in  the  examination  of  men  for  military  service  has  been 

very  limited,  baviug  acted  under  a  contract  as  examining  and  attending  surgeon  for  this  post  from 
February  1st,  ISCl,  until  April  13tli,  ISGo,  a  period  of  fifteen  months  only. 

In  noticing  tiie  general  geographical  features  of  Nevada,  I  can  only  say  they  have  been  but 
cursorily  examined,  being  a  barren,  rocky,  mountainous  region,  abounding  in  great  mineral  wealth, 
and  extending  over  a  region  of  sixty-five  thousand  square  miles.  The  mines,  however,  are  the 
principal  objects  which  have  attracted  people  here  from  every  part  of  the  world.  Gold  and  silver, 
by  a  natural  illusion,  have  always  shone  in  the  eyes  of  mankind  with  a  luster  beyond  that  of  all 
other  metals. 

Brief  mention  may  also  be  made  of  other  minerals,  namely,  copper,  iron,  lead,  and  tin,  to  which 
may  be  added  arsenic,  magnesia,  potassium,  sodium;  and  by  almost  daily  discoveries  the  list  is 
increased. 

The  characteristic  feature  of  the  country  is  its  extreme  dryness,  rain  seldom  falling  for  eight 
months  out  of  the  twelve  ;  the  cause  of  this  may  be  found  in  its  great  altitude.  By  its  position 
and  formation  it  may  be  considered,  in  general  terms,  as  necessarily  healthy. 

There  are  no  diseases  at  this  time  to  be  noted  as  prevalent,  with  the  exception  of  the  process 
of  acclimation,  which  may  be  mentioned  as  a  somewhat  ailing  period.  During  the  winter  months 
we  have  erysipelas,  pneumonia,  and  typhoid  fever,  and  these  may  be  generally  attributed  to  undue 
exposure  to  cold,  and  the  too  frequent  use  8f  alcoholic  stimulants.  Bilious-remittent  fever,  or,  as 
known  here,  "mountain-fever,"  is  considered  as  an  acclimatizing  process,  necessary  to  the  enjoy- 
ment of  good  health  by  those  who  visit  the  mountains  for  the  first  time,  but  the  cases  are  ex- 
tremely rare,  seldom  claiming  any  attention. 

Nevada  forms  the  western  side  of  the  great  basin  inclosed  by  the  Rocky  Mountains  on  the 
east,  and  the  long  continuous  range  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  on  the  west,  and  extending  the  entire 
length  of  California.  The  principal  mountain  of  note  from  this  standpoint  (Virginia  City)  is 
Mount  Davidson,  which  is  estimated  as  being  7,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  is  covered 
principally  with  a  useless  shrub  called  "sage-brush." 

The  character  of  the  people  is  such  as  is  usual  in  mining  districts,  all  kinds  and  conditions 
flocking  hither  to  better  themselves,  and  migrating  as  soon  as  their  finances  will  allow;  consequently 
the  population  is  constantly  shifting,  and  in  this  matter  alone  a  statement  perfectly  correct  to-day 
would  be  wholly  inaccurate  in  a  month  or  two. 

Turning  now  to  military  matters  of  inquiry,  I  would  state,  in  answer  to  question  No.  3,  that  hav- 
ing had  no  call  for  drafted  men  in  this  section  of  the  country,  I  have  had  no  experience  with  that 
class  of  recruits,  and  in  referring  to  my  register  during  my  term  of  service  as  examining  and  attend- 
ing surgeon,  I  find  that  there  have  been  one  hundred  and  eighty-four  examined,  and  of  this  number 
fourteen  were  rejected  for  the  following  causes:  rupture,  7;  artificial  teeth,  2;  prolapsus  ani,  2; 
necrosis  of  tibia,  and  h;emorrhoids,  1 ;  syphilitic  rheumatism,  1 ;  varicose  veins,  1 ;  total,  11. 

Rupture,  it  will  be  seen,  comprises  fifty  per  cent,  of  the  cases.  The  cause  is  quite  apparent 
when  I  state  that  the  men,  having  been  i)reviously  engaged  in  mining,  were  subjected  to  heavy  lift- 
ing while  in  a  stooping  position. 

Thus  you  will  observe  that  my  experience  having  been  very  limited  it  would  hardly  warrant  my 
recommending,  or  even  proposing,  any  changes  as  desired  in  article  4.        *  *  • 


502  SUKGEONS'  REPORTS — NEVADA. 

An  cxamiuatiou  couducted  carefully  will  at  least  require  twenty  minutes  for  each  man,  so  uo 
more  than  thirty  men  can  be  physically  examined  per  day,  with  accuracy. 

None  having  presented  themselves  for  examination  by  whom  fraud  was  attempted,  1  cannot 
make  any  suggestions  relative  thereto. 

Men  of  different  nationalities  who  have  presented  themselves  for  examination  have  been  about 
equally  developed,  and  Done  of  the  colored  race  have  been  enlisted  as  soldiers. 

The  eurollment-law  not  having  been  in  force  on  this  coast,  I  cannot  make  auy  suggestions  that 
would  be  from  the  result  of  my  experience. 

THOMAS  H.  PINKEETON,  M.  D., 
Examining  and  Attending  Sitrgcon  at  Headquarters  Provost-Marshal  District  Nevada. 

Virginia  City,  Nev.,  Jxine  29,  ISCo. 


ROLL  OF  SURGEONS  WHO  SERVED  AS  MEMBERS  OF  BOARDS  OF  EiNROLLMENT  UNDER 

THE  ACT  APPROVED  MARCH  3,  1863. 


state. 


Maiuo. 


Now  Hami)sliire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts  .. 


District. 


Rhode  Island 
Connecticut  .. 


New  York  . 


1 
2 

3 
1 
2 
3 
1 
1 
2 

:i 

4 
5 
f> 
7 
8 
9 
10 
1 
2 

1 
1 
2 
3 
4 


4 
1 
1 
1 
o 

3 
3 
3 

4 

.5 

5 

6 

6 

7 

8 

8 

9 

10 

10 

11 

12 

12 

12 

13 

14 

1.'') 

10 

10 

17 

.'7 


Theo.  H.  Je\Tett 

Charles  W.  Thomas 

Alex.  Bnrbank 

G.  A.Wilbur 

Simmer  A.  Patten 

Samuel  15.  Hunter 

A.  J.  Billings 

Jeremiah  F.  Hall 

R.  B.  Carswell 

Dixi  Crosby 

Benjamin  F.  Morgan 

Carlton  P.  Frost 

John  L.  Chandler 

Fester  Hooper 

Frederick  H.  Hooper 

H.B.Hnbb.ard 

Joseph  H.  Streeter 

Henry  J.  Bowditch 

l")an  iel  I'erley 

John  L.  Sullivan,  jr 

David  S.  Fogg 

Oramcl  Martin 

E.  C.  Richardson 

Samuel  Duncan 

Charles  G.  McKnight 

Fenner  H.  Peckham 

Harry  A.  Grant 

J.S.'Curtis 

Edwin  A.  Parke  '. 

Robert  McCurdy  Lord 

Samuel  T.  Salisbury 


L.    S.    Edwards,    United 
States  Army. 

W.  N.  Trowbridge 

John  Ordronaux 

George  N.  Richardson. 

Philemon  F.  Prior 

George  S.  Woodman 

Nelson  L.  North 

G.  T.  Daugherty 

S.N.Fisk 

James  O'Rorke 

Ernest  Krackowizer 

Joseph  Hilton 

James  W.  Powell 

Alfred  L.  Loomis ., 

John  R.  Van  Kleck 

George  F.  Woodward 

William  C.  Roberts 

William  H.Thomson  .... 

George  B.  Upham 

Lewis  F.  Pelton 

John  C.  Boyd 

William  II.  Pitcher 

A.  E.  Van  Dnser 

J.C.Payne 

Abram  H.  Knapp 

S.  Oakh^v  Vanderpoel 

Charles  ii.  Hubbell 

George  Page 

J.  Plait  Foote  

Henry  Hewitt 

G.  F.  Cole ... 


When 
appointed. 


Apr. 
Jan. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Nov. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Axir. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Nov. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 


30. 1803 

22. 1804 
30, 18^3 
30, 1803 
30, 1863 

30. 1803 

15. 1804 
30, 1803 
30, 1803 
30, 1803 
24,1803 
24, 1803 
24, 1803 
29, 1863 

2, 1863 
29, 1803 
29, 1803 
29, 1803 
29, 1863 
29, 1863 
29,  186;! 
29,  1803 
29, 1803 
29, 1803 
28, 1863 
28, 1803 
30,1863 

1, 1804 
30, 1863 
30, 1863 
30, 1803 


Detailed    9th 

Sept.,  1803. 

Dec.    22,1803 

17, 1863 

13. 1803 
5, 1863 

17, 11503 
17,1803 

22. 1804 
18, 1804 
17, 1863 
17, 1863 

3. 1863 
17, 1863 
11, 1863 
17, 1863 
17, 1863 

9. 1864 
17, 1803 

17. 1803 
Aug.  27,1804 
Apr.  17,1863 

17, 1863 

19. 1804 
5, 1804 

17,1863 
17, 1803 
17, 1603 
17,1803 

4, 1803 
17,1K03 

.••i,  ISO.'i 


Remarks. 


Apr. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Feb. 

Oct. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

.lune 

Apr. 

Nov. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Slay 

Apr. 

Apr. 


Apr. 
Apr. 
Oct. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Dec. 
Apr. 
Jan. 


Resigned  January  22, 1864. 
IIonora,bly  discharged  Juno  15, 1865. 

Do. 

Do. 
Honorably  discharged  .Juno  30, 1805. 
Resigned  November  2, 1864. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15, 1865. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

1)0. 

Do. 

Do. 
Resigned  October  26, 1803. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15, 18C5. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Honorablv  dischai-ged  April  30,  1805. 

Do." 
Resigned  February  3, 1864. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15, 1865. 

Do. 

Do. 
Dismissed  by  sentence  of  general  court- 
martial  November  9, 1803. 
Relieved  December  15, 1863. 

Honorably  discharged  June  15,  1865. 
Resigned  August  4, 1863. 
Appointment  revoked  Septembers,  1863. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15, 1865. 
Discharged  April  28, 1865. 
Resigned  February  10, 1804. 
Resigned  October  5, 1804. 
Honorably  discharged  Juno  15, 1805. 

Do. 
Resigned  June  1, 1803. 
Honorably  discharged  Juno  15, 180.5. 
Appointuient  revoked  November  U,  18G3. 
Honorably  discharged  Juno  15, 1865. 
Honorably  discharged  Juno  15, 1805. 
Resigned  May  9, 1864. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15,  1805. 

Do. 
Resigned  August  18, 1804. 
Honorably  di.scharged  June  l.""',  1805. 

Do. 
Appointment  revoked  February  13,  1S64. 
Appointment  revoked  Octobei-  5, 1864. 
Honorably  discharged  Juno  15, 1805. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Resigned  Noveiiiber  23. 1803. 
Honorablv  discliargcd  .Iiino  15, 1805. 
Resigned  ■December  27,  \f<M. 
Disebaigi  il  llie  service  April  27, 1805. 
503 


504 


SURGEONS  OF  BOARDS  OF  ENROLLMENT. 


Boll  of  surgeons  who  served  as  members  of  boards  of  enrollment,  &c. — Continued. 


State. 


New  York  . 


If ew  Jersey . 


Pecnsylvania 


Delaware  . 
Maryland 


District. 


17 
18 
18 
19 
19 
20 
•21 
21 

2-2 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
27 
28 
29 
29 
29 
30 
31 
1 
•2 

3 
3 
4 
4 
4 
5 
5 
1 
1 
2 
3 
4 


G 
7 
8 
8 
9 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
14 
14 
15 
16 
16 
16 
17 
18 
18 
19 
19 
20 
20 
21 
22 
23 
23 
24 
24 
1 
1 
1 


Siduey  P.  Bates 

llriab  Potter 

Alexander  M.  Vedder 

Solomou  F.  McFailand  .. 

George  Doufilas 

Edward  S.  Walker 

Welcome  A.  Babcock 

J.    O.   Stauton,  U.  S.  Vet- 
eran Volunteers. 

James  B.  Murdock 

John  H.  Knapp 

George  W.  Davis 

ZaraH.  Bbiko 

Samuel  B.  Foster 

Joshua  B.  Graves 

HollisS.  Chubbuck 

Azel  Backus 

Peter  B.  Murphy 

John  Root 

EliasC.  Holt 

.John  S.  Trowbridge 

Horace  H.  Gliddou 

John  R.  Stevenson 

Richard  R.  Rogers 

George  BChetwood 

Robert  Wcstcott 

William  Pierson,  jr 

Edw.ard  T.  Wittiugham. . 

J.  S.Stiger 

Isaac  A.  Nichols 

Jeremiah  A.Cross 

Nicholas  H.  Marselis 

James  S.  Do  Benneville  . . 

Robert  W.  Ritchie 

Alexander  C.  Hart 

J.  Ralston  Wells 

E.  F.  Leake 

J.  H.  Mears 

William  Corseu  

Reuben  H.  Smith 

Peter  G.  Bertolet 

Mart  i  u  Luther 

Patrick  Cassidy 

John  L.  Atlee,jr 

James  S.  Carpenter 

Charles  H.  Humphreys... 

Horace  P.  Moody 

William  S.  Baker 

George  Lotz 

Samuel  T.  Charlton 

P.  R.  Wagenseller 

William  S.  Roland 

Raymond  S.  Seiss 

Samuel  G.  Lane 

William  C.  Lane 

Abraham  Rothrock 

James  H.  DobViius 

Thomas  F.  Duncan 

John  Mechling 

Charles  M.  Matson ....... 

Salmon  S.  Bates 

Theodore  B.  Lashells 

Frederick  C.  Robinson  . . . 

Robert  B.  Simpson 

John  S.  Kuhn 

.\.  Perchment 

Robert  D.  Wallace , 

E.  L.  King 

Lavrrence  M.  Cahall 

Daniel  G.  Fisher 

William  II.  I'aiTow 

J.  Rolnit  Ward 

Thomas  F.  Murdoch 

Charles  J.  Baer 


When 
ap|iointed. 


Apr.    10,1865 


17, 1863 
8, 1865 

17. 1863 

15. 1864 
17, 1863 
17, 1863 

Detailed  Mar. 

11,1865. 
Apr.  17, 1863 
Apr.  17, 1863 
7,1863 
17, 1863 
17, 1863 
17, 1863 
15, 1863 
17, 1863 
17, 18153 
29, 1863 

13. 1865 
17, 1863 
17, 1863 

2, 1863 
2, 1863 
2, 1863 


Apr. 
Feb. 
Apr. 
July 
Apr. 
Apr. 


May 
Apr. 
May 
Apr. 
Sept. 
Apr. 
Aiir. 
Dec. 
Feb. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
May 
May 
Mav 


Juno  24, 1863 


May 

Feb. 

Uct. 

May 

Dec. 

Apr. 

Oct. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

.Apr. 

Feb. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

May 

Nov. 

Apr. 

July 

May 

May 

May 

Apr. 

Apr. 

May 

Dec. 

Aiir. 

Apr. 

Mar. 

Aug. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Dec. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Se])t. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Ang. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

May 

Aug. 

Mav 

Mav 

Mav 

May 


Remarks. 


2, 1863 

16. 1864 
17, 1664 

2, 1863 
11,1863 
18, 1863 
20, 1863 
18, 1863 
18, 1863 
18, 1863 
18, 1863 

21. 1865 
18, 1863 
18, 1863 

15. 1863 

25. 1864 
IK,  1863 
21, 1864 

5, 1863 
1,1863 

4. 1863 
18, 1863 
18, 1863 
14, 1863 

9. 1864 
18, 1863 

18. 1863 
11,1864 

17. 1864 
1«,  1863 
1«,  1863 
16, 1803 
18, 1803 

21. 1864 
18, 1863 
29,  1864 
18, 1863 
18, 1863 
18,1863 
14, 1863 
18,  1863 

12. 1865 
1, 1863 

31,  18(^^ 
16, 1863 
16,1863 
16, 1863 
16,1863 


Robert  E.  Dorsey I  May    16, 1863 


Discharged  May  24, 1865. 
Resigned  January  30, 1865. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15, 1865. 
Resigned  June  24,  1864. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15, 1865. 

Do. 
Honorably  discharged  April  28,  1865. 
Relieved  May  25, 1865. 

Honorably  discharged  June  15, 1865. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Dismissed  the  service  September  15,  1863. 
Honor.ably  discharged  June  15, 1865. 

Do. 
Resigned  December  26, 1863. 
Resigned  January  10, 1865. 
Dismissed  the  service  April  22, 1865. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15, 1865. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Resigned  June  17, 1863. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15, 1865. 
Resigned  February  9, 1864. 
Resigned  September  28, 1864. 
Honorably  discharged  .Tune  15, 1865. 
Resigned  December  2,  1863. 
Honorably  discharged  Jnne  1.5,  1865. 
Appointmeut  revoked  October  16, 1863. 
Honorably  discharged  Juno  15, 1865. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Resigned  February  17, 1865. 
Honor.ably  discharged  June  15, 1865. 

Do. 

Do. 
Resigned  November  15, 1864. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15, 1865. 
Died  July  12,1864. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15, 1865. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Appointment  revoked  June  19,  1863. 
Resigned  December  7, 1864. 
Honorablv  discharged  June  15, 1865. 

Do.' 
Resigned  March  7, 1864. 
Resigned  Angust  13, 1864. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15, 1865. 

Do. 
Resigned  November  2,  1863. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15, 1865. 
Resigned  April  11,1864. 
Honorably  discharged  .June  15,  1865. 
Rueigned  August  22,  1864. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15, 1865. 

Do. 

Do. 
Resigned  Angust  7, 1863. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15,  1865.- 
Resigned  February  15,  1865. 
Appointment  revoked  Jnne  2, 186.5. 
Resigned  August  31, 1863. 
Appointment  revoked  April  22, 186.5. 
Honorablv  discharged  Jnue  15,  1865. 

Do.  ' 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 


SUKGEONS  OF  BOARDS  OF  ENKOLLMENT. 


505 


Eoll  of  surgeons  who  served  as  members  of  boards  of  enrollment,  &c. — Contiuiied. 


State. 


District  of  Columbia.. 
West  Virginia 


District. 


I 


Keutueliy 


Missouri 


Ohio. 


[ndiana  . 


4 
4 
;_i 

f) 
c 

7 

8 

9 

9 

10 

10 

Jl 

11 

12 

12 

K! 

i:i 

14 
15 
1() 

17 

18 

19 

1 


John  B.  Keasbey May    30, 1863 


Wbi>u 
appointed. 


B.  Gesner 

K.W.  Hazlett 

S:iuiucl  D.  Kelly 

Thomas  Kennedy 

.James  rutuey 

S.O.Khaw 

William  JI.  Kidd 

Jobu  M.  Best . . 

Augu.stn8  Webber 

.John  W.  Conipton 

.J.M.Bailey 

Amos  Kist 

.Jonathan  R.  Bailey 

Ivobort  B.  Wiulock  .  ... 
.John  C.  Maxwell  ...  ... 

Theo.  S.  Bell  

.James  Gardner 

E.  r.  Buckuer 

.Stephen  F.  Gauo 

.James  D.  Foster 

Joshua  Barnes 

AllVed  Spalding 

Julian  Bates 

William  Taussig 

Emil  Seenian 

James  If.  McCormick  .. 
Nicholas  B.  Hocker  .  .. 

E.  Ehert    

Bernard  Bruus 

John  R.  Veeter 

Frankliu  Cooley 

William  Bertram 

Wesh'V  Jones 

Zebulou  T.  Knight 

Steiiheu,J.  Reynolds  ... 

Charles  F.  Waldeu 

David  Judkins 

V.'.  II.  Mussey 

F.  B.  Mussey 

John  A.  Murphy 

W.  L.  Scheuck 

E.D.Gilsou 

Israel  Fisler 

Corbau  I.  Neff 

George  B.  Bailey 

David  Noble 

M.  I.emen 

Timothy  B.  Fisher 

M.  Skinner 

James  M.  Corey . 

Silas  Bailey 

E.D.Feck 

David  Colemau 

Oilniido  C.  Miller 

.John  W.  Lewis 

Nelson  E.  Jones 

Thaddeus  A.  Reaniy  . . . 

J.J.  Ihimill    

.lames  1 ).  Kybison 

Charles  Robertson 

David  McClenahan  . 

L.  M.  Whiting 

Henry  C.  Beardslee 

( ieorge  W.  Howe 

William  G.  Ralston.... 

William  F.  Collnin 

Alliert  G.Collins 

Edwin  1'.  Bond 

■John  E.  Beverly 

'J'homas  B.  Harvey 

Albert  (i.  I'restou . . 

Zaebai  iab  B.  Gentry 

Daniel  Dayton 


Apr. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

July 

Sept. 

Jan. 

May 

Nov. 

May 

Sept. 

June 

Dec. 

-Mar. 

May 

Apr. 

May 

Feb. 

May 

May 

May 

June 

Nov. 

Juue 

June 

Jan. 

Juno 

June 

Jan. 

June 

June 

Juue 

June 

June 

June 

Jiiuo 

Jau. 

Apr. 

.June 

.Jan. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Dec. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Aj)r. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

.\pr. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

Feb. 

Apr. 

Dec. 

Apr. 

May 

Apr. 

Dec. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

.\l)r. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Jlay 

May 

May 

May 

Mav 

May 

Mav 

May 

May 


3, 1SU5 
9, 18U3 
9,1803 
6, 18()4 
9, 1803 

24, 18Cw 
8, 1803 

14, 1804 
8, 1803 
,'">,  1863 

23. 1863 
10,1863 

28. 1864 
8, 1803 

16. 1864 
8,  lh03 

10, 180.S 
8, 1803 
8, 1863 
8, 1803 
13,1863 
30, 1863 
2, 1803 
2, 1803 

24. 1865 
2, 18;)3 
2, 1803 

14,1^04 
2,  1803 

10, 1804 
2, 1863 
2, 1803 

13,  1804 
2, 1803 

2. 1863 
5, 1805 

30. 1803 

17. 1804 
5, 1805 

30, 1803 
30,  1803 

30. 1803 
12,-1804 
30, 1863 
30, 1863 

1. 1864 
30, 1863 
30, 1863 
30, 1863 
29, 1865 
30, 1863 

2,1805 

30. 1863 

28. 1804 
30, 1803 

10. 1864 
30, 18;i3 
17, 1863 
30, 1803 
30, 1803 
30, 1863 
30,  18()3 
30. 1803 
30, 1863 

1,1803 
2;),  1803 
1,  1803 
1,1803 
10,  1803 
1 ,  18():! 
1,1863 
1, 1803 
1, 1863 


Remarks. 


Dismissed  by  sentence  of  general  eourt- 

niartial  February  7,  18()5. 
Honorably  discharged  June  30, 18<'i5. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15, 1865. 
Died  June  27,1864. 
Honorably  discharged  Juno  15, 1865. 
Resigned  January  9, 1865. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15, 1865. 
Died  October  •.!:.,  lH(il. 
Honorably  tlisehaiged  June  15, 1805. 
Resigned  September  5, 1863. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15,  1865. 
Resigned  November  12, 1663. 
Resigned  March  11,  1864. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15, 1865. 
Resigned  April  0,  18()4. 
Honorably  discharged  .Tune  15, 1865. 
Resigned  February  1, 1865. 
Honorably  discharged  Juue  15, 1865. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Resigned  November  9, 1803. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15,  1865. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30, 1865. 
Resigned  January  20, 1865. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30, 1865. 

Do. 
Resigned  December  31, 1863. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30, 1865. 
Died  March  31, 1864. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30,  1§65. 

Do. 
Resigned  June  2, 1864. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30, 1865. 

Do. 
Resigned  December  27, 1864. 
Honorablv  discharged  May  30, 1865. 
Resigned  "May  25, 1864. 
Resigned  December  12, 1864. 
Honorablv  discharged  Juue  15, 1865. 

Do.  ' 

Do. 
Resigned  December  2, 1864. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15,  1865. 

Do. 
Resigned  April  1, 1864. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15,  186.5. 

Do. 

Do. 
Appointment  revoked  February  22,  1860. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15,  1865. 
Resigned  January  17,  1865. 
Hnuorablv  discharged  June  15, 1865. 
Rcsisued  December  15,  1864. 
Ibiiiiiralily  discharged  June  15, 186.5. 
DisniisscMl  the  service  April  19, 1864. 
Honorably  discharged  June  15, 1865. 
Resigned  Decemher  12, 1803. 
Honorably  discharged  Juno  15,  1865. 

Do. 
Resigned  March  29, 1805. 
Honorably  discharged  Juue  15, 1805. 

Do." 

Do. 

Do. 
Honorably  discharged  Mav  30,  1805. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do, 
Resigned  April  20, 1805. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30, 1865. 


506 


SURGEONS  OF  BOARDS  OF  ENROLLMENT. 


Moll  of  surgeons  icho  served  as  members  of  boards  of  enrollment,  &c. — Oontiuued. 


State. 


District. 


Name. 


When 
appointed. 


Remarks. 


Indiana  . 
Illinois.. 


Towa. 


Michigan. 


Wisconsin . 


Minuesota. 


Kansas. 


Nebraska  Territory  ... 

Colorado  Territory 

Dakota  Territory 

California 

Nev.ada  Territory 

Oregon 

Washington  Territory. 


10 
11 
11 
1 
2 
3 
3 
4 
4 
5 
5 
6 
7 


9 
9 
10 
10 
10 
11 
11 
11 

12 
12 
13 
13 
1 

3 
3 
4 
4 
5 
6 
G 
1 
2 

2 
3 
4 
5 
5 
G 
1 
1 


3 

3 

4 

5 

6 

1 

1 

2 

2 

Nortjieru 

Sontliern 

Southern 

1 

1 

1 

■Northern 

Middle  .. 

Southern 

1 

1 

J 

1 


Stephen  Morris 

Coustantiue  Lomax 

William  T.  Mendenhall . .. 

Joseph  W.  Freer 

Aaron  Lewis 

Chancellor  Martin 

Elias  S.  Potter 

Charles  Coolidge 

Moses  F.  Bassett 

Thomas  Hall 

Robert  Boal 

Robert  M.  McArthur 

Joseph  T.  Miller 

Winston  Somers 

Z.  H.  Whitmore 

E.R,Babcock 

K.  M.  Worthington 

Charles  N.  Irwin , 

David  Prince , 

John  L.  White 

Nathaniel  English 

F.  R.  Payne 

Samuel  McClure 

George  W.  Haynie 

JohnH.  Weir 

William  C.  Pierce 

A.  B.  McChesney 

T.H.  Burgess 

Isaac  M.  Neely 

Joshua  M.  Shaffer 

Egbert  S.  Barrows 

Edward  A.  Guilbert 

Allen  Phillips 

Joseph  C.  Kinsey 

N.  S.  Hamlin 

John  P.  Fenley 

William  R.Smith 

Richard  Stebbins 

George  Laudou 

Homer  O.Hitchcock 

Evan  J.  Boniue 

Hulburt  B.  Shank 

Alonzo  Piatt 

Frank  B.  Galbraith 

•Isaac  Paddack 

ElbridgeG.  Gale 

James  Diefendorf 

M.  C.  Hoyt 


John  W.  Donsemans 

Charles  R.  Head 

John  H.  Vivian 

Darius  Mason 

Luther  H.  Gary 

Horace  O.  Crane 

Dugald  D.  Cameron 

William  M.  Mayo 

E.G.  Cross....'. 

Jared  D.  Wheelock 

,Tacob  H.  Stewart 

Tiffin  Sinks 

George  J.  Tallman 

Samuel  C.Harrington  ... 


May 

May 

Mar. 

May 

May 

May 

Mar. 

May 

Mar. 

May 

Sept. 

May 

June 

Jan. 

May 

Dec. 

May 

Feb. 

Slay 

Aug. 

Apr. 

May 

Nov. 

Mar. 

June 

May 

Mar. 

May 

July 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

May 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Nov. 

Apr. 

May 

Mar. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Nov. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Feb. 

Feb. 

Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Nov. 
Apr. 
July 
Apr. 


Lorenzo  Hubbard 

A.  B.  Nixon , 

L.  C.  Lane 

Thomas  H.  Pinkertou 

Wilson  Bowlby , 

Eugene  R.  Fiske 

J.B.Cole 


1, 18G3 
1, 18G3 

31, 1865 
7, 1863 
7, 1863 
7, 1863 

26, 1664 
7, 1863 
8, 1865 
7, 1863 

30. 1863 
7, 1863 
3, 1863 

13, 1865 
7, 1863 

29. 1864 
7,1863 

28. 1865 
7, 1863 
1, 1863 

16, 1864 
7, 1863 
2, 18G3 
9, 1665 

3. 1863 
18, 1SG4 

9, 1865 

7, 18C3 

20, 1864 

30, 1663 

30,1863 

30. 1863 

30. 1864 
30, 1863 

2. 1864 
30, 1863 

30. 1863 

25. 1864 
24, 1863 
19, 1863 

8. 1865 
24, 1863 
24, 1863 
24, 1853 

9. 1863 
24, 1863 

24. 1863 

19. 1864 

24. 1865 
24, 1863 
24, 1863 

4, 1865 
24, 1863 
24, 1863 
24, 1863 
24, 1863 

1, 1865 
24, 1863 

2. 1864 
30, 1863 

7, 1863 

5. 1865 


Jnlv  31,1863 
July  31,1863 
July    31,1863 


Juno  19,1863 
May  20, 1864 
Mar.     8, 1864 


Honorably  discharged  May  30,  1865. 
Resigned  March  21, 1865. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30, 1865. 
Do.  « 

Do. 
Died  March  14, 1864. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30, 1865. 
Resigned  February  19, 1865. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30,  1865. 
Resigned  August  28, 1863. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30,  1865. 

Do. 
Resigned  December  16, 1864. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30,  1865. 
Resigned  December  17, 1864. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30, 1865. 
Resigned  February  9, 1665. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30,  1865- 
Resigned  August  1, 1663. 
Resigned  March  31, 1864. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30, 1865. 
Resigned  October  26, 1863. 
Resigned  February  1, 1865. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30, 1865. 
Resigned  May  5, 1864. 
Appointment  revoked  March  9,  1665. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30, 1865. 
Resigned  Jnly  4,  1864. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30,  1865. 
Do. 
Do. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30,  1865. 
Appointment  revoked  February  13,  1865. 
Resigned  March  14, 1864. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30, 18G5. 

Do. 
Resigned  May  6, 1664. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30, 1865. 

Do. 
Resigned  February  17, 1865. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30,  1865. 
Do. 
Do. 
Appointment  revoketl  November  9,  1863. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30,  1865. 

Do. 
Resigned  February  9, 1864. 
Dismissed  by  sentence  of  general  court- 
martial  December  20, 1864. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30,  1865. 

Do. 
Resigned  February  25,  1865. 
Honorably  discharged  Mav  30, 1665. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Dismissed  the  service  February  21,  1865. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30, 1865. 
Resigned  October  25, 1864. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30, 1865. 

Do. 
Appointment  revoked  April  5, 1865. 
Honorably  discharged  May  30, 1665. 


Honorably  discharged  April  30, 1805. 
Do. 
Do. 

Resigned  April  15, 1864. 

Honorably  discharged  April  30, 1865. 

Died  January  11,1865. 


COMPOSITION  OF  THE  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICTS  IN  1863. 


The  Congressional  Districts,  which  form  au  important  feature  of  the  tables,  are  described  iu 
the  fourth  section  of  the  act  of  March  3,  1803.  They  were  to  be  the  districts  as  laid  down  in  each 
State  by  the  most  recent  enactment.  Since  that  period,  many  of  the  States  have  been  redistricted, 
and  the  reader  desirous  of  applying  to  any  town  or  county  the  details  of  the  tables,  as  to  the  rela- 
tion of  disease  or  physical  condition  to  locality,  may  find  it  difficult  to  ascertain  iu  what  district 
the  object  of  his  inquiry  was  then  included.  For  this  reason  it  is  thought  desirable  to  record  the 
composition  by  counties,  townships,  or  wards  of  the  different  sections  which  formed  the  enrollment 
or  congressional  districts  of  the  States  subjected  to  the  draft.  A  cartographic  presentation  of  the 
same  subject  will  be  found  in  Plate  I. 

Table  shoioing  the  boundaries  aid  composition  of  the  congressional  {or  enrollment)  districts  of  the  present 

work. 


State. 


District. 


Boundaries  and  composition. 


Headquarters. 


Maine . 


New  Hampsniro . 


Vermout 


MassacLusetts  , 


First  .. 
Second 

Third  . 

Fourth 
Fifth.. 

First . . 

Second 
Third  . 
First . . 

Second 

Third  . 

First . . 


Second  . 


Third  . 


Fourth  . 


The  counties  of  Cumberland  and  York 

The  counties  of  Oxford,  Franklin,  Sagadahoc,  andAu- 
droseoggin. 

The  counties  of  Kennebec,  Somerset,  and  Lincoln, 
and  all  the  county  of  Knox  except  the  towns  of 
South  Thomaston,  Rockland,  Appleton,  Camden, 
Hope,  Viualhaven,  and  North  llavun,  iu  the  county 
of  Knox. 

The  counties  of  Penobscot,  Piscataquis,  and  Aroostook 

The  counties  of  Washington,  Waldo,  Hancock,  and 
the  towns  of  South  Thomaston,  Rockland,  Camden, 
Api)leton,  Viualhaven,  Hope,  and  North  -Haven,  in 
the  county  of  Knos. 

The  counties  of  Rockingham,  Strafl'ord,  Carroll,  and 
Belknap. 

The  counties  of  Hillsborough  and  Merrimack 

The  counties  of  Coos,  Grafton,  Sullivan,  and  Cheshire. 

The  counties  of  Bennington,  Rutland,  Washington, 
and  Addison. 

The  counties  of  Orange,  Windham,  Windsor,  and  Cal- 
edonia. 

The  conn  ties  of  Orleans,  Chittenden,  Grand  Isle,  Essex, 
Franklin,  and  Lamoille. 

The  several  towns  in  the  counties  of  Barnstable,  Dukes, 
and  Nantucket,  together  with  the  cities  of  Now  Bed- 
ford and  Fall  River;  and  the  towns  of  Dartmouth, 
Acushnet,  Fairhaven,  Freetown,  and  Westport,  in 
the  county  of  Bristol;  and  the  towns  of  Carver, 
Duxbury,  Halifax,  Kingston,  Lakevillo,  Marion, 
Mattapoisett,  Middleborough,  Pembroke,  Wareham, 
Plympton,  Plymouth,  and  Rochester,  in  the  county 
of  Plymouth. 

The  towns  of  Attleborough,  Berkley,  Dighton,  Easton, 
Mansfield,  Norton,  Raynham,  Rehoboth,  Seekonk, 
Somerset,  Swansea,  and  Taunton,  in  the  county  of 
Bristol ;  and  the  towns  of  Bridgewater,  East  Bridge- 
water,  Abington,  Hingham,  Hanover,  Hanson, 
Marshfield,  Hull,  Scituate,  South  Scituate,  North 
Bridgewater,  and  West  Bridgewater,  in  the  county 
of  Plymouth;  and  the  towns  of  Braintree,  Canton, 
Cohasset,  Dorchester,  Milton,  Quincy,  Randolph, 
Sharon,  Stoughton,  and  Weymouth,  in  the  county 
of  Norfolk. 

The  city  o'f  Roxl)ury  and  the  town  of  Brookliue,  in 
the  county  of  Norfolk ;  and  wards  Four,  Seven,  Eight, 
Ten,  Eleven,  and  Twelve,  iu  the  city  of  Boston,  in 
the  county  of  Sufl'olk. 

Wards  One,  Two,  Three,  Five,  Six,  and  Nine,  in  the 
city  of  Boston,  the  city  of  Chelsea,  and  the  towns 
of  Winthrop  and  North  Glielsea,  in  the  county  of 
Suftolk  ;  and  the  city  of  Cambridge,  iu  the  county 
of  Jliddlesex. 


Portland. 
Auburn. 

Augusta. 


Bangor. 
Belfast. 


Portsmouth. 

Concord. 
West  Lebanon. 
Rutland. 

Windsor. 

Burlington. 

New  Bedford. 


Taunton. 


Boston. 


Boston. 


508 


CONGRESSIONAL    DISTRICTS. 


Table  showing  the  boundaries  and  composition  of  the  congressional  districts^  &c. — Contiuued. 


State. 


District. 


Boundaries  and  composition. 


Headquarters. 


Massachusetts  — Cont'd 


Fifth  . 


Sixth 


Seventh  . 


Eighth  . 


Ninth 


Rhode  Island . 


Tenth . 
First  .. 


Second  . 


Connecticut  . 

First 

Second  

Third 

New  Yorli 

Fourth 

First  

Second 

Third 


Fourth  . 


The  cities  of  Lynn,  Newburyport,  and  Salem,  and  the 
tovfus  of  Beverly,  Danvers,  Amesbury,  Esses, 
Georgetown,  Gloucester,  Ipswich,  Groveiaud,  Ham- 
ilton, Manchester,  Lynutield,  Nahant,  Marblehead, 
Rowley,  Middletou,  Kockport,  Swampscott,  New- 
bury, Salisbury,  South  Dauvers,  West  Newbury, 
Topslield,  and  Weuhara,  in  the  county  of  Essex. 

The  city  of  Lawrence,  and  the  towus  of  Andover,  Box- 
ford,  Bradford,  Slethnen,  Haverhill,  North  Andover, 
and  Saugus,  iu  the  county  of  Essex;  the  city  of 
Cbarlestowu,  and  the  towns  of  Belmont,  Billerica, 
Bedford,  Burlington,  Maiden,  Lexington,  Melrose, 
Reading,  North  Reading,  Somerville,  South  Read- 
ing, Stonehani,Tewke.sbury,  Waltham,  Wilmington, 
West  Cambridge,  Winchester,  and  Woburn,  iu  the 
county  of  Middlesex. 

The  city  of  Lowell,  and  the  towns,  of  Acton,  Ashby, 
Ashland,  Bedford,  Brighton,  Boxborough,  Carlisle, 
Chelmsford,  Concord,  Draeut,  Framiugbani,  Dun- 
stable, Hollistou,  Groton,  Littleton,  Lincoln,  Hop- 
kintou,  Newton,  Marlborough,  Natick,  Pepperell, 
Sherborn,  Stow,  Sudbury,  Shirley,  Townsend, 
Tyngsborough,  Watertown,  Waylaud,  Westford, 
and  Weston,  in  the  county  of  Middlesex;  and  Ded- 
hani,  Dover.  Needham,  Medfield,  and  West  Rox- 
bury,  in  the  county  of  Xoriblk. 

The  city  of  Worcester,  and  the  towns  of  Auburn,  Black- 
stone,  BoylstoQ,  lirooklield,  Charlton,  Douglass, 
Dudley.  Grafton,  Holdeu,  Leicest^,  Mendon,  Mil- 
ford,  Millbury,  New  Braintree,  Northborough, North- 
bridge,  North  Brooktield,  Oakham,  Paxton,  Oxford, 
Rutland,  Shrewsbury,  Spencer,  Southborough, South- 
bridge,  Sutton,  Sturbridge,  Uxbridge,  Upton,  War- 
ren, Webster,  Westborough.  West  Boylston,  and 
West  Brooktield,  in  the 'county  of  Worcester;  and 
the  towns  of  Fo.xborougli,  Belliughani,  Medway, 
Walpole,  Franklin,  and  Wrentham,  in  the  county 
of  Norfolk. 

The  several  towus  in  the  counties  of  Franklin  and 
Hampshire,  and  the  towns  of  Dana,  Ashburuham, 
Clinton,  Athol,  Barre,  Berlin,  Fitchburgh,  Bolton, 
Hubbardston,  Gardner,  Harvard,  Hardwick,  Lan- 
caster, Leominster,  Princeton,  Petersham,  Lunen- 
burgh.  Sterling,  Phillipston,  Royalston,  Templeton, 
Westminster,  and  Winchendon,  in  the  county  of 
Worcester. 

The  city  of  Spriugfield,  and  the  several  towus  in 
Hampden  County,  together  with  the  several  towns 
in  Berkshire  County. 

The  cities  of  Providence  and  Newport,  and  the  towns 
of  Middletowu,  Portsmouth,  Tiverton,  Little  Comp- 
ton,  Bi  cstol,  Warren,  Barrington,  Cumberland, 
Smithfield,  Pawtucket,  North  Providence,  and  East 
Providence. 

The  towns  of  Gloucester,  Burrillville,  Johnston,  Foster, 
Scituate,  East  Greenwich,  West  (Greenwich,  Crans- 
ton, Warwick,  Coventry,  North  Kingston,  Sonth 
Kingston,  Exeter,  Hopkintou,  Jamestown,  Charles- 
town,  Richmond,  Westerly,  and  New  Sborehani. 

The  counties  of  Hartford  and  Tolland 

The  counties  of  New  Haven  and  Middlesex 

The  counties  of  New  London  and  Windham 

The  counties  of  Fairlii-ld  and  Litchtield 

The  counties  of  Sntinlk,  L'ichiiiond,  and  Queens 

The  Sixth,  Eighth,  Ninth,  Tenth,  Twelfth,  Fourteenth, 
Sixteenth,  Seveute* nth,  and  Eighteenth  wards  of 
the  city  of  Brooklyn,  ami  the  towns  of  Flatbush, 
Flatlauds,  Gravesend,  New  Utrecht,  and  New  Lots, 
in  the  countv  of  Kings. 

The  First,  Si-iond,  Third,  Fourth,  Fifth.  Seventh, 
Eleventh,  Thirteenth,  Filteentb.  and  Nineteenth 
wards  of  the  city  of  liroiiklyn,  in  the  county  of 
Kings. 

The  First,  Second,  Third,  Fourth,  Fifth,  Sixth,  and 
Eighth  wards  of  the  city  and  county  of  New  York, 
aud  Governor's  Island. 


Salem. 


L.awrence. 


Concoi'd. 


Worcester. 


Greenfield. 


Springfield. 
Providence. 

Providence. 


Hartford. 
New  Haven. 
Norwich. 
Bridgeport. 
Jamaica,  Long  Island. 
Brooklyn  ,Long  Island. 


BrookIyn,Long  Island. 


New  York  City. 


CONGRESSIONAL    UlSTKICTS.  509 

Table  showing  the  boundaries  and  conqwsltion  of  the  congressional  districts,  &c. — Continned. 


State. 

District.     ■ 

Boundaries  and  composition. 

Headquarters. 

New  Yoik — Cont  iuued . 

Fifth 

The    Seventh,    Tenth,   Thirteenth,   and   Fourteenth 
wards  of  the  city  and  county  of  New  York. 

New  York  City. 

Sixth  

The  Ninth,  Fifteenth,  and  Sixteenth  w  ards  of  the  city 
and  county  of  New  York. 

Do. 

Seventli 

The  Eleventh  and  Seventeenth  wards  of  the  city  and 
county  of  New  York. 

Do. 

Eighth  

The  Eighteenth.  Twentieth,  and  Twenty-first  wards 
of  the  city  and  county  of  New  Y'ork. 

Do. 

Ninth 

The  Twelftk,  Nineteenth,  and  Twenty-second  wards 
of  the  citv  and  county  of  New  York,  and  Randall's, 

Do. 

Blackwell's,  and  Ward's  Islands. 

Tenth  

The  counties  of  Westchester,  Rockland,  and  Putnam  . 

Tarrytown. 

Eleventh  

Twelfth 

Thirteenth  .... 
Fourteenth 

The  counties  of  Orange  and  Sullivan 

The  counties  of  Duchess  and  C'olunibia 

Poiighkeepsie. 

The  counties  of  Greene  and  Ulster 

The  counties  of  Albany  and  Schoharie 

Albany. 

Fifteenth 

Sixteenth  

Seventeenth  . . . 

The  counties  of  Rensselaer  and  Washington 

Troy 

The  counties  of  Warren.  Clinton,  and  Essex 

Plattsburgh. 
Potsdam  Junction. 

The  counties  of  Saint  Lawrence  and  Franklin 

Eighteenth 

The  counties  of  Fulton,  Hamilton,  Schenectady,  Mont- 
gomery, and  Saratoga. 

Schenectady. 

Nineteenth  

The  counties  of  Delaware,  Otsego,  and  Chenango 

Norwich,Chenango  Co. 

Twentieth 

The  counties  of  Lewis,  Jefferson,  and  Herkimer 

Watertown. 

Twenty-liist . .. 
Twenty-second - 
Twenty-third  .. 
Twenty-fourth - 

The  county  of  Oneida 

Utica. 

The  counties  of  Madison  and  Oswego 

The  counties  of  Onondaga  and  Cortland 

Syracuse. 
Auburn. 

Tile  counties  of  Wayne,  Cayuga,  and  Seneca 

Twenty-fifth -.- 

The  conuties  of  Ontario,  Livingston,  and  Yates 

Avon. 

Twenty-sixth. . 

The  counties  of  Tioga.  Tompkins,  Broome,  and  Schuyler. 

Owego,  Tioga,  Co. 

Twenty-seventh 

The  counties  of  Steuben,  Chemung,  and  Allegany 

Elmira. 

Twenty-eighth. 
Twenty-ninth  . 

The  counties  of"  Monroe  and  Orleans 

Rochester 

The  counties  of  Genesee,  Niagara,  and  Wyoming 

Lockport. 

Thirtieth 

Thirty-first .... 

The  couutv  of  Erie. j 

Bufifiilo. 

The  counties  of  Chautauqua  and  Cattaraugus 

Dunkirk. 

First 

The  counties  of  Atlantic,  Camden,  Cape  May,  Glou- 
cester, CumberlansJ,  and  Salem. 

Camden. 

Second 

The  counties  of  Ocean,  Burlington,  Monmouth,  and 
Mercer. 

Trenton. 

Third 

The  counties  of  Hunterdon,  Warren,  Somerset,  Union, 
and  Middlesex. 

Elizabeth. 

Fourth 

The  counties  of  Sussex,-  Morris,  Passaic,  Essex,  (ex- 

Morristown. 

^ 

cepting  the  citv  of  Newark,)  and  Bergen. 

Fifth 

The  county  of  Hudson  and  city  of  Newark 

Pennsylvania 

First 

The  Second,  Third,  Fourth,  Fifth,  Sixth,  and  Eleventh 
wards  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia. 

Philadelphia. 

Second 

The  First,  Seventh,  Eighth,  Ninth,  and  Tenth  wards 
of  the  city  of  Philadelphia. 

Do. 

Third . 

The    Twelfth,    Thirteenth,   Sixteenth,   Seventeenth, 
Eighteenth,  and  Nineteenth  wards  of  the  city  of 
Philadelphia. 

Do. 

Fourth 

The  Fourteenth,  Fifteenth,  Twentieth,  Twenty-first, 
and  Twenty-fourth  wards  of  the  city  of  Philadel- 
phia. 

The  Twenty-second,  Twenty-third,  and  Twenty-fifth 
wards  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia ;  and  the  county  of 

Do. 

Fifth 

Do 

Bucks. 

Sixth  

The  counties  of  Montgomery  and  Lehigh 

The  counties  of  Chester  and  Delaware 

Seventh  

Eighth  

Ninth  

The  county  of  Berks 

Re  ad  i  DO". 

The  county  of  Lancaster 

Tenth    

Eleventh 

The  counties  of  Schuylkill  and  Lebanon 

Pottsville. 

The  counties  of  Northampton,  Carbon,  Monroe,  Pike, 

Easton. 

and  Wayne. 

Twelfth 

The  counties  of  Luzerne  and  Susquehanna 

Scranton. 

Thirteenth 

The  counties  of  Bradford,  Wyoming,  Sullivan,  Colum- 
bia, and  Montour. 

Troy,  Bradford  Co. 

Fourteenth 

The  counties  of  Northunibeiland,  Union,  Snyder,  Ju- 
niata, and  Dauphin. 

Harri.sburgh. 

Fifteenth 

The  counties  of  Cumberland,  York,  and.Perrv 

Carlisle. 

Sixteenth  

The  counties  of  Adams,  Franklin,  Fulton,  IBedford, 
and  Somerset. 

Chambersburgh. 

Seventeenth . . . 

The   counties  of  Cambria,   Blair,   Huntingdon,   and 
Mifflin. 

HoUidayshurglj. 

Eighteenth  

The  counties  of  Centre,  Clinlon,  Lycon:i;'.g.   Tioga, 
and  Potter. 

Williauisport. 

510  CONGRESSIONAL    DISTRICTS. 

Table  showing  the  boundaries  and  composition  of  the  congressional  districts,  dtc. — Continued. 


State. 


District. 


Boundaries  and  composition. 


Headquarters. 


Pennsylvania — Cont'd 


Delaware. 
Maryland 


District  of  Columbia . 
West  Virginia 


Kentucky 


Missouri. 


Nineteenth ... 
Twentieth  - 


Twenty-first... 
Twenty-second. 

Twenty-third. 


Twenty-fourth 


First 

Secuiul  . 

Third  . . 

Fourth  . 
Fifth... 


First . 


Second  . 


Thiid 


First . . . 
Second 
Third  . . 
Fourth  . 


Fifth  . 
Sixth 


Seventh  - 
Eighth . . 


Ninth 
First  . 


The  counties  of  Erie,  Warren,  McKean,  Forest,  Cam- 
eron, Elk,  Jefferson,  and  Clearlield. 
The   counties  of   Crawford,   Venango,    Mercer,    and 

Clarion. 
The  count  cs  of  Indiana,  Westmoreland,  and  Fayette. 
The  county  of  Allegheny,  south  of  the  Ohio  River, 

inchuling  Neville  Island. 
The  county  of  Allegheny  north  of  the  Ohio  and  Alle- 
gheny Rivers,  anil  the  counties  of  Butler  and  Arm- 
strong. 
The  counties  of  Beaver,  Lawrence,  Greene,  and  Wash- 
ington. 

The  State ^ 

The  counties  of  Somerset,  Worcester,  Dorchester,  Tal- 
bot, Caroline,  Queen  Anne's,  Kent,  and  Cecil. 
The  county  of    Harford ;     the   filth,  sixth,   seventh, 
ninth,  tenth,  eleventh,  and  twelfth  districts  of  the 
county  of  Baltimore;  and  the  First,  Second,  Third, 
Fourth,  Fifth,  Sixth,  and  Seventh  wards  of  the  city 
of  Baltimore. 
The  Eighth,  Ninth,  Tenth,  Eleventh,  Twelfth,  Thir- 
teentb,  Fourteenth,  Fifteenth,   Sixteenth,  Seven- 
teenth,   Eighteenth,   Nineteenth,    and    Twentieth 
wards  of  the  city  of  Baltimore. 
The  counties  of  Frederick,  Alleghany,  Washington, 

and  Carroll. 
The  counties  of  Charles,  Saint  Mary's,  Calvert.Anne 
Arundel,  Prince  George,  Montgomery,  and  Howard; 
and   the  first,  second,  third,   fourth,  eighth,   and 
thirteenth  districts  of  Baltimore  County. 

District  of  Columbia 

The  counties  of   Brooke,   Hancock,  Ohio,  Marshall, 
Wetzel.     Tyler,    Pleasants,   Doddridge,    Harrison, 
Ritchie,  Wood,  Wirt,  Gilmer,  Calhoun,  and  Lswis. 
The  counties  of  Taylor,  Marion,  Monongalia,  Preston, 
Tucker,   Barbour,  Upshur,   Webster,    Pocahoutas, 
Randolph,  Pendleton,  Hardy,  Hampshire,  Berkeley, 
and  Morgan. 
The  counties  of  Kanawha,  Mason,  Jackson,  Putnam, 
Cabell,  Clay,  Wayne,  Logan,  Boone,  Braxton,  Nich- 
olas, Roane,  McDowell,  Raleigh,  Wyoming,  Fayette, 
Mercer,  Monroe,  and  Greenbrier. 
Thecouutiesof  Fulton,  Hickman,  Ballard,  McCracken, 
Trigg,  Marshall,  Callaway,  Graves,  Lyon,  Living- 
ston, Caldwell,  Union,  Webster,  and  Crittenden. 
The  counties  of  Hopkins,  Henderson,  Christian,  Muhl- 
enburgh,  Daviess,  McLean,  Butler,  Ohio,  Hancock, 
Grayson,  Breckinridge,  and  Edmonson. 
The  counties  of  Russell,  Cumberland,  Clinton,  Mon- 
roe,Metcalfe,Barren,  Simpson,  Allen,  Warren,  Todd, 
Hart,  and  Logan. 
The  counties  of  Meade,  Adair,  Hardin,  Bullitt,  Wash- 
ington, Larue,  Marion,  Nelson,  Spencer,  Taylor,  An- 
derson, Shelby,  and  Green. 
The  counties  of  Henry,  Owen,  Oldham,  and  Jefferson. 
The  counties  of   Gallatin,   Harrison,   Boone,   Grant, 
Kenton,  Trimble,  Campbell,   Pendleton,  IBracken, 
and  Carroll. 
The  counties  of  Nicholas,  Fayette,  Bourbon,  Clarke, 
Jessamine,  Scott,  Woodford,  Mercer,  Franklin,  Lin- 
coln, and  Boyle. 
The  counties  of  Perry,  Knox,    Breathitt,    Letcher, 
Whitley,  Harlan,  Clay,  Owsley,  Wolfe,  Laurel,  Es- 
till, Jackson,   Madison,   Rockcastle,  Garrard,   Pu- 
laski, Wayne,  and  Casey. 
The  counties  of  Mason,  Lewis,  Greenup,  Powell,  Flem- 
ing, Boyd,  Rowan,  Carter,  Lawrence,  Floyd,  Pike, 
Morgan,  Johnson,  Magoffin,  Montgomery,  and  Bath. 
The  Fourth,  Fifth,  Sixth,  Seventh,  Eighth,  Ninth,  and 
Tenth  wards  of  tbo  city  of  Saint  Louis;  all  that 
part  of  Saint  Louis  Township  north  of  the  Manches- 
ter road  ;  and  Saint  Ferdinand  Township  and  Cen- 
tral Towusbij),  olthe  county  of  Saint  Louis. 


Ridgeway. 

Meadville. 

Greensburgh. 
Pittsburgh. 

Allegheny  City. 

New  Brighton. 

Wilmington. 
Eastou, 

Baltimore. 


Do. 

Frederick. 
Ellicott's  MillB. 


Washington, 
Wheeling. 

Grafton. 


Point    Pleasant,    Ka- 
nawha Co. 


Padncah. 
Owensborongh. 
Bowling  Green. 
Lebanon, 


Louisville. 
Covington. 


Lexington. 
London. 

Greenupsburgh 
Sairit  Louis. 


CONGRESSIONAL    DISTRICTS.  511 

Table  showing  the  boundaries  and  composition  of  the  congressional  districts,  <fcc. — Continued. 


State. 


District. 


Boundaries  and  composition. 


Headquarters. 


Missouri— Continued . 


Second  . 


Ohio  . 


Third  . . 
Fourth  . 

Fifth... 

Sixtli  .. 
Seventh 

Eighth  . 

Ninth  .. 

First... 


Second  . 


Third 

Fourth 

Fifth 

Sixth  

Seventh  . 

Eighth  

Ninth  

Tenth 

Eleventh  . . . 

Twelfth 

Thirteenth  . 
Fourteenth  . 
Fifteenth... 
Sixteenth . . . 
Seventeenth 
Eighteenth  . 


The  First,  Second,  and  Third  wards  of  the  city  of 
Saint  Louis,  and  that  part  of  Saint  Louis  Township 
south  of  the  Manchester  road,  and  Carondelet 
Township,  M;iraiiiec  Townsbii),  and  IJonliouiine 
Township,  of  the  county  of  Saint  Louis;  also  the 
counties  of  Jeflerson,  Franklin,  Gasconade,  Osage, 
Maries,  Crawford,  Phelps,  and  Pulaski. 

The  counties  of  Dunklin,  Pemiscot,  Now  Madrid,  Mis- 
sissippi, Stoddard,  Butler,  Ripley,  Scott,  Wayne, 
Reynolds,  Dent,  Perry,  \Vashington,  Saint  Gene- 
vieve, SaintFrancois,  Carter,  .and  Oregon. 

The  counties  of  Barton,  Newton,  .Jasper,  Barry,  Cedar, 
McDonald,  Lawrence,  Polk,  Dado,  Greene,  Stone, 
Christian,  Taney,  Webster,  Dallas,  Laclede,  Wright, 
Texas,  Douglas,  Ozark,  and  Mowell. 

The  counties  of  Cass,  Vernon,  Bates,  .John.sou,  Henry, 
Saint  Clair,  Hickory,  Pettis,  Benton,  Cooper,  Cole, 
Morgan,  Moniteau,  Miller,  and  Camden. 

The  counties  of  Clinton,  Clay,  Platte,  Jackson,  Cald- 
well, Ray,  La  Fayette,  Carroll,  Saline,  and  Chariton. 

The  counties  of  Atchison,  Andrew,  Holt,  Nodaway, 
Buchanan,  De  Kalb,  Gentry,  Daviess,  Livingston, 
Grundy,  Mercer,  Sullivan,  Putnam,  and  Worth. 

The  counties  of  Schuyler,  Marion,  Scotland,  Claike, 
Randolph,  Adair,  Knox,  Lewis,  Shelby,  Macon, 
Linn,  and  Howard. 

The  counties  of  Monroe,  Ralls,  Audrain,  Pike,  Mont- 
gomery, Lincoln,  Callaway,  Warren,  Boone,  and 
Saint  Charles. 

The  First,  Second,  Third,  Fourth,  Fifth,  Seventh, 
Ninth,  Tenth,  Eleventh,  Thirteenth,  and  Seven- 
teenth w.ards  of  the  city  of  Cincinnati,  .as  they  are 
now  constituted  ;  and  the  townships  uf  Anderson, 
Columbia,  Symmes,  Spencer,  and  Sycamore,  the 
corporation  of  Reading,  and  the  northeast  and 
southeast  precincts  of  Mill  Creek  Township. 

The  Sixth,  Eighth,  Twelfth,  Fourteenth,  Fifteenth, 
and  Sixteenth  Wards  of  the  city  of  Cincinnati,  as 
they  are  now  constituted ;  and  the  townships  of 
Greene,  Colerain,  Spriogtield,  Delhi,  Miami,  Storrs, 
Whitewater,  Harrison,  and  Crosby  ;  the  corpora- 
tions of  Harrison,  Clifton,  and  Gleudalo,  and  West- 
ern Corryville  and  Lick  Run  precincts  of  Mill  Creek 
Township. 

The  counties  of  Montgomery,  Preble,  Butler,  and  War- 
ren. 

The  counties  of  Darke,  Shelby,  Logan,  Champaign, 
and  Miami. 

The  counties  of  Mercer,  Van  Weit,  Allen,  Auglaize, 
Hardin,  Hancock,  and  Wyandot. 

The  counties  of  Brown,  Clermont,  Highland,  Clinton, 
and  Fayette. 

The  counties  of  Greene,  Madison,  Clark,  and  Franklin. 

The  counties  of  Morrow,  Delaware,  Marion,  Union, 
and  Richland. 

The  counties  of  Crawford,  Huron,  Seneca,  Erie,  San- 
dusky, and  Ottawa. 

The  counties  of  Wood,  Henry,  Putnam,  Lucas,  Pauld- 
ing, Fulton,  Defiance,  and  Williams. 

The  counties  of  Adams,  Scioto,  Lawrence,  Gallia, 
Jackson,  and  Vinton. 

The  counties  of  Pike,  Hocking,  Ross,  Pickaway,  Fair- 
field, and  Perry. 

The  counties  of  Licking,  Muskingum,  Knox,  and  Co- 
shocton. 

The  counties  of  Holmes,  Ashland,  Wayne,  Medina, 
and  Lor,ain. 

The  counties  of  Meigs,  Athens,  Washington,  Morgan, 
and  Monroe. 

The  counties  of  Guernsey,  Belmont,  Noble,  Harrison, 
and  Tuscarawas. 

The  counties  of  Jeflferson,  Carroll,  Colunibian.a,  and 
Stark. 

Tlie  counties  of  Summit,  Cuyahoga,  and  Lake 


Saint  Lonis. 


IrontoD. 
Springfield. 

Jefferson  City 

Lexington. 
Saint  Joseph 

Hannibal. 

Saint  Charles 

Cincinn.ati. 


Cincinnati. 


Dayton. 

Urbana. 

Lima. 

Hillsborough. 

Columbus. 
Mansfield. 

Sandusky. 

Toledo. 

Ironton. 

Circleville. 

Newark. 

Wooster. 

Marietta. 

B.aruesvillo. 

Alliance. 

Cleveland. 


612  CONGRESSIONAL    DISTRICTS. 

Table  showhig  the  boundaries  and  coiiipositidn  of  the  congressional  districts,  d'C. — Continued. 


State. 


Ohio — CoDtinued 
Indiana 


District. 


Illinois . 


Iowa . 


Nineteenth  .. 

First 

Second  

Third 

Fourth 

Fifth 

Sixth  

Seventh  

Eighth  

Ninth  

Tenth  

Eleventh  

First  

Second  

Third 

Fourth 

Fifth 

Sixth   

Seventh  .  ...'. 

Eighth  

Ninth  

Tenth 

Eleventh 

Twelfth 

Thirteenth  .. 

First ^  .. 

Second  

Third 

Fcurth 

Fifth 

Sixth  


Boundaries  and  composition. 


The  counties  of  Geauga,  Ashtahula,  TrnmhuU,  Port- 
age, and  Mahoning. 

The  counties  of  Daviess,  Gibson,  Dubois,  Knox,  Martin, 
Pike,  Posey,  Sjiencer,  Vanderburgh,  and  Warrick. 

The  counties  of  Clarke,  Crawford,  I^loyd,  Orange,  Har- 
rison, Scott,  Washington,  and  Perry. 

The  counties  of  Bartholomew,  Brown,  Jackson,  Jen- 
nings, JeiferfOu,  Lawrence,  Monroe,  and  Switzer- 
land. 

The  counties  of  Dearborn,  Decatur,  Franklin,  Ohio, 
Ripley,  and  Rush. 

The  counties  of  Delaware,  Fayette,  Henry,  Union, 
Raud()li)h,  and  Wayne. 

The  counties  of  Hancock,  Hendricks,  Johnson,  Mor- 
gan, Marion,  and  Shelby. 

The  counties  of  Clay,  Greene,  Owen,  Parke,  Putnam, 
Sulliv.in.  Vermillion,  and  Vigo. 

The  counties  of  Boone,  Carroll,  Clinton,  Fountain, 
Tippecanoe,  Montgomery,  and  Warren. 

The  counties  of  Benton,  Cass,  Fulton,  Jasper,  Lake, 
Laporte,  Marshall,  Pulaski,  Miami,  Porter,  Starke, 
Saint  Joseph,  White,  and  Newton. 

The  counties  of  Allen,  De  Kalb,  Elkhart,  Kosciusko, 
Noble,  La  Grange,  Steuben,  and  Whitney. 

The  counties  of  Adams,  Blackford,  Grant,  Howard, 
Hamilton,  Huntington,  Tipton,  Jay,  Madison,  Wa- 
bash, and  Wells. 

The  county  of  Cook t 

The  counties  of  Lake,  Boone,  McHeury,  Winnebago, 
De  Kalb,  and  Kane. 

The  counties  of  Jo  Daviess,  Stephenson,  Carroll,  Ogle, 
Lee,  and  Whiteside. 

The  counties  of  Adams,  Hancock,  Warren,  Henderson, 
Mercer,  and  Rock  Island. 

The  counties  of  Peoria,  Knox,  Stark,  Marshall,  Put- 
nam, Henry,  and  Bureau, 

The  counties  of  La  Salle,  Kendall,  Grundy,  Kankakee, 
Du  Page,  and  Will. 

The  counties  of  Macon,  Piatt,  Champaign,  Douglas, 
Edgar,  Moultrie,  Coles,  Cumberland,  Vermillion, 
Ford,  and  Iroqnois, 

The  conn  ties  of  Logan,  Sangamon,  McLean,  Tazewell, 
De  Witt,  Woodford,  and  Livingston. 

The  f  ounties  of  Fulton,  Mason,  Menard,  Cass,  McDon- 
ough,  Schuyler,  lUowu,  and  Pike. 

The  counties  of  Moigan,  Scott,  Calhoun,  Jersey, 
Greene,  Macoupin,  Bond,  Montgomery,  Christian, 
and  Shelby. 

The  counties  of  Marion,  Fayette,  Clay,  Richland, 
Clark,  Jasper,  Craw  ford,  Wayne,  Lawrence,  Ham- 
ilton, Jefl'erson,  Franklin,  and  Etjiugham. 

The  counties  of  Saint  Clair,  Madison,  Clinton,  W^ash- 
ington,  Randolph,  and  Monroe. 

The  counties  of  Pulaski,  Alexander,  Union,  William- 
son, Johnson,  Jackson,  Perry,  Massac,  Pope,  Saline, 
Hardin,  Gallatin,  White,  Wabash,  and  Edwards, 

The  counties  of  Lee,  Van  Buren,  Davis,  Jeli'erson, 
Henry,  Des  Moines,  Louisa,  aud  Washington, 

The  counties  of  Scott,  Muscatine,  Clinton,  Jones,  Ce- 
dar, Jackson,  and  Linn. 

The  counties  of  Dubuque,  Dekiware,  Buchanan,  Clay- 
ton, Fayette,  Bremer,  Chickasaw,  Floyd,  Mitchell, 
Howard,  Winuesliiek,  aud  Allamakee. 

The  counties  of  Monroe,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Ma- 
Iiaska,  Keokuk,  ilarion,  .Johnson,  Jasper,  Powe- 
.shiek,  Iowa,  Benton,  aud  Tama. 

The  counties  of  Wayne,  Decatur,  Ringgold,  Taylor, 
Page,  Fremont,  Mills,  Montgomery,  Adams,  Union, 
Clarke,  Lucas,  Wanen,  Adair,  Cass,  Madison,  Har- 
rison, Pottawattamie,  Sbelby,  Audubon,  Guthrie, 
Dallas,  and  Polk, 

The  counties  of  Marshall,  Story,  Boone,  Greene,  Car- 
roll, Munona,  (Jrawford,  Woodbury,  Ida,  Sac,  Cal 
hoiiu,  Webster,  Hamillon,  Hardin,  Grundy,  Black 
Hawk,  Butler,   Humboldt,    Franklin,    Pocahont;:s, 


Headquarters. 


Warren. 
Evansville. 
Jeffersonville. 
Columbus. 

Greensburg. 
Richmond. 
Indianapolis. 
Terre  Haute. 
La  Fayette. 
La  Porte. 

Kendallville. 
Wabash. 

Chicago. 
Alareugo. 

Dixon. 

Quincy. 

Peoria. 

Joliet. 

Danville. 

Springfield. 
Mount  Sterliug. 
Jacksonville. 

Olney. 

Alton. 
Cairo. 

Burlington. 
Davenport. 
Dubuque. 

Grinnell. 

Des  Moines. 


Waterloo. 


CONGRESSIONAL    DISTRICTS.  513 

Table  showing  the  boundaries  and  composition  of  the  congressional  districts,  &c. — Contiuucd. 


State. 


Iowa — Continued  - 


Michigan . 


Wiscousnu  . 


Minnesota . 


Kansas . 


District. 


Sixth— Cont'd 


First . . . 
Second  . 
Third  . . 

Fourth  . 


Fifth. 

Sixth 


First . 


Second  . 
Third  . . 


Fourth  . 
Fifth... 


Sixth 


First . 


Nebraska  Territory 
Colorado  Territory . 
Dakota  Territory  . . 
California 


Nevada  Territory 

Oregon 

Washington  Ten-itory 


Second  . 


Northern  , 
Southern 


Northern  . 

Middle  ... 
Southern  . 


Boundaries  and  composition. 


Wriglit,  liuona  Vista,  Cherokee,  Plymouth,  Clay, 
Sioux,  O'Urieu,  Palo  Alto,  Kossuth,  Hancock,  Cerro 
Gordo,  Worth,  Winnebago,  Eminett,  Dickinson, 
Osceola,  and  Uuucnmbe. 

The  counties  of  Wayne,  Monroe,  Lenawee,  and  Hills- 
dale. 

The  counties  of  Branch,  Cass,  Saint  Joseph,  Berrien, 
Kalamazoo,  Allegan,  and  Van  Burcn. 

The  counties  of  Washtenaw,  Jackson,  Calhoun,  Eaton, 
and  lugham. 

The  counties  of  Barry.  Ionia,  Kent,  Ottawa,  Montcalm, 
Muskegon,  Oceana,  Newaygo, Lake,  Mecosta,  Mason, 
Manistee,  Graud  Traverse,  Leelenaw,  Mauitou, Osce- 
ola, EmmettjAntrim,  Wexford,  Mackinac,  Kalkaska, 
Delta,  Missaukee,  and  Cheboygan. 

The  counties  of  Livingston,  Macomb,  Oakland,  Saint 
Clair,  Lapeer,  and  Sanilac. 

The  counties  of  Clinton,  Shiawassee,  Genesee,  Gra- 
tiot, Saginaw,  Tuscola,  Huron,  Isabella,  Gladwin, 
Midland,  Bay,  Clare,  Ogemaw,  Iosco,  Roscommon, 
Alcona,  Oscoda,  Crawford,Otsego,  Montmorency,  Al- 
pena, Presquo  Isle,  Chippewa,  Houghtou,  Mar- 
quette, Schoolcraft,  and  Ontonagon. 

The  counties  of  Milwaukee,  Waukesha,  Walworth, 
Racine,  and  Kenosha. 

The  counties  of  Roclc,  Jefferson,  Dane,  and  Columbia. 

The  counties  of  Greene,  La  Fayette,  Iowa,  Grant, 
Crawford,  Richland,  and  Sauk. 

The  counties  of  Washington,  Oz.aukee,  Dodge,  Fond 
du  Lac,  and  Sheboygan. 

The  counties  of  Manitowoc,  Calumet,  Green  Lake, 
Winnebago,  Marquette,  Waushara,  Waupaca,  Ou- 
tagamie, Brown,  Door,  Oconto,  Kewaunee,  and  Sha- 
wano. 

The  counties  of  Bad  Axe,  La  Crosse,  Monroe,  Adams, 
Juneau,  Portage,  Wood,  JacUsou,  Trempealeau.  Saint 
Croix,  Buffalo,  Pcpiu,  Pierce,  Eau  Claire,  Dunu, 
Clark,  Marathon,  Chipi)ewa,  Polk,  Dallas,  Burnett, 
Douglas,  La  Pointe,  and  Ashland. 

The  counties  of  Houston,  Winona,  Fillmore,  Dodge, 
Waseca,  Olmsted,  Mower,  Rice,  F.'-ceborn,  Steele, 
Scott,  Le  Sueur,  Faribault,  Nicollet,  Blue  E.wth, 
Sibley,  Martin,  Watonwan,  Brown,  Jacksou,  Ren- 
ville, Cottonwood,  Nobles,  Murray,  Redwood,  Pipe 
Stone,  and  Rock. 

The  counties  of  Aitkin,  Anoka,  Andy  Johnson,  Becker, 
Beuton,  Big  Stone,  Carlton,  Carver,  C.iss,  Chisago, 
Chippewa,  Clay,  Dakota,  Crow  Win"-,  Douglas, 
Goodhue,  Hennepin,  Isanti,  Itasca,  Kandiyohi,  Kan- 
abec, Lac  Qui  Parle,  Lake,  Lincoln,  Manomin,  Mc- 
Leod,  Meeker,  Millo  Lacs,  Monongalia,  Morrison, 
Otter  Tail,  Ramsay,  Pine,  Polk,  Saint  Louis,  Sher- 
burne, Stearns,  Traverse,  Stevens,  Todd,  Wabash- 
aw,  Washington,  and  Wright. 


The  counties  of  Butte,  Colusa,  Del  Norte,  Humboldt, 
Klamath,  Marin,  Napa,  Mendocino,  Plumas,  Shasta, 
Siskiyou,  Sierra,  Solano,  Sutter,  Sonoma,  Tehama, 
Trini'ty,  Yolo,  Yuba,  and  Lake. 

The  counties  of  Amador,  Calaveras,  El  Dorado,  Ne- 
vada, Placer,  Sacramento,  Stanislaus,  San  Joaquin, 
Tuolumne,  and  Mono. 

The  counties  of  Alameda,  Bueua  Vista,  Fresno,  Con- 
tra Costa,  Los  Angeles,  Mariposa,  Merced,  Santa 
Clara,  Monterey,  Santa  Barbai'a,  Santa  Cruz,  San 
Bernardino,  San  Diego,  San  Mateo,  San  Luis  Obispo, 
Tulare,  and  San  Francisco. 


Headquarters. 


Waterloo. 

Detroit. 
Kalamazoo. 
Jacksou. 
Graud  Rapids. 

Poutiac. 
Flint. 


Milwaukee. 

Janesville. 
Boscobel. 

Fond  du  Lac. 

Green  Bay. 


La  Crosse. 


Rochester. 


Saint  Paul. 


Leavenworth. 
Lawrence. 
Omaha  City. 
Denver  City. 
Yankton. 
Marysville. 


Sacramento. 
San  Francisco. 


Virginia. 

Salem. 

Fort  Vancouver. 


65 


TABLES  I'^OR  CONVERTING  INCHES  AND  POUNDS  INTO  THEIR  METRIC  EQUIVALENTS 

AND  THE  REVERSE. 


*^*  lu  the  tables  and  calculations  of  the  preceding  pages,  the  metric  value  of  all  the  weights 
and  measures  employed  has  been  stated  alongside.  It  was  the  primary  intention  to  introduce  this 
desirable  feature  into  the  tables  which  fill  the  second  volume  of  this  work,  but  the  space  required 
would  have  extended  them  so  inconveniently  that  it  was  found  necessary  to  abandon  the  plan. 
The  following  tables  will  be  found  useful  in  the  reduction  of  inches  and  pounds  to  metric  values, 
or  of  converting  metric  terms  into  their  equivalents  in  English  weights  and  measures. 

Table  for  converting  inches  into  centimetres. 

1  inch  =   2. 539979  centimetres. 
1  foot  =  30. 479748  centimetres. 


luches. 

Ceutimetres. 

Inches. 

Centimetres. 

Incbes. 

Centimetres. 

Inches. 

Centimetres. 

1 

2. 539979 

26 

66.  039454 

51 

129. 538929 

76 

193.  038404 

2 

5. 079958 

27 

68. 579433 

52 

132. 078908 

77 

195.  578383 

3 

7. 619937 

28 

71.119412 

53 

134. 618887 

78 

198. 118362 

4 

10. 159916 

29 

73. 659391 

54 

137. 158866 

79 

200. 658341 

5 

12. 699895 

30 

76. 199370 

55 

139. 698845 

80 

203. 198320 

6 

15.239874 

31 

78. 739349 

56 

142. 238824 

81 

205. 738299 

7 

17. 779853 

32 

81.  279.328 

57 

144. 778803 

82 

208.278278 

8 

20. 319832 

33 

83.  819307 

58 

147.  318782 

83 

210.818257 

9 

22. 859811 

34 

86. 359286 

59 

149. 858761 

84 

213. 358236 

10 

25. 399790 

35 

88. 899265 

60 

152. 398740 

85 

215.898215 

11 

27. 939769 

36 

91.439244 

61 

154. 938719 

86 

218.438194 

12 

30.  479748 

37 

98. 979223 

62 

157. 478698 

87 

220. 978173 

13 

33. 019727 

38 

96. 519202 

63 

160. 018C77 

88 

223. 5181.52 

14 

35. 559706 

39 

99.059181  • 

04 

162. 558656 

89 

226. 058131 

15 

38.  099685 

40 

101.  .599160 

65 

165. 098635 

90 

228. 598110 

16 

40. 639664 

41 

104. 139139 

66 

*  167.  638614 

91 

231. 138089 

17 

43. 179643 

42 

106. 679118 

67 

170. 178593 

92 

233. 678068 

18 

45.719622 

43 

109.219097 

68 

172. 718572 

93 

236.218047 

19 

48. 259601 

44 

111.759076 

69 

175. 258551 

94 

238. 758026 

20 

50.799580 

45 

114. 299055 

70 

177. 798530 

95 

241.298005 

21 

53. 339.'-.59 

46 

116.  839034 

71 

180. 338509 

96 

243. 837984 

22 

55. 879538 

47 

119.  379013 

72 

182. 878488 

97 

246. 377963 

23 

.58.  419517 

48 

121.918992 

73 

185.  418467 

98 

248. 917942 

24 

60. 959496 

49 

124.  458971 

74 

187. 958446 

99 

251. 457921 

25 

63.499475 

50 

126. 998950 

75 

190.498425 

100 

253.997900 

514 


ENGLISH    MEASURES    AND    METRIC    EQUIVALENTS. 

Tnhle  for  converting  centimetres  into  inches. 

1  ceiitiiiietro  =    0.393701  iiicli. 
1  decimetre    =    3.9370^0  inches. 
1  metre  =  39.370400  inches. 


515 


Centi- 
laetres. 

Incbes. 

Centi- 
metres. 

Indies. 

Centi- 
metres. 

Inches. 

Centi- 
metres. 

Inches. 

1 

. 393704 

51 

20. 07^-904 

101 

39. 764104 

151 

59. 449304 

a 

.787408 

52 

20.  472608 

102 

40. 157808 

152 

.59. 843008 

3 

1.181112 

53 

20. 866312 

103 

40. 551512 

153 

60. 236712 

4 

1.  574S1G 

54 

21. 260016 

104 

40. 94521G 

154 

60.630416 

5 

1.  9G8520 

55 

21. 653720 

105 

41.338920 

155 

61. 024120 

6 

2.  362224 

56 

22.  047424 

106 

41.732624 

156 

61. 417824 

7 

2. 755928 

57 

22. 441128 

107 

42. 12632S 

157 

61.811528 

■   8 

3. 149632 

58 

22. 834832 

108 

42. 520032 

158 

62. 205232 

9 

3. 543336 

59 

23. 228536 

109 

42.913736 

159 

62.  598936 

10 

3. 937040 

GO 

23. 622240 

110 

43.  307440 

160 

62.  992640 

11 

4.  330744 

61 

24. 015944 

111 

43.701144 

161 

63. 386344 

12 

4. 724448 

62 

24.  409648 

112 

44. 094848 

162 

63. 78C048 

13 

5. 118152 

63 

24. 803352 

113 

44. 488552 

163 

64. 173752 

14 

5.  511856 

64 

25. 197056 

114 

44. 882256 

164 

64. 5G7456 

15 

5. 905560 

65 

25. 590760 

115 

45. 275960 

165 

64.961160 

1(3 

6. 299264 

66 

25. 934464 

116 

45.  669664 

166 

65.  354861 

17 

6.  692968 

67 

26.  378168 

117 

46.  063363 

167 

65. 748568 

18 

7. 086672 

68 

26.771872 

118 

46. 457072 

168 

66. 142272 

19 

7. 480376 

69 

27. 165576 

119 

40.  850776 

169 

66. 535976 

20 

7. 874080 

70 

27. 559280 

120 

47. 244480 

170 

66. 929680 

21 

8.267784 

71 

27. 952984 

121 

47. 638184 

171 

C7. 323384 

22 

8. 661488 

72 

28. 346688 

122 

48. 031888 

172 

67.717088 

2:? 

9. 055192 

73 

28. 740392 

123 

48. 425592 

173 

68. 110792 

24 

9. 448896 

74 

29. 134098 

124 

48. 819296 

174 

68. 504496 

25 

9. 842600 

75 

29. 527800 

125 

49.213000 

175 

63.  898200 

26 

10. 236304 

76 

29. 921504 

126 

49. 606704 

176 

69.291904 

27 

10. 630008 

77 

30. 315208 

127 

50. 000408 

177 

69.  G85608 

28 

11.023712 

78 

30. 708912 

128 

50.394112 

178 

70. 079312 

29 

11.417416 

79 

31. 102616 

129 

50.787816 

179 

70. 473016 

30 

11. 811120 

80 

31. 496320 

130 

51. 181520 

180 

70.  866720 

31 

12. 204824 

81 

31. 890024 

131 

51.  575224 

181 

71.260424 

32 

12.  598.523 

82 

32.283728  . 

132 

51. 968928 

182 

71. 654128 

33 

12. 9ff2232 

-  83 

32. 677432 

133 

.52.  362632 

183 

72. 047832 

34 

13. 385936 

84 

33.  071136 

134 

52.756336 

184 

72. 441536 

35 

13. 779640 

85 

33. 464840 

135 

53. 150040 

185 

72.  835240 

36 

14. 173344 

86 

33.  858544 

136 

53. 543744 

186 

73.228944 

37 

14. 567048 

87 

34. 252248 

137 

53. 937448 

187 

73. 622648 

38 

14. 960752 

88 

34. 645952 

138 

54. 331152 

188 

74. 016352 

39 

15. 354456 

89 

35. 039656 

139 

54. 724856 

189 

74. 410050 

40 

15.743160 

90 

35.  433360 

140 

55. 118560 

190 

74. 803760 

41 

16. 141864 

•91 

35. 827064 

141 

55. 512264 

191 

75. 197464 

42 

16. 535568 

92 

36.220768 

142 

55.  905938 

192 

75. 591168 

43 

16.929272 

93 

36. 614472 

143 

56. 299672 

193 

75. 984872 

44 

17.  S22976 

94 

37. 008176 

144 

56. 693376 

194 

76. 378576 

45 

17. 716680 

95 

37. 401880 

145 

57. 087080 

195 

76. 772280 

46 

18. 110334 

96 

37.795584 

146 

57. 480784 

196 

77. 165984 

47 

18. 504088 

97 

38: 189288 

147 

57.  874488 

197 

77. 559C83 

48 

18. 897792 

98 

38.582992 

148 

58.268192 

198 

77. 953392 

49 

19. 291496 

99 

38. 976696 

149 

58. 661896 

199 

78.  347090 

50 

19. 685200 

100 

39. 370400 

150 

59. 055500 

200 

78. 740800 

516 


ENGLISH    MEASURES    AND    METRIC    EQUIVALENTS. 


Table  for  converting  avoirdnpois  pounds  into  Mlogrammes. 
1  pound  avoirdupois  =  0.45359651  kilogramme. 


Pounds. 

Kilogrammes. 

Pounds. 

Kilogrammes. 

Pounds. 

Kilogrammes. 

Pounds. 

Kilogrammes. 

1 

.  453597 

51 

23. 133422 

101 

45. 813248 

151 

68. 493073 

2 

.  907193 

52 

23. 587019 

102 

46. 266844 

152 

68. 946670 

3 

1.360790 

53 

24. 040615 

103 

46. 720441 

153 

69.  400266 

4 

1.814386 

54 

24. 494212 

104 

47. 174037 

154 

69. 853863 

5 

2. 267983 

55 

24.947808 

105 

47. 627634  ; 

155. 

70.  307459 

6 

2.721579 

56 

25. 401405 

106 

48.081230  • 

156 

70.701056 

7 

3. 175176 

57 

25. 855001 

107 

48. 534827  , 

157 

71. 214652 

8 

3. 628772 

58 

26. 308598 

108 

48. 988423 

158 

71.  668249 

9 

4. 082369 

59 

26. 762194 

109 

49.  442020 

159 

72. 121845 

10 

4.535965 

60 

27.21.5791 

110 

49. 895616 

160 

72. 575442 

11 

4. 9,«9562 

61 

27. 669387 

111 

50. 349213 

161 

73.  029038 

12 

5.  443158 

62 

28. 122984 

112 

50.  802809 

162 

73.  482635 

13 

5.  896755 

63 

28. 576580 

113 

51.256400 

163 

73. 936231 

14 

6.  350351 

64 

29. 030177 

114 

.51.710002 

164 

74. 389828 

15 

6. 803948 

65 

29. 483773 

115 

52. 163599 

165 

74. 843424 

16 

7. 257544 

66 

29. 937370 

116 

52.627195 

166 

75. 297021 

17 

r.  711141 

67 

30. 390906 

117 

53.070792 

167 

75. 750617 

18 

8. 164737 

68 

30.  844,563 

118 

53. 524388 

168 

76. 204214 

19 

8. 618334 

69 

31.298159 

119 

53. 977985 

169 

76. 657810 

20 

9.071930 

70 

31.751756 

120 

54. 431581 

170 

77.111407 

21 

9. 525527 

71 

32. 205352 

121 

54. 885178 

171 

77. 565003 

22 

9.  979123 

72 

32. 658949 

122 

55. 338774 

172 

78.018600 

23 

10. 432720 

73 

33. 112545 

123 

55.792371 

173 

78. 472196 

24 

10. 886316 

74 

33. 566142 

124 

56.245967 

174 

78. 925793 

25 

11.339913 

75 

34.  019738 

125 

56. 699564 

175 

79. 379389 

26 

11.793509 

76 

34.  473335 

126 

57. 1.53160 

176 

79. 832986 

27 

12. 247106 

77 

34.  926931 

127 

57. 606757 

177 

80. 286582 

28 

12. 700702 

78 

35. 380528 

128 

58.  060353 

178 

80.740179 

29 

13. 154299 

79 

35.  834124 

129 

58.  513950 

179 

81. 193775 

30 

13. 607895 

80 

36. 287721 

130 

58.  967546 

180 

81. 647372 

31 

14. 061492 

81 

36. 741317 

131 

59.  421143 

181 

82. 100968 

32 

14. 515088 

82 

37. 194914 

132 

59.  874739 

182 

82. 554565 

33 

14. 968685 

83 

37. 648510 

133 

60. 328336 

183 

83. 008101 

34 

15. 4-22281 

84 

38. 102107 

134 

60.781932 

184 

83. 461758 

35 

15. 875878 

85 

38.  555703 

135 

61.235529 

185 

83. 915354 

36 

16. 329474 

86 

39. 009300 

136 

61. 689125 

186 

84. 368951 

37 

16.783071 

87 

39. 462896 

137 

62. 142722 

187 

84. 822547 

38 

17.236667 

88 

39.916493 

138 

62.590318 

188 

85.276144 

39 

17. 690264 

89 

40.370089  • 

139 

63. 049915 

189 

85.729740 

40 

18. 143860 

90 

40.  823686 

140 

63. 503511 

190 

86. 183337 

41 

18. 597457 

91 

41.277282 

141 

63.957108 

191 

86.  63C933 

42 

19.051053 

92 

41.  730879 

142 

64. 410704 

192 

87. 090530 

43 

19. 5046.50 

93 

42. 184475 

143 

64. 804301 

193 

87. 544120 

44 

19. 958246 

94 

42. 638072 

144 

(>5. 317897 

194 

87. 997723 

45 

20.  411843 

95 

43.  091668 

145 

65. 771494 

195 

88. 451319 

46 

20. 865439 

96 

43. 515265 

146 

66. 225090 

190 

88.904916 

47 

21. 319036 

97 

43. 998861 

147 

66.  678687 

197 

89. 358512 

48 

21.772632 

96 

44.  452458 

148 

67. 132283 

198 

89. 812109 

49 

■  22.226229 

99 

44.906054 

149 

67. 585880 

199 

90. 265705 

50 

22.679826 

100 

45. 359651 

150 

68. 039477 

200 

90.719302 

ENGLISH   MEASURES    AND   METRIC    EQUIVALENTS. 

Table  for  converting  kilogrammes  into  avoirdupois  pounds. 
1  kilogramme  ==  2.204621  pounds  avoirdupois. 


517 


Kilo- 
grammes. 

Pounds. 

Kilo- 
grammes. 

Poll  mis. 

Kilo- 
grammes. 

Pounds. 

Kilo- 
grammes. 

Pounds. 

1 

2. 204C21 

26 

57. 320146 

51 

112.  435671 

76 

167. 551196 

2 

4. 409242 

27 

59. 524767 

52 

114.640292 

77 

169. 755817 

3 

6. 613863 

28 

61. 729388 

53 

110.844913 

78 

171.960438 

4 

8. 818484 

29 

63. 934009 

54 

119.049534 

79 

174. 165059 

5 

11.023105 

30 

66. 138630 

55 

121.254155 

80 

176. 309680 

6 

13.227726 

31 

68.  343251 

5G 

123. 458776 

81 

178.574301 

7 

15. 432347 

32 

70.  547872 

57 

125. 663397 

82 

180. 778922 

8 

17. 636968 

33 

72.752493 

58 

127.  868018 

83 

182. 983543 

9 

19.841589 

34 

74.957114 

59. 

130.072639 

-84 

185. 188164 

10 

22. 046210 

35 

77. 161735 

60 

132. 277260 

85 

187.392785 

11 

24.250831 

36 

79. 366356 

61 

134. 481881 

86 

189. 597406 

12 

26.455452 

37 

81.-570977 

(12 

136. 686502 

87 

191.  802027 

1.3 

28.660073 

38 

83.775598 

63 

138.891123 

88 

194.  006G48 

14 

30.864694 

39 

85. 9S0219 

04 

141.  095744 

89 

196.211269 

15 

33. 069315 

40 

88. 184840 

65 

143. 300.365 

90 

198. 415890 

16 

35.273936 

41 

90. 389461 

66 

145. 504986 

91 

200. 620511 

17 

37.  478557 

42 

92.594082 

67 

147. 709607 

192 

202.825132 

18 

39.683178 

43 

94.793703 

63 

149. 914228 

93 

205. 029753 

19 

41.887799 

44 

97. 003324 

69 

152. 118849 

94 

207. 234374 

20 

44. 092420 

45 

99.207945 

70 

154. 323470 

95 

209.  438995 

21 

46. 297041 

46 

101. 412566 

71 

156.  .528091 

96 

211.  643616 

22 

48. 501662 

47 

103. 617187 

72 

158. 732712 

97 

213. 848237 

23 

50. 706283 

48 

105. 821808 

73 

160. 937333 

98 

216. 052858 

24 

52. 910904 

49 

108. 026429 

74 

163. 141954 

99 

218. 257479 

25 

55. 115.525 

50 

110.231050 

75 

165. 346575 

00 

220. 462100 

HISTORY  OF  THE  CIVIL  WAR  IN  AMERICA,  BY  THE  COMTE  DE  PARIS. 


Since  the  preceding  portion  of  this  work  was  stereotyped,  the  first  two  volumes  of  the  history 
of  the  civil  war  in  America,  which,  it  was  understood,  the  Comte  de  Paris  was  engaged  in  prepar- 
ing, have  appeared.  These  volumes  have  been  translated  into  English  by  Mr.  L.  F.  Tasistro,  of 
the  State  Department  in  Washington,  and  the  translation  has  been  revised  and  approved  by  the 
author.    The  American  translation  forms  one  octavo  volume  of  six  hundred  and  forty  pages.^ 

It  is  not  the  object  of  this  notice  to  review  the  Comte  de  Paris's  work,  but  only  to  comment  on 
such  passages  in  it  as  relate  to  the  subjects  treated  of  in  these  volumes.  It  may,  however,  be 
said  in  passing  that  it  is,  so  far  as  it  extends,  (to  the  close  of  the  year  1862  namely,)  probably  the 
best  history  of  the  civil  war  yet  produced.  In  the  difficult  art  of  describing  the  localities  and  shift- 
ing operations  of  a  battle-field,  so  as  to  be  clearly  understood  and  followed  by  the  reader,  the  writer  is 
singularly  lucid  and  successful.  His  estimate  of  the  causes  which  brought  o.bout  the  rebellion  is 
characterized  by  a  philosophic  tone  and  judicial  fairness  worthy  of  the  countryman  of  Ue  Tocque- 
ville,  and  from  his  copious  references  to  orders  and  letters  he  would  seem  to  have  had  free  access 
for  his  copyists  to  the  bulky  archives  of  the  War  Department. 

It  has  been  frequently  asserted  that  an  impartial  history  of  our  great  civil  contest  cannot  bo 
produced  while  we  are  yet  so  near  in  lime  to  the  epoch  of  the  stirring  events  which  composed  it. 
This  is  doubtless  true  as  regards  the  estimate  that  will  finally  be  made  of  the  deeds  and  capacity 
of  the  foremost  men  on  either  side.  There  are  various  motives  which  produce  reticence  in  relation 
to  living  men,  and  it  is  only  when  his  career  is  completed  by  death  that  the  soldier  or  statesman  can 
take  his  destiued  niche  in  history.  It  is  also  iirobable  that  for  like  reasons  some  documents  of 
importance  may  for  the  present  be  unattainable,  which,  in  later  years,  may  be  surrendered  to  the 
historian.  If,  however,  the  general  intelligence  and  capacity  for  letter-writing  of  the  great  volun- 
teer army  of  the  North,  and  the  marvelous  ubiquity  of  the  agents  of  the  newspapers  be  taken  into 
account,  it  will  be  obvious  that  the  power  of  concealment,  even  if  the  desire  to  exercise  it  were 
felt,  must  have  seldom  existed.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  certain  that,  with  the  lapse  of  each  succes- 
sive year,  many  of  those  will  disappear  irom  the  scene  whose  knowledge  and  recollections  would 
have  been  of  inestimable  value  to  the  historian  of  the  war.  No  writer  in  another  generation, 
delving  in  the  records  of  the  past,  is  likely  to  find  much  niaterifil  of  value  more  than  is  now  accessi- 
ble to  the  diligent  inquirer.  The  numerous  comnuiniciitions  in  the  reviews  and  journals  etiuced  by 
the  publication  of  General  Sherman's  spirited  memoirs  shows  that  the  surviving  actors  in  the 
mighty  drama  are  not  unwilling  to  testify  as  to  their  own  acts  or  those  of  their  comrades  and  com- 
manders. 

The  Comte  de  Paris,  it  will  be  remembered,  served  for  some  time  on  the  staff  of  General  Mc- 
Clellan;  and  he  not  only  speaks  with  the  authority  of  an  eye-witness  of  many  of  the  events  he 
describes,  but  he  has  been  iu  correspondence  with  prominent  men  as  to  all  the  more  important 
operations  he  portrays. 

It  would  be  unjust  in  this  notice  of  the  Orleans  Prince's  work  not  to  advert  to  the  admirable 
manner  iu  which  the  translator  has  performed  his  part.  Its  highest  praise  is  that  the  original  is 
not  only  accurately  translated,  but  is  rendered  into  such  genuine  English  that  it  would  not  neces- 
sarily be  taken  for  a  translation. 

'  History  of  the  Civil  War  in  America,  by  the  CoJiTE  de  Pahis,  trauslated  by  Louis  F.  Tiisistro,  and  edited  by 
Henry  Copp<!e,LL.D.     V.il.  I.    8vo.     Pliiladclpbia.     1875. 
518 


UISTOEY    OF    THE    CIVIL    WAR,    BY    THE    COMTE    DE    PARIS.  519 

Upon  the  nativity  ot  the  voluuteer  army  of  the  North,  the  Comtc  de  Paris  makes  the  followiug 

comments  : 

"This  army  was  as  national  in  its  composition  as  it  was  in  spirit,  representing  in  due  propor- 
tion the  various  elements  of  the  American  population.  It  has,  indeed,  been  urged  that  foreigners 
predominated  in  its  ranks.  This  is  a  great  mistake,  but  easily  susceptible  of  explanation,  from  the 
fact  that  the  German  accent  and  the  Irish  brogue  frequently  struck  upon  the  ear  wherever  the  vol- 
unteers were  collected."        #  #  * 

"  A  few  figures  will  suffice  to  confirm  this  assertion.  Of  the  volunteers  who  enlisted  during 
the  first  year,  only  one-tenth  were  foreigners;  of  the  remainder,  two-thirds  were  born  on  American 
soil,'and  seven-thirtieths,  or  rather  less  than  one-fourtli,  were  naturalized  Europeans.  By  examin- 
ing separately  the  contingents  of  the  Eastern  States,  where  but  a  small  number  of  emigrants  settle, 
we  find  a  still  larger  proportion  of  natives — a  proportion  which,  in  1864,  when  conscription  was  par- 
tially resorted  to,  reached  as  high  as  eighty  per  cent.  This  army,  two-thirds  of  which  consisted  of 
native  Americans,  and  only  one-third  of  foreigners,  was  raised  out  of  a  population  of  about 
19,000,000  souls.  In  order  to  ascertain  which  of  these  two  elements  supplied  the  largest  proportion 
of  men,  we  have  only  to  compare  the  number  of  able-bodied  men  that  each  of  them  was  able  to 
contribute. ,  The  statistics  of  ISCO  render  this  comparison  impracticable  ;  but  the  census  of  1863, 
taken  in  the  loyal  States  preparatory  to  the  conscription,  gave  upwards  of  3,100,000  as  the  number 
of  men  between  the  ages  of  eighteen  and  forty-five  years.  By  adding  900,000  more,  the  maximum 
number  of  soldiers  then  in  act..al  service  or  disabled,  it  may  safely  be  affirmed  that  the  class  which 
in  1801  contributed  exclusively  to  the  recruitment  of  the  Army  did  not  exceed  4,000,000.  With  the 
help  of  the  emigrant  rolls,  it  is  easy  to  calculate  how  many  of  these  were  born  in  America  and 
how  many  in  Europe.  During  the  decade  from  1849  to  1858,  the  United  -States  received  ,3,000,000 
new-comers,  1,200,000  of  whom  were  women  and  1,800,000  men  ;  1,370,000  of  the  latter  being  over 
fifteen  and  under  thirty-five  years  of  age.  Deducting  8,000  from  this  number,  which,  accord- 
ing to  the  tables  of  mortality,  is  the  decrease  of  that  population  since  its  arrival  iii  America,  we 
find  that  emigration  had,  in  the  course  of  ten  years,  brought  over  to  that  country  1,362,000  men, 
who,  when  the  levies  of  volunteers  took  place,  were  still  living  and  between  the  ages  of  eighteen 
and  thirty-eight,  and  consequently  forming  part  of  the  4,000,000  among  whom  the  American  Army 
■was  recruited.  This  number  already  exceeds  by  31,000  the  third  of  those  4,000,000;  but  in  order 
to  make  our  statement  complete,  we  should  add  thereto  the  number  of  Europeans  who  in  1861  were 
between  thirty-eight  and  forty-five  years,  as  well  as  those  who  at  the  time  of  their  lauding,  before  1849, 
■were  under  thirty-three  years  of  age,  inasmuch  as  both  categories  were  comprised  in  the  4,000,000. 
We  see,  therefore,  that  those  of  European  birth  constituted  considerably  more  than  one-third  of 
the  effective  male  population  of  the  Northern  States,  while  they  only  entered  in  just  the  same 
proportion  of  one-third  into  the  composition  of  the  Army,  thus  leaving  to  the  native  Americans 
the  largest  proportion  in  the  aggregate  representation  of  races. 

"We  are  not  in  possession  of  the  necessary  documents  to  continue  this  comparison  by  ascer- 
taining the  number  of  those  emigrants  who  became  naturalized  and  those  who  retained  their  con- 
dition of  aliens;  such  a  comparison  would,  however,  be  of  little  value.  Naturalization  is  so  easily 
obtained  in  the  United  States  that,  after  a  few  years'  residence  in  the  country,  nearly  every  person 
settled  in  business  exercises  the  rights  of  citizenship.  It  was  only  when  the  conscription  attached 
onerous  duties  to  the  exercise  of  these  rights  that  the  people  who  had  enjoyed  them  endeavored  to 
discover  informalities  in  their  naturalization-papers,  in  order  to  get  rid  of  the  obligations  devolving 
upon  Americans.  All  emigrants  who  have  left  Europe  without  any  intention  of  returning — sans 
esprit  de  retour,  as  the  French  law  tersely  expresses  it — should,  in  reality,  be  reckoned  as  Ameri- 
cans; the  number  of  those  who  persist  in  preserving  their  nationality  unimpaired  being  altogether 
insignificant.  Strictly  speaking,  those  belonging  to  the  latter  category  alone,  and  Ihe  recruits 
obtained  outside  the  territory  of  the  republic,  could  be  considered  as  foreigners  among  the  Federal 
soldiers.  The  Federal  Government  could  only  have  introduced  a  large  foreign  element  into  the 
ranks  of  its  Army  by  enticing  volunteers  from  Europe  or  from  countries  adjacent  to  the  United 
States.  Now,  notwithstanding  the  close  vigilance  with  which  all  the  actions  of  that  (iovernment 
were  watched,  its  enemies  never  could  prove  that  such  enlistments  had  been  nuide  on  its  account 
upon  any  large  scale;  there  was  seeu  nothing  in  America  to  be  compared  with  the  foreign  legion 


520  HISTORY    OF    THE    CIVIL    WAR,    BY    THE    COMTE    DE    PARIS. 

organized  by  England  for  tbe  Crimean  war.  Tlie  Navy  may  indeed  have  picked  np  a  handful  of 
sailors  from  the  coasts  of  France  or  England,  or  it  uniy  Lave  received  a  few  of  the  deserters  which 
every  European  ship  drops  into  the  ports  of  the  New  World.  Doubtless,  also,  some  English 
soldiers  from  the  garrisons  of  Canada  may  have  crossed  the  frontier,  allured  not  only  by  the 
bounties  and  high  pay,  but  also  by  the  hope  that  their  military  experience  would  secure  them 
positions  among  such  raw  troops.  It  was  easy  to  recognize  under  the  Federal  uniform  the  old 
English  soldier  by  his  unexceptionable  bearing,  his  polished  arms,  and  the  precision  of  his  movements. 
If  not  disqualified  by  drunkenness,  he  soon  became  drill-sergeant  or  sergeant-major;  if  able  to 
read  and  write,  tlie  epaulet  was  within  his  easy  reach.  These,  however,  were  only  isolated  iu.stances. 
It  is  true  that  recruiting-agents,  hoping  to  make  a  profit  on  the  bounties,  went  to  Canada  and 
Ireland  to  decoy  recruits  iu  spite  of  the  Federal  Government,  and  that  they  engaged  emigrants  to 
cjme  over  in  the  name  of  fictitious  industrial  associations,  expecting  to  entice  them  into  the  service 
after  they  had  landed,  partly  of  their  own  iVec  will,  partly  by  force;  but  the  measures  taken  iu 
New  York  and  elsewhere  to  protect  these  emigrants  against  the  impositions  of  whichthey  were 
formerly  the  victims  enabled  them  to  free  themselves  as  soon  as  the  fraud  was  divscovered.  This 
was  the  case  with  niost  of  them ;  and  although  the  recruiters  were  always  on  the  watch  to  entrap 
the  most  destitute  among  those  whom  want  had  driven  from  Europe  to  the  American  shores,  they 
were  less  successful  with  these  new-comers  than  with  those  who  had  been  for  some  time  settled  in 
the  United  States. 

"We  may  therefore  sum  up  all  these  details  by  affirming  that,  from  the  native-born  American 
down  to  the  latest-landed  European,  the  proportion  of  volunteers  turuished  to  the  Federal  govern- 
ment by  the  dili'ereut  classes  of  the  community  was  in  a  direct  ratio  to  the  interest  that  each  took 
in  the  affairs  of  the  republic,  and  that  the  longer  the  emigrant  had  lived  upon  its  soil  the  more 
largely  did  he  contribute  towards  its  defense.'" 

It  is  probable  that  the  estimate  in  the  foregoing  passage  as  to  the  number  of  men  available  for 
military  service  at  the  outbreak  of  the  rebellion  iu  ISGl  is  underestimated.  By  reference  to  page 
66  of  the  present  volume,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  computed  number  was  about  half  a  million  iu  excess 
of  the  Comte's  figures. 

The  curious  differeuce  in  mean  stature  iu  natives  of  closely-adjoining  States,  for  which  a  satis- 
factory reason  is  yet  to  be  discovered,  has  not  escaped  this  writer's  observation.     He  says : 

"  It  is  by  the  average  age  of  the  soldiers  that  national  armies  are  most  readily  distinguished  from 
mercenary  troops.  An  army  of  mercenaries  is  made  up  of  men  who  make  a  trade  of  warfare,  serv- 
ing for  a  livelihood  and  enlisting  from  motives  of  interest;  the  larger  their  number  the  higher  the 
average  of  age.  A  national  army,  on  the  contrary,  is  recruited  in  equal  proportions  among  all  the 
youth  of  the  country,  as  well  from  voluntary  as  from  forced  service.  Now,  the  average  age  of  the  vol- 
unteers who  enlisted  in  America  before  any  conscription  had  taken  place  was  between  twenty-four 
and  twenty-five  years,  or  the  same  as  that  of  our  own  soldiers  before  it  was  raised  above  this  figure 
by  the  exoneration  law  and  the  multiplicity  of  substitutes.  The  larger  or  smaller  proportion  of 
Europeans,  or  at  least  of  men  recently  from  Europe,  iu  the  contingents  of  the  several  States,  was 
made  manifest  in  the  military  statistics  by  a  remark  we  raaj'  be  allowed  to  quote,  as  throwing  a 
curious  light  upon  the  movements  of  the  populations  that  elbow  one  another  for  a  long  time  in 
America  befon;  th<'y  become  finally  mingled.  Nothing,  in  fact,  appears  more  strange,  at  first  sight, 
than  the  comparison  of  the  average  statures  in  the  contingents  of  the  several  States,  as  shown  by 
the  tables  published  at  the  end  of  the  war,  at  a  time  when  the  conscription  necessitated  a  scrupu- 
lous examination  of  all  the  men  enrolled.  Neither  climate  nor  latitude  can  explain  why  that 
average  varied  so  strangely  from  one  State  to  another,  in  the  Middle  as  well  as  in  the  Northern 
and  Western  States ;  or  why  Vermont,  Pennsylvania,  and  Kentucky,  for  instance,  furnished  the 
highest  average,  while,  after  the  State  of  New  York,  those  of  the  far  West,  such  as  Miunesota  and 
Michigan,  sent  the  smallest  men  to  the  Army.  This  last  result  is  all  the  more  striking,  becau.se  iu 
those  new  States,  where  the  human  race  seems  to  develop  with  greater  freedom,  there  exists  a 
truly  athletic  population  of  lumbermen,  living  from  generation  to  generation  in  the  virgin  forest, 
who,  when  formed  into  com[)anies  and  at  times  into  regiments,  presented  a  line  of  perfect  grena- 
diers that  struck  the  ollicers  of  the  F.ritish  guards  with   admiration.     The  reason  is  that  alongside 

'  pi>.  180-183. 


HISTORY    OF    THE    CIVIL    WAR,    BY    THE    COMTE    DE    PARIS.  521 

of  them,  in  the  same  coutiugeut,  there  was  a  race  wliose  inferiority  was  but  poorly  compensated  by 
the  former,  namely,  that  of  the  German  emigrants  and  their  descendants  down  to  the  second  gener- 
ation. These  strange  variations  are  all  explained  by  the  movements  of  emigration  on  the  soil  of 
America,  and  the  average  staturcof  each  contingent  was  in  inverse  I'atio  to  the  number  of  emigrants 
who  had  settled  in  the  State  that  furnished  it.  The  current  of  emigration  emptied  itself  at  New 
York  and  certain  points  of  the  northern  coast,  where  the  weakest  and  the  least  robust  took  up  their 
residence,  while  the  others,  passing  through  the  Middle  States,  where  the  population  was  compara- 
tively numerous,  and  shut  out  from  the  South  by  the  insurmountable  barrier  of  slavery,  went  to  seek 
their  fortunes  in  those  vast  Western  States  that  are  watered  by  the  Upper  Mississippi,  the  Mis- 
souri, and  the  great  lakes.  This  current,  leaving  Vermont  at  the  north  and  Kentucky  at  the  south, 
and  traversing  Pennsylvania  too  rapidly  to  leave  traces  of  its  passage  behind,  these  States 
possessed  therefore  a  population  which,  for  the  most  part,  had  already  become  American  for  two 
or  three  generations  back.  It  is  from  this  time  that  the  beneficent  influence  of  the  New  World  upon 
the  European  races  is  felt ;  henco  the  physical  superiority,  seemingly  inexplicable,  of  the  contingents 
furnished  by  these  three  States." ' 

What  the  tables  are  which  the  writer  refers  to  as  "  published  at  the  end  of  the  war,"  it  is  difiB- 
cult  to  discover.  Neither  the  partial  tables  embodied  in  the  report  of  this  ofiQce  in  ISGC,^  nor  the 
tables  published  by  the  Sanitary  Commission,'  give  results  which  correspond  with  those  quoted  in 
the  foregoing  passage.  Minnesota,  for  example,  takes  high  rank  in  the  quality  of  mean  stature  in 
all  the  tables  printed,  while  the  Comte  refers  to  it  as  an  example  of  inferiority  iu  that  very  particu- 
lar. But  putting  aside  the  error  in  details,  which  does  not  necessarily  affect  the  argument,  it  is 
important  to  consider  the  applicability  of  the  latter. 

The  Comte's  theory  is  that  the  stream  of  emigration  striking  the  shores  of  New  York  and  New 
England  deposits  its  poorest  and  weakest  material  in  a  part  of  those  States,  and,  i)assing  through 
the  tier  of  States  bounded  by  Canada  on  the  north  and  Kentucky  on  the  south,  finally  empties  itself 
in  the  new  States  bordering  the  Upper  Mississippi  and  Missouri  Elvers.  He  argues  that  in  pro- 
portion as  the  population  of  a  State  is  commingled  with  emigrants  from  Europe,  so  does  its  mean 
statur  edecrease ;  and  hence  such  States  as  Vermont  and  Kentucky,  inhabited  almost  entirely  by 
native  born  Americans,  exhibit  a  higher  rate  than  most  others. 

Unfortunately,  this  theory  will  not  explain  all  the  curious  anomalies  relating  to  mean  stature 
as  observed  iu  the  different  States.  It  is  true  that  the  prevalence  of  manufacturing  industry  is 
found  to  be  attended  by  a  low  rate  of  stature,  and  it  is  not  surpiising,  therefore,  that  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  Massachusetts,  and  New  Hampshire,  whose  factories  and  workshops  are  largely  sup- 
plied by  foreign  workmen,  should  exhibit  this  low  condition  ;  but  why  should  Maine  and  Vermont, 
two  contiguous  States,  neither  of  which  is  affected  by  emigration,  and  both  of  which  are  mainly 
devoted  to  agriculture  and  maritime  pursuits,  differ  so  greatly  iu  the  mean  height  of  their  inhabi- 
tants °?  In  the  table  exhibiting  the  order  of  superiority  iu  stature  of  the  States,  at  page  24  of  the 
present  volume,  it  will  be  seen  that  Maine  stands  number  ten,  while  Vermont  is  number  sixteen,  in  a 
list  of  twenty-live  States.  On  the  other  hand,  such  States  as  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Illinois,  Indiana, 
Minnesota,  and  others,  to  which  the  vast  stream  of  emigration  has  for  years  been  flowing,  either 
equal  or  excel  Maine  in  the  quality  of  stature. 

This  sulyect  has  been  somewhat  fully  discussed  in  the  text  at  ])age  14  ct  acq. 

The  military  aptitude  of  the  American  people  is  thus  commented  on  : 

"  We  have  dwelt  upon  the  defects  of  the  American  volunteers,  because  they  were  the  cause  of 
their  first  reverses,  and  because  in  exposing  them  we  are  only  exalting  the  merit  of  those  men  who 
had  so  much  to  learn  in  order  to  become  capable  of  accomplishing  the  great  task  they  had  under- 
taken, and  who  succeeded  by  dint  of  perseverance  and  devotion.  One  trait  in  their  character 
redeemed  all  these  defects,  and  already  displayed,  under  the  garb  of  these  inexperienced  men, 
those  valiant  champions  who,  at  the  end  of  the  war,  carried  the  enemy's  strong  works  bj'  assault ; 
they  went  under  fire  more  resolutely  the  second  time  than  the  first.    Bad  soldiers,  if  unconscious 

'  pp.  184-185. 

^  Final  report  of  the  Provost-Marshal-Gerieral,  1866. 

'  Inreatiyations  in  the  mHitarij  and  anihropologivul  statistics  of  American  soWiira,  by  B.  A.  Gould,  published  for  tlio 
United  States  Sanitary  Commission.     Svo.     Now  Y'ork      IStii). 


522  HISTORY    OF    THE    CIVIL    WAR,    BY    THE    COMTE    DE    PARIS. 

of  the  impression  which  tlie  reality  of  war  will  produce  upon  them,  are  apt  to  rush  into  the  fight 
with  as  much  daring  and  resolution  as  veteran  troops,  and,  once  engaged,  they  will  sometimes  con- 
tinue to  behave  well ;  but  experience  makes  them  timid,  and  their  courage  fails  them  afterward 
when  called  upon  to  face  a  danger  they  have  learned  to  appreciate.  On  the  contrary,  participation 
in  those  dangers,  the  loss  of  their  comrades,  the  suflerings  and  hardships  of  the  war,  went  to 
strengthen  the  courage  and  increase  the  self-possession  of  the  volunteers,  whom  .a  patriotic  duty 
had  taken  from  the  occupations  of  civil  life.  Iron,  when  pure  and  of  good  quality,  acquires  shape 
and  strength  under  the  repeated  blows  of  the  blacksmith's  hammer,  while  metal  adulterated  with 
bad  alloys  splits  and  soon  flies  to  pieces."' 

"  The  ])crso7inel  of  staff  and  administrative  departments  being  once  organized,  and  that  of  the 
contingents  purified,  and  the  first  principles  of  discipline  established  among  the  oflicers,  as  well  as 
among  the  soldiers,  the  great  task  of  drilling  the  Army  had  yet  hardly  begun.  Indeed,  a  great 
assemblage  of  men  resembles  a  statue  of  clay,  unable  to  move  without  breaking,  and  having  no  vital 
breath.  In  order  that  it  may  acquire  suppleness  and  agility,  the  recruits  must  go  through  a  series 
of  exercises  and  evolutions  equally  irksome  to  the  teachers  and  the  taught— first  singly,  then  by 
platoons,  by  battalions  next,  and  finally  by  brigades.  This  task  was  the  more  difficult  in  the 
American  Army,  because  instruction  was  as  necessary  for  the  officers  as  for  the  men,  and  because  , 
the  latter,  having  no  example  to  encourage  them,  did  not  understand  the  utility  of  so  long  an 
apprenticeship.  Their  intelligence,  however,  which  rendered  them  submissive  to  the  voice  of  chiefs 
really  worthy  to  command  them,  soon  made  them  undertake  it  with  ardor.  Full  of  confidence  in 
themselves,  they  made  up  their  minds,  not  that  it  was  useless  to  learn,  but  that  it  would  be  very 
easy  for  them  to  learn  anything  they  wished,  the  trade  of  war  as  well  as  any  other ;  having  enlisted 
voluntarily,  they  were  determined  to  do  everything  in  their  power  to  become  good  soldiers,  capable 
of  victory.''  ^ 

'  The  following  graceful  tribute  to  the  merit  and  services  of  the  Eegular  Army  of  the  United 
States  may  close  these  extracts: 

"  These  are  the  last  lines  we  shall  devote,  by  way  of  special  mention,  to  the  little  Eegular  Army 
which  we  have  followed  since  its  formation  ;  for,  after  having  preserved  its  military  traditions,  and 
supported,  in  the  hour  of  danger,  the  tottering  edifice  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  it  was  absorbed 
into  the  improvised  armies  to  the  creation  of  which  we  have  just  referred.  But  if  it  ceased  to  have 
a  separate  existence,  its  spirit  still  survived  and  continued  to  control  the  action  of  new-comers;  the 
influence  and  the  importance  of  the  regular  officers  will  increase  in  proportion  as  the  volunteers 
acquire  more  military  experience  ;  and  when,  at  the  end  of  the  struggle,  the  Regular  Army  shall 
orce  more  emerge  to  view,  we  shall  find  five  hundred  and  fifty  of  its  ofBcers  detached  among 
the  volunteers,  one  hundred  and  fifteen  of  whom  were  generals,  and  sixty  commanders  of  regiments. 
Let  us  add,  however,  that  this  Eegular  Army,  such  as  we  shall  then  see  it  re-appear,  will  no  longer 
be  the  same  we  have  known  before  the  war,  constituting  a  kind  of  isolated  corporation,  and  the 
jealous  guardian  of  its  traditions;  it  will,  in  fact,  have  opened  its  doors  to  all  merit  displayed  on 
the  field  of  battle ;  and  numbering  in  its  ranks  all  those  who,  after  achieving  distinction,  have 
desired  to  continue  in  the  military  career,  it  will  have  the  rare  good  fortune  to  combine  the  best 
qualities  of  the  volunteers  with  the  noble  attributes  of  the  old  regulars."' 

'  pp.  195-106.  2  p.  272.  3  pp.  2y0--2yi.  ♦ 


GEisERAL  i:n^dex:. 


ABDOMEN.  A. 

Abdomen,  diseases  of;  cansofor  rejcctiou,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxvi, 
xxviii,  xxxiv,  Ivi. 
ulcers  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxviii. 
Abdominal  viscera,  disease  of ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol. 
I,  p.  xxxvi. 
engorgement  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxiv. 
Abscess ;  cau.se  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xii,  xvi,  xvii, 
xxvii,  xxviii,  10. 
inguinal;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 
Its  relation  to : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  465. 
Complexiou,  Vol.  II,  p.  465. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp.  646, 
647,  656, 657,  666, 667, 676. 677, 686,687, 600, 697,706, 
707, 716, 717,726,727, 736,737, 746, 747, 750, 757,760, 
767. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Nativity,  Vol.  11,  pp.  435,440,445,450. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,  478,  483,  488,493,  498, 
503, 508,  513,  518, 523. 
of  hnigs;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  i).  xxvii. 
of  scrotum;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xvii. 
of  testicles ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 
renal ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 
Abscesses,  acute  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  ji.  xii. 
congestive;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xii. 
constitutional;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xii. 
internal;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xii. 
renal ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi 
urinary;  cause  for  rejectiou.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 
Accepted  men,  meaning  of  term.  Vol.  I,  p.  4. 
Acne ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  i>.  xv. 
Act  of  Congress  creating  Provost-Marshal-General's  Bu- 
reau, Vol.  I,  p.  i. 
for  enrolling  and  calling  out  the  National  forces.  Vol. 
I,  \tp.  i,  13. 
Adenitis  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xii. 

cervicalis;  cause  fjr  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xv. 
Adhesions  of  eyelids;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 
xiv,  xliv. 
of  pericardium;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 
of  lips  aud  cheeks,  to  gums;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol. 

I,  p.  xxix. 
pleuritic;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xsix. 
Aeby  (Chr.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixiii. 


AGE. 

Aelian  (CI.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixiv,  Ixxxiv. 
Age,  changes  in,  for  service  in  the  United  States  Army, 
froui  1790  to  1874,  Vol.  I,  p.  slix. 
its  relation  to : — 
Disease,  Vol.  II,  pp.  461-465. 
Stature,  Vol.  I,  p.  17. 
its  relatious  to  height,  girth,  and  expansion  of  chest, 
and  complexiou,  in  : — 
American-boru   white  meu   accepted.  Vol.   II,  pp. 

200-215. 
American-horn  colored  men  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp. 

218-225. 
British-Americans  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp.  228-243. 
Euglishmeu  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp.  246-261. 
Irishmen  .accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp.  264-279. 
Germans  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp.  282-297. 
its  relations  to  height,  girth,  and  expansion  of  chest, 
complexion,  aud  weight,  in  : — 
American-born   white   men    accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp. 

300-315. 
American-bora  colored  men  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp. 

318-333. 
British-Americans  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp.  336-351. 
Englishmen  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp.  354-369. 
Irishmen  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp.  372-387. 
Germans  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp.  390-405. 
limitation  of,  to  20  years.  Vol.  I,  i).  166. 
limitations  of,  varied  with  urgency  of  the  demand  for 

men.  Vol.  I,  p.  viii. 
mean  ;  conclusions  afforded  by  the  tables,  Vol.  I,  pp. 

48-51. 
mean ;  its  relation  to  height,  girth,  and   espausion 

of  chest.  Vol.  I,  pp.  40,  47. 
mean  ;  its  relatiou  to  mean  weight.  Vol.  I,  p.  ,53. 
nieau  ;  of  men  of  difl'erent  nativities  iu  our  Army, 

Vol.  I,  p.  51. 
moan ;  of  men   of  different  nativities   measured  by 

various  observers.  Vol.  I,  pp.  50-59. 
mean  ;  proporti(m  of  soldiers  at  each  year  of  age,  from 

16  to  45,  Vol.  I,  p.  49. 
mean  ;  proportion  of  soldiers  in  group.s  of  five  years, 

Vol.  I,  p.  .50. 
of  Roman  soldier.  Vol.  I,  p.  ix. 
over;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  II,  12. 
over  ;  its  relation  to : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  465. 
Complexiou,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 

.523 


524 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


AGE. 

Age — Continued. 

over ;  its  relation  to : — 

Height,  Vol.  II,  iip.  41.S,  418, 4-23,  428. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.  II,  iii>.  G46, 
047,  G5G,  G57, 6G6,  6G7,  676,  677,  686,  687,  G96,  697, 
706,707,716,717,726,  727,  736,  737,  746,  747,  756, 
757,766,767. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  435,440,445,450. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,  478,  483,  488,  493,  498, 
503, 508, 513,  518, 523. 
relative,  of  native  and  foreign  born  soldiers.  Vol.  I, 

p.  48. 
required  for  service  in  the  armies  of: — 
Austria,  Vol.  1,  p.  xxxvii. 
Belgium,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxii. 
France,  Vol.  I,  p.  x. 
Great  Britain,  Vol.  I,  p.  xviii. 
North  German  Empire,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxx. 
Switzerland,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxv. 
under;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  11,  12. 
under ;  its  relation  to  : — 

Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  465. 
-    Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 

Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413, 418, 423,  428. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp.  646i 
647,  656,657,  6GG,  667,676,  677,  686,687,  696,  697, 
706,  707,716,  717,  726,727,736,  737,  746,  747,  756, 
757, 766,  767. 
JIarriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  435, 440,  445,  450. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,  478,  483,  488,  493,  498, 
503, 508, 513, 518, 523. 
Aitkeu  (William),  Vol.  I,  pp.  x,  Ixxxiv,  18. 
Albert!  (L.  B.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixvi,  Ixxxiv. 
Albinismus  of  the  eyes  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xlv. 
Albugo  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  siv. 
Albuminuria  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 
Alcoholism,  chronic  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  6, 11. 
Alcoholism,  chronic, 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  461, 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,419,424. 
Locality  (drafted   men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  526,  527,  534, 
535,  542,  543,  550,  551,  558,  559,  566,  567,  576,  577, 
584,  588,  589,  596,  597,  604,  605,  612,  613,  620,  621, 
628,  629. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.  II, pp.  638, 
639,  648,  649,  658,  659,  668,  6G9,  678,  679,  688,  689, 
698,  699,  708,  709,  718,  719,  728,  729,  738,  739,  748, 
749,  758,  759. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.53. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,  436,  441,  446. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  469,  474,  479,  484,  489,  494, 
499,  ,504,  509,  514,  519. 
Alienage,  claims  of,  often  abused.  Vol.  I,  p.  301. 
Allaire  (L.-V.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  18, 36. 
Allen  (Nathan),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxiv. 
Altitude,  nu'an  of  different  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  88. 
Amaurosis  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xiv. 
American  Indians,  free  from  certain  diseases.  Vol.  I,  pp. 
80, 84. 
in  Wisconsin;  offering  few  cases  of  exemptions.  Vol. 
I,  p.  473. 


AMEEICANS. 

American  Indians — Continued. 

mean  girth  of  chest  compared  with  that  of  other 
nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 

mean  height  compared  with  that  of  other  nativities. 
Vol.  I,  p.  23. 

mean  mobility  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  and  girth 
of  chest,  compared  with  that  of  other  nativities, 
Vol.  I,  p.  45. 

not  subject  to  draft.  Vol.  I,  p.  13. 

physical  dimensions  of,  according  to  various  observ- 
ers. Vol.  I,  pp.  .56-59. 

American,  the  typical.  Vol.  I,  p.  55. 

erroneously  represented  as  of  slender  figure,  Vol.  I, 

p.  55. 
Americans,  colored.     (See,  also,  "  Negro.") 
curve  of  stature,  Vol.  I,  p.  21. 
increase  of  weight  with  increase  of  girth  of  chest, 

Vol.  I,  p.  41. 
mean  age  in  relation  to  height,  girth,  and  expansion 

of  chest,  Vol.  I,  p.  46. 
mean  age  of,  iu  the  Army,  Vol.  I,  p.  51. 
mean  girth  of  chest  at  all  ages  and  at  age  of  com- 
pleted growth.  Vol.  I,  p.  37. 
mean   girth  of  chest  compared  with  that  of  other 

nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
mean  girth  of  chest  in  relation  to  increasing  height, 

Vol.  I,  pp.  33, 35. 
mean  height  compared  with  that  of  other  nativities, 

Vol.  I,  p.  23." 
mean  mobility  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  and  girth 

of  chest,  compared  with  that  of  other  nativities. 

Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
mean  stature  at  period  of  completed  growth.  Vol.  I, 

p.  21. 
phvsical  dimensions  of,  according  to  various  observ- 

'  ers.  Vol.  I,  pp.  56-59. 
proportion  of   soldiers  at  each   quinquennial  mean 

age,  from  16  to  45,  Vol.  I,  p.  49. 
relation  of  height,  girth,  and  expansion  of  chest  to 

mean  weight.  Vol.  I,  p.  40. 
their  height,  girth,  and  expansion  of  chest.  Vol.  II, 

pp.  84-163. 
accepted  ;  their  height,  girth,  and  expansion  of  chest, 

complexion,  and  age.  Vol.  II,  pp.  218-225. 
accepted  ;  their  height,  girth,  and  expansion  of  chest, 

complexion,  age,  and  weight.  Vol.  II,  pp.  318-333. 
Americans,  white ;  curve  of  stature.  Vol.  I,  p.  20. 

increase   of  weight  with  increase  of  girth  of  chest, 

Vol.  I,  p.  41. 
mean  age  in  relation  to  height,  girth,  and  expansion 

of  chest.  Vol.  I,  p.  46. 
mean  age  of,  in  the  Army,  Vol.  I,  p.  51. 
mean  girth  of  chest  at  all  ages   and  at  age  of  com- 
pleted growth,  Vol.  I,  p.  37. 
mean  girth  of  chest   compared  with  that  of  other 

nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
mean  girth  of  chest  in  relation  to  complexion.  Vol.  I, 

pp.  37, 38. 
mean  girth  of  chest  in  relation  to  increasing  height, 

Vol.  I,  pp.  33,  35. 
mean  height  at  each  year  of  age  from  17  to  45,  and  at 

every  five  years.  Vol.  I,  p.  19. 
mean  height  at  period  of  completed  growth,  Vol.  I, 

p.  21. 
mean  height  compared  with  that  of  other  nativities. 

Vol.  I,  p.  23. 
mean  height  iu  relation  to  complexion.  Vol.  I,  p.  38. 
mean  mobility  of  chest  iu  relation  to  height  and  girth 

of  chest,  compared  with  that  of  other  nativities, 

Vol.  I,  p.  45. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


525 


AMERICANS. 
Americans— Continued. 

physical  dimensions  of,  according  to  various  observ- 
ers, Vol.  I,  pp.  5G-5i). 
proportion  of  light  to  dark  complexions,  Vol.  I,  pp. 

24,37,38,00,01. 
proportion  of  soldiers  at  each  quinquennial  mean  age, 

from  10  to  45,  Vol.  I,  p.  49. 
relation  of  height,  girth,  and  expansion  of  chest  to 

mean  Tveigbt,  Vol.  I,  p.  39. 
their  height,  girth,  and  e-xpansion  of  chest,  Vol.  II, 

pp.  2-81. 
accepted  ;  their  height,  girth,  and  expansion  of  chest, 

complexion,  and  age.  Vol.  II,  pp.  200-215. 
accepted  ;  their  height,  girth,  and  expansion  of  chest, 

complexion,  age,  and  weight,  Vol.  II,  pp.  300-315. 

Anaesthetics,   their  employment  for  the    detection  of 
feigned  maladies,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xi,  Ix,  5. 

Anasarca ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol,  I,  p.  xii. 
Anaemia  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xi. 
Aneurism ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xii,  xxiii,  xxiv, 
xxviii,  xlviii,  liv,  Iviii,  7. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  402. 
Comiilexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,  420,  425. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,  420,  425. 

Localitv  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  528,  529,  536, 
537,  544,  545,  552,  553,  560,  561,  508,  509,  578,  .579, 
585,  590,  591,  598,  599,  606,  607,  614,  615,  622,  623, 
630,  631. 

Localitv  (recruits  and  suhstitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  640, 
641,  050,  651,  COO,  601,  070,  671,  680,  081,  090,  691, 
700,  70\,  710,  711,  720,  721,  730,  731,  740,  741,  750, 
751,  760,  761. 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 

Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  432,  437,  442,  447. 

Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  470,  475,  480,  485,  490,  495, 

500,  505,  510,  515,  520. 

Angelo  (Michael),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixvi. 

Angina,  dii)htheritic  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xv. 
gangrenous ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xv. 

Angioleucitis ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xii. 
Ankylosis  of  jaw ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  8. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  463. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Girth  of  cheat,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421, 426. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  528,  529,  536, 
537,  544,  545,  552,  553,  560,  501,  568,  569,  578,  579, 
585,  590,  591,  598,  599,  606,  607,  614,  615,  622,  623, 
630,  631. 

Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  642, 
643,  052,  653,  662,  663,  072,  673,  082,  663,  692,  693, 
702,  703,  712,  713,  722,  723,  732,  733,  742,  743,  752, 
753,  762,  703. 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 

Nativity,  Vol.11,  pp.  433,  438,  443,  448. 

Occupation,  Vol.  11,  pp.  471,  476,  481,486,  491,  496, 

501,  506,  511,  516,  521. 

Ankylosis  of  joints  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pi).  xiii, 
xxviii,  lix,  10. 
its  relation  to : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  464. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422,  427. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp,  412,  417,  422,427. 


ARMIES. 
Ankylosis  of  joints — Continued, 
in  relation  to : — 
Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  532,  .533,  .540, 
541,  548,  549,  556,  557,  504,  505,  572,  .573,  582,  583, 
586,  594,  595,  002,  003,  610,  611,  018,  019,  626,  027, 
634.  635. 

Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  jip.  644, 
645,  654,  655,  064,  665,  074,  075,  084,  085,  (i94,  695, 
704,  705,  714,  715,  724,  725,  734,  735,  744,  745,  7.54, 
755,  764,  705. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  434,  439,  444,  449. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  jip.  472,  477,  482,  487,  492,  497, 
502,  507,  512,  517,  522. 

Antelme  ( ),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxiv. 

Anthropometry,  an  outline  history  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixii. 

bibliography  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxiv. 
Anus,  artiticial  or  abnormal ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I, 
pp.  xvi,  xxiii,  liii,  lix. 
fissures  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvi,  liii. 
fistula  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvi,  xxiv. 
its  rel.atiou  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  463. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 
Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  530,  531,  538, 
539,  546,  547,  554,  555,  .562, 563, 570, 571,  ,580, 581, 
586,  592,  593,  600,  601, 608, 609, 616, 617, 624, 625, 
632,  633. 

Locality  (recruits  and  sub8titute8),Vol.  II,  pp.  642, 
643,  052,  053,  062,  003, 072, 073,  682, 083, 692, 693, 
702,  703,  712,  713,  722, 723, 732, 733, 742, 743, 752, 
753,  702,  763. 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 

Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  433,  438,  443,  448. 

Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  471,  470,  481,  486, 491,  496, 
501,  506,  511,  510,  521. 
prolapse  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol,  I,  p.  xvi. 
its  relation  to  : — 

Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  463. 

Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 

Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 

Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 

Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  530, 531, 538, 
539,  546,  547,  554,  555, 562, 563, 570, 571, 580, 581, 
586,  592,  593,  600,  601,  608, 609, 010, 617, 624, 625, 
632,  633. 

Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II, pp.  642, 
643,  652,  653,  662,  063, 672, 073, 682, 083, 692, 693, 
702,  703,  712,  713,  722, 723, 732, 733, 742, 743, 752, 
753,  762,  763. 

Marri.age,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 

Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  433, 438,  443, 448. 

Occup.atiou,  Vol.  II,  pp.  471,  476,  481,  486,  491,496, 
501, 506, 511, 516,  .'•j21. 
Aphonia;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv,xxiv,  xlv,liii. 
Apoplexy;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxviii. 

Appropriation  for  preparing  this  report ;  when  made. 
Vol.  I,  p.  iii. 

Aptitude  militaire.     (See  Military  aptitude.) 

Arfe  y  Villafaue  (Juan),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxiv. 

Arm,  loss  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pti.  xxii,  xxviii. 

Armenini  (J.  B.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxiv. 

Armies  of  the  United  .States ;  age  required  for  service  iu 
the.  Vol.  I,  p.  xlix. 

of  the  United  States;  disqualifications  for  service  iu 
the,  Vol.  I,  pp.  li,  Ivii. 


526 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


ARMIES. 

Armies — Conlinued. 

of  the  United  States;  stature  requirctl  for  service  in 
tlio,  Vol.  I,  p.  slix. 
Army  Contractor  of  the  Edinb.  Med.  and  Surg.  Journal, 

Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixix,  Ixxi,  Ixxx. 
Array-itch,  its  real  ebaraeter,  Vol.  I,  p.  396. 

Arnold  ( ),  Vol.  I,  p.  39. 

Arnould  (I.),  Vol.  I,  p.  166. 

Arphe.     (See  Arfe). 

Arteries,  diseases  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  liii. 

Ascites;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  sxiv,  liii. 

Asthma  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvi,  xxxi%',  liii. 

Atresia  of  the  pupil  of  the  eye  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol. 

I,  pp.  xiv,  xliv. 
Atrophy  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  iv,  xv,  xvii. 
df  bladder  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 
of  eyelids;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiv. 
of  eyes  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiv,  xiv, 
of  limb :  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxix,  xlix, 
liv,  Ivii,  10. 
its  relation  to  : — • 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  465. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423, 428. 
Localitv  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  532,533,  540, 
541,  5"48,  549,  556,  557,  564, 565, 572, 573, 582, 583, 
587,  594,  595,  602,  603,  610, 611, 618, 619, 626, 627, 
634,  635. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp. 
644,  645,  654, 655,  664, 665,  674,  675,  684,  6S5, 694, 
695, 704,  705,  714,  715,  724, 725,  734, 735, 744, 745, 
754,  755,  764,  765. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  435, 440, 445, 450. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,  478,  483,  488, 493,498, 
503, 508,  513, 518, 523. 
of  lungs  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 
of  testicle  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvii,  xlii, 
liv. 
Auditory  canal;  contractions  of ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol. 
I,  pp.  xiii,  xli. 
ekzema  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xli. 
polypus  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  1,\}.  xiii. 
vegetations  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
Audran  (Gerard),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixvi,  Ixxxiv. 
Audrans  (The  two),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixvi. 
Aumale  (Due  d'),  A^ol.  I,  p.  166. 

Austria  ;  physical  dimensions  of  natives  of,  according  to 
various  observers.  Vol.  I,  pp.  58, 59. 
proportion  of  soldiers  to  the  jiopulation.  Vol.  I,  p.  64. 
rate  of  military  aptitude  in.  Vol.  I,  p.  63. 
recruitment  and  composition  of  the  armies  of.  Vol.  I. 
p.  xxxvi. 
Austrian  Army;  chest-measurement  required  for  service 
in.  Vol.  1,  pp.  xxxvii. 
disqualifications  for  service  in.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxxvii,  xli. 
physical  qualifications  required  of  recruit  in,  Vol.  I, 

pp.  xxxvi-xlix. 
stature  required  for  service  in,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxxvii. 
Average  and  mean  ;  distinction,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxviii. 

B. 

Babcock  (Dr.  E.  E.),  Kcport  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  449. 

Bachelin  (A.),  Vol.  I,  p.  xxv. 

Baker  (Dr.  W.  S.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  326. 


BLADDER. 

Baldness  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  yi.  xiii. 

extensive;  causefor rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxiv,  xxviii, 

xliii,  xlviii. 
sligbt ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xli. 
Balfour  (M.njor-General),  Vol.  I,  ]}.  x. 

(Dr.  T.  G.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  35,  48. 
Barca  (P.-A.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxiv. 
Bardou  (M.  F.  Daudr<5),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxiv. 
Barrows  (Dr.  E.  S.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  460. 

Barth  ( ■—),  Vol.  I,  p.  42. 

Bartholow  (R.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  1,  43. 

ujanual  for  Examining-Surgeons,  Vol.  I,  pp.  468,  469. 
Bartoli  (Cosimo),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixvi. 
Bates,  (Dr.  S.  P.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  262. 
Bavaria,  physical  dimensions  of  natives  of,  according  to 
various  observers,  Vol.  I,  pp.  58, 59. 
proportion  of  soldiers  to  the  population.  Vol.  I,  p.  64. 
Baxter  (.Surgeon  J.  H.).  Circular  letter  to  surgeons  of 
boards  of  enrollment,  Vol.  I,  pp.  161,  455, 476. 
medical  statistics  collected  by,  Vol.  I,  p.  iii. 
(Dr.  M.  L.),  services  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  vii. 
Beardslee  (Dr.  H.  C),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  418. 
Beardsley  (Mr.  J.  J.),  services  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  vii. 
Beddoe  (Dr.  John),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixx-lxxii,  Ixxiv,  Ixxxiv, 

17, 18,  55. 
Belgian  Army,  disqnalitications  for   service  in.  Vol.  I, 
pp.  xxiii-xxv. 
limitation  of  age  for  service  in  diflferent  corps  of.  Vol. 

I,  p.  xxii. 
limitatkm  of  stature  for  service  in  different  corps 
of.  Vol.  1, 1).  xxii. 

Belgium  ;  physical  dimensions  of  natives  of,  according  to 

various  observers,  Vol.  I,  pp.  58, 59. 
proportion  of  soldiers  to  the  population.  Vol.  I,  p.  64. 
rate  of  military  aptitude.  Vol.  I,  p.  63. 
recruitment  and  composition  of  the  armies  of,  Vol.  I, 

p.  xxii. 
Belladonna  employed  in  simulating  functional  disorders 

of  eye,  Vol.  I,  pp.  341,471. 
BergmiiUer  (J.  G.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxiv. 
Bernard  (C),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixxxii,  Ixxxiv,  18. 
BertUlon  (A.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixix,  Ixxxiv,  64. 
Bertrand  (Hector),  Vol.  I,  p.  64. 
Best  (Dr.  J.  M.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  362. 
Bibliography  of  history  of  Anthropometry,  Vol.  I,  ji. 

Ixxxiv. 
Billings  (Dr.  A.  J.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  179. 
Binomial  theorem,  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixxvii,  Ixxviii. 
Bischoff,  (T.  L.  W.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxiv. 
Bladder,  acute  disease  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  jip. 

xxvi,  9. 

its  relation  to : — 

Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  464. 

Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 

Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  412, 417, 422, 427. 

Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422, 427. 

Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  530,  531,  538, 
539,546,547,554,555,  562,  563,  .''i/O,  571,  580,  581, 
586, 592, 593, 600, 601,  608,  609,  616,  617,  624,  625, 
632, 633. 

Locality  (recruits  and  snbstitntes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  644, 
645,654,655,664,665,  674,  675,  684,  685,  694,  695, 
704,705,714,715,724,  725,  734,  735,  744,  745,  754, 
755, 764, 765. 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 

Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  434, 439,  444,  449. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


527 


BLADDER. 

Bladder— Continued. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  47-2,477,  482,  487,  492,  497, 
502,  507, 512, 517,, '■)y2. 
atrophy  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 
calculus  in  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvi,  liv. 
cbrouic  disease  of;    cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 
Ivii,  9. 

its  relation  to : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  464. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Girtb  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417, 422, 427. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,417,422,427. 
Localitv  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  530,  531,538, 
539,  546,  547,  554,  655,  562,  563,  570,  571.  580, 
581,586, 592,  .593,600,601, 608, 609,  616,  617,  624, 
625,  632, 633. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp. 
644,  645,  654,  655,  664, 665, 674, 675, 684,  685, 694, 
695,704,705,  714,715,724,725,734,735,  744,745, 
754,755,764,765. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  434,  439,444,449. 
Occup.ation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  472,  477, 482, 487, 492, 407, 
502,  .507,  512,  517,  522. 
cysts  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvi,  liv. 
eversiou  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  liv. 
extrophy  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 
iistuloHS  opening  into;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I, 

p.  xvi. 
hernia  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 
hypertrophy  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.1,  p.  xvi. 
paralysis  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxviii. 
stricture  of  neck  of;  canse  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  ]}. 
xxviii. 

Blake,  (Dr.  Z.  H.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  278. 

BlenuorrhcBa,  lachrymal ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p. 
xliv. 

Blepharospasmus  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiv. 

Board  of  Enrollment,  commissioner  of,  not  needed.  Vol. 
I,  pp.  251,255. 

Boards  of  Enrollment,  duties  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  i. 
how  constituted.  Vol.  I,  p.  i. 

surgeons  of;  onerous  duties  of,  how  performed.  Vol. 

I,  p.  ii. 

Bodio  ( ),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxsii. 

Body,   feeble  or  badly-developed;    cause  for  rejection, 

Vol.  I,  pp.  xxvi,  xxis,  xxxvi. 

Bohemians,  feigned  hernia  produced  by,  Vol.  I,  p.  471. 

Boils  ;  caufsefor  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 

Bond  (Dr.  E.  P.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  425. 

Bones,  ankylosis  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiii, 
lii. 

caries  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiii,  xxviii, 
xlvi,  liv. 

chronic  disease  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 
Ivi,  lix,  10. 

its  relation  to: — 

Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  464. 

Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 

Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  412, 417,  422,  427. 

Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417, 422, 427. 

Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  532,  .533,  .540. 
.541,548,549,556,5.57,564,565,572,573,  582,  583, 
586,  .594, 595, 602, 603, 610, 611, 618, 619,  626,  627, 
634, 635. 


BEAIN. 

Bones— Continued. 

Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp. 
644,645,654,6.55,664,66,5,674,675,684,  68,5,  694, 
695,704,705,714,715,724,725,734,735,  744,  745, 
754,755,764,765. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  434,439,444,449. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  jip.  472, 477, 482, 487, 492, 497, 
502,  .507, 512, 517, 522. 
chronic  tumors  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
exostosis  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxviii, 

XXXV,  liv. 
fistula  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
long,  crookedness  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp. 

xiii,  xxiii,  xlvii,  liv. 
necrosis  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiii,  xxiii, 

xxviii,  xlvi,  liv. 
periostitis  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxviii. 
rachitic   affections  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p. 

xxviii. 
tumors  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxviii,  xlvi. 
weak ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxxvi. 

Bonnet  ( ),  Vol.  I,  p.  39. 

Bonomi  (Joseph).  Vol.  I,  jip.  lxiv,lxviii,  Ixxxiv. 

Bosio  (Ant.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxiv. 

Bony  substance,  loss  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p. 

xiii. 
Bouchardou  (E.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxiv. 
Boudin  (J.  C.  M.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixxiii,  Ixxxiv,  62,  63,  166. 
Bounties,  Vol.  1,  p.  4. 

table  of  amounts  paid  by  the  different  States,  etc., 
Vol.  I,  p.  163. 

Bounty-jumper,  sufJbcated  while  attempting  to  desert, 
Vol.  I,  p.  164. 

term  defined.  Vol.  I,  p.  15. 
Bourgery  (J.-M.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixxxii,  Ixxxiv. 
Bowditch  (Dr.  H.  J.),  Rejjort  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  202. 
Bovr-legs  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xlvii. 

not  thought  disqualifying,  Vol.  I,  p.  168. 
Boyd  (Robert),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixxxiv,  18. 

Brain,  acute  disease  of;  cause  fiar  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 

xxvii,  6. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  461. 
ComiJlexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  526,  527,  534, 

535,  542,  543,  550,  551,  558,  559,  566,  567,  576,  577, 

584,  588,  589,  596,  597,  604,  605,  612,  613,  620,  621, 

628,  629. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  638, 

639,  (348,  649,  658,  659,  668,  669,  678,  679,  688,  689, 

698,  699,  708,  709,  718,  719,  728,  729,  738,  739,  748, 

749,  758,  759. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,  436,  441,446. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  469,  474,  479,  484,  489,  494, 

499, 504,. 509, 514, 519. 
chronic  disease  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.. 

xxviii,  6. 
its  relation  to  : — 

Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  461. 

Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 

Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 

Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 


528 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


BRAIN. 

Brain,  clironic  disease  of^Continued. 
its  relation  to: — 

Locality  (drafted  mou),  Vol.  II,  pp.  526,  .'>27,  534, 

535,  542,  543,  550,  551, 538, 559, 566, 567, 57G,  577, 

584,  588,  589,  596,  597, 604, 605, 612, 613,  G20,  621, 

628,  629. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,   pp. 

638,  639,  648,  649,  653,  659, 668, 669, 678, 679,  688, 

6S9,  698,  699,  708,  709,  718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739, 

748,  749,  758,  759, 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,  436,  441,  446. 
Occunatiou,  Vol.  II,  pp.  469,  474,  479, 484,  489,  494, 

499",  504,  509,  514,  519. 

Breast,  pigeon  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xv. 
Breath,  fetid ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv,  xxiv, 

sxsiv. 
Brent  (W.  B.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixxviii,  Ixxxiv,  42,  43. 
Brian  (Mr.  H.  T.),  aclinowledgmeuts  to,  Vol.  I,  p.  vii. 
Brigham  (W.  T.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxiv. 
Bright's  disease  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 
British  Ameiica,  natives  of;  increase  of  weight  with 

increase  of  girth  of  chest,  Vol.  I,  p.  41. 
mean  age  in  relation  to  height,  girth  and  expansion 

of  chest.  Vol.  I,  p.  46. 
mean  age  of,  in  the  Array,  Vol.  I,  p.  51. 
mean  girth  of  chest  at  all  ages,  and  at  age  of  com- 
pleted growth.  Vol.  I,  p.  37. 
mean  girth  of  chest  compared  with   that  of  other 

nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
mean  girth  of  chest  in  relation  to  complexion.  Vol.  I, 

pp.  37, 38. 
mean  girth  of  chest  in  relation  to  increasing  height. 

Vol.  I,  pp.  33,35. 
mean  height  at  period  of  completed  growth,  Vol.  I, 

p.  21. 
mean  height  compared  with  that  of  other  nativities, 

Vol.  I,  p.  23. 
mean  height  in  relation  to  complexion.  Vol.  I,  p.  38. 
mean  mobility  of  chest  in  relation  to  height,  and  girth 

of  chest,  compared  with  that  of  other  nativities, 

Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
physical  dimensions  of,  according  to  various  observ- 
ers, Vol.  I,  pp.  56-59. 
proportion  of  light  to  dark  complexions.  Vol.  I,  pp.  37, 

38, 60,  61. 
proportion  of  soldiers  at  each  qniuquenuial  mean  age, 

from  16  to  45,  Vol.  I,  p.  49. 
relation  of  height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest,  to 

mean  weight.  Vol.  I,  p.  40. 
their  height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest.  Vol.  II, 

pp.  166,  167,  170,  171,  174,  17,5,178,179,182,183, 

186, 187, 190, 191, 194, 195. 
their  height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest,  in  relation 

to  complexion,  and  age.  Vol.  II,  pp.  228-243. 
their  height,  giith  and  expansion  of  chest,  in  relation 

to  complexion,  age,  and  weight,  Vol.  II,  pp.  336- 

351. 
British  Army  ;  chest-measurement  required  in  different 

corps  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  xviii. 
disqualifications  for  service  in,  Vol.  I,  p.  xix. 
instructions  to  examining  surgeons.  Vol.  I,  ii.  xix. 
limitations  of  age  in.  Vol.  I,  p.  xviii. 
limitations  of  stature  in.  Vol.  I,  p.  xviii. 
recruitment  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  xviii. 

stature  required  in  different  corps  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  xviii. 
Broca  (Dr.  Paul),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixiii,  Ixxiv,  Ixxxiv,  166, 168. 
Bronchitis;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.1,  pp.  xvi,  xxvii, 

xxix,  xxxii,  xxxiv,  xlv,  liii,8. 


CALIFORNIA. 

Bronchitis — Contiuued. 
its  relation  to : — 
Age,Vol.  II,p.  462. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.54. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415, 420, 425. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410, 415, 420,  425. 

Localitv  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  640, 
641,  650,  6.51,  660.  661,  670,  671,680,681,690,691, 
700,  701,  710,  711,  720,  721,  7.30,731,740,741,750, 
751,  760,  761. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  432, 437,  442, 447. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  470,  475,480,485,490,495, 
500, 505, 510, 515, 520. 
Brown  (P.  A.).  Vol.  I,  p.  61. 
Buckner  (Dr.  E.  P.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  372. 
Buffon  (Comte  de).  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixvi,  Ixxxiv. 
Bunions  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xviii,  xxvii,  xliii. 
Burbauk  (Dr.  Alexander),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  172. 

Burmeister  ( ),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixiii. 

Burns  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  lix. 
Busk  (George),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxiv. 


C. 


Cachexia;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xii,  xxiv,xxv, 
xxix. 
scoi'butic  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxv,  xxix. 
scrofulous  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxv,  xxix. 
syphilitic  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxv. 
malarial ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 
Calculus,  of  bladder;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvi, 
xxv,  xxix,  XXXV,  xlvi,  lix,  9. 

its  relation  to : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  464. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422,  427. 
Height,  Vol.  IE,  pp.  412, 417,  422, 427. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  530,  531,  538, 
539,  546,  547,  554, 555,  562,  563,  570,  571,  580,  585, 
586,  £92,  593,  600,  601,  608,  609,  616,  617,  624,  625, 
632,  633. 
Localitv  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp. 
644, 645, 654, 655,  664,  685, 674,  675,  684,  685,  694, 
695,  704,705,714,  715,724,  725,  734,  735,  744,  745, 
754,  755,  764,  765. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
N.ativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  434, 439, 444, 449. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  472, 477, 482,  487, 492,  497, 
502, 507, 512, 517, 522. 
renal ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 
California,  men  examined  in  ; 

height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  10, 

11,  20,  21,  30,  31,  40, 41,  50,51,  60,  61,  70,  71,  80,  81. 

mean  girth  of  chest  in  its  relation  to  height,  compared 

with  that  of  men  from  other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 

mean  height  and  girth  of  chest  in  each  congressional 

district,  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 

States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  25-27. 

mean  height,  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 

States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  24,  29. 
mean  mobility  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  and  girth 
of  chest,  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
number  and  r.atio  per  thousand  of  recruits  and  sub- 
stitutes rejected  in  each  congressional  district,  on 
account  of  snecified  diseases.  Vol.  II,  pji.  759,  761, 
763,  765,  767^ 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


529 


CALIFORNIA. 

California,  men  exauiiued  in — Continued. 

height,  "irth  and  expansion  of  chest  of  colored  men, 
Vol.  II.pp.  92,y:i,  10-2,  lO:!,  112,  IK!.  l-J-~',  I'A  i:«, 
133, 142, 143, 15-2, 153,  1G2,  l(i3. 
California,  surgeon's  report  from  : — 
northern  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  478. 
middle  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  491. 
southern  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  498. 
Calvities  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
Camper  (P.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixvi,  Ixxxv. 
Cancer;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pj).  xii,  xxiv,  xxix, 
li,  Iviii,  6. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  461. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  4'24. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Localitv'{drafted  nieu).  Vol.  II,  pp.  f>26,  537,  ,''i34, 
535,  542,  543,  5r;0,  .'•;51,  558,  559,  5«),  .51)7,  576,  .577, 
584,  588,  589,  596,  597,  604,  605,  612,  613,  620,  621, 
628,  629. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp.638, 
639,  648,  649,  658,  059,  068,  669,  678,  679,  688,  689, 
698,  699,  708,  709,  718,  719,  728,  729,  738,  739,  748, 
749,  758,  759. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.53. 
Nativity,  Vol.  IT,  pp.  431,436,441,440. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  469,  474,  479,  484,  489,  494, 
499,504,509,514,519. 
Cancroid ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xii. 
Canon,  the,  of  Poljkleitus,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixiv.  , 

Canons  of  measure,  Egyptiau,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixiii. 
Carbuncle  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 
Cardan  (J.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixvi,  Ixxxv. 

Caries  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiii,  xxviii,  xxxvi. 
of  (lie  nasal  hones;   cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp. 

xxiv,  Iviii. 
of  the  spine  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  lix. 
of  the  steiuura  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  lix. 
Carpenter  (Dr.  James  S.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  312. 
Carracci  (The  two),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixvi. 
Carswell  (Dr.  Robert  B.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  182. 
Cartilages,  loose  :  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
Cams  (C.  G.),  A^ol.  I,  pp.  Ixvii,  Ixxxv. 
Catalepsy  ;   cause  for  rejection,  Vol.   I,  i>p.  xiii,  xxix, 
xxxvi. 

Cataract ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiv,  xliv,  xlv,  6. 
of  right  eye  ;  its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  461. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409, 414, 419, 424. 
Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  526,527,  534, 

535,  542,  543,  550,  551,  558,  559,  566,  567,  576,  577. 

584,  588,  589,  596,  597,  604,  605,  612,  613,  620,  621, 

628,  629. 
Localitv  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  638, 

639,  648,  649,  658.  659,  668,  609,  678,  679,  688,  689, 

698,  699,  708,  709,  718,  719,  728,  729,  738,  739,  748, 

749,  758,  759. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,436,441.446. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  469,  474,  479,  484,  489,  494, 

499, 504,  .WJ,  514,  519. 
Catarrh,  chronic  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 

constitutional,  pulmonary;   cause  for  rejection, Vol. 

I,  p.  xxviii. 

G7 


CHEST. 

Cellular  tissue  ;  diseases  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I, 
•pp.  81,91. 
in  relation  to: — 
Age,  Vol.  I,  chart  xviii;Vol.  II,  p.  465. 
Complexion,  Vol.  I,  chart  xviii;  Vol.  II,  p.  4-57. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,418,423,428. 
Height,  Vol.  I,  chart  xviii;  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,418,423, 

428. 
Locality,  Vol.  I,  chart  1. 
Localitv  (ilrafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  532,  533,  540, 

541,  548,  549,  556,  557.  564,  565,  572,  573,  582,  583, 

587,  594,  595,  602,  603,  610,  611,  618,  619,  626,  627, 

634,  635. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp.  646, 

()47,  656,  6,57,  6(i6,  667,  ()76,  677,  686,  687,  690,  (;97, 

706,  707,  716,  717,  726,  727,  736,  737,  746,  747,  7.56, 

757,  766,  7()7. 

Marriage,  Vol.  I,  chart  xviii ;  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 

Nativity,  Vol.  I,  chart  xviii;  Vol.  II,  pp.  435,  440, 
445,  450. 

Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,  478,  483,  488,  493,  498, 
503,  508,  513,  518,  .523. 
Chamberlaine  (.J.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxv. 
Champoilion  le  Jeune  (J.  F.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixiii,  Ixxxv. 

Champouillon  ( ),  Vol.  I,  pp.  18,  20,  21. 

Chandler  (Dr.  J.  S.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  195. 
Charts  ;  brief  notice  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  vii. 
division  into  classes.  Vol.  I,  p.  72. 
explanation  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  71. 
pl»n  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  71. 
Chaussier  (Fr.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxv. 

Cheeks  and  lips,  adhesion  of,  to  gums ;  cause  for  rejec- 
tion. Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 

loss  of  substance  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  jip. 
xi,  Iviii. 
Cbemosis  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiv. 
Chenu  (Dr.  J.-C),  Vol.  I,  pp.  viii,  166. 
Chesney  (Lieutenant-Colonel),  Vol.  I,  p.  64. 
Chest ;  (See  also  "  girth  of  chest,"  "  expansion  of  chest," 
and  "  mobility  of  chest.") 
capacity  of,  Hammond  (W.  A.),  on.  Vol.  I,  pp.  439, 

440. 
capacity  of,  Hutchinson  (J.),  on.  Vol.  I,  pp.  439,440. 
capacity  of,  Tripler  (Surgeon),  on,  Vol.  I,  pp.  439,440. 
deficient  size  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv, 
XX,  xxxii,  xxxvi,  Ivii,  11. 
its  relation  to: — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  4()5. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II.  p.  457. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,418,423,428. 
Heiglit,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418, 423,  428. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  532,  533,540, 
541,  548,  549,  556,  557, 564, 565, 572,  573, 582, 583, 
587,  594,  595,  602,  603, 610, 611,  618, 619, 626, 627, 
634,  635. 
Localitv  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp. 
646,  ()47,  656,  6.57,  606, 667,  676, 677,  686.  687, 696, 
697,  706,  707,  716,  717, 720, 727, 736, 737, 746, 747, 
756,  757,  706,  767. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  435,  440, 445, 450. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,  478,  483,  488,  493, 
498,  .503, 508,  513,  518,  .523. 
deformity  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv,  xix, 
liii,lix,  11. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  465. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 


530 


GENERAL   INDEX, 


CHEST. 

Chest,  deformity  of— Coutinned. 
its  relation  to : — 

Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413, 418, 423, 428. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413, 418, 423,  428. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  532, 533, 540, 
541,  !54S,  549, 556,  557,  564,  565,  572,  573,  582,  583, 
587, 594,  595,  602, 603, 610,  611, 018, 619,  626,  627, 
634, 635. 

Locality  (recruits  aud  suhstitiites),Vol.  II,  pp.  646, 
647, 656, 657, 666, 667,  676,  677, 686, 687, 696. 697, 
706,707,  710,717,726,727,  736,737,746,747,756, 
757, 766, 767. 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  435,  440,  445, 450. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  ])p.  473, 478,  483, 488, 493,  498, 
503,508,513,518,523. 

disease  df ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  px).  xs,  liii. 
expansion  of,  Vol.  I,  pp.  30, 38, 39, 40, 44, 45. 
expansion  of ;  its  relation  to  height,  and  girtli  of  chest, 
by  States  and  congressional  districts  in  : — 
AmericaB-horn  colored  men,  Vol.  II,  pp.  83-163. 
American-horn  white  men.  Vol.  II,  pp.  1-81. 
expansion  of ;  its  relation  to  height,  and  girth  of  chest, 
in  natives  of  different  countries.  Vol.  II,  pp.  166- 
197. 
expansion  of;  its  relation  to  height,  girth  of  chest, 
complexion,  and  age  in  : — 
American-born  colored  men,  accepted,  Vol.  IT,  pp. 

218-225. 
American-born  -white  men,  accepted,  Vol.  H,  pp. 
200-215. 

British-Americans,  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp.  228-243. 
Englishmen,  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp.  246-261. 
Germans,  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp.  282-297. 
Irishmen,  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp.  204-279. 
expansion  of;  its  relation  to  height, girth  of  chest, 

complexion,  age,  and  weight : — 
American-born  colored  men,  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp. 

318-333. 
American-born  white  men,  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp. 

300-315. 
British-Americans,  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp.  336-351. 
Englishmen,  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp.  354-369. 
Germans,  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp.  390-405. 
Irishmen,  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp.  372-387. 
girth  of.  Vol.  I,  pp.  30-38,  40-43,  46-48. 
its  relation  to : — 

Age,Vol.  I,  pp.  35,36,46. 

Complexion,  Vol.  I,  p.  37. 

Disease,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409-428. 

Height  in  five  nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  272. 

Nativity  and  age.  Vol.  I,  p.  92,  chart  Jx. 

Weight,  Vol.  I,  pp.  39, 40,  41. 
girth  of;  its  relation  to  height,  and  expansion  of  chest, 

by  States  and  congressional  districts  in: — 
American-born  colored  men,  Vol.  H,  pp.  83-163. 
American-born  white  men,  Vol.  II,  pp.  1-81. 
girth  of;  its  relation  to  height,  and  ex)>ansiou  of  chest, 

in  natives  of  different  countries,  Vol.  II,  pp.  166- 

197. 

girth  of;  its  relation  to  height,  expansion  of  chest, 

complexion,  and  age  in  : — 
American-born  colored  men,  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp. 

218-225. 
American-born   white  men,  accepted.  Vol.  II,  i>p. 

200-215. 

British-Americans,  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp.  228-243. 


CHUBBUCK. 

Chest,  girth  of— -Continued, 
its  relation  to : — 

Englishmen,  accepted.  Vol.  II, pp.  246-261. 
Germans,  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp.  282-297. 
Irishmen,  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp.  264-279. 
girth  of;  its  relation  to  height,  expansion  of  chest, 
complexion,  age,  and  weight  in  : — 
American-born   colored  men,  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp. 

318-333. 
American-born   white  men,  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp. 

300-315. 
British-Americans,  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pj).  336-351. 
Englishmen,  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp.  354-369. 
Germans,  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp.  390-405. 
Irishmen,  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp.  372-387. 
girth  of,  required  for  service  in  the  armies  of  differ- 

eut  countries,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ix. 
maltormation  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  48. 

mean  girth  of,  at  age  of  completed  growth  and  at  all 
ages,  Vol.  I,  p.  37. 

mean  girth  of;  its  relation  to  height  in  various  na- 
tivities. Vol.  I,  pp.  31, 32, 46, 47, 56, 57. 

mean  girth  of;  its  relation  to  increasing  height,  Vol. 
I,  pp.  33, 34, 35, 36. 

mean  girth  of;  its  relation  to  mean  mobility  of  chest, 
Vol.  I,  p.  45. 

measurement  required  for  service  in  Austrian  army, 
Vol  I,  p.  xxxvii. 

measurement  required  in  different  corps  of  the  Brit- 
ish army.  Vol.  I,  p.  xviii. 

mobility  of.  Vol.  I,  pp.  38-47. 

mobility  of,  extreme,  co-existing  with  hernia,  Vol.  I, 

p.  44. 
mobility  of;  extreme  cases.  Vol.  I,  p.  44. 
mobility  of;  its  relation  to  age.  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
mobility  of;  its  relation  to  height,  girth  of  chest,  aud 

locality.  Vol.  I,  pp.  45-47, 438. 
vital  capacity  of.    (See  "  mobility  of") 
Chests,  maximum,  medium,  and  minimum;  their  relation 

toheight,  Vol.  I,p.  43. 
Chief  Medical  OfBcer,  Provost-Marshal  General's  Bu- 
reau ;  duties  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  i. 
Chilblains  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxvii,  xxxii. 
China,  natives  of;  physical  dimensions  of,  according  to 

various  observers,  Vol.  I,  pp.  58,59. 
Cholera ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 

intermittents  less  jirevaleut  after  appearance  of.  Vol. 
I,  p.  347. 
Chorea;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,i)p.  xiii,xxix,  xlviii, 
liii, 6. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  461. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409, 414, 419,  424. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Locality   (drafted  men).  Vol.   11,  pp.  526,  .527,  534, 
.535,  542,  543,550,  551,558,  559,  566,  567,576,577, 
584,  588,  589,  590,  597,  604,  605,612,613,620,621, 
628,629. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  638, 
639,  (348,  649,  658,  659,  668,  669,  (378. 679, 688, 689, 
698,  699,  708,  709,  718,  719,  728,  729,738,739,748, 
749, 758, 759. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,  436,  441,  446. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  469,  474,  479,  484,  489,  494, 
499,  504,  509,  514,  519. 
Chubbuck  (Dr.  H.  S.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  279. 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


531 


CICATRICES. 

Cicatrices ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xii,  xiii,  xx, 
xxiv,  xxvi.xxviii,  XXX,  xxxi,  xxxv,  xliii,  xlv, 
xlvii,  liii.lvi,  lix. 

Cicero,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixiv. 
Citnabue  (Giov.anni),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixvi. 
Circulatory  system  ;  diseases  of,  Vol.  I,  pp.  79,90. 
their  relation  to : — 
Age,  Vol.  I,  chart  x ;  Vol.  II,  p.  4(i2. 
Complexiou,  Vol.  I,  chart  x :  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,  420,  425. 
Height,  Vol.  I,  chart  x ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,  420,  425. 
Locality,  Vol.  I,  chart  xlvi. 
Locality   (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  528,  529,  536, 

5:i7,  544,  545,  552,  553,  500,  561,  568,  569,  578,  579, 

585,  590,  591,  598,  599,  606,  607,  614,  615,  622,  623, 

630,631. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp.  640, 

641,  650,  651,  660,  661,  670,  671,  680,  681,  690,  691, 

7U0,  701,  710,  711,  720,  721,  730,  731,  740,  741,  750, 

751,  760,  761. 
Marriage,  Vol.  I,  chart  x;Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Nativity,  Vol.  I,  chart  x;  Vol.  II,  pp.  432,  437,  442, 

447. 
Occupation,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxxi;  Vol.  II,  pp.  470,475, 

480,  485, 490,  495,  500,  505,  510,  515,  520. 

Cirsocele  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvii,  xxv,  xxxv, 

Uv. 
Cirsophthalmia  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xliv. 
Civil  vrai ;  history  of,  by  the  C'omte  de  Paris,  Vol.  I,  p. 

518. 
Classification  of  disqualifying  diseases.  Vol.  I,  pp.  6-11. 
Clapp  (Hon.  A.  M.),  acknowledgments  to.  Vol.  I,  p.  vii. 
Claudication  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xviii. 
Clavicle,  fracture  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xlii. 
Cleft  palate  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  i>p.  Iviii,  8. 
Club-foot ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvii,  Iv,  10. 
its  relation  to : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  465. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413, 418,  423,  428. 
Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  532,  533,540, 
541, 548,  ,549, 556, 5.57,  564,  565,  572,  573,  582,  583, 
587,594,595,602,603,  610,  611,  618,  619,  626,  627, 
634, 635. 

Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.646, 
647,656,657,666,667,  676,  677,  686,  687,  696,  697, 
706,707,716,717,726,  727,  736,  737,  746,  747,  756, 
757, 766, 767. 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  435, 440,  44S,  450. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,  478, 483, ,  488,  493,  498, 
503,508,513,518,523. 
Cochin  (C.  N.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxv. 
Code  of  instructions  to  military  surgeons  in : — 
Austria,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxxvii,  xxxviii. 
France,  Vol.  I,  p.  x. 
Great  Britain,  Vol.  I,  p.  xix. 
North  German  Enipire,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxxi. 
The  United  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  1. 

The  United  States  during  the  war  of  the  rebellion, 
Vol.  I,  p.  Ivi. 
Collum  (Dr.  W.  F.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  424. 
Colored  men.     See  "Americans,  colored,"  and  "Negro." 

term  defined.  Vol.  I,  p.  4. 
Commencement  of  this  report,  date  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  iii. 


CONGRESS. 

Commissioner  in  board  of  enrollment  not  needed,  Vol. 
I,  pp.  251,  255. 

Commutation  for  drafted  men,  Vol.  I,  p.  380. 
Cgmparative  view  of  instructions  to  recruiting-surgeons 

by  difi'erent  governments.  Vol.  I,  p.  viii. 
Complexion,  Vol.  I,  pp.  60,  72. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Disease,  Vol.  II,  pp.  453-457. 
Nativity,  Vol.  I,  p.  60. 
Stature,  Vol.  I,  p.  24. 

its  relation  to  height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest, 
and  age  in  : — 

American-born  colored  men  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp. 
218-225. 

American-born   white  men  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp. 
200-215. 

British-Americans  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp.  228-243. 
Englishmen  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp.  246-261. 
Germans  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp.  283-297. 
Irishmen  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp.  264-279. 
its  relation  to  height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest, 
age,  and  weight  in  : — 

American-born  colored  men  accepted.  Vol.  XI,  pp. 

318-333. 

American-born   white  men  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp. 
300-315. 

British-Americans  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp.  336-351. 
Englishmen  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp.  354-369. 
(^ermans  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp.  390-405. 
Irishmen  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp.  372-387. 
of  parts  other  than  the  face.  Vol.  I,  p.  61. 
proportion  of  dark  and  light.  Vol.  I,  p.  24. 
ratios  of  dark  and  light.  Vol.  I;  p.  60. 
Compton  (Dr.  .1.  W.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  365. 
Comte  de  Paris,  his  history  of  the  civil  war,  Vol.  I,  p.  518. 
Conditions   (age,    complexion,    height,    marriage,    and 
nativity)  in  relation  to  certain  diseases,  Vol.  I, 
p.  83,  chart  xxiv. 

not  necessarily  associated  with  disease;  explanation 

of  term,  Vol.  I,  pp.  11,  82. 
not  necessarily  associated  with  disease  ("  under-size," 
etc.),  in  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  I,  chart  xx ;  Vol.  II,  p.  465. 
Complexion,  Vol.  I,  chart  xx;  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  413, 418, 423, 428. 

Height,  Vol.  I,  chart  xx  ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418, 423, 

428. 
Locality,  Vol.  I,  chart  Hi. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  .532,  533,  540, 

541, 548, 549, 556,  .557,  564,  565,  572,  573,  582,  583, 

587,594,595,602,603,  610,  611,  618,  619,  626,  627, 

634, 635. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  646, 

647, 656,  657, 666, 667,  676,  677,  686,  687„  696    697, 

706,707,716,717,726,  727,  736,  737,  746,  747,  756, 

757, 766, 767. 
Marriage,  Vol.  I,  chart  xx  ;  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Nativity,  Vol.  I,  chart  xx  ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  435, 440, 44.5, 

450. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,478,483,488,493,498, 

503, 508, 513, 518, 523. 
Congelation ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 
Congress,  act  of,  creating  the  Provost-Marshal-General's 

Bureau,  Vol.  I,  p.  i. 
act  of;    for  enrolling  and  calling  out  the  national 

forces,  Vdl.  1,  p.  i. 
resolution   of;   authorizing  the  preparation   of  this 

report.  Vol.  I,  p.  iii. 


532 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


CONGRESSIONAL. 

Congressional,  or  enrollment  districts,  Vol.  I,  i)}).  13, 

507. 
iu  1863. 1HG4,  Vol.  I,  plate  i. 
Conscription  ;  mode  of  cnnducting: — 
In  Belgium,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxii. 
In  France,  Vol.  I,  p.  s. 

In  the  United  States  (luring  tlie  Tvar  of  the  rebel- 
lion. Vol.  I,  p.  Ivi.     (See,  also,  "drafts.") 

Constitution,  impaired;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 
xix,  XX,  11. 
weakness  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xi,  xxv, 
xxvii,  xxxii,  xxxvi,  li,  Ivii. 
Consumption.     (See  Phthisis  Pulmonalis.) 
Consumptive  patients  ;  climate  of  Iowa  for.  Vol.  I,  p. 
453. 
climate  of  Michigau  for,  Vol.  I,  p.  464. 

Contractions,   cutaneous;    cause   for  rejection.   Vol.  I, 
p.lix,  10. 
their  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  465. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418, 423,  428. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  4-J3, 428. 
Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  532,  533,540, 
541,548,549,556,557,  564,  565,  572,  573,  582,  583, 
587,594,595,602,603,  610,  611,  618,  619,  626,  627, 
634,635. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  646, 
647, 656, 657, 666,  067,  676,  677,  686,  687,  696,  697, 
706,707,716,717,726,  727,  736,  737,  746,  747,  756, 
7.57, 766, 767. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  435,  440,  445,  450. 
Occnpation,  Vol.   II,  pp.  473,  478,483,488,493,498, 
503, 508, 513,  518, 523. 
muscular;  causa  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiii,  xvii, 
xxviii,  lix. 
their  relation  to : — • 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  465. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 
Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  532,  533,  540, 
541,  548,  549,  hoG,  5,57, 5(i4,  565,  572,  573,  582, 583, 
587,  594,  595,  602,  603, 010, 611,  618,  619, 626,  627, 
634,  635. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  646, 
647,  656,  657,  666,  667,  676,  677, 686,  687,  696,697, 
706, 707,  716,  717, 726,  727,  736,  737,746,  747,  756, 
757,  766,  767. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  435,  440,  445,  450. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,  478,  4*3,  488,  493, 498, 
503,  .508,  513,  518,  523. 

Contusions  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxvi,  Ivii. 

Convulsions,  periodic;  cause  for  rejection.   Vol.  I,  pp. 
xxix,  xlviii,  Ivii. 

Connecticut,  men  examined  in  ; 

height,  girth,  and  exji.uiKion  of  chest.  Vol  II,  pp.  2, 

3, 12, 13, 22, 23, 32,  33,  42, 43, 52,  53, 62, 63, 72,  73. 
mean  girth  of  chest,  in  relation  to  heiglit,  compared 

with  that  of  men  from  otlier  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
mean  height  and  girtli  of  chest,  in  each  congressional 

district,  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 

States,  Vol.  I,  i)p.  25-27. 
mean  height,  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 

States,  Vol.  1,  pp.  24, 29. 


CUTANEOUS. 

Connecticut— Continued. 

mean  mobility  of  chest,  in  relation  to  height  and 
girth  of  chest,  compared  with  that  of  men  from 
other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 

number  and  ratio  per  thousand  of  recruits  and  sub- 
stitutes, rejected  in  each  congressional  district 
on  account  of  specified  diseases.  Vol.  II,  pp.  649, 
651, 653, 655, 657. 

number  of  drafted  men  exempted  iu  each  congres- 
sional district  on  account  of  specified  diseases. 
Vol.  II,  pp.  527, 529, 531,  .533. 

ratio  per  thousand  of  drafted  men  exempted  in  each 
congressional  district  on  account  of  specified 
di.seases.  Vol.  II,  pp.  584-587. 

height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest  of  colored  men, 
Voh  II,  pp.  84,  85,  94,  95,  104,  105,  114,  115, 124, 
125, 134, 135, 144, 145, 154, 15.5. 

Connecticut ;  suigeou's  report  from  :— 
iirst  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  227. 
second  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  229. 
third  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  234. 
fourth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  238. 

Coolidge  (R.  H.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  i,  1,  Ixxiv,  27,  47,  48. 
Cornea,  conicity  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  li. 

opacity  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  li. 

tumors  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xiv. 

ulcers  of ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xiv. 
Corneille  (J.  B.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxv. 
Corns  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xviii. 
Corporal  punishment,  traces  of;    cause  for   rejection, 

Vol.  I,  pp.  xix,  XX. 

Corsica,  rate  of  military  aiJtitnde  in,  Vol.  I,  p.  63. 
Corson  (Dr.  William),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  304. 
Cousin  (Jean),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixvi,  Ixxxv. 
Crane  (Dr.  H.  0.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  470. 
Cranial  bones,  partial  loss  of  sub,stance  of;   cause  for 
rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxxiii,  xlviii. 

Cranium,  disease  of;    cause    for  rejection.   Vol.   I,   pp. 
xxxiii,  xliv,  lii,  liii. 

partial  deformity  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp. 
xxvi,  xxxiii,  xliv. 
Crime.     (See  Felons.) 

Crimea,  sickness  of  troox's  in,  Vol.  I,  p.  viii. 
Crosby  (Dr.  Dixi),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  185. 
Cross  (Dr.  E.  C),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  474. 
Cross  (Dr.  J.  A.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  290. 
Crystalline  lens,  loss  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  6. 

luxation  of;  cause  for  rejectiou.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiv. 
Cummin  (William),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxv. 
Curtis  (Dr.  J.  S.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  227. 
Curvature  of  leg ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 
Curvature  of  spine  ;  cause  for  rejectiou.  Vol.  I,  jip.  xxx, 

10. 
Curve  of  stature  of  American  colored  men.  Vol.  I,  p.  21. 

of  American  white  men.  Vol.  I,  p.  20. 

Cutaneous  system,  diseases  of;   a  cau.se  for  rejection, 
Vol.  I,  pp.  xix,  xxv,  x.xvii,  xxix,  10. 
diseases  of.  Vol.  I,  pp.  82,  91. 
their  relation  to : — 

Age,  Vol.  I,  chart  xix;  Vol.  II,  p.  465. 
Complexion,  Vol.  I,  chart  xix;  Vol.  11,  p.  457. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 
Height,  Vol.  I,  chart  xix;  Vol.   II,   pp.  413,  418, 

423,  428. 
Locality,  Vol.  I,  chart  li. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


533 


CUTANEOUS. 

Cutaneous  system,  diseases  of — Contimieil. 

tlu'ir  iclalKHi  to  ; — 

Localitv  ((liaftcd  men),  Vol.  11,  pp.  533,  .'SS^,  540, 
541,  548,  549,  55fi,  557,  .5(i4,  5(i5,  .572,  .57:?,  .'iffi,  58:i, 
587,  594,  595,  602,  603,  610,  Cll,  (il8,  619,  620,  627, 
634,  635. 
Locnlitv  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.646, 
647,  056,  6.57,  666,  667,  676,  677,  (i80,  687,  696,  697, 
706,  707,  716,  717,  726,  727,  736,  737,  746,  747,  756, 
757,  766,  767. 
Marringe,  Vol.  I,  cliart  six;  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Nativity,  Vol.  I,  chart  xix;  Vol.  II,  pp.  43.5,  440,  445, 

450. 
Occnpatioii,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,  478,483,488,49.3,498, 
503, 508, 513, 518, 523. 
Cyanosis  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 
Cyrtometre,  the,  Vol.  I,  p.  48. 
Cystitis  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvi,  liv. 
Cysts  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xii,  xiv,  xvii. 

D. 

Panson  (J.  T.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixxxv,  17,  18. 

Dartrous  affections  of  scrotum ;  cause  for  rejection. 

Vol.  I,  p.  xvii. 
Dartrous  eruption  of  lips  ;  cause  for  rejectiou.  Vol.  I,  p. 

XV. 

David  (Emtfric),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxv. 
David  (F.-A.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxv. 
Davis  (Dr.  Barnard),  Vol.  I,  p.  Isxii. 
Davis  (Dr.  G.  W.),  Report  of,  Vol.  1,  p.  276. 
Deaf-dumbness  ;  cause  forrivjection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiv,  xxx, 
xlix,7. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  462. 
Complexiou,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,  420,  425. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,  420,  42.5. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.   II,  pp.  526,  527,  534, 
535,  542,  543,  550,  551,  558,  559,  566,  567,  576,  577, 
584.  588,  589,  596,  597,  604,  605,  612,  613,  620,  621, 
628,  629. 
Localitv  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp.  640, 
641,  650,  651,  660,  661,  670,  671,  680,  681,  690,  691, 
700,  701,  710,  711,  720,  721,  730,  731,  740,  741,  750, 
751,  760,  761. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  432,  437,  442,  447. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  470,  475,  480,  48.5,  490,  495, 
.500,  50.5,  .510,  5 15,  .520. 
Deafness;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiv,  xxi,  xxiii, 
xxviii,  xxx,  xxxii,  xxxiv,  li,  Ivii,  Iviii,  7. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  462. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.53. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,  430,  425. 
•     Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,  420,  425. 

Locality  (drafted   men).  Vol.  II,  pp.*  526,  527,  534, 
535,  542,  543,  550,  551,  558,  .559,  56(5,  567,  576,  577, 
584,  588,  589,  596,  597,  604,  605,  612,  613,  620.  621, 
628,  629. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  640, 
641,  650,  651,  660,  661.  670,  671,  680,  681,  690,  691, 
700,  701,  710,  711,  720,  721.  730,  731,  740,  741,  7.50, 
751,  760,  761. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Nativity,  Voh  II,  pp.  432,  437, 442, 447. 

.  Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  470,  475,  460,  485,  490,495, 

,500,50.5,510,515,520. 

De  Benneville  ( Dr.  J.  S.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  ]..  296. 


DENMAEK. 

Debility,  general ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxvii, 

xlviii. 
permanent  physical ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 

Iviii,  11. 
permanent  physical ;  its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  46.5. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418, 423,428. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 
Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pi).  532,533,540, 

541,  548,  549,  556,  557,  .564,  565.  572,  57.3,  .582,  583, 

587,  594,  595,  602,  603,  610,  (ill,-618,  619,  626,  627, 

634,  635. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  646, 

647,  656,  657,  666,  667,  676,  677,  686,  687,  696,  697, 

706,  707,  716,  717,  726,  727,  736,  737,  746,  747,  756, 

7.57,  766,  767. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  43.5,  440, 445,  450. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,  478,  483,488,   498,493, 

503,  508, 513, 518,  523. 

Deformity  ;  causeforrejectiou.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiii,  xvii,  xlviii, 
liii. 
of  chest ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv,  xix,  liii, 
lix,  11. 

of  cranium ;  cause  for  rejectiou,Vol.  I,  pp.  xxvi,  sxxiii, 

xliv. 
of  face;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxviii,  xliv, 

xlviii,  lii. 

of  ijugers ;   cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvii,  xxi, 

xxvi,  xxxii,   Iv,  12. 
of  lower  extremities;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp. 

xxvi,  xliii,  xlvi,  xlix,  12. 
of  spine  ;  cause  for  rejectiou.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xx,  xxvi,  xlvi, 

liii. 
of  tongue;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv,  xxiii, 

xiv. 

of  nppcr  extremitieH;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp. 
xxvi,  xliii,  xlvi. 
Delavrare,  men  examined  in  ; 

height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest  of.  Vol.  II,  pp. 

6, 7, 16, 17,  26,  27,  36,  37,  46,  47,  56, 57,  66,67, 76, 77. 
mean  girth  of  chest  in  relation  to  height,  compared 

with  that  of  men  from  other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
mean   height  and  girth   of  chest  in,  compared  with 

that  of  men  from  other  States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  25-27. 
mean  height  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 

States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  24,  29. 
mean   mobility  of  chest,  in   relation  to  height  and 

girth  of  chest,  compared  with  that  of  men  from 

other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
number  and  ratio  per  thousand  of  recrui's  and  sub- 
stitutes rejected  on  account  of  speciKed  diseases. 

Vol.  II,  pp.  698, 700,  702,  704,  706. 
number  of  drafted  men  exempted  on  .account  of  speci- 
fied diseases,  Vol.  II,  pp.  .550, 552,  554,  556. 
ratio  per    thousand  of  drafted    men   exempted  on 

account  of  siiecified  diseases,  Vol.   II,   pp.   604, 

606, 608,  610. 
height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest  of  colored  men. 

Vol.  II,   pp.  88,89,98,99,108,  109,  118,  119,  128, 

129,  138,  139, 148, 149, 158,159. 

Delirium  tremens  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxvii, 
11. 

Dementia  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiii,  li. 

Denmark,  natives  of;  mean  girth  of  chest  compared  with 
that  of  other  nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
mean  height  compared  with  that  of  other  nativities, 
Vol.  I,  p.  23. 


534 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


DENMARK. 

Denmark,  natives  of — Continued. 

mean  mobility   of   chest,  iu  relation  to  height  and 
girth  of  chest,  compared  with  that  of  other  na- 
tivities, Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
natives  of ;  their  height,  girth,  and  expansion  of  chest, 
Vol.  II,  pp.   1G8,   1G9,  172,  173,  176, 177,  180,  181, 
184, 185, 188, 189,  192, 193, 196, 197. 
rate  of  military  aptitude  in.  Vol.  I,  p.  63. 
Desertion  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  li. 
Diabetes  ;  cause  for  rtyection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvi,  xxviii,  liv. 
Diarrhoea,  chronic;  cause  for  rejection, Vol.  I,  pp.  xxvi, 
liii,  8, 12.  • 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  463. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.'j5. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  411, 416, 421,  426. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,416,421,426. 
Locality   (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pj).  642, 
643, 652, 653, 662,  663,  672,  673,  682,  683,  692,  693, 
702,703,712,713,  722,  723,  732,  733,  742,  743,  752, 
753, 762, 763. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  ]>.  455. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  433,  438,  443, 448. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  471,  476,  461,486,491,496, 
501,506,511,516,521. 

Digestive  system,  diseases  of  the,  Vol.  I,  pp.  79,  90. 
in  relation  to: — 
Age,  Vol.  I,  chart  xiii;  Vol.  II,  p.  463. 
Complexion,  Vol.  I,  chart  xiii ;  Vol.  IX,  p.  455. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,416,421,426. 

Height,  Vol.  I,  chart  xiii;  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,416,421, 
426. 

Locality,  Vol.  I,  chart  xlv. 

Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  528,  529,  530, 
531, 536, 537, 538,  .539,  544,  545,  546,  .547,  .552,  553, 
554, 555,  ,560, 561, 562,  563,  568,  569,  570,  571,  ,578, 
579,580,581,585,586,  590,  591,  592,  .593,  598,  .599, 
600,601,606,607,608,  609,  614,  615,  616,  617,  622, 
623, 624, 625, 630, 631, 632, 033. 

Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  642, 
643, 652, 653, 662, 663,  672,  673,  682,  683,  692,  693, 
702,703,712,713,722,  723,  732,  7.33,  742,  743,  752, 
7.53, 762, 763. 

Marriage,  Vol.  I,  chart  xiii ;  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Nativity,  Vol.  I,  chart  xiii ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  433,  438, 

443,  448. 
Occupation,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxxii ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  471, 

476,  481, 486, 491, 496, 501, 506, 511, 516,  521. 
diseases  of,  the  most  prevalent  class  of  diseases,  Vol.1, 

pp.  80, 92. 

Digitalis  employed  iu  simulating  heart  disease.  Vol.  I, 
p.  172. 

Dimensions,  mean,  of  man,  according  to  various  observ- 
ers, Vol.  I,  pp.  56-59. 

Diodorus  Siculus,  Vol.  I,  pp.  lxiv,lxxxv. 
Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus,  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixiv,  Ixxxv. 
Diplopia ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxiv. 
Dipsomania  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  li.     (See  also 
"  druukeuness.") 

Disease,  Vol.  I,  pp.  82,  83. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxii ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  461-465. 
Complexion,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxii ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  453-457. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409-428. 
Height,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxii ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  409-428. 
Locality,  Vol.  I,  chart  Ivi. 
Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  ])p.  586-635. 


DRAFTED  MEN. 

Disease — Continued. 

Locality   (recruits   and   substitutes),   Vol.   II,  pp. 

638-767. 
Marriage,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxii ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  453-457. 
Nativity,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxii ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  431-450. 
Occupation,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxxiv;  Vol.  II,  pp.  469-523. 
(exclusive  of  "Conditions  not  necessarily  associated 
with  disease"), its  relation  to: — 
Age,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxiii. 
Coinplexion,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxiii. 
Height,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxiii. 
Locality,  Vol.  I,  chart  Ivii. 
Marriage,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxiii. 
Nativity,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxiii. 
organic,  of  internal  organs;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I, 
p.  5. 

of  stomach;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xv.         • 
of  the  eyes  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 
Diseases,  all  disqualifying  (drafted  men),  Vol.  I,  plate ii. 
cutaneous  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xix,  xxv. 
mental ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 
nomenclature  of.  Vol.  I,  pp.  4-12. 

of  the  urinary  passages;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I, 
p.  xxv. 

unclassified  ;  explanation  of  term.  Vol.  I,  p.  5. 
Dislocations  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxxii,  xlvi, 

liii,  liv,  Ivi,  lix,  10. 
Disqualifications  for  service  in  : — 

Austrian  army.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxxvii. 

Belgian  army.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxiii,  xxiv. 

British  army.  Vol.  I,  p.  xix. 

French  army.  Vol.  I,  p.  xi. 

Prussian  army,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxxi. 

Regular  armies  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  li. 

Swiss  army.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxv-xxx. 
District  of  Columbia,  men  examined  in  ; 

height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest  of,  Vol.  II,  pp.  6, 
7, 16, 17, 26, 27. 36, 37,  46,  47, 56,  .57,  66, 67, 76, 77. 

mean  girth  of  chest,  in  relation  to  height,  compared 
with  that  of  men  from  other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 

mean  height  and  girth  of  chest  iu,  compared  with 
that  of  men  from  other  States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  25-27. 

mean  height  compared  with  that  of  men  fi'om  other 
States,  Vol.  L  pp.  24,29. 

mean  mobility  of  chest,  in  relation  to  height  and 
girth  of  chest,  compared  with  that  of  men  from 
other  States,  Vol.  1,  p.  45. 

number  and  ratio  per  thousand  of  recruits  and  sub- 
stitutes rejected  on  account  of  specified  diseases. 
Vol.  II,  pp.  699,701,70.3,705,707. 

number  of  drafted  men  exempted  on  account  of  speci- 
fied diseases.  Vol.  II,  pp.  550,  5.52,  554,  556. 

ratio  per  thousand  of  drafted  men  exempted  on  ac- 
count of  specified  diseases.  Vol.  II,  pp.  604,  (506, 
608,  610. 

height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest,  of  colored  men. 
Vol.  II,  pp.  88,  89,  98,  99,  108,  109,  118,  119,  128, 
129, 138, 139, 148, 149, 158, 159. 

Districts,  congressional  or  enrollment,  Vol.  I,  plate  i,pp. 
13,  507. 

Dorsey  (Dr.  R.  E.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  3.54. 

Doryphoros,  the,  of  Polykleitus,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixiv. 

Douglas  (Dr.  George),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  266. 

Draft-riot  in  New  York  City,  Vol.  I,  p.  244. 

iu  New  York  State,  Vol.  I,  p.  260. 

in  twelfth  district  of  Pennsylvania,  Vol.  I,  p.  325. 
Drafted  men,  commutation  for.  Vol.  I,  p.  380. 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


535 


DRAFTED  MEN. 

Drafted  men — Continiied. 
term  defined,  Vol.  I,  p.  3. 
total  mimlier  of,  esauiined,  Vol.  I,  p.  li. 
total  number  of,  exempted.  Vol.  I,  p.  ii. 
Drafts  ;  acts  of  Congress  authorizing.  Vol.  I,  p.  i. 
number  of,  and  date  of  each,  Vol.  I,  p.  ii. 
(See  also  "conscription.") 
Dropsy,  general ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  4(il. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414, 419,  424. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp.  638, 
639,  648,  649,  658,  659,  668.  669,  678,  679,  688,  689, 
698,  699,  708,  709,  718.  719,  728,  729,  738,  739,  748, 
749,  758, 759. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,  436, 441,  446. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  469,  474, 479,  484,  489,  494, 
499,  504,  509,  .514,  .51 9. 
of  sheaths  of  tendons  ;  caute  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p. 

xiil. 
of  the  great  cavities ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 

xii,  xlvi. 
renal ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  liv. 
Drunkenness,  habitual ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 

xxxvi,  li,  Ivii. 
Ductless  glands,  diseases  of;  their  relation  to: 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  462. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  410, 415,  420,  425. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,  420,  425. 
•  Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  640, 
641,  6.50,  651,  660,  661,  670,  671,  (  80,  681,  690,  691, 
700,  701,  710,  711,  720,  721,  730,  731,  740,  741,  750, 
751,  760,  761. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  432,  437,442,447. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  470,  475,  480,  485,  490,  495, 
500, 505,  510,  515,  520. 
Ducts,  lachrymal,  closure   of,  or  distention   of  sac   of; 
cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  lii. 
deviation  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xv. 
disease  of ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xv. 
fistula  of;  cause  for  lejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv,  xxxiii, 

xliv,  lii. 
tumor  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p  xv. 
Du  Grez  (Bernard  du  Puy),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxv. 
Dumbness ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv,  xvii,  xxiii, 
xxiv,  XXX,  xxxiv,  xlv,  lii,  Iviii. 

Dunant  ( ),  Vol.  I,  p,  17, 18. 

Duncan  (Dr.  Samuel),  Report  of.  Vol. "I,  p. 219. 

Durer  (Albert),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixvi,  Ixxxv. 

Dvrarfs,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxix. 

Dynamometer,  Reguiers,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvii. 

Dysentery;  cause  for  rejection;  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxvii,  liii,  12. 

Dyspepsia  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  liii. 

Dysphagia ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv,  xxiv,  xxix, 

liii. 
Dyspnoea  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 
Dystichiasis ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xiv. 

E. 

Ear,  diseases  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxi,  xxvii, 
xxviii,  xliv,  li,  78. 


ENGLAND. 

Ear,  diseases  of— Coutiuned. 

diseases  of;  their  relation  to: — 
Age,  Vol.  I,  chart,  ix  ;  Vol.  II,  p.  462. 
Complexion,  Vol.  I,  chart  ix  ;  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410.  415,  420,  425. 
Height,  Vol.  I,  chart  ix  ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,  420, 

425. 
Locality,  Vol.  I,  chart  xliii. 

Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  r26,  527,534, 
535,  ,542,  543,  550,  551,  558,  559,  566,  567,  576,  577, 
584,  588,  589,  596,  597,  604,  605>  612,  613,  620,  621, 
628,  629. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp.  640, 
641,  650,  651,  660,  661,  670,  671,  680,  681,  690,  691, 
700,  701,  710,  711,  720,  721,  730,  731,  740,  741,  750, 
751,760,761. 
Marriage  Vol.  I,  chart  ix  ;  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Nativity,  Vol.  I,  chart  ix  ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  432,  437,  442, 

447. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  j.p.  470,  475,  480,  485,  490,  495, 
500,  505, 510,  515, 520. 
external,  atrophy  or  hypertrophy  of;  cause  for  rejec- 
tion. Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
external,  loss  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiii, 

xxiii,  xliv,  li. 
internal,  purulent   discharge  from;  cause  for  rejec- 
tion. Vol.  I,  pp.  xiv,  xxxiv. 
malformation  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xliv, 
li. 
Ebert  (Dr.  Edwin),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  391. 
Ecstacy  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
Ecthyma ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xii. 
Ectropion  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiv,  xliv. 
Ekzema  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xii,  xiii,  xxxiii, 

Iv. 
Effusion,  pleuritic  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.xvi. 
Egyptian    artists  ;    their  rules  of  proportion   for   the 

human  figure,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixiii. 
Elephantiasis  of  scrotum  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I, 

p.  xvii. 
Elliott  (E.  B.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  viii,lxxvi,  Ixxxv,  48. 
Elsholz  (J.  S.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxv. 
Elster  (J.  C),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixviii,  Ixxxv. 
Ely  (Medicin-Major),  Vol.  I,  pp.  5, 15, 64. 
Emaciation ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xii,  xlix. 
Emphysema,  pulmonary  :  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 
xvi,  xxix,  xxxvi,  xlvi,  liii. 
simulated,  Vol.  I,  p.  477. 
Eruptive  fevers  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 
Empyema,  thoracic ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxxvi. 
Encanthis ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv,  li. 
Encephalon  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 
Endocarditis;  cau.se  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 
England,  natives  of;  increase  of  weight  with  increase  of 
^irth  of  chest.  Vol.  I,  p.  41. 
meau  age  in  relation  to  height,  girth  and  expansion 

of  chest,  Vol.  I,  p.  46. 
mean  age  of,  in  the  Army,  Vol.  I,  p.  51. 
mean  girth  of  chest  at  all  ages  and  at  age  of  com- 
pleted growth,  Vol.  I,  p.  37. 
mean    girth   of  chest,  compared  with  that  of  other 

nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
meau  girth  of  chest,  in  relation  to  complexion.  Vol.  I, 

pp.  37,  38. 
mean  girth  of  chest,  in  relation  to  increasing  height, 

Vol.  I,  pp.  34,  36. 
mean  height  compared  with  that  of  other  nativities. 
Vol.  I,  p.  23. 


536 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


ENGLAND. 

England,  raen  examined  in — Continued. 

mean  hti^ljt  in  relation  to  complexion,  Vol.  I,  p.  38. 
mean   mobility  of  cbest,  in  relation   to  Leigbt  and 
girth  of  cliest,  compared  with  that  of  other  ua- 
tivitie.s,  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
physical  dimensions  of,  according  to  various  observers, 

Vol.  I,  pp.  .'■)G-5y. 
proportion  of  light  to  dark  complexions,  Vol.  I,  pp. 

37,  38,  60,  61. 
proportion  of  soldiers  at  each  quinquennial  mean  age, 

from  16  to  45,  Vol.  I,  p.  49. 
proportion  of  soldiers  to  the  population.  Vol.  I,  p.  64. 
relation  of  height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest  to 

mean  weight,  Vol.  I,  p.  40. 
their  height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest.  Vol.  II, 
pp.  166,  167,  170,  171,  174,  175,  178,  179,  182,  183, 
186,  167,  190,  191,  194,  195. 
English-speaking  countries  ;  ratio  of  rejection  among 

natives  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  H4. 
Englishmen,  .accepted  ;  their  height  girth  and  expansion 
of  che.st,  complexion,  and  age.  Vol.  II,  pp.  246  261. 
their  height,  girth   and  expansicm  of  chest,  complex- 
ion, age,  and  weight.  Vol.  II,  pp.  354-369. 
Enrolled  men  ;  teim  do  lined.  Vol.  I,  p.  3. 
Eurollmeut,  board  of;  commissioner  of,  not  needed,  Vol. 
I,  pp.  251,  255. 
boards  of:  liow  constituted,  Vol.  I,  p.  i. 
confined  to  certain  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  13. 
districts.  Vol.  I,  plate  i,  pp.  13,  507. 
how  and  by  whom  made.  Vol.  I,  j).  i. 
recommended  to  be  made  in  time  of  peace,  Vol.  I,  pp. 
354,  .359. 
Entropion ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiv,  xxxiii, 

xliv. 
Epilepsy  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiii,  xxiv,  xxix, 
xxxvi,  xlviii,  liii,  Ivii,  6. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  461. 
Complexion,  Vol.  11,  p.  453. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  I,  plate  viii ;  Vol.  II,  pp. 
526,  527,  534,  535,  542,  543,  550,  551,  558,  559,  566, 
567,  .576,  577,  584,  588,  589,  596,  597,  604,  605,  612, 
613,  620,  621,  628,  629. 

Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.638, 
639,  648,  649,  658,  659,  668,  6(i9,  678,  679,  688,  689, 
698,  699,  708,  709,  718,  719,  728,  729,  738,  739,  748, 
749,  758,  759. 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 

Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,  436,  441,  446. 

Occupation,  Vol.  11,  pp.  469,  474,  479,  484,  489,  494, 
499,  504,  .509,  514,  519. 

Epiphora  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  Hi. 
Epispadia ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  iv,  xvi,  xxiii, 
XXX,  xlii,  xlvi,  liv,  lix,  9, 12.     . 
its  relation  to : — 
Age,Vol.II,  p.  404. 
Complexion,  Vol.  11,  p.  456. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422,  427. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422,  427. 
Locality  (drafte<l  men).  Vol.  II,  ])p.  ,530,  .531,  .538,  539, 
546,  .547,  554,  555,  562,  ,56H,  .570,  ,571,  580,  581,  586, 
592,  .593,  <i(IO,  601,  (iOri,  (!09,  till),  617,  624,  625,  632, 
633. 

Locality  (recruits  and  suli.stitutcs),  Vol.  II,  pp.644, 
645,  654,  655,  664,  665,  ()74,  675,  684,  685,  694,  695, 
704,  705,  714,  715,  724,  725,  734,  735,  744,  745,  754, 
755, 764,  765. 


EYE. 

Epispadia — Continued. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  iip.  456. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  434,  439,  444,  449. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.472,  477,  482,  487,  492,  497, 
502,  507,  512,  517,  522. 
Epulis  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xv. 
Erysipelas  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xii,  6. 
its  relation  to: — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  461. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.11,  pp.638, 
639,  648,  649,  658,  659,  668,  669,  678,  679,  688,  689, 
69 jt,  699,  708,  709,  718,  719,  728,  729,  738,  739,  748, 
749,  758,  759. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,  436,  441,  446. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  469,  474,  479,  484,  489,  494, 
499,  504,  509,  514,  519. 

Eustachian  tube,  contraction  of;    cause  for  rejection. 
Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
obliteration  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
Examination  of  the  recruit ;  how  made  in  :— 
Austria,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxxvii. 
France,  Vol.  I,  p.  xi. 
Great  Britain,  Vol.  I,  jjp.  xix. 
North-German  Empire,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxxi. 
The  United  States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  iii-v,  Ivi,  Ivii. 
Examinations,  physical ;  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxv. 

manner  of  conducting.  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ivi,  Ivii. 

how  many  possible  2>^>'  di^M,  Vol.  I,  p.  169.   (See,  also. 

Surgeons'  Reports, iMssim.) 
under   the  Provost-Marshal-General's  Bureau;  how 
made,  Vol.  1,  pp.  iii-v,  Ivi,  Ivii. 
Examining  surgeons  ;  character  and  abilities  of.  Vol.  I, 
p.  ii. 
reports  received  from,  Vol.  I,  pp.  171-501. 
reports  required  of.  Vol.  I,  pp.  v,  161, 162. 
Exanthemata  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xtiii. 
Exempted  men;  term  defined.  Vol.  I,  p.  4. 
Exophthalmia  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiv,  xliv, 

li. 
Exostosis  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiv,  xvi,  xxviii. 
Expansion  of  chest.     (See  "chest"  aud  "mobility  of 

chest.") 
Expansion  of  chest ;   term  defined,  Vol.  I,  p.  30. 
Explanation  of  the  tables.  Vol.  II,  pp.  v-xxv  ii. 
Extremities,  deformity  of   lower ;  cause   for  njection, 
Vol.  1,  pp.  xxvi,  xliii,  xlvi,  xlix,  12. 
deformity  of   upper;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.   I  pp. 

xxvi,  xliii,  xlvi. 
hypertrophy  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xlix. 
wasting  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol  I,  p.  xvii. 
Extrophy  of  bladder ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 
Eye,  cataract  of  right ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  6. 
its  relation  to : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  461. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414, 419,  424. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419, 424. 
Locality   (drafted   raen).   Vol.    II,  op.  .526,  .527,  .534, 
535,  542,  543,  550,  551,  558,  559,  566,  567,  576,  577; 
584,  588,  589,  596,  597,  604,  605,  612,  613,  620,  621, 
628,  629. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


537 


EYE. 

Eye,  cataract  of  right — Continued, 
its  relation  to — 

Locality  (recruits  ami  snbstitntes),  Vol.  II,  jip.  638, 
fi39,  (;48,  649,  f).')8,  (iSO,  G6H,  Otiy,  078,  079,  088,  089, 
698,  699,  708,  709,  718,  719,  728,  729,  738,  739,  748, 
749,  758,  7.'59. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  Vol.  11,  pp.  431,  430,  441, 446. 
Oecnpation.Vol.  II,  pp.  469,  474,  479,  484,  489,  494, 

499,504,509,514,519. 
(See,  also,  "  cataract.") 
diseases  of  the  ;  Vol.  I,  p.  77. 
their  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  I,  chart  viii. 
Complexion,  Vol.  I,  chart  viii. 
Height,  Vol.  I,  chart  viii. 
Locality,  Vol.  I,  chart  xlii. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  I,  plate  x. 
Marriage,  Vol.  I,  chart  viii. 
Nativity,  Vol.  I,  chart  viii. 
loss  of  crystalline  lens  of  right ;  cause  for  rejection, 
Vol.  I,  pp.  li,  lviii,6. 
its  relation  to  : 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  401. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.53. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  409, 414, 419,  424. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419, 424. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  526,  527,  534, 
535,  542, 543,  550,  551,  558,  559,  566,  567, 576,  .577, 
584,  588, 589, 596,  597,  604,  605,  612,  613,  620, 621, 
628,  629. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,430,  441, 4<6. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II.  pp.  469,  474,479,484,489,494, 
499, 504, 509, 514, 519. 
loss  of  one  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xi,  xlviii. 
loss  of  one;  not  thought  disqualifying.  Vol.  I,  p.  168. 
loss  of  sight  of  left ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I.  p.  7. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  461. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  409, 414, 419, 424. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409, 414,  419,  424. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp. 
633, 039, 648, 649,  ()58, 659, 668, 609, 678,  079,  (588, 
689, 698, 699, 708, 709, 718, 719, 728, 729,  738,  739, 
748,  749, 758, 759. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,  436,  441,  446. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,474,479,484,  489,494, 
499,504,509,514,519. 
loss  of  sight  of  one ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 

xxviii,  li. 
loss  of  sight  of  right ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 
li,  lviii,7. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  461. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419, 424. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  .526,  527, .534, 
535, 542,  .543, 550,  .551,  .558,  .5.59,  .566,  567,  .576,  577, 
584,588,589,590,597,604,605,612,013,  620,  021, 
628, 629. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp. 
638, 639,  648,  640, 658,  659,  668, 669, 078,  679,  688, 
689,698,099,708,700,718,719,728,729,  738,  739, 
748,  749, 7.58, 7.59. 

68 


EYE. 

Eye,  loss  of  sight  of^Continued. 
its  relation  to : — 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  A'ol.  II,  pp.  431,436,441,446. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  460,  474, 479,  484, 489, 494, 
409, 504,  .509, 514, 519. 

Eye  and  eyelids,  diseases  and  injuries  of;  their  rel.ation 

to:— 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  461. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,414,419,424. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  400,  414,  419,  424. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  526,  527,  .534, 

535,542,543,-550,551,  558,  .5.59,  5(56,  507,  .576,  ,577, 

584,585,588,589,596,  .597,  604,  005,  612,  ()13,  620, 

621,028,029. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  i)p.  038, 

039, 648,  649,  658, 659,  668,  669,  678,  679,  688,  689, 

698,699,708,709,718,  719,  728,  729,  738,  739,  748, 

749,758,759. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,  436, 441,  446. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  469,  474,  479,484,489,494, 

499,504,509,514,519. 

Eye-ball,  protruding;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xlviii. 
Eyelids,    absence,   adhesions,  or  .atrophy  of;    canse  for 
rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiv,  xliv,  xlviii. 
diseases  of ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxi  v,  xxviii, 
xliv,  Iviii,  7. 
their  relation  to : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  461. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,414,419,424. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,414,419,424. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  526,  .527,  ,534, 
535, 542, 543, 550, 551, 558,  ,5.59,  .506, 567,  576,  577, 
584, 588, 589,  596,  597,  604,  605,  012,  613,  020,  021, 
628,  029. 
Loc.ili 


749, 758, 7.59. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,  430,  441, 440. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  474,  479,484,489,494, 
499,504,500,  .514,  519. 
Eyes,  atrophy  of  one  or  both  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I, 
p.  xlv. 
diseases  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxiv,  xsvii, 
xxviii,  xxxiii,  xli,  xlii,  xliv,  li,  lii,  Ivii,  7. 
their  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  461. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  400,  414,  419,  424. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  526,  .527,  534, 
535,  .542, 543, 550,  551,  558,  5.59,  506,  507,  .576,  .577, 
584,  588, 589,  .596, 597,  604,  605,  612,  613,  620,  (!21, 
628,  629. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  638, 
630, 648,  (i49,  658, 650, 608,  009, 078,  679,  088. 089, 
698,699,708,709,718.719,728,729,  738,  739,748, 
749,758,7.50. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,430,441,446. 
Occupation,  Vol   II,  pp.  460, 474,  479,  484, 489, 494, 
499,504,509,514,510. 
lesions  of  globe  of ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiv. 


538 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


EYES. 

Eyes,  loss  of  both;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xi,  xxiii, 
xlviii. 
partial  loss  of  sight  of  both;  cause  for  rejectiou,  Vol. 
I,  pp.  Iviii,  7. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  461. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  409, 414, 419, 424. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409, 414, 419, 424. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  526,  527,  534, 

535, 542, 543, 550, 551, 558,  559,  566,  567,  576,  577, 

584, 588, 589, 596, 597,  604,  605,  612,  613, 620, 621, 

628,  629. 
Locality  (recruitsand  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  638, 

639,  648, 649, 658, 659, 668,  669,  678,  679, 688, 689, 

698, 699, 708, 709, 718, 719,  728,  729,  738,  739, 748, 

749,  758,  759. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,  436, 441, 446. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  469, 474, 479,  484, 489,  494, 

499.  .504, 509, 514, 519. 


Face,  deformity  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxviii, 

xliv,  xlviii,  lii. 
disfiguring  marks  on  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 

xijxxvi,  xxviii,  xli. 
nsBvi  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xii,  xlviii, 

Ivi. 
tumors  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxviii. 
ugliness  or  repulsiveness  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol. 

1,  p.  xiv. 
Faeces,  incontinence  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp. 

xvi,  xxiv. 

Farr  (Dr.  William),  Vol.  I,  pp.  viii,  4. 

Fail  (J.-A.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxv. 

Feet,  broad  ;  cause  for  rejectiou.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xlvii,  Iv. 

fetid  perspiration  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 

xviii,  xxxvi,  xxxvii,  xlvii,  Iv. 
flat ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvii,  xx,  xxiii, 

xxviii,  xxxi,  xxxv,  xxxviii,  xliii,  xlvii,  168. 
flat;  common  in  men  of  German   origin,  Vol.   I,  p. 

327. 
flat;  do  not  disqualify  for  cavalry  service,  Vol.  I,  p. 

345. 
flat ;  Norwegians  rejected  for,  Vol.  I,  p.  463. 
skin  of,  destroyed  by  strong  hot  lye  to  avoid  the  draft. 

Vol.  I,  p.  477. 
ulcers  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xlvii. 
Felons  ;  not  to  be  recruited,  Vol.  I,  p.  li. 
Fetid  breath  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv,  xxiv. 
perspiration  ;   cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxvii, 

XXX. 

Fever;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxvii,  6. 
its  relation  to : — 

Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  461. 

Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 

Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 

Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409, 414,  419,  424. 

Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp.  638, 
639,  648,  649,  658,  659,  6(i8,  6()9,  678,  679,  688,  689, 
698,  (i99,  708,  709,  718,  719,  728,  729,  738,  739,  748, 
749,  7.58,  759. 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 

Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,  436,  441.  446. 


FISTULA. 
Fever — Continued, 
its  relation  to : — 

Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  469,  474,  479,  484,  489,  494, 

499,  504,  509, 514,  519. 
acute  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 
eruptive ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 
intermittent ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 
typhoid ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 
typhus  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 
Fingers,  deformity  of;    canse   for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 

xvii,  xxi,  xxvi,  xxxiii,  Iv,  12. 
lesions  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvii,  Iv,  Ivi. 
loss  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxi,  xxiii,  xxvi, 

xxviii,  xxxii,  xxxv,  xliii,  xlvii,  Iv,  12. 
loss  of  index ;    cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvii, 

xxiii,  xxviii,  xxxvii,  xlvii,  xlix,  Iv. 

loss  of  one  phalanx  of  each  of  last  three ;  cause  for 

rejectiou.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvii. 
loss  of  phalanx  of  index;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.1, 

p.  xvii. 
loss  of  two ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvii,  xlix, 

lix,  12. 
loss  of  two  phalanges  of  two  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol. 

1,  pp.  xvii,  Iv,  lix. 
mutilations  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxxvii. 
paralysis  of  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxviii. 
permanent  contractions  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol. 

I,  pp.  xvii,  lix,  12. 

permanent  extensions  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I, 

pp.  xvii,  lix,  12. 
permanent  immobility  of ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I, 

pp.  xxiii,  Iv. 
stitFness   of;   cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxviii, 

xxxii,  xxxv. 
supernumerary  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxvi, 

xxviii,  xxxv,  Iv. 
web  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvii,  xxxv,  lix,  12. 
Firenzuola  (Agnolo),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxv. 
FiEler  (Dr.  I.),  Rei^ort  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  398. 
Fisher  (Dr.  T.  B.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  406. 
Fissures  of  anus ;  cause  for  rejectiou.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 
Fistula,  anal ;  cause  for  rejectiou,  Vol.  I,  pp.   iv,  xxiv, 
XXIX,  xxxiii,  xxxv,  xlvi,  liii,  lix,  9. 
its  relation  to: — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  463. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411, 416,  421,  426. 
Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  530,  531,  538, 
.539,  546,  547,  554,  555, 562,  563, 570,  .571, 580, 581, 
586,  592,  593,  600,  601, 608, 609,  616, 617, 624, 625, 
632,  633. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp.  042, 
M:i,  (552,  053,  662,  063, 672, 673, 682, 683,  692, 693, 
702,  703,  712,  713,  722, 723, 732, 733, 742, 743, 752, 
753,  762,  763. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  433,  438,  443,  448. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  471,  476,  481,  486,  491,  496, 
501,. ^.06, 511,. 516, 521. 
bucco-nasal ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxvii,  lii. 
of   antrum ;   cause   for    rejectiou.   Vol.    I,    pp.    xiv, 

xxiv. 
of  bones ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
of  joints  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxviii. 
of  lachrymal  ducts ;   cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 
XV,  xxxiii,  xliv,  lii. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


539 


FISTULA. 

Fistula — Con  ti  D  ued. 

of  larynx  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv,  xlv,  liii, 
lix.7. 

its  relation  to : — 

Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  462. 

Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 

Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  4'0, 415, 420,  425. 

Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410, 415,  4~'0, 425. 

Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  528,  .529, 536, 
537,  544,  545, 552.  553,  5(50, 501 ,  508, 509, 578, 579, 
585,  590,  591,598,599,000,607,614,015,622,623, 
630,  031. 

Locality  (recruitsand  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.640, 
641, 650, 651,  (U;0, 601, 670,  071,  080,  681,  690,  691, 
700, 701, 7i  0, 711, 720, 721, 730,  731,  740,  741,  750, 
751,760,761. 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  432, 437, 442, 447. 
Occnpatiou,  Vol.  II,  pp.  470, 475, 480, 485, 490,  495, 
500,  505, 510, 515, 5^0. 

of  perineum*  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvi,  xx. 
of  scrotum  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvii. 
of  thorax  and  abdomen  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp. 
xvi,  xxviii,  xxxiv. 

of  trachea;  cause  for  rejection, Vol.  I,  pp.  xv,  xxix, 
liii,lix,8. 

its  relation  to  :— 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  462. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410, 415, 420, 425. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415, 420, 425. 

Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  528,  .529,536, 
537,  544,  545,  552,  5.53,  560, 561 , 5(i8, 509, 578, 579, 
5H5,  590,  591,  598,  599, 606, 607, 614, 615, 622, 623, 
630,031. 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  432, 437,  442,  447. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  470,  475, 480, 485, 490, 495, 
500,  .505,  510, 515, 520. 

renal ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 
salivary  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv,  xxiv, 
xxix,  xxxiv,  sliv,  lii,  Iviii,  8. 

its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  463. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  pp.  455. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,416,421,  420. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  528,  529,586, 
537,  544,  545,  552, 553, 560, 561,  .'-:(18, 569, 578, 579, 

585,  590,  591,598,599,006,607,014,015,622,623, 
630, 631. 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  433, 438, 443, 448. 
Occupation,  Vol.  11,  pp.  471,476,481,486,491,496, 
501,. 500,  511, 516,  ,521. 
urinary  ;    cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,   pp.  xvi,   xxv, 
xxvii,xxx,  XXXV,  xlvi,  liv,  llx,9. 

its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  464. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,417,422,427. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412, 417, 422, 427. 

Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  ,530,531,538, 
539,  546,  547,  5,54,  555,  502,  503,  ,570,  571,  .580, 581 

586,  592,  593,  600,  001, 608, 609, 616, 617, 624, 625, 
632,033.  .       .       .       .       , 


FRACTURES. 

Fistula,  urinary — Contiuued. 
its  relation  to: — 

Locality  (recruitsandsubstitutes), Vol.  II  pp  644 
645,  654,  655,  664, 665, 674, 675, 684, 685, 694, 695! 
704,  70.5,  714,715,724,725,734,735,744,745,754, 
755,764,765.  ' 

Marri.nge,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 

Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  434,  439, 444, 449. 

Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  472,477,482,487,492,497, 
502,507,512,517,522.  ''•'•• 

Plaxman  (John),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixvi. 

Flesh,  fungoid  condition  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol  I,  p. 
xviii. 

Fletcher  (Dr.  Robert),  services  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  vii. 
Fock  (H.  C.  A.  L.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxv. 
Fogg  (Dr.  David  S.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  215. 
Foot,  club;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I, pp.  xvii,  xxviii, 
xlix,  Iv,  lix,  12. 

defects  or  deformities  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I, 
pp.  xxxi,  xxxvi,   xlvii,  xlix,  Ivii,  lix,  11, 12. 
their  relation  to : —  , 

Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  465. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  413, 418, 423, 428. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 


634,  635. 

Locality  (recruits  aud  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp  646 
647,656,0.57,666,667,670,677,686,687,  696,  097 
700,707,716,717,726,727,736,737,746,  747  756 
757,706,707.  .        .        .         .         , 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 

Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  435,440,445,450. 

Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,  478, 483, 488,  493, 498, 
503,508,513,518,523.  .        .        .        , 

horse  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxviii,  xlix. 
loss  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  lix. 

perforating  disease  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p. 
xviii. 

relative  length  of,  in  white  and  negro  races.    Vol.  I, 
p.  Ixiv. 

Forbes  (Dr.  James  D.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixx,  Ixxi,  Ixxxv. 

Fore-arm,  relative  length  of,  iu  white  and  negro  races, 
Vol.  I,  p.  Ixiii. 

Forehead,  excessive  protuberance  of;  cause  for  rejection, 
Vol.  I,  p.  xiv. 

Forme  elegante.  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxii. 
Foster  (Dr.  James  D.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  382. 
Fractures;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiii,  xvi,  xxxi, 
xliii,  xlvi, liii,  Ivi,  lix,  11. 
less  frequent  iu  the  negro.  Vol.  I,  p.  379. 
their  relation  to : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  465. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 
Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.   532,  533,  540, 
541,. 548, 549,  ,556, 557,  ,564,  565,  572,  573,  5e2,  583, 
587,594,595,602,003,  010,  Oil,  618,  619,  626,  627, 
634,635. 

Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  646, 
047,6.56,057,606,667,  670,  677,  686,  687,  690,  697, 
706,707,716,717,720,  727,  73(5,  737,  746,  747,  756, 
757,766,707. 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 

Nativity,  Vol.  11,  pp.  435,  440,  445,  450. 


540 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


FRACTURES. 

Fractures — Continued, 
their  rel.ation  to  :— 

Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,  478,483,488,493,498, 

.503, 508,  513, 518,  523. 
ill-united;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvii,  xxix, 

lii,  liv,  Iv. 
France,  conscription  in,  Vol.  I,  p.  x. 

natives  of;  mean  girth  of  chest,  compared  with  that 

of  other  nativities,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
natives  of  ;  mean  height,  compared  with  that  of  other 

nativities,  Vol.  I,  p.  23. 
natives  of;   mean  mobility  of  chest,  in  relation  to 

height  and  girth  of  chest,  compared  with  that  of 

other  nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
natives  of  ;  phj^sical  dimensions,  according  to  various 

observers,  Vol.  I,  pj).  58,  ,59. 
natives  of;  their  height,  girth,  and  expansion  of  chest. 

Vol.  II,  pp.  166,  167,  170, 171, 174, 175, 178, 179, 182, 

183, 186, 187, 190, 191, 194, 195. 
natives  of;  proportion  of  soldiers  to  the  x'opulation. 

Vol.  I,  p.  64. 
natives  of;  rate  of  military  aptitude  in.  Vol.  I,  p.  63. 
natives  of;  recruitment  and  composition  of  the  armies 

of.  Vol.  I,  p.  ix. 

Freer,  (Dr.  J.  W.),  lieport  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  431. 
Freucli  aimy;  compositiou  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  x. 

instructions  to  examining-surgeous  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  x. 

table  of  disqualifications  for  serf  ice  in.  Vol.  I,  p.  xi. 

foot-soldier ;  stature  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  ix. 
Frost  (Dr.  C.  P.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  193. 
Fry  (Major-General  .lames  B.),  his  final  report  to  the  Sec- 
retary of  War,  Vol.  I,  p.  iii. 

O. 

Galen,  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixiv,  Ixxxv. 

Ganglia,  enlarged;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,    pp.  xii, 

XXXV. 

Gangrene  of  limb  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxviii. 
Gano  (Dr.  .S.  F.),  Report  of.  Vol,  I,  p.  381. 
Gardner  (Dr.  J.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  371. 
Gastritis,  chronic;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  liii. 
Gastro-enterltis,  chrouic ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p. 

liii. 
Gaurici  (Pomponii),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxv. 
Gautier  d' Agoty  (J.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxv. 
General  diseases  ;  their  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  461. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.53. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409, 414, 419,  424. 
Locality,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxxv. 

Locality  (drafted   men).  Vol.   II,  pp.  .526, 527,  .534, 
535,  542,  543,  5.50,  ,551,  .558,  .559,566,567,576,  577, 
584,  585,  ,588,  589,  596,  ,597,  604, 605,  612, 613,  620, 
621,628,629. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  638, 
639,  648,  649,  058,  659,  668,  669, 678, 679, 688, 689, 
698,  699,  708,  709,  718,  719,  728,729,738,7.39,748, 
749, 758, 759. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,  436,  441,  446. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II.  pii.  469,  474,  479,  484,  489,  494, 
•     499,  501.  .509,  514,  519. 
Generative  system;  diseases  of;  Vol.  I,  p.  81. 
their  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  I,  chart  xvi  ;  Vol.  II,  p.  464. 
Complexion,  Vol.  I.  chart  xvi  ;  Vol.  [I,  p.  456. 


GIRTH  OF  CHEST. 

Generative  system,  diseases  of — Continued, 
their  relation  to: — 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422,  427. 
Height,  Vol.  I,  chart  xvi ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422, 

427. 

Locality,  Vol.  I,  chart  xlix. 

Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II.  pp.  530,  531, 538, 539, 
546,  547,  554,  555,  562,  563,  570,  .571,  580,  581,  586, 
587,  592,  593,  000,  601,  608,  600,  016,617,024,  625, 
632,  633. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp.  644, 
645,  654,  655,  664,  665,  674,  675,  684,  685,  094,  695, 
704,  705,  714,  715,  724,  725,  734,  735,  744,  745,  754, 
755,  764,  765. 
Marriage,  Vol.  I,  chart  xvi ;  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Nativity,  Vol.  I,  chart  xvi ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  434,  439, 444, 

449. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  472,  477,  482,  487,492,  497, 
502,  .507, 512, 517,  522. 
Genital  organs,  defects  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p. 
xxvi. 
loss  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvi. 
Gerdy  (P.-N.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixvi,  Ixxxv. 
Germans,  accepted  ;  their  height,  girth  and  expansion  of 
chest,  complexion,  and  age,  Vol.  II,  pp.  282-297. 
their  height,   girth  and   expansion   of   chest,    com- 
plexion, age,  and  weight.  Vol.  II,  pp.  390-405. 
Germany,  natives  of;  iucrease  of  weight  with  increase 
of  girth  of  chest,  Vol.  I,  p.  41. 
meau  age  in  relation  to  height,  girth  and  expansion 

of  chest.  Vol.  I,  p.  47. 
meau  age  of,  in  the  army.  Vol.  I.  p.  51. 
meau  girth  of  chest  at  all  ages  and  at  age  of  com- 
pleted growth.  Vol.  I,  p.  37. 
mean  girth  of  chest   compared  with  that  of  other 

nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
mean  girth  of  chest  in  relation  to  complexion,  Vol.  I, 

pp.  37,  38. 
mean  girth  of  chest  in  relation  to  increasing  height. 

Vol.  I,  pp.  34,  30. 
mean  height  compared  with  that  of  other  nativities, 

Vol.  I,  p.  23. 
mean  height  in  rel.ation  to  complexion.  Vol.  I,  p.  38. 
meau  mobility  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  and  girth 
of  chest,  compared  with  that  of  other  nativities. 
Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
physical  dinien-sions  of,  according  to  various  observ- 
ers. Vol.  1,  pp.  50-59. 
proportion  of  light  to  dark  complexions.  Vol.  I,  pp. 

37,  38,  60.  61. 
proportion   of   soldiers   at  each   quinquennial  mean 

age,  from  10  to  45,  Vol.  I,  p.  49. 
relation  of  height,  girth,  and  expansion  of  chest  to 

mean  weight.  Vol.  I,  p.  41. 
their  height,  girth,  and   expansion  of  chest.  Vol.  II, 
pp.   108,  109,  172,  173,  176,  177,  180,  181,  184,  185, 
18:^,  189,  192, 193,  196,  197. 
Ghiberti  (L.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixvi. 
Giants,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxi'X. 
Gibson  (John),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixviii,  Ixxxv. 
GiUebert  d'Hercourt,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxv. 
Gintrac  (Henri),  Vol.  I,  p.  42. 
Giotto,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixvi. 
Giraud-Teulon  (F.),  Vol.  I,  p.  168. 

Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xviii,  Ixix,  Ixx,  Ixxi,  Ixxvi, 
Ixxx,  Ixxxi,  30.     (See  also  "chest.") 
at  expiration  ;  its  relation  to  : — 

Locality,  Vol.  I,  chart  Ix. 
how  obtained.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxi. 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


541 


GIRTH  OF  CHEST. 

Girth  of  chest — Coutiuued. 

IK)  limit  of,  for  tlrafted  men,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ix. 
required  for  service  in  the  armies  of  different  coun- 
tries, Vol.  I,  p.  Ix. 
requisite;    left   to  discretion  of  examining  surgeon, 
Vol.  I,  p.  Ix. 
Glaud,  lacbrymal,  tnmefaction  of;    cause  for  rejection, 
Vol.  I,  ]).  xiv. 
maniuiary,  iuflamuiation  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol. 
I,  p.  xvi. 
Glands,  engorgement  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p. 
lili. 
enlargement  of;   cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  iv, 

xviii,  xxi,  xxvii,  xxviii,  xlv,  liii. 
lymph.atic,  ulceration  or  abscess  of;  cause  for  rejec- 
tion, Vol.  I,  p,  liii. 
Glaucoma;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiv,  11. 
Godvon  (M.  A.),  Vol.  I,  p.  :M. 

Goitre;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv,  xxiii,  xxviii, 
xlviii,  liii,  7. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  -162. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  41.5,  42(1,  425. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410, 415,  4'20,  425. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  640, 
641,  650,  651,  (i60,  661,  670,  671,  6t^0,  681,  690,  691, 
700,  701,  710,  711,  720,  721,  730,  731,  740,  741,  750, 
751,  760,  761. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  432,  437,  442,  447. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  470,  475,  480,  485,  400,  495, 
500, 505,  510, 515,  520. 
Gonorrhcea  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxvii,  li,  9. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  464. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pri.  412,  417,  422, 427. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422,  427. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  644, 
645,  (551,  6.15,  664,  G(i5,  674,  075,  684,  685,  694,  695, 
704,  705,  714,  715,  724,  725,  734,  735,  744,  745,  754, 
755,  764,  7(>5. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  434,  439,  444,  449. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  472,  477,  482,  487,  492,  497, 
502,  507,  512,  517,  522. 

Gould  (B.  A.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixiii,  Ixs,  Ixxi,  Ixxv,  Ixxvii, 
Ixxxv,  18, 22, 28,  30,  31,  39,  41,  43,  45,  49, 51, 54. 

Gout ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvii,  xxviii,  xxxvi. 

Graevius  (J.  G.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxv. 

Granville  (A.  B.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxv. 

Gravel ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvi,  xxv. 

Great  Britain ;    recruitment  and    composition   of  the 
armies  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  xviii. 

Greek  artists  ;  their  rules  of  proportion  for  the  human 
figure.  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixiv. 

Grovyth,  continued.  Vol.  1,  pp.  21,  22. 

law  of.  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixxxii,  Ixxxiii,  19. 

period  of  full.  Vol.  I,  p.  18. 
Guibert  (Adolphe),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxv. 

Gums  ;  adhesion  of,  to  lips  and  cheeks,  cause  for  rejection. 
Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 
retracted  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xv. 
Guy  (William  Augustus),  Vol.  1,  p.  Ixix. 


HEAD. 


II. 


Haematemesis ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 
Haematuria;   cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvi,  xxx, 

xxxiv,  liv. 
Haemoptysis ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvi,  xxxiv, 

liii. 
Hcemorrhages ;   cause   for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxvii, 

xxviii. 
Haemorrhoids ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  i  v,  xvi,  xix, 
XX,  xxiv,  xxviii,  xxxv,  xlii,  xlvi,  liii,  lix,  9,  12. 
less  frequent  in  the  negro.  Vol.  I,  p.  379. 
their  relation  to  : — 
Ago,  Vol.  II,  p.  463. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,421,426. 
Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  530,  531,  538, 
539,546,547,554.555,  562,  563,  .570,  571,  580,  581, 
586,592,593,600,601,  608,  609,  616,  617.  624,  625, 
632, 633. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.642, 
643, 652, 653, 662, 663, 672. 673, 682, 683, 692, 693,702, 
703, 712, 713,722,723, 732, 733, 742, 743, 752, 753,762, 
763. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  4  >3,  438,  443,  448. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  471,  476,  481,  4S6,  491,  496, 
501,  506,  511,  516,  521. 
Hair,  characteristics  of,  ajipertaining  to  race.  Vol.  I,  p.  61. 
color  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  Isxvi. 

loss  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxviii,  xxxiii. 
Hairy  or  horny  growrths  ;  cause   for  rejection.  Vol.  I, 

p.  xii. 
Hall  (Dr.  J.  F.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  180. 
Halloy  (Omalius  d').  Vol.  I,  p.  23. 
Hammond  (W.  A.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixxxv,  43,  439,  440. 
Hamusco.     (See  Valverde). 

Hand,  defects  or  deformities  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol. 
I,  pp.  xxiv,  xlvii,  Iv,  11. 
their  relation  to  :— 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  465. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  IT,  pp.  413,  418, 42,3,  428. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 
Locality  (drafted   men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  532,  533,  540, 
541,  548,  549,  556,  557,  564,  565,  572,  573,  582,  583, 
587,  594,  595,  602,  603,  610,  611,  618,  619,  626,  627, 
634,  635. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  i)p.  646, 
647,  656, 657,  666,  667,  676,  677,  686,  687,  696,  697, 
706,  707,716,  717,  726,727,736,  737,  746,  747,  756, 
757, 766, 767. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.57. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  435, 440,  445,  450. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,  478,  483,  488,  493,  498, 
503,508,513,518,523. 
loss  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  lix. 
Hare-lip;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxii,  xxix, xxxli, 
xxxiv,  xlii,  xlv,  Hi. 

Hargenvilliers  ( ),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxv. 

Hart  (Dr.  A.  C),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  299. 

Harting  (P.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxv. 

Hay  (D.  R.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixvii,  Ixxxv. 

Head,  cicatrices  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xi. 

deformity  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  i)p.  xlviii,  lii. 
disproportionately  large  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I, 
pp.  xli,  xlviii,  lii. 


542 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


HEAD. 

Head — Continued. 

injuries  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xsi,  lii. 
permanent  depressions  of;  cause  lor  rejection,  Vol.  I, 
p.  xli. 
Hearing,  defective;  caiiao  for  rejection,  Vol.   I,  p.  xix. 

(See,  also, "  deafness.") 
Heart,  acute  disease  of ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp. 
xxvii,  7. 
its  relation  to : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  402. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410, 415,  420, 425. 
-Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410, 415, 420,  425. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  528,  529,  5.16, 
537, 544, 545,  .^2, 553.  560,  561,  .568,  569,  578,  579. 
585,590,591,598,599,  606,  607,  014,  615,  622,  623, 
630,631. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitntes),  Vol.  II,  pp.  640, 
641,650,651,600,661,  670,  671,  680,  081.  690,  691, 
700,701,710,711,720,  721,  730,  731,  740,  741,  750, 
751,700,701. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  432,  437,  442,  447. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  470,  475,  480,  485,  490,  495, 
500,505, 510, 515,  .520. 
aneurism  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  liii. 
chronic  disease  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  7 
its  relation  to : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  402. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,415,420,425. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,  420,  425. 

Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  528,  529,  536, 
537,544,545,552,  5.53,  560,561,508,569,578,579, 
585, 590, 591, 59d,  599,  000,607,614,615,022,623, 
630, 631. 

Locality  (recruitsand  sub8titutes),Vol.II,  pp.  640, 
641,  650,  651,600,601,  670,  671,  680,  681,090,691, 
700,  701,710,  711,720,  721,730,731,740,  741,  750, 
751,  700,  701. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  432, 437, 442,  447. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  470,475,480,485,490,495, 
500,  505, 510, 515,  520. 
dilatation  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 
displacement  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 
hypertrophy  of ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvi, 

liii. 
malposition  of ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxviii. 
on  right  side  ;  two  cases  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  184. 
organic  disease  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 
xxviii,  xxxvi,  xlvi,  liii,  Ivii. 

valvular  disease  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.1,  pp. 
xvi,  liii. 

Heart  and  its  membranes,  diseases  of  the,  Vol.  I,  p.  79. 
their  relation  to  : — 
/Lge,  Vol.  I,  chart  xi. 
Complexion,  Vol.  I,  chart  xi. 
Height,  Vol.  I,  chart  xi. 
Marriage,  Vol.  I,  chart  xi. 
Nativity,  Vol.  I,  chart  xi. 

Height,   Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixix-lxxiv,  Ixxix-lxxxi,   14-29,  72. 
(See,  also,  "stature.") 
its  relation  to : — 

Age,  Vol.  I,  p.  92,  chart  lix. 
Disease,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409-428. 
Nativity,  Vol.  I,  pp.  23,  92,  chart  lix. 


HEENIA. 

Height — Continued. 

Its  relation  to  girth  and  expansion  of  chest,  by  States 
and  congressional  districts  in  : — 
American-born  colored  men,  Vol.  II,  pp.  83-163. 
American-born  white  men,  Vol.  II,  pp.  1-81.' 
its   relation  to  girth   and  expansion  of  chest,  com- 
plexiou,  and  age  in: — 
American-born   colored  men  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp. 

218-225. 
American-born   white  men    accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp. 

200-215. 
British-Americans  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp.  228-243. 
Englishmen  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp.  246-261. 
Germans  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp.  282-297. 
Irishmen  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp.  264-279. 
its  relation  to  girth  and  expansion    of  chest,  com- 
plexion, age,  and  weight  in  : — 
American-born  colored  men  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp. 

318-333. 
American-born   white  men   accepted.    Vol.  II,  pp. 

300-315. 
British-Americans  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp.  336-351. 
Englishmen  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp.  354-309. 
Germans  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp.  390-405. 
Irishmen  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp.  372-387.  y 

its  relation  to  girth  and  expansion  of  chest,  in  natives 

of  different  countries.  Vol.  II,  pp.  166-197. 
doficieut ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xi,  xlix. 
full ;  at  what  age  attained.  Vol.  I,  pp.  17,72. 
limitations  of,  varied  with  urgency  of  the  demand  for 

men.  Vol.  I,  p.  viii. 
mean  ;  comparative  table  of  its  relation  to  increasing 

weight.  Vol.  I,  p.  54. 
mean  ;  its  relation  to  mean  mobility  of  chest  in  men 

of  various  nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
mean ;  its  relation  to  mean  mobility  of  chest  in  natives 

of  different  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
mean;  its  relation,  with  that  of  girth  of  chest  and  ex- 
pansion of  chest,  to  increasing  weight,  Vol.  I,  pp. 
39,40,  41. 
mean,  of  foreigners  in  our  Army,  superior  to  their 

national  mean  height.  Vol.  I,  p.  16. 
mean,  of  men  of  different  nativities,  Vol.  I,  pp.  23, 74, 

72. 
mean,  of  natives  of  New  England  who  have  emigrated 
West,    superior    to    the   mean   height  of   their 
States,  Vol.  I,  p.  16. 
mean,  of  Scotchmen,  erroneously  stated,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixix. 
me.an  ;  order  of  superiority  in  men  of  various  nativi- 
ties, from  tables  of  B.  A.  Gould,  Vol.  I,  p.  31. 
mean ;  table  of,  in  different  nativities,  from  various 
observers,  Vol.  I,  pp.  50-59. 

Helminthiasis  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 
Hemeralopia  ;    cause   for  rejection.   Vol.   I,    pp.   xxiv, 

xxxiii. 
Hemiopia ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiv. 
Hemiplegia;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  liii. 
Henderson  (Thomas),  Vol.  I,  p.  1. 

Herbst  ( ),  Vol.  I,  p.  39. 

Hermaphroditism ;  case  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  187. 

cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvii.xxiii,  xlviii,  liv. 
Hernia  ;  adroit  concealment  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  373. 

cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  iv,  xvi,  xix,  xx,  xxiii, 
xxvi,  xxviii,  xxxii,  xxxiv,  xxxvii,  xlvi,  liii,  Ivii, 
lix,  lxi,8,  12,80. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  I,  chart  xiv  ;  Vol.  II,  p.  463. 
Complexion,  Vol.  I,  chart  xiv  ;  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


543 


HERNIA. 

Hernia — Continued, 
its  relation  to  : — 

Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 
Heisht.  Vol.  I,  chart  xiv  ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421, 

426. 
Locality,  Vol.  I,  p.  88,  chart  xl. 
Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  I,  plate xi;  Vol.II.pp- 
528,  529,  536,  ,537,  544,  .'■i45,  !S:>-2,  553,  560,  .561,  568, 
569,  578,  579,  585,  590,  591,  598,  599,  60C,  607,  614, 
615,  622,  623,  630,  631. 
Locality  (recruits  and  Rnhstitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp.  642, 
643,  652,  653,  662,  663,  672,  673,682,683,692,693, 
702,  703,  712,  713,  722,  723,732,  733,742,743,752, 
753, 762, 763. 
Marriage,  Vol.  I,  chart  xiv  ;  Vol.  11,  p.  455. 
Nativity,  Vol.  I,  chart  xiv  ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  433, 438, 443> 

448. 
Occupation,  Vol.  I,  p.  333  ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  471,  476,  481- 
486,  491,  496,  501,  .506,  511,  516,  521. 
feigned  ;  self-produced  by  Bohemiant:,  Vol.  I,  p.  471. 
its  tendency  to  be  hereditary  in  some  cases,  Vol.  I,  p. 

422. 
less  frequent  in  the  negro,  exceptiD,T  in  the  ventral 

form.  Vol.  I,  p.  379. 
more  frequent  ou  right  side,  Vol.  I,  pp.  282,  333. 
relative  prevalence  of  different  kinds  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  80. 
Hernia,  abdominal ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixi. 
double  femoral ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  9. 
its  relatiou  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  463. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 
Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  528,  529,  536, 
537,  ,544,  545,  552,  553,  560,561,  568,  569,  578,  579, 
585,  590,  591,  .598,  599,  606,  607,  614,  615,  622, 623, 
630, 831. 
Locality  (recruitsand  snh8titHtes),Vol.II, pp. 642, 
643, 652, 653,  662, 663,  672,  073,  682,  683,  692,  693, 
702,703,712,713,722,723,  732,733,  742,  743,  752, 
753, 762, 763. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  433,  438, 443,  448. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  471,  476,481,486,491,496, 
501,  506,  511,  516,  521. 
double  inguinal ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  9 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  463. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,426. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  528,  529,  536, 
537, 544,  545, 5.52,  553, 560, 561, 568,  569,  578,  579, 
585,  590,  591, 598,  599, 606, 607,  614, 615,  622,  623, 
630,  631. 
Locality  (recruitsand  substitutes), Vol.  II,'pp.  642, 
643, 652,  653, 662, 663,  672,  673,682,  683,  692,  693, 
702,  703,  712, 713, 722, 723, 732, 733,  742, 743, 752, 
753,  762,  763. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  433,  438,  443,  448. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  471,476,481,  486,  491,  496, 
501,  506,  511,  516,  521. 
left  femoral ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  9. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  463. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 


HERNIA. 
Hernia,  left  femoral — Continued. 
its  relation  to  : — 

Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 
Localitv  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  528,  529,  536, 
537, 544,  54.5,  552,  553, 560,  561,  568, 569,  578,  .579, 
585,  590, 591, 598, 599,  006,  607,  614,  615,  622,  623, 
630,  631. 
Locality  (recruitsand  8ub8titntes),Vol.  II,  pp.  642, 
643,652,  653,  662,  663,  672,  673, 682, 683, 692, 693, 
702,  703,  712,  713,  722,  723, 732, 733, 742, 743, 'S52, 
753,  762,  763. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  433,  438,  443,  448. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  471, 476,  481,  486,  491,  496, 
501,  506,  511,  516,  521. 
left  inguinal ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  9. 
its  relatiou  to : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p. 463. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  528,  .529, 536, 
537, 544,  545,  552,  553,  560, 561,  568, 5(;9,  578, 579, 
585, 590, 591,  598,  599,  606, 607, 614, 615,  622,  623, 
630,  631. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp. 
642, 643,  652,  653,  662,  663,  672,673, 682, 683, 692, 
693, 702,  703,  712,  713, 722,  723, 732, 733, 742,  743, 
752,  753,  762,  763. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  433, 438, 443, 448. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  471, 476, 481,  486,  491,  496, 
501, 506, 511, 516,  .521. 
lumbar  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 
of  bladder  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 
of  lungs  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xv. 
right  femoral ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  9. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  463. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 
Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  528,  529,  536, 
537,  544,  545, 552, 553,  560,  561, 568,  569,  578,  579, 
585,  590,  591,  598,599,  606,  607,614,615,622,623, 
630.  631. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp. 
642,  643, 652,  653,  662,  663,  672,  673,  682, 683,  692, 
693,  702,  703, 712,  713,  722,  723, 732,  733,  742, 743, 
752,  753,  762,  763. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  433,  438,  443,  448. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  471,  476, 481,  486,  491,  496, 
501,  506,  511,  516,  521. 
right  inguinal;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  8. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  463. 
Comiilexiou,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,426. 
Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II.  pp.  528,  529,  536, 
537,  544,  545,552,  553,  .560,  561,  568,  569,570,579, 
585,  590,  591,  598,  599, 606, 607,  614,  615, 622, 623, 
630,  631. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp. 
642, 643,  652,  653, 662,663, 672,  673,  682,  (>83,  692, 
693,702,  703,712,  713,  722,723,732,733,  742,743, 
752,  753,  762,  763. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 


544 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


HERNIA. 

Hernia — Continued. 

its  relation  to  :— 

Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  433,  438,  443,  448. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  471,  476, 481,486,  491, 496, 
•501,  506,  511,  516,  5J1. 
umbilical ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  8. 
umbilical ;  concealed  by  application  of  ice  and  diet  of 
turnips,  Vol.1,  p.  239. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  463. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,426. 
Locality  (drafted  uienX  Vol.  II,  pp.  528,  529,  536, 

537,  544.  545,  552, 553,  560, 561, 568,569,  578,  579, 

585,  590,  591,  598, 599,  606,  607, 614, 615, 622, 623, 

630,  631. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp. 

642, 643, 652,  653,  662, 663, 672,  673, 682,  633, 692, 

693,702,  703,  712,713,  722,723,  732,733,742,743, 

752,  753,  762,  763. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.'>5. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  433,  438,443, 448. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  471, 476,  481,  486,  491, 496, 

501,  .506,511, 516,  521. 
umbilical;  more  common  in  the  negro,  Vol.  I,  pp.  349, 

372,  421. 
ventral;  cause  for  njectiou  Vol.  I,  J).  8. 
its  relation  to: — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  463. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  411, 416, 421, 426. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,416,421,426. 
Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  \i\i.  528,  529,  536, 

.537,  544,  545, 552,  5.53,  560,  561,  568,  569,578, 579, 

.585, 590,  591,598,  599,  606,  607,  614,  615,  622, 623, 

630,  631. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp. 

642,  643, 652, 653, 662,  663,  672,  673, 682, 683, 692, 

693,  702,703,712,713,722,  723,732,733,742,743, 

752,  753, 762, 763. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.55. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  433,  438,  443,  448. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  471, 476, 481, 486,  491,  496, 

.501, 506, 511,. 516, 521. 

Herpetic  affections  of  skin  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I, 

pp.  xiv,  xxxiii,  Iv. 
Herschel  (Sir  J    F.  W.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Isis,  lxsvii,Ixxx, 

Ixxxiii,  Isxxvi. 
Hilton  (Dr.  Joseph),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  241. 
Holbein  (Hans),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixvi. 
Holland,  natives  of;  mean  girth  of  chest  compared  with 

that  of  other  nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
mean  height  compared  with  that  of  other  nativities, 

Vol.  I,  p.  23.  " 
mean  mobility  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  and  girth 

of  chest,  compared  with  that  of  other  nativities, 

Vol.  I,  p.  45.   . 

their  height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest.  Vol.  II, 
I>Ii.  168, 169, 172, 173, 176, 177, 180,181, 184, 185, 188, 
189,  192, 193, 196, 197. 

proportion  of  soldiers  to  the  population.  Vol.  I,  p.  64. 
Homme  moyen,  Vol.  I  p.  Ixxviii. 
Hooper  (Dr.  F.  11. ),  Rejiort  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  196. 
Howe  (Dr.  George  W.),  Ri-port  of,  Vol.  I,  j).  422. 
Hubbard  (Dr.  H.  B.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  197. 
Hubbard  (Dr.  Lorenzo),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  478. 
Hubbcll  (.Dr.  C.  L.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  260. 


HYPOSPADIA. 
Human  body  ;  proportions  of.  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixii,  Ixiv,  Ixvi. 
Humphrey  (Dr.  C.  H.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  316. 

Hungary,  natives  of;  mean  girth  of  chest  compared  with 

that  of  other  nativities,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
mean  height  compared  with  that  of  other  nativities. 

Vol.  I,  p.  23. 
mean  mobility  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  and  girth 

of  che.st  compared  with  that  of  other  nativities. 

Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
their  height,  girth  and   expansion  of  chest, Vol.  II, pp. 

168,  169,  172,  173,176,  177,  UO,  181,  184,185,188, 

189, 192, 193, 196, 197. 

Hutchinson  (John),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixxviii,  Ixxxvi,  30, 38, 39, 

41,4.5,53,54,439,440. 

Hydrocele ;    cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvii,  xxv, 
xxxiii,  xxxiv,  xlvi,  liv,  lix,  10. 

its  relation  to  : — 

Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  464. 

Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 

Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422, 427. 

Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422,  427. 

Localitv  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  530,531,538, 
539,  546,  547,  5.54,  555,  ,562,  563,  .570,571,560,581, 
586,  592,  593,  600,  601,  608,  609,616,617,624,625, 
632, 633. 

Locality  (recruits  and  8ub.stitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp.  644, 
645,  654,  655,  664,  665,  674,  675,  684,685,694,695, 
704,  705,  714,  715,  724,  725,  7.34,735,744,745,754, 
755,764,765.  « 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 

Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  434,  439,  444, 449. 

Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  472,  477,  482,  487,492,497, 
502,507,512,517,522. 

Hydrophthalmia ;  cause   for  rejection.   Vol.  I,  pp.  xiv, 
xliv,  li. 

Hygroma  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xviii. 

Hyperpresbyopia  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiv. 

Hypertrophy  of  any  part;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p. 
xxix. 

of  epididymis ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xlii. 
of  heart;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 
of  nose  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xv. 
of  seminal  vesicles;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xlii. 
of  .spleen ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xlii. 
of  testicles  ;   cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xlii,  xlvi. 
of  thyroid  gland ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xiv. 
Hypochondria ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 

Hypospadia  ;  cau.se  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  iv,  xvi,  xxiii, 
XXX,  XXXV,  xlii,  xlvi,  liv,  lis,  9, 12. 

its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  464. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422,  427. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422, 427. 

Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  530,  531, 538, 
539,  546,  547,  554,  .5.55,  5(i2,  5(;3, 570, .571,. 580, 581, 
.586,  592,  593,  600,  601,  608,  609,  616.617,624,625, 
632, 633. 

Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  644, 
645,  (i54,  655,  6(54,  665,  674,  (i75,  684, 685, 694,  695, 
704,  705,  714,  715,  724,  725,  734,7.35.744,74.5,754, 
755, 764, 765. 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 

Nativity,  Vol.  11,  pp.  434,  439,  444,  449. 

Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  472,477,482,487,492.497, 
502,  507,  512,  517,  522. 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


f)45 


IDIOCY. 

I. 

Idiocy;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  1,  pp.  .\iii.  xxiv,  xxix. 

xlix. 
Ihering  (H.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvi. 

Illinois,  men  .xaiiiiiuHl  in  ;  .   tr  ,   tt  „.,  w  Q 

li(i.4it,cirtli  and  expansion  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  lip. »,  J, 

18,  U),  as,  29,  :W,  -k  48, 49, 58,  59,  f.fi,  (i9, 78,  79. 

mean  girth  of  chest  in   relation  to  height  compared 

with  that  of  men  from  other  States,  Vol.  I,p..i.3. 

mean  height  and  girth  of  el  est,  in  each  congressional 

district,  eompartd  with  that  of  men  Irom  other 

States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  25- -2 

mean  height  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 

other  States,  Vol    I,  pp.  24,29. 
mean   mobility  of  chest,  in  relation  to   height  and 
girth  of  chest,  compared  with  that  oi  men  trom 
other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
number  and  ratio  per  thonsand  of  recruits  and  sub- 
stitutes rejected  in  eacdi  congressional  district  on 
account  of  specified  diseases.  Vol.  11,  pp.  7J8-747. 
number  of  drafted  men  exempted  in   each  congres- 
sional  district  on   account  of  specified  diseases, 
Vol.  II,  pp.  566, 568. 570,  .572. 
ratio  per  thousand  of  drafted  men  exempted  in  each 
congressio'  al  district  on  account  of  specified  dis- 
diseases.  Vol.  II,  pp.  621 ,  62^,  625, 627. 
hoicht,  girth  and  expansion  of  ehest  of  colored  men, 
Vol  II,  pp.  100, 101, 110,  111,  120, 121, 130, 131, 140, 
141,150,151,160,161. 
Illinois,  surgeon's  report  from  :— 
first  district,  Vol   I,  p.  431. 
second  dis  rict.  Vol.  I,  p.  434. 
sixth  district,  Vol.  I,  p-  436. 
.seventh  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  438. 
eighth  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  449. 
thirteenth  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  451. 
Imbecility;  cause  for  rejectiou,  Vol.   I,  pp.  xxiv,  xxix, 
xxxvi,li,lvii,6. 
its  relation  to  : —  • 

Age.Vol.  II,p.  461. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Height,  Vol.  11,  pp.  409,  414,419,424. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  I,  plate  ix  ;  Vol   II,  pp. 
526    527,  534,  535,  542,  543,  550, 551, 558, 559,  .566, 
567'  .576   577,  584,  588,  589,  596,597,604,605,612, 
613',  620,  621,  628,  629. 
Localitv  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp.  638, 
639  648,649,658,659,  668,  669,  678,  679,  (.88,  689, 
698',  699, 70S  709, 718,  719,  728,  729,  738,  739,  748, 
749, 758, 759. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,  436,  441,  446. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  469,  474,479,484,489,494, 
499, 504,  .509, 514, 519. 
Impediment  of  speech ;  cause  for  rejectiou,  Vol.  I,  p. 

xix. 
Impetigo  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
Incontinence  of  faeces;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 

xvi,  xxiv,  XXXV,  xlvi. 
Incontinence  of  urine ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 
xvi,  XXV,  XXX,  XXXV,  xlvi,  liv,  lix,  9, 12. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  464. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  412, 417,  422, 427. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412, 417, 422,  427. 
Localitv  (drafted  men).  Vol.  11,  pp.  530,  531,  538, 
539  546,547,554,555,  562,  563,  570,  .571,  580,  581, 
586,592,593,600,601,  608,  609,  616,  617,  624,  625, 
633,633. 
69 


INSANITY. 

Incontinence  of  urine — Continued. 
its  relation  to  : — 

Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  644, 
645,654,655,664,665,  674,  675,  684,  685,  694,  695, 
704,705,714,715,724,  72,5,  734,  73.5,  744,  745,  754, 
755, 764, 765. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  434,439,444,449. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II.  pp.  472,  477,  482,  487,492,  497, 
502,  ,507, 512, 517, 522. 
Incurvated  nail  of  big-toe  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  1, 

p.  xviii.  • 

Index  of  nigrescence.  Vol.  I,  p.  61. 
Indiana,  men  examined  iu  ; 

heiiiht    girth  and  expansion   of  chest.  Vol.  11,  pp.  ", 

9, 18, 19, 28, 29, 38, 39, 48, 49, 58,  59, 68, 69, 78,  79. 
mean   girth  of  chest,  in  relation  to  height,  compaied 

with  that  of  men  from  other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
mean  height  and  girth  of  chest,  in  each  congressional 
district,  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  25-27. 
mean  height  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 

States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  24, 29. 
mean  mobility  of  chest,  in  relation   to  height  and 
girth  of  chest,  compared  with' that  of  men  irom 
other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
number  and  ratio  per  thousand  of  recruits  and  sub- 
stitutes rejected  in  each  congressional  district  021 
account  of  specified  diseases.  Vol.  II,  pp.  728-737. 
number  of  drafted  men  exempted  in  each   congres- 
sional district  on   account  of  specified  diseases. 
Vol.  II,  pp.  559, 561, 563, 565. 
ratio  per  thousand  of  drafted  men  exempted  in  e.-ich 
congressional  district  on  accountof  specified  dis- 
easS,  Vol.  II,  pp.  620,622,624,626. 
height,  eirth  and  expansion  of  chest  of  colored  men, 
"Vol   II,  pp.  90,  91,100,  101,  110,111,120,  121,130, 
131,140,141,150,151,160,161. 
Indiana,  surgeon's  report  from : — 
second  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  424. 
fourth  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  425. 
tenth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  429. 
eleventh  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  430. 
Inguinal  rings,  relaxed  ;  cause  for  rejectiou.  Vol.  I,  pp. 
xxxvii,  xlii,  11. 
their  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  465. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Girth  of  che8t,.Vol.  II,  pp.  413,418,423,428. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413, 418, 423, 428. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.  II.  pp.  646, 
647    656,  6.57,  666,  667,  676,  677,686,687,696,69/, 
706,  707,  710,  717,  726,  727,  736,737,746,747,7.56, 
757,766,767. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  435,  440, 445, 450. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.473,  478,  483,  488,493,498, 
503, 508, 513, 518, 523. 

Injuries,  local.  Vol.  I,  p.  82. 

of  eyes  or  eyelids  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p  xxviii. 
or  absence  of  the  iris;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p. 

xiv. 
traumatic,  of  lungs  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xv. 
Insanity,  Vol.  I,  chart  vii. 

cause  for  rejectiou,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxix,  xxxvi,  Ivii,  0 
its  relation  to: — 
Age,  Vol.  I,  chart  vii ;  Vol.  II,  p.  461. 
Complexion,  Vol.  I,  chart  vii ;  Vol.  II,  p.  4.53. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  409, 414,  419,  424. 


546 


GENKKAL    INDEX. 


INSANITY. 

Insanity — Coutiuued. 
its  ixOatiou  to: — 

Height,  Vol.  I,  (-liart  vii ;  Vol.  II,  W-  409,  414,  419, 

424. 
Locality,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxxix. 

Locality  (dialtid  lucu).  Vol.  II,  pp.  ^'26,  527,  534, 
5:i5,  542,  54;i,  550,  5,51,  558,  5.59, 51)6, 567,  57r.,  ,577, 
584,  5f'8, 589,  596,  597,  604,  605,  612, 613, 620, 621, 
628, 629. 

Lucality  (recruits  autl  substitutes;.  Vol.  II,  pp.  638, 
C39,  648,  649,  658,  659,  668,  669, 678, 679, 688,.689, 
698,  699,  708,  709,  748,  719,  728,729,738,730,748, 
749, 758, 759. 

Marriage,  Vol.  I,  chart  vii ;  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  Vol.  I,  chart  vii ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  431, 436, 441, 

446. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  469,  474,  479,484,489,494, 

499, 504,  .509, 514, 519. 

Intellect,  ilis<inl<'rs  of;  their  relatiou  to: — 

Occupation,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxx. 
Intelligence,  defective ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  \).  xix. 
Inteimariiage  a  cause  of  imbecility.  Vol.  I,  p.  187.  , 

Internal  organs,  disease  of;  cause  for  rejectiou,  Vol.  I, 
pp.  xxxvi,  Iviii,  11. 
orjjauic  disease  of;  its  relatiou  to : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  465. 
Complexiou,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,418,423,428. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418, 423, 428. 
Locality,  Vol.  I,  chart  liv. 

Localitv  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  i>p.  532,  .533,  540, 
541,548,549,5.56,557,  .564,  565,  572,  573,  582,  583, 
.587,  ,594,  ,595, 602, 603,  610,  611,  618,  619,  026,  627, 
634, 635. 

Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II.  i>p.  046, 
647,656,6.57,666,667,  676,  677,  686,  687,  696,  697, 
706,707,716,717,726,  7-J7,  736,  737,  746,  747,  756, 
757, 766, 767. 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.57. 

Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  435,440,445,4,50. 

Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,  478,  483,488,493,498, 
503, 508, 513, 518, 523. 

lovra.,  men  examined  in  ; 

height,  girth  and  ex])ausion  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  8, 9, 
18, 19,  28, 29, 38, 39, 48, 49, 58,  59, 68, 69, 78, 79. 

miau  girth  of  chest  in  relatiou  to  height,  com|>ared 
\vith  that  of  men  from  other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 

mean  height  and  girth  of  chest  iu  each  co.igressional 
district,  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  25-27. 

mean  height,  couiiiared  \vith  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  24,  29. 

mean  mobility  of  chest,  iu  relation  to  height  and 
girth  of  chest,  compared  with  that  of  men  from 
other  St,ttes,V.l.  I,  p.  45. 

number  and  ratio  jier  thousand  of  recruits  and  substi- 
tutes rejected  in  each  congressional  district  on 
account  of  specilicd  diseases.  Vol.  II,  pp.  748, 750, 
752, 754, 756. 

nuMiber  of  drafted  niei;  exempted  in  each  congres- 
sional district  on  account  of  specified  diseases, 
Vol.  1 1,  pp.  .567,  .50,  ,57 1 ,  573. 

ratio  per  thousand  of  drafteil  men  exempted  in  each 
congressional  <list:ict  on  account  of  specified  dis- 
eases, Vol.  II,  pp.  628,  630,  632,  (;34. 

height,  girth  ami  expansion  of  chest,  of  colored 
men,  Vol.  H.  pp.  '.10,91,100,101.11(1,  111,  PJIl,  121. 
130, 131, 140,  141,  150,  151,  160,  161. 


JAUNDICE. 

lOTwa  ;  climate  of,  for  consumptive  patients,  Vol.  1,  p.  453. 

surgeon's  report  from  : — 
first  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  452. 
second  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  400. 
sixth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  461. 
Ireland,  natives  of;  increase  of  weight  with  Increase  of 
girth  of  chest.  Vol,  I,  p.  41. 

natives  of;  mean  age  in  relation  to  height,  girth  and 
expansion  of  chest.  Vol.  I,  p.  47. 

natives  of;  mean  age  of,  iu  the  Army,  Vol.  I,  p.  51. 

natives  of;  mean  girth  of  chest,  at  all  ages  and  at.agc 
of  completed  growth,  Vol.  I,  p.  37. 

natives  of;  mean  girth  of  chest,  compared  with  that 
of  other  nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 

natives  of;  mean  girth  of  chest,  iu  relation  to  com- 
plexion, Vol.  I,  pp.  37, 38. 

natives  of;  mean  girth  of  chest,  iu  relaticm  to  increas- 
ing height.  Vol.  1,  pp.  34,  3B. 

natives  of ;  mean  height,  comjiared  with  that  of  other 
nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  23. 

natives  of;  mean  height  in  relation  to  complexion, 
Vol.  I,  p.  38. 

natives  of;  mean  mobility  of  chest,  in  relatiou  to 
height  and  girth  of  chest,  compared  with  that  of 
other  nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 

natives  of;  physical  dimensions  of,  according  to 
various  observers,  Vol.  I,  pp.  56-r9. 

natives  of:  proportions  of  light  to  dark  complexions. 
Vol.  I,  pp.  37,38,60,61. 

natives  of;  proportion  of  soldiers  at  each  quinqueu  iiial 
mean  age,  from  16  to  45,  Vol.  I,  p.  49. 

natives  of;  relatiou  of  height,  girth  and  expansion  of 
chest,  to  mean  weight.  Vol.  I,  p.  40. 

natives  of;  their  height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest, 
Vol.  II,  pp.  166, 167, 170, 171,  174, 175, 178, 179,  182, 
183, 186, 187, 190,  i;)l,  194, 195. 
Irishmen,  accepted  ;  thei    height,  girth  and  expansion  of 
chest,  comj''.,'.\ion,  and  age,  Vol.  II,  pp.  264-279. 

their  height,  ^Irrh  and  expansion  of  chest,  complex- 
ion, age,  and  weight.  Vol.  II,  pp.  372-387. 
Iris,  dislocation  and  ctuitinual  tremor  of;  cause  for  rejec- 
tion. Vol.  I,  p. xiv. 

injuries  or  absence  of;  cause  for  rejectiou,  Vol.  1,  pp. 
xiv,  li. 

Iritis;  can,se  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiv. 

rheumatic;     cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pj).  xiv, li, 
syphilitic  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiv,  li. 
traumatic;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  1,  p.  xiv. 
Italian  government ;  application  to,  for  official  data,  un- 

succes'jful,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ix. 
Italians,  stature  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxii. 

Italy,  luitives  of;  mean  girth  of  chest,  compared  with 
that  of  other  nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
natives  of ;  mean  height,  compared  with  that  of  other 

nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  23. 
natives  of;    mean    mobility  of  chest,  in  relalioii   to 
height  and  girth  of  chest,  compared  with  that  of 
other  nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
natives  of;  physical  dimensions,  according  to  various 

observers,  Vol.  1,  pp.  58,  59. 
natives  of;  their  height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest. 
Vol.  II,  pp.  168, 169, 172, 173, 176, 177, 180, 181, 184, 
185, 188, 189, 192, 193, 196, 197. 


J. 


Jacob  (N.  H.)y  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixxxii,  Ixxxiv. 

Jc^cquart,  (Henri),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvi. 

Jaundice  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  1,  pp.  xvi,  xxxvi. 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


547 


JAW, 

Ja'vy,  ankylosis  of;  caiisr  liii-  iiJcrlMii,  Vol.  I,  ini.  Iviii.rt. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Ago,  Vol.  II,  p-  463. 
C'om|iluxioii,  Vol.  II,  p.  4^5. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  11,  pp.  411,  110,  421,  42fi. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  41(1,  421,  420. 
Locality    (ilrafted   men).  Vol.  IF,  pp.  528,  529,5;!6, 
r):i7,.'')44,.'')45,  552,  55:i,  5(i0,  .5(11,  568,  569,  578,579, 
585,  590,  591,598,  599,  606,  607,  614, 615, 622, 62:j, 
630,631. 
Locality  (recruits  antl  suUstitutcs),  Vol.  II,  pp.  642, 
643,  ii52,  653,  662,  663,  (572,  673, 682,  683, 692,  ()93, 
702,  703,  712,  713,  722,  723,  732,733,742,743,752, 
753, 762, 763. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  433, 438, 443, 448. 
Occupation,  Vol.   II,  pp.  471,476,481,486,491,496, 
501,506,511,516,521. 
disease  or  deformity  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 
xxix,  lii,  lviii,8. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  463. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Girth  of  cliest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  41 1,  416, 421, 426. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  420. 
Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  528,  529,  536, 
537, 544, 545, 552,  553,  560,  .561,  5(i8,  569,  .578,  579, 
585, 590, 591, 598,  599,  (;06,  (>07,  614,  615,  622,  623, 
630,  631. 
Locality  (recrnitsand  sul>stitntes),Vol.lI,  pp.642, 
043,  052,  653,  662,  663, 672, 673, 682, 683,  692, 693, 
702,  703,  712,713,722,723,732,733,742,743,752, 
753,762,763. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pji.  433,  438,  443,  448. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  l)|i.  471,  476,481,  4S6,  191,  490, 
501, 506, 511,  516,  .521. 
necrosis  of;  cause  for  riyectiou, Vol.  I,  p.  xxiii. 
Joints,  ankylosis   of;  cause  for  rejectiou.  Vol.  I.  pp.  xiii, 
xxyiii,  xlvi,  liv,  10. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  464. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417, 422, 427. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417.  422, 427. 
Locality    (drafted   men).  Vol.  II,  ])p.  532,  .533,  .540, 
541,  548,  549,  556,  .557,  564,  565, 572,  .573, 582, 583, 
586,  .594,  ,595,  602,  603,  610,  611,618,619,626,627, 
634, 635. 
Locality  (recrnitsand  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  644, 
615,  654,  655,  064,  665,  674,  675,684,085,694,695, 
704,  705,  714,  71.5,  724,  725,  734,73.5,744,74.5,7.54, 
7,55,764,765. 
Marriage,  Vi  1.  II,  p.  456. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  434,  439,  444, 449. 
Occupatio',  Vol.  II,  pp.472,  477,  482,487,492,497, 
502, .507, 512,  517,. 522. 
caries  of;  cause  for  rejectiou.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiii,xxviii. 
chronic  disease   of;  cause  for  rejectiou,  Vol.  I,  pp. 
xxviii,  xlvi,  liv,  lix,  10. 
it!?  relation  to: — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  464. 
Couiplexiou,  Vol.  II,  |i.  456. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,417,422,427. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412, 417,  422,  427. 
Loc-ility  (drafted  men),  Vcd.  H,  pp.  532. 533, .540, 
54 1,  548,  549, 556, 557, 564, 565, 572,  573, 582, 583, 
586,  .594,  595,602,603,610,011,618,619,626,627, 
634, 635. 


KANSAS. 

Joints,  chronic  disease  of — Continued, 
its  relation  to : — 

Locality  (recruitsandsub8titutes),V(d.  II,  pp.  61 1, 
645, 654, 655, 664, 665, 674, 675, 684,  685,  ()94,  69.5, 
704, 70.5, 714, 715, 724, 725, 734, 735,  744,  745,  754, 
7.55, 764, 765. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Nativity,  Vol. JI,  pp.  434, 439, 444, 449. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  i>p.  472,  477, 482, 487, 492, 497, 
502,507,512,517,522. 
.chronic  inflammation  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I, 

pp.  xxviii,  xlvi. 
chrouic  tumors  of;  cause  for  rejectiou,  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
contractions  of ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxviii, 

XXXV,  xlvi. 
defective  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xx,  xxi,  xxvi, 

xxxii,xlvi. 
dislocation  of;  cause  for  rejectiou.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxxii, 
xlvi,  liv,  10. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  464. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
.       Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422,  427. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412, 417, 422, 427. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  i)p;  532,  .533,  .540, 
541, 548, 549, 556,  .557, 564, 565,  572,  573,  582,  583, 
586, 594, 595, 602, 603, 010, 611,  618,  619,  626,  627, 
634, 635. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol. II,  pp.644, 
645, 654, 655, 664, 665, 674, 675,  684,  685,  694,  695, 
704, 705, 714,715, 724, 725, 734,  735,  744,  745, 7.54, 
755, 764, 765. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  434,  439, 444,  449. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  472,477,482,487,492,497, 
502,  507,  .512, 517, 522. 
distention  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
distortion  or  paralysis  of ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I, 

p.  xxviii. 
dropsy  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiii,  xxviii, 

xlvi,  liv. 
exostosis  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxviii. 
false;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I, pp.  xiii,xxvii  .  liv. 
fistula  of;  cause  for  rejectiou, Vol.  I, pp.  xiii, xxviii. 
loose  cartilages  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiii, 

xviii. 
luxations  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxviii. 
morbid  growths  of;   cause  for  rejection.  Vol.   I,  p. 

xxviii. 
necrosis  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
relaxation  of  ligaments  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol. 
I,  pp.  xxviii,  xlvi,  liv. 
Jomard  (E.  F.),  Vol.  I.  p.  Ixxxvi. 
Jombert  (C.  A.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvi. 

Joubert  ( ),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixvi. 

Jouvenoel  ( ),  Vol.  I,  p.  30. 

K. 

Kansas,  men  examined  in  ; 

height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest.  Vol.  11,  pp.  10, 

11, 20, 21,  .30,  31 ,  40. 41, 50,  51, 60, 61, 70, 71 ,  80, 81. 
mean  girth  of  chest,  in  relation  to  height,  compared 

with  that  of  men  from  other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
mean  height  and  girth  of  chest,  iu  each  congressional 

district,  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 

States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  25-27. 
mean  h(ught  compariMl  with  that  of  men  from  other 

States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  24, 29. 


54S 


GKNERAL    INDEX. 


KANSAS. 

KausaB,  inrn  cxaiiiiiii^l  in — Coiiliiuicd. 

mean  mobility  of  chest,  in  relation  to  lieiglit  and  girth 
of  chest,  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 

number  and  ratio  per  thousand  of  recruits  and  sub- 
stitutes rejected  in  each  congressional  district  on 
account  cf  speiilied  diseases,  Vol.  II,  pp.  7o9, 761, 
76:i,7t)5,767. 

height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest  of  colored  men, 
Vol.  II,  pp.  92,  93,  102,  103,  112,  113,  122, 12:^,  132, 
l:i3, 142, 143, 152, 153, 1G2, 163. 
Kansas,  surgeon's  rei)ort  from  : — 

northern  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  499. 
Kennedy  (Dr.  Thomas),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  360. 
Kentucky,  men  examined  iu  ; 

height,  girth  ami  expansion  of  chest,  Vol.  ll.pp.  6, 7. 
16, 17, 26, 27,  36,  37,  46, 47, 56,  57, 66, 67, 76,  77. 

mean  girth  of  chest,  in  relation  to  height,  compared 
with  that  of  men  from  other  States,  Vol.  I, p.  32. 

uiean  height  and  girth  of  chest,  in  each  congressional 
district,  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  V(d.  I,  pp.  25-27. 

mean  height  comjiared  with  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  24,29. 

mtfau  mobility  of  chest,  in  relation  to  height  and  girth 
of  chest,  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 

number  and  ratio  per  thousand  of  recruits  and  sub- 
stitutes rejected  in  each  congressional  district  on 
account  of  specified  diseases,  Vol.  II,  pp.  708,710, 
712,714,716. 

number  of  drafted  men  exempted  in  each  congress- 
ional district  on  account  of  8peci6ed  diseases.  Vol. 
II,  pp.  551, 5,53, 555, 557. 

ratio  per  thousand  of  drafted  men  exempted  in  each 
congressional  district  on  account  of  si>ecified  dis- 
eases, Vol.  II,  ))p.  605, 607, 609, 611. 

height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest  of  colored  men. 
Vol.  II,  pp.  88,  89",  98, 99, 108, 109, 118, 119, 128, 129, 
138, 139, 148, 149, 158, 1.59. 

Kentucky,  surgeon's  report  from  : — 
first  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  362. 
second  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  365. 
fourth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  370. 
fifth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  371. 
sixth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  372. 
seventh  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  381. 
eighth  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  382. 
ninth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  384. 

Kidneys,  acute  disease  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 
xxvii,9. 

its  relation  to  : — 

Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  464. 

Complexion,  Vol.  11,  p.  456. 

Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417, 422, 427. 

Height,  Vol.  II,  p|i.  412,  417, 422,  427. 

Locality  (drafted  njen).  Vol.  II,  j.p.  530,  531,  538, 
.539, .546, 547,. 5.04,  555,  .562,  563,  570,  571,  580,  581, 
586,592,593,600,  601,  608,  6C9,  616,  617,  624,  625, 
632, 633. 

Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  642, 
643, 652, 653, 662,  (;(13,  672,  673,  682,  683,  692,  69.!, 
702,703,712,713,722,  723,  '-.',2,  73.1,  742,  743,  752, 
753, 762,  763. 

Marriage,  Vol.  ll,)i.  456. 
Nativity^  Vol.  II,  jip.  434,  4.;'.l,  444,  449. 
Occupaticm,  Vol.  II,  i)p.  472,  477,  482,  487,402,497, 
.502, 507, 512, 517,  522. 
Bright's  disease  of;  cause  for  ri  jeetion,  Vel.  I,  ]i  xxix. 


LARYNX. 

Kidneys — ('on  tinned. 

calculus  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  1,  p.  liv. 

chronic  disease  of;   cause  for  rtgection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 
liv,  9. 

its  relation  to  : — 
Age.Vol.  II,p.  464. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,417,422,427. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422, 427. 
Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  530,  531,  538, 

539, 546, 547,  554, 5.55, 562,  563,  570,  .571,  580,  581, 

5H6, 592, 593,  (iOO,  601, 608,  609,  616,  617,  624,  (i25, 

632,  633. 
Locality  (recrnitsand  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.642, 

643, 652, 6.^:3, 662,  663,  672,  673,  682,  683,  692,  693, 

702, 703, 712, 713, 722,  723, 732, 733,  742,  743,  752, 

753, 762, 763. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  434,  439, 444, 449. 
Occupat ion.  Vol.  II,  pp.  472, 477, 482, 487, 492, 407, 

502,507,512,517,522. 
degeneration  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 
disease  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxix, liv, 
Ivii. 
Knapp  (Dr.  John  H.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  274. 

Knee,  diseases  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp  xxix, 

XXX  i. 
Knight  (Dr.  Z.  T.),  Report  of,  Vol.  1,  p.  394. 

Knock-knees;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxiv,  xxsi, 
xxxii,  xliii,  Iv. 
not  thought  disqualifying.  Vol.  I,  p.  168. 
Knox  (Robert),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvi. 
Kopernicki  ( Isidor),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvi. 
Krause  (W.),  Vol.1,  p.  Ixxxvi. 
Kriegstiichtigkeit.     (See  Military  Aptitude.) 


Labial  paralysis  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xv. 
Labor  involved  in  the  preparation  of  the  statistical  ta- 
bles. Vol.  I,  p.  vi. 
Lachrymal  ducts,  deviation  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol. 

I,  p.  XV. 

disea.sc  of ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxiv,  xliv. 
tumor  or  fistula  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 
XV,  xliv. 
Lachrymal  gland,  tumefaction  of;  cause  for  rejection. 

Vol.  1,  pp.  xiv,  xliv. 

Lachrymal  puncta,  obliteration  of ;  cause  for  rejection, 

Vol.  I,  p.  XV. 
Lachrymation,  continual ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 

xiv,  xliv. 
Lagneau  (G.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixxxvi,  20, 166, 168. 
Lairesse  (Gerard  de).  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvi. 
Lameness;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,i)p.  xviii,xlvii,Iv. 
Lami  (A.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvi. 

Lamprey  ( ),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvi. 

Lane  (Dr.  L.  C),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  498. 
Larrey  (Baron  H.),  Vd.  I,  pp.  16, 18,  30, 166, 168. 
Laryngitis,  chronic;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I, p. liii. 

mcmbninous ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xv. ' 
Larynx,  disea.ses  of;   cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 
eonstric^tions  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  l,p.  xxix. 
listiilaof;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv, xiv,  liii, 
lix,7. 
its  relation  to  :— ' 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  462. 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


549 


LAEYNX. 

Larynx,  fistula  of — Continued. 
its  relation  to : — 

Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.5'l. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,  420,  425. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,  420,  425. 
Localitv  (diaftiil  uic-n),  Vol.  II,  pp.  528,  529,  5:i(i, 
537, 544,  545,  .••:52, 553, 560, 5fil,  .568,  5(;S),  .578,  579. 
5H5,  .590,  591, 598,  .599,  COO,  007,  fil4,  (115,  (>22,  f>2:i, 
630,031. 
Loealit.v  (recruits  and  sidistitiitcs),  V<j1.  II,  pp. 041 1, 

O4i,050,05i,0(;(),0(;i,o:o,(i7i,  oao,  ohi,  o9o,  091, 

700,701,710,711,720,721,730,731,  740,  741,  7.50, 

751,760,701. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  432, 437,  442, 447. 
Occupation,  Vd  II,  pi>.  470, 47.5, 480,  485,  490, 49.5, 

.500,  505, 510,  n5, 520. 

inflammation  of;  cause  for  rejection, Vol.  I,]),  xxvii. 
Lead  palsy  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
Legoyt  (A.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  <i3,  04. 
Lelut  (Francisqne),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxiv. 
Lemen  (Dr.  M.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  404. 
Lepra  ;  cause  lor  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  Iv. 
Lepsius  (Richard),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixiii,  Ixxxvi. 
Lewes  (G.  H.),  Vol.  I,  p.  42. 
Lewis  (Dr.  Aaron),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  434. 
Licbeu;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  l,p.  xii. 
Lichtensteger  (G.),  Vrl.  I,  p.  Ixxxvi. 
Ligaments,  relaxation  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  T,  p. 

XXXV. 

Liharzik  (F.),  Vol.  I,  i)p.  x,  Ixviii,  Ixxxvi,  17, 18. 

Limb,  ;ttrophy  of ;  cause   fur  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxiii, 

xxix,  XXXV,  10. 
it.s  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  405. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol   II,  pp.  413,418,423,428. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 
Localitv  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  532,  533,  540, 

541, 548,  ,549,  556, 557,  564,  505,  572,  573,  582,  583, 

587,594,595,002,003,  610,  611,  618,  619,  626,  027, 

634,635. 
Locality  (recruits  and  suhstitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  044, 

645, 654, 655,  664, 665,  674,  675,  684,  085,  694,  695, 

704,70.5,714,715,724,  72.5,  734,  735,  744,  74,5,  754, 

755, 764, 765. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  435,  440,  445, 450. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,  478,  483,488,493,498, 

503,508,513,518,523. 

loss  of ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xi,  xxiii,  xxix, 
XXXV,  xlviii,  liv,  11, 12. 
its  relation  to: — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  465. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  4 13,  418, 423, 428. 
Height,  Vol.  11,  pp.  413,418,423,428. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  .532,533,540, 
541, 548, 549, 556,  .557, 564, 565, 572, 573,  582,  .583, 
587, 594,  ,595, 602, 603, 610, 611,618, 619,  626,  627, 
634, 635. 
Marriage,  Vtd.  II,  p.  457. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  435, 440,  445,  450. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,478,483,488,493,498. 
.503,508,513,518,523. 
loss  of  motion  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxiii. 
paralysis  of;  cause  for  reieetioti,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxix,  xxx\ , 
iiv. 


LOCAL  INJURIES. 

Iiimbs,  contractions  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  liv. 

deformity  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xi.  xx, 

xxiv,  xxix,  xxxi,  xxxv,  xlviii,  liv. 
wa.stiug  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xvii. 
Limitation  of  height  and  age  varied  with  urgency  of  tho 

demand  for  men.  Vol.  I,  p.  viii. 
Lip,  cancer  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxxiv. 
Lipoma  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xii. 
Lips  and  cheeks,  adhesion  of,  to  gums  ;- cause  for  rejec- 
tion. Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 

dartrous  eruption  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xv. 
diseases  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxix.xlv, 

lii. 
loss  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  lii. 
Liver,  acute  disease  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p,  9. 
its  relation  to: — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  463. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  |>.  455. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,416,421,426. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  530,  531,  538, 
539,546,547,554,5.55,  562,  503,  570,  571,  580,  581, 
586,592,593,600,601,  008,  609,  010,  617,  024,  625, 
632, 633. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp.  642, 
643, 652, 653, 662,  663,  672,  673,  682,  683,  692,  693, 
702,703,712,713,722,  723,  732,  733,  742,  743,  752, 
753, 762, 763. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  433,438,443,448. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  471,  476,  481,486.491,496, 
501,500,511,516,521. 
chronic  disease  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xlvi, 
liii,  9. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  463, 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,416,421,426. 
Height,  Vgl.  II,  pp.  411,416,421,426. 
Localitv  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  530,531,538, 
539,  546, 547, 554, 555,  562, 503,  570,  571,  580,  581. 
586,592,593,600,001,008,609,616,617,  624,  625, 
632,633. 
Locality  (recruits  and   substitutes).  Vol.   II,  i)p. 
642, 643, 652,  053,  662, 663, 672,  673, 682,  683,  692, 
693,702,703,712,713,722,723,732,733,  742,  743, 
752, 753, 762, 763, 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  433, 438, 443, 448. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  471,476,481,480,491,490, 
501,506,511,516,521. 
disease  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvi,  Ivii. 
Local  injuries.  Vol.  I,  p.  82. 
their  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxi  ;  Vol.  II,  p.  465. 
Complexiou,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxi ;  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,418,423,428. 
Height,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxi  ;  Vol.  II, pp.  413,418,423, 

428. 
Locality,  Vol.  I,  chart  liii. 

Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  .532,  533,  540, 
541, 548,  549,  .556,  .557,  504,  565,  572,  .573,  582,  583, 
587,594,595,602,003,  010,  611,  618,  619,  626,  627, 
634, 635. 
Localitv  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  646, 
047,056,657,666,607,  676,  677,  686,  687,  696,  097, 
706,707,710,717,726,  727,  736,  737,  746,  747,  750, 
757, 706, 767. 
Marriage,  Vol,  I, chart  xxi;  Vol.  II,  p.  4&7. 


550 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


LOCAL  INJUKIES. 

Local  injuries— Continued, 
their  relations  to:  — 
Nativity,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxi;  Vol.  II,  pp.  435, 440, 445, 

4.50. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,478,  483,  488,  493,  498, 
503, 508, 513, 518, 523. 
Locality  ;  its  relation  to  disease,  as  shown  by  the  charts. 
Vol.  I,  p.  87. 
its  relation  to  disease  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  52G- 

635. 
its  relation  to  disease  (recruits  and  8ubstitutes),VoI. 

II,  pp.  G38-767. 
its  relation  to  the  prevalence  of  different  classes  of 
diseases,  Vol.  I,  chart  Iviii. 
Locomotion,  impeded  ;  cause  for  rejection ,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxiv. 
Lomazzo  (G.  P.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvi. 
Loomis  (Dr.  A.  L.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  243. 
Lord  (Dr.  R.  McC),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  234. 
"Lost-rock,"  or  bowlders  in  Illinois,  Vol.  I,  j).  442. 

Luciau  f ),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixiv,  Ixxxvi. 

Lumbago,  chronic;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I, p.  xvi. 
Lungs,  abscess  of;  cause  for  rcjectiou,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 
acute  disease  of ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol  I,  pp.  xxvii,  8. 
its  relation  to : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  4G2. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  410, 415, 420, 425. 
Height,  Vol  II,  pp.  410, 415,  420, 425. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  528,529,5,30, 
537, 544, 545, 552, 553, 5fi0, 561, 568, 569,  578,  579, 
5a5,  590, 591, 598,  599, 606,  607, 614, 615,  022,  623, 
630,631. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes), Vol.  II,  np.  640, 
641,650,651,660,661,670,(171,680,081,  6'JO,  691, 
700,701.710,711,720,721,730,731,740,  741,  750, 
751,760,761. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  432,  437,  442,  447. 
Occup.ition.  Vol.  II,  pp.  470,475,4^0,485,490,495, 
500, 505, 510, 515, 520. 
chronic  disease  of ;    cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp. 
xxix,  8. 
its  relation  to : — • 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  462. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,415,420,425. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410, 415, 420, 425. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  528,  529,  530, 
537, 544, 545, 552, 553,  500,  561 ,  .568, 569, 578,  579, 
585, 590, 591, 598,  .599,  606,  (;07, 014, 015, 022, 623, 
630, 631. 
Locality  (recruits  and  siilsti(iitcs),Vol.  II,  pp.640. 
041,  650,  651, 660, 661,  670,  671, 680, 681, 690,  091, 
700,  701,710,711,720,721,  7:!0,731,740,741,7.'-;0, 
751,760,761. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  jip.  432,  437,  442,  447. 
Occupation,  Vol.  11,  pp.  170, 475, 4^*0, 485, 490, 49.5, 
r>00,  505,  510,  515,  .520. 
disi'a.se  of;  cause;  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  ]>.  xvi. 
emphysema  of;  cause  for  rejection,  V(d.  I,  p.  xlvi. 
hxmorrhage  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  ii.  xxvii. 
hernia  of;  cause  for  rejection,  V(d.  I,  p.  xv. 
traumatic  injuries  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  \>. 

XV. 

Lupus  ;  cause  for  reject  ion,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xii,  xv,  Iv. 
Luxation  of  crystalline  lens  :  cause  for  rejection,  Vol. 
I,  p.  xiv. 


MARYLAND. 

Lye ;  skin  of  feet  destroyed  by,  to  avoid  the  draft,  Vol. 
I,  p.  477. 

Lymphatics,  dilatation  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p. 
xii. 

M. 

Maine,  meu  examined  iu  ; 

height,  girth  and  expansion  cif  chest  of  white  men, 
Vol.  II,  pp.  2.3,12,13,22,23,  32,  33,  42,  43,52,  53, 
62,63,72,73. 

mean  girth  of  chest  iu  relation  to  height  compared 
with  that  of  men  from  other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 

mean  height  and  girth  of  chest  in  each  congressional 
district  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  25, 27. 

mean  height  compared  with  that  of  meu  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  24,29. 

mean  mobility  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  and 
girth  of  chest  eomiiaied  with  that  of  meu  from 
other  States,  Vol.  1,  p.  45. 

number  and  ratio  jier  thousand  of  recruits  and  substi- 
tutes rejected  in  ( achcongres'sional  disliieton 
account  of  speeilicd  diseases,  Vol.  II,  pp.  0:'8, 04^ 
042,044,046. 

number  of  drafted  meu  exempted  in  each  congres- 
sional di.strict  on  account  of  specifieil  di.seases. 
Vol.  II,  pp.  526,  528,  .530, 532. 

ratio  per  thousand  of  drafted  men  exempted  in  ea(  h 
congressional  district  on  account  of  specified  dis- 
eases. Vol.  II,  pp.  ,576, 578, 580, 582. 

height,  girth  and  exi  ansion  of  elicit  of  colored  men, 
"  Xo\.  II,  ],]>.  .-4, 85,  94,  95, 104, 105, 114, 115, 124,125, 
134, 135, 144, 145, 154, 1.55. 

Maine,  surgeon's  report  from  : — 
first  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  171. 
'.second  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  172. 
third  district.  Vol.  I^  p.  174. 
fourth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  177. 
(iftli  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  179. 

Malarial  cachexia  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 
Malformation  of   ears ;   cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p. 
xxviii. 

of  eyes;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I, p.  xxviii. 
of  pelvis;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 
of  thorax;  cause  forrejectiou.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxviii. 
Malingerers  ;  not  allowed  to  re-enlist.  Vol.  I,  p.  li. 
Mallet  (Edouard),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvi. 
Malposition  of  heart ;    cause  for   rejection.  Vol.   I,  p. 

xxviii. 
Man,   mean  dimensions  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  56. 

typical,  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixxviii,  Ixxxiii. 
Maps  ;  I'xiilanation  of  the,  Vol.  I,  p.  93. 
Marasmus  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xi,  liii. 
Mark,  military,  on  hand.  Vol.  I,  p.  ix. 
Marks,  congenital  or  accidental ;  cau.se  for  rejection.  Vol. 

I,  pp.  XX,  xxiii.xxvi. 
Marriage  ;  its  relation  to  r — 

Disease,  Vol.  II,  pp. 453-457. 
Marshall  (Inspector-General  Henry),  Vdl.  1,  pp.  16, 89. 
Martin  (Dr.  Oiamel),  Report  of.  Vol.  !,]>.  217. 
Maryland,  men  examined  in  ; 

lieight,  girth  and  expansion  of  elw^st  of.  Vol.  II,  p|). 

6, 7, 10, 17,  26, 27,  36, ;  7, 4(i,  47,  .'.0,  .57,  00, 07, 70, 77. 
mean  girth  of  chest  in  relation  to  height,  comjiared 
with  that  of  men  from  other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
mean  height  and  girth  of  cliest  in  each  congressional 
district,  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  25,  27. 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


551 


MARYLAND. 

Maryland,  men  examiuixl  in — Coiitiuiied. 

mean  lieiglit  compared  with  that,  of  men  from  otber 
S-ates,  Vol.  I,  pp.  24,'«J. 

mean  mobility  of  chest,  in  rehition  to  height  and 
girth  of  chest,  compared  witli  that  of  men  from 
other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  i',. 

number  and  ratio  ])er  thousand  <if  ri'crnirs  and  sub- 
stitutes rejected  in  each  congressional  district  cm 
account  of  specified  diseases.  Vol.  II,  pp.  fi9S-707. 

number  of  drafted  men  exempted  in  each  congres- 
sional  district   on  account  of  specified  diseases, 

Vol.  II,  pp.  :>.'.o,  .'•)r>2,  .''15.1,  .'■>.^)r). 

ratio  per  thousand  of  drafted  men  exempted  in  each 
congressional  <listrict  on  account  of  specified  dis- 
eases. Vol.  II,  pp.  I>U4,  (iU(),  (i08,  GIO. 

height, girth  and  expansion  of  chest  of  colonel  mm. 
Vol.  II,  PI).  88,89,98,99, 11)8, 109,  118,  U9,  UH,  129. 
138, 139, 148, 149, 158, 159. 

Maryland,  surgeon's  report  from  : — 
second  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  34(i. 
third  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  352. 
fifth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  354. 
Mascagni  (Paul),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvi. 
Massachusetts,  men  exaudned  in  ; 

height,  girth  au<l  expansion  of  chest,  Vo'.  II,  pp.  2,!!, 
12, 13, 22, 23,  32,  33,  12,  43,  .52,  53, 02,  (".3, 72,73. 

mean  girth  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  compared 
with  that  of  men  from  other  States,  Vol.  I,  ji.  32. 

mean  height  and  girth  of  chest  in  each  congressional 
district  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  25-27. 

mean  height  comjiared  with  that  of  men  from  other 
State-s,  Vol.  I,  pp.  24,  29. 

mean  mobility  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  and  girth 
of  chest  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 

number  and  ratio  per  thousand  of  recruits  and  sub- 
stitutes rejected  in  each  congressional  district  on 
account  of  specified  diseases.  Vol.  II,  pp.  648,650, 
652, 654, 656. 

number  of  drafted  men  exempted  in  each  congres- 
sional district  on  account  of  specified  diseases. 
Vol.  II,  pp.  527,  529,  .531, 533. 

ratio  per  thousand  of  drafted  men  exempted  in  each 
congressional  district  on  account  of  specified  dis- 
eases, Vol.  II,  pp.  577,  .579,  581,  583. 

height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest  of  colored  men. 
Vol.  II,  pp.  84, 85, 94, 95, 104,  105, 114, 115, 124, 125, 
134,135,144,14.5,154,155. 

Massachusetts,  surgeon's  rejiort  from  : — 

first  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  196. 

second  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  197. 

third  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  199. 

fourth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  202. 

fifth  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  207. 

sixth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  209. 

seventh  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  215. 

eighth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  216. 

ninth  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  217. 

tenth  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  219. 
Massy  (H.  H.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  48,  166. 

Mastoid  cells,  suppuration  of ;  canso  for  rejection.  Vol. 
I,  p.  xiv. 

Masturbation.     (See  "  vice,  solitary.") 
Mcixwell  (Dr.  John  C),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  370. 
McAthur  (Dr.  Robert  M.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  436. 
McCormick  (Dr.  James  R.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  387. 
McKnight  (Dr.  C.  (!.),  Report  of.  Vol.  1,  p.  224. 


MILITARY  MARK. 

Mean  and  average.  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxviii. 
Mean  dimensions  of  man.  Vol.  I,  i)p.  56-59. 
Mears  (Dr.  J.  II.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  303. 
Measurements  ;  how  made.  Vol.  I,  pp.  15,  30. 

of  sjiccial  classes,  Vol.  I,  p.  16. 

Medical      Branch      of      Provost-Marshal-General's 
Bureau  ;  when  establisheil.  Vol.  I,  p.  i. 
statistics,  collected  by  Surgeon  J.  H.  Baxti'r,  Vol.  I, 
p.  iii. 

Medico  (Gins,  del),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvi. 

Melanosis  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xii. 

Men   enlisted  ■while   intoxicated ;    falsehood  of   tlio 
charge.  Vol.  I,  pp.  253,  2,58. 

Mendenhall  (Dr.  W.  T.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  430. 
Mengs  (Ant.  Rat'.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixvi,  Ixxxvi. 
Mentagra  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xv. 
Mental  aberration  ;  can.se  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxiv; 

xxvii,  xxix. 
Mexico,  natives  of;  large  ratio  of  rejection  among,  Vol. 

I,  p.  84. 

mean  girth  of  chest  compared  with  that  of  other 
nativities,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 

mean  height  compared  with  that  of  other  nativities. 
Vol.  I,  p.  23. 

mean  mobility  of  chest,  in  relation  to  height  and  girth 
of  chest,  compared  with  that  of  o:hcr  nativities, 
Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
their  height,  girth  and  expansion  of  che.st.  Vol.  II,  pp. 
160,  167,  170,  171,  174,  175,  178,  179,  182,  183,  186, 
187,  190,  191,  194,  195. 
Meyer  (Dr.,  of  Munich,),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxii. 
Michigan,  climate  of,  for  consumptive  patients,  Vol.  I, 

p.  464. 
Michigan,  men  examined  in  ; 

height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  10, 

II,  20,21,  30,  31,  40,  41,  50,  51,  60,61,70,71,80,81. 

mean  girth  of  chest,  in  relation  to  height  compared 

with  that  of  men  from  other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
mean  height  and  girth  of  chest,  in  each  congressional 

district,  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 

States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  25-27. 
mean  height  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 

States,  Vol.  1,  pp.  24,  29. 

mean  mobility  of  chest,  in  relation  to  height  and 
girth  of  chest,  compared  with  th.at  of  men  from 
other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 

inindjer  and  ratio  per  thousand  of  lecruits  and  sub- 
stitutes rejected  in  each  congres-^ional  district  on 
account  of  specified  disea.ses,  Vol.  1 1,  pp.  749, 751, 
753,  755, 757. 

number  of  drafted  men  exempted  in  each  congress- 
ional district  on  account  of  specified  di.seases,  Vol. 
II,  pp.  567,  569,  r>71,  573. 

ratio  of  drafted  men  exempted  in  each  coDgressional 

district  on  account  of  specified  dise.ases.  Vol.  II, 

pp.  628,  630,  6:!2,  034. 
height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest  of  colored  men, 

Vol.  II,  pp.  92,  93, 102,  103,  112,  113,  122,  123,  132, 

133,  142,  143,  152,  1.53,  102,  163. 

Michigan,  surgeon's  report  from  : — 
fourth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  463. 
fifth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  465. 
Military  aptitude.  Vol.  I,  p.  02. 

fallacy  of  statistics  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  62. 
of  ditierent  European  states.  Vol.  I,  p.  63. 
of  diflereut  nativities,  opinion  of  examining  surgeons, 
Vol.1,  p.  169.  (,See,  also,  surgeou.i'  reports,  puaaim.) 
of  the  United  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  65. 
Military  mark,  on  hand.  Vol.  I,  p.  ix. 


552 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


MILITARY  POPULATION. 

Military  population  of  United  States  from  18G0  to  18G5, 
Vol   I,  pp.  (S-67. 

Military  service,  persoual  aud  obligatoi-y  : — 
in  Nortli-German  Empire,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxx,  63. 
in  France,  Vol.  I,  pp.  ix,63. 
in  Anstria,  Prussia,  Italy,  and  Sweden,  Vol.  I,  p.  63. 

Milk-sickness,  Vol.  I,  pp.  36(1,  40-2. 

Miller  (Dr.  O.  C),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  408. 

Mind,  diseases  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xlviii. 

Minnesota,  men  examined  in  ; 

beight,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  10, 
11, 20, 21,  30,  31,  40, 41, 50, 51,  60,  61, 70, 71,  80,  81. 

mean  girth  of  chest,  iu  relation  to  height  compared 
with  that  of  men  from  other  State.s,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 

mean  height  aud  girth  of  chest  in  each  congressional 
district  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  25-27. 

mean  height  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  24, 29. 

mean  mobility  of  chest  in  relation  to  .height  and 
girth  of  chest  compared  with  that  of  men  from 
other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 

number  and  ratio  per  thonsaiid  of  recrnits  .and  sub- 
stitutes rejected  iu  each  congressional  district  on 
account  of  speciiied  diseases.  Vol.  II,  pp.  759,761, 
763, 765,  767. 

number  of  drafted  men  exempted  in  each  congress- 
ional district  on  account  of  specified  diseases.  Vol. 
II,  pp.  567,  569,  .571,  573. 

ratio  per  thousand  of  drafted  men  exeiiipted  in  each 
congressional  district  on  account  of  specified  dis- 
eases. Vol.  II,  pp.  t!29,631,(i33,635. 

height,  girth  aud  expansion  of  chest  of  colored  men. 
Vol.  II,  pp.  92.  93,  102,  103,  112,  113,  122,  123,  132, 
133, 142, 143, 152, 153, 162, 163. 

Minnesota,  surgeon's  report  from : — 
first  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  474. 
second  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  475. 
Missouri,  men  examined  in  ; 

height,  girth  aud  expausion  of  (-best.  Vol.  II,  pp.  6,7, 

16, 17, 26, 27,  36,  37, 46,  47, 56, 57,  61 1, 67, 76, 77. 
mean  girth  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  compared 

with  that  of  men  from  other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
mean  height  and  girth  of  chest  iu  each  congressional 

district  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 

States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  25-27. 
mean  height  compared  with  that  of  meu  from  other 

States,  Vol.  1,  pp.  24,29. 
mean  molulity  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  aud  girth 

of  chest  compared  with  that  of  meu  from  other 

States,  Vol.  1,  p,  45. 
number  aud  ratio  per  thousand  of  recruits  and  substi- 
tutes rejected  in  each  congressional  district  on 

account  of  specified  diseases.  Vol.  11,  pp.  709,711, 

713,715,717. 

number  of  drafted  nu'U  excmipted  in  each  congress- 
ion:il  district  on  account  of  specified  diesiises.  Vol. 
II,  pp.  551,553,55.5,557. 

ratio  [ler  thousand  of  drafted  men  cxc'uipted  in  each 
congressional  district  on  account  of  .specified  dis- 
eases. Vol.  II,  pp.  612,  614,(;i6,  61K. 

height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest  of  colored  meu. 
Vol.  II,  pp.  88.89,98,99.108,109,118,119,128,129, 
138,139,148,149,1.58,159. 

Missouri,  "sunken  lauds"  in,  produced  by  earthciuakes, 
Vol.  I,  p.  389. 
surgeon's  report  from  : — 
third  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  387. 
fourth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  391. 


NEGRO. 

Missouri — Continued. 

surgeon's  report  from  : — 
fifth  district.  Vol  I,  p.  393. 
eighth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  394. 
uinth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  395. 
Mobility  of  chest.  Vol.  I,  p.  38.     (See,  also,  "  chest"  and 
"expansiou  of  chest.") 
and  herni.i..  Vol.  I,  p.  44. 
extreme  cases  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  44. 
its  relation  to  ;— 

Age,  height,  girth  of  chest,  and  nativity.  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
Montabert  (M.-P.  de).  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvi. 
Moody  (Dr.  H.  P.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  j).  321. 
Morbid  grovyth  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxviii. 
Morgan  (Dr.  B.  F.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  190. 

Moricheau-Beaupre  ( ),  Vol.  I,  p.  16. 

Morris  (Dr.  Stephen),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  429. 
Morskoi  Bornyk,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvi. 

Motions,  spasmodic  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxv. 
Mouth,  diseases  of;  cause  for  nyection.  Vol,  I,  p.  xxix. 
listula  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii 
tumors  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 
ulcers  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 
Murdoch  (Dr.  Thomas  F.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  352. 
Muscles,  diseases  of ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxix, 
xxxvi,  liv. 

partial  atrophy  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  )>.  xiii. 
Muscular  contractions;  cause  for  rejection, Vol.  I,  i>p. 

xiii.  xxiii,  xliv,  10. 
Mutilation  self-inflicted  to  avoid  service,  Vol.  I,  pp. 

330,  342,  346,  403. 
Mydriasis  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xiv. 
Myopia;  cause  for  rejection, Vol.  I,  pp.  xiv,  xxiv,  xxvi, 
xxxii,  xxxiii,  xiv,  li,  Iviii. 
not  thought  dis(|ualifying.  Vol.  I,  p.  168. 


nr. 

Nsevi  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xii,  xlviii,  Ivi. 
Nails,  incurvation  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxvii, 

Iv. 
Nativities,  Vol.  I,  pp.  12,  13. 

mean  dimensions  of  men  of  various.  Vol.  I,  p.  56. 
Nativity,  Vol.  I,  p.  72. 

an  iniportaut  element  in  the  tables,  Vol.  I,  p.  vi. 
its  relation  to : — 
Disease,  Vol.  II,  pp.  431-450. 
Neck,  disease  of  glands  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  1, 
pp.  xxvii,  xxix,  xxxii,  xlii. 
distortion  of:    cause  for  rejection.  Vol.   I,  pp.  xxix, 
xxxi. 
Necrosis  of  bones;  cause  for  rejection, Vol.  I,  pp.  xiii, 

xvi,  xxiii,  xxviii. 
Neeley  (Dr.  I.saac  M.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  451. 
Neff  (Dr.  C.  I.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  \<.  399. 
Negro;  (See  also  ''Americans,  colored.") 

fitness  of,  for  military  sirvice.  Vol.  1,  p.  170.     (See  also 

surgeon's  rrintiis jmHsim.) 
fractures  less  IVe(|uent  in  the.  Vol.  I,  p.  379. 
liaimorrhoids  less  frequent  in  the,  Vol.  I,  p.  379. 
hernia  less  frequent  in  the,  excepting  the  veufral  form, 

Vol.  I,  p.  379. 
idiosyncrasies  of,  in  disease,  Vol.  I,  p.  368. 
uudiilical  hernia  more  frequent  in  the,  Vol.  1,  pp.  349, 
37'2,421. 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


o5;} 


NEOPLASMS 

Neoplasms;  cause  I'm-  reject  ion,  Vol.  I,  jip.  xxvii,  xxix. 
xlvi. 

Nephritis  ;  cause  i'or  rejoctioi'i,  Vol.  I,  p.  x\  i. 
Nerves,  iliseasesof;  cau.se  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp  xxix.lii. 
Nervous  system,  (li.seases  of,  Vol.  I,]i.  7(i. 
flieir  relation  to  :  — 
Age,  Vol.  I,  diart  v  ;  Vol.  ll,p.  llil. 
Complexion,  Vol.  1,  eliart  v  ;  Vol.  11,  [i.  4.5:!. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  410.  424. 
Height,  Vol.  I,  chart   v;  Vol.  11,  iip.  4011,  414,  4111, 

424. 
Locality,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxxvi. 

Locality  (draltid  men).  Vol.  II.  i)p.  52G,  527,5^4, 
5:i.''>,  042,  r,4:i,  f>.-0,  G51,  558,  55U,  5(iG,  5f;/,  .57fi.  .''.77, 
.5H4,  .585,  5H8,  589,  i59(i,  597.  G04,  ()05,  G12,  CVS,  G20, 
621,  028,  G29. 
Locality  (leciuits  :in(l  mhstitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp.  G38, 
G39,  G48,  G49,  G5H,  G59,  (i(i8,  tifi9,  G78,  (i79,  G88,  G89, 
G98,  G99,  708,  709,  718,  719,  728,  729,  738,  739,  748, 
749,  758,  759. 
Marriage',  Vol.  I,  chart  v  ;  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 

Nativity,  Vol.  I,  chart  v  ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  431.  43G,  441, 

44G. 
Occupation,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxviii  ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  4G9, 
474,  479.  484,  489,  494,  499,  504,  509,  514,  519. 
Neuralgia  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  ])p.  liii,0. 
facial ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xiv. 
its  relation  lo: — 
Age,  Vol.  11,1).  '"51- 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Girth  of  che.st,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409, 414, 419,  424. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  526,  .527,  534, 
53.5,  542,  543,  ,550,  551, 558, 559, 5G6, 567, 576, 577, 
584,  588,  589,  596,  597, 604, 605, 612, 613, 620,  G21, 
628,  629. 

Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,    pp. 

6:?8,  639,  648,  649,  G58,  G59,  G(!8,  (i69, 678, 679, 688, 

6^9,  698,  699,  708,  709, 718, 719, 728, 729, 738, 739, 

748,  749,  758,  759. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,  436,  441,  44G. 
Occunation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  469,  474,  479, 484, 489,  494, 

499,  504,  .509,  514,  519. 

Neuralgic  rheumatism;   cause  for  njectiou,  Vol.  I,  p. 
xvii. 

Neuroma  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
Nevada,  men  examined  in  : 

height,  girth  and  expansion  <if  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  10 

11, 20, 21,  30,  31,  40,  41,  .50,  51 ,  GO,  61,  70,  71,  80,  81. 
mean  girth  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  compared 
vpith  that  of  men  from  other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
mean  height  and  girth  of  chest  compared  with  that 

of  men  from  other  States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  25-27. 
mean  height  com|iared  with  that  of  men  from  other 

States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  24, 29. 
mean   mobility  of  chest   in   relation   to  height  aud 
girth  of  chest  compared  with  that  of  nu'U  frtun 
other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
number  and  ratio  per  thousand  of  recrnits  and  substi- 
tutes rejected  on   account  of  specified   dis(^'isi's. 
Vol.  II, 'pp-  759,761,763,76,5,707. 
height, girth  and  expansion  of  chest  of  colored  men, 
'         Vol.  II,  pp.  92,  93,  102,  103,  112,  1 13,  122, 123, 132, 
133, 142, 143, 152, 153,  KB,  163. 
Nevada,  surgeon's  rejMrt  from.  Vol.  I,  p.  501. 
New  Hampshire,  men  examined  in  : 

heiglil.  girth  and  ex))ansion  of  chest,  Vol.  H,)))).  2.3, 
12,  13,  22,  23,  32,  33,  42,  43,  r.2,  53,  02,  03,  72,  73. 

70 


Ni:\V  YOKK. 

NeTV  Hampshire,  imn  examined  in— Continued. 

nuan  girili  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  compared 

with  that   of  men  from  other  Slates,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
nu-an  height  aud  girth  of  chest  in  each  congressional 

district  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 

States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  25-27. 

mean  height  compared  with  that  of%ien  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  24.29. 

mean  mobility  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  and  girth 
of  chest  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 

inimbir  and  ratio  per  thousand  of  recruits  aud  sub- 
stitutes rejected  in  each  congressional  district  ou 
account  of  specified  diseases.  Vol.  II,  pp.  639,641, 
643, 645, 647. 

number  of  drafted  men  exempted  in  each  congress- 
ional district  on  account  of  s|)ecified  diseases.  Vol. 
II,  pp.  52(i,  528,  530,  .532. 

ratio  per  thousand  of  drafted  men  exempted  in  each 
congressional  district  on  account  of  specified  dis- 
eases. Vol.  II,  pp.  570,  .578, 580,  582. 

height,  girth  aud  exnansiou  of  chest  of  colored  men, 
Vol.  II,  j.p.  84,8.^,94,9.5, 104, 10.5, 114, 11.5,  124, 125, 
134, 135, 144, 145, 154, 1.5.5. 
Nevir  Hampshire,  surgeon's  report  from  :— 
first  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  180. 
second  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  182. 
third  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  185. 
New  Jersey,  men  examined  in  : 

height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest  Vol.  II,  pp.  4,5, 
14. 15. 24, 25,  34,  35,  44, 45, 54,  55, 64, 65, 74, 75. 

mean  girth  of  chest  in  ralation  to  height  compare  I 
with  that  of  men  from  other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 

mean  height  and  girh  of  chest  in  each  congressional 
district  compared  with  that  of  men  fron,  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  25-27. 

mean  height  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  24,29. 

mean  mobility  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  aud  girth 
of  chest  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 

nnuiber  and  ratio  per  thousand  of  recruits  aud  substi- 
tutes rejected  in  each  congressional  district  on 
account  of  specified  diseases.  Vol.  II,  pj).  678,680,- 
682,684,686. 

number  of  drafted  men  exempted  in  each  congres- 
sional district  on  account  of  specified  diseases.  Vol. 
II,  pp.  542,  ,544. 546, 548. 

ratio  per  thnsand  of  drafted  men  exempted  iu  each 
congressional  district  ou  account  of  specified  dis- 
eases. Vol.  II,  PI).  .596, 598,  (iOO,  602. 

height,  girth  aud  expansion  of  chest  of  (M)lored  men, 
Vol.  II,  pp.  86, 87, 90,  97, 106, 107,  IKi,  1 17, 120, 127, 
130, 137, 140,  147, 156, 1.57. 
NeTV  Jersey,  surgeon's  report  from  : — 
first  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  281. 
third  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  285. 
fifth  district.  Vol  I,  p.  290. 
New  York  ;  draft-riot  iu,  Vol.  I,  p.  200. 
Nev?  York,  men  examined  in  ; 

iKuglit,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  2,  3, 
12, 13, 22, 23,  32, 33,  42, 43,  ,52, 53, 62,  ()3, 72, 73. 

mi'an  girth  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  compared 
with  that  of  men  from  other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 

mean  height  and  girth  of  chest  iu  each  congn^ssional 
district  compared  w'ith  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  25-27. 

mean  height  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  24,  21). 

mean  mobility  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  and  girth 
of  cbi^st  compared  with  that  of  men  fioni  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  p.  15. 


554 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


NEW  YORK. 

Nevr  York,  uieii  examiueil  in  -C'outiuued. 

luimbtT  aud  ratio  per  thousand  of  recruits  aud  substi- 
tutes rejected  iu  eaeh  congressioual  district  on 
accouut  ofspecitied  diseases,  Vol.  II,  pp.  658-677. 

number  of  drafted  men  exempted  iu  each  cougres- 
sioual  district  ou  account  of  specified  diseases, 
Vol.  II,  pp.  r>:34-,'54I. 

ratio  per  thousand  of  drafted  uieu  exempted  iu  each 
cougressioual  district  ou  accouut  of  specified  dis- 
eases, Vol.  II,  PI).  .')HS-59r). 

height,  girth,  and  expansion  of  chest  of  colored  men, 

Vol.  II,  pp.  Ki,  ^r>,  ;i4,  ;t.'.,  loi,  w:>,  ii4,  ii5,  i'.i4, 

1'2.-.,  l:i4,  \X,.  Hi,  145,  154, 155. 
New  York,  surgeon's  reijort  from  : — 
fourth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  240. 
fifth  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  241. 
sixth  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  243. 
seventh  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  244. 
eighth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  246. 
ninth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  252. 
teuth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  2.5.'). 
fourteenth  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  258. 
fifteenth  di.strict.  Vol.  I,  p.  2G0. 
seveuteeuth  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  262. 
eighteenth  di,strict.  Vol.  I,  p.  263. 
uiueteeuth  district,  Vtd.  I,  p-.  266. 
twentieth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  270. 
twenty-first  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  273. 
twenty-third  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  274. 
twenty -fourth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  276. 
twenty-fifth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  278. 
twenty-.sevcuth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  279. 
New  York  City  ;  draff-riot  in,  Vol.  I,  p.  244. 
Nigrescence,  index  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  61. 
Nipples,  ilistaiK^c  between.  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxviii. 
Nixon  (Di-.  A.  15.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  491. 
Noble  (Dr.  l)avi<l),  Report  of.  Vol.  I.  p.  401. 
Nomenclature  of  diseases,  Vol.  I,  p.  4. 
Norway,  natives  of ;  mean  girth  of  chest,  compared  with 
that  of  other  nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
natives  of;   nv  an  height,  compared  with  that  of  other 

nativities,  Vol.  I,  p.  23. 
natives  of;    mean   mobility  of  chest,  in   relation    to 
heijjjit  and  girth  of  chest,  compared  with  that  of 
other  nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
natives  of;  their  height,  girth  and  ex])ausion  of  chest. 
Vol.  II,  pp.  168,  169,  172, 17.3, 17(1, 177, 180, 181, 184, 
16.5, 188, 189, 192,  193, 196, 197. 
natives  of;  rejected  for  fiat  feet.  Vol.  I,  p.  463. 
Nose,  atroi)hy  of;  cause  fi)r  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xv. 

caries  of  bones  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxiv. 
crushed  condition  of  root  of;  cause  for  reject  on,  Vol. 
I,  p.  XV. 

deformity  of;    cause   for   rejection.  Vol.    I,  [iji.  xxiii, 

xxxiv,  xlii,  xlv,  xlviii,  Hi,  Iviii,  7. 
its  relation  to  : — 

Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  462. 

Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 

Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,  420,  425. 

Height,  Vol.  II,  PI).  410,  415,  420,  425. 

Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  .526,  .527  534 
535,  ,542, 543,  550,  .551, 5.58, :  .59,  5()l),  .567,  576,  577, 
584,  ■58^  589,  596,  597,  604,  605,  612,  613,  620  6-^1 
62.S,  629. 

Locality  (recruits and  substitutes).  Vol.1 1,  ii|i.  640, 
641.  6.50,  651 ,  660,  661,  670,  671,  (irtO,  681,  690,  691, 
700,701,710,711,720,721,730,731,740,  741  750 
751,760,761. 


OBESITY. 

Nose,  deformity  of — Continued. 
its  relation  to: — 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 

Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  432, 437, 442, 447. 

Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  470,  475,  480,  485,  490,  4'.I5, 

500,505,510,515,520. 
diseases  of;   cau.se  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  )).  lii. 
diseases  and  injuries  of;  their  relation  to: — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  462. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.54. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,  420,  425. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,  420,  425. 
Locality,  Vol.  I,  chart  Iv. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  .526,  527,  .534, 

535,  542,  543,  550,  551,  .558,  559,  566,  .567,  .576,  577, 

584.  588,  589,  596,  .597,  604,  605,  612,  613,  620,  621, 

628,  629. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  640, 

(J41,  6*50,  651,  660,  661,  670,  671,  680,  681,  6911,  691, 

700,  701,  71U,  711,  720,  721,  730,  731,  740,  741,  7.50, 

751,  760,  761. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.54. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  432,  437,  442, 447. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II.  pp.  470,  475,480,485,490,495, 

500,505,510,515,520. 

extreme  crookedness  orflatness  of;  cau.se  for  rej  ction. 

Vol.  I,  p.  XV. 
fetid  discharge  from  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 

xlv,  lii. 
hypertrophy  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xv. 
loss  of ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xi,  xv,  xxiii, 
xxix,  xxxiv,  xlviii,  lii,  Iviii,  7. 
its  relation  to: — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  462. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp  410,  415, 420, 425. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415, 420,  425. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  .526,  ,527,  534, 
535, 542, 543, 550, 551,  558,  559,  566,  .567,  576,  577, 
584, 588,  589, 596,  597,  604,  605,  612,  613, 620,  621, 
628,  629. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  432, 437,  442,  447. 
Occupation,  Vol.   II,  pp.  470,  475,  480,  485,  490, 
495, 500,  505,  510,  515,  .520. 
polypus  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxi,  xxvii, 
xxix,  xxxiv,  lii. 
Novara  expedition,  the.  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixxiii,  15. 
Nyctalopia  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxiv,  xxxiii. 
Nystagmus  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xlv,  xliv. 

O. 

Obesity  ;    cause   for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.   xi,  xii,  xxvi, 

xxix,  xxxvi,  xlviii,  xlix,  liii,  10. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  465. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  p)).  413,  418,  423,  428. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.   II,  ))p.  .532,  533,540, 

541,548,549,5.56,5.57,  564,  565,  572,  573,  582,  583, 

587,. 594, 595, 602, 603,  610,  611,  618,  619,  626,  627, 

634,635. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vid.  II,  pp.646, 

647,6'56,  657,  666,  667,  Ii76,  (577,  iX),  6s7,  6;»6,  697, 

70(;,  707,  7 16, 717,  726,  727,  73(;,  737,  746,  717,  756, 

7.57,  766,  76)7. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


555 


OBESITY. 

Obesity — Continiu'il. 
its  relation  to: — 

Nativity,  Vol.  II,  ]>\>.  4:!',,  .1411,  415,  4.'i(). 
Occupation,   Vol.   I,   cluirtxxxiii;   Vol.   II,  pp.  4";i, 
478,4*!,  488,  49:!,  498,  Mi,  .'■>()8,  r>i:i,  .'•>18,  ;Vi:.!. 
Occupation  ;   its  relation  to: — 

Disease,  Vol.  II,  pp.  4G9-.''.2:!. 
Di.sease,  assbowii  liy  tbe  charts,  Vol.  I,  p.  84. 
Occupations  ;   iliviiU  <l  into  tonr  c^la.sses,  Vol.  I,  p.  si. 

relative  bealtbfiilne.ss  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  S.'j. 
CTidema  ;   cause  for  njeclion,  Vol.  I,  p.  xii. 
CEsophagiis,  stricture  of;  cansi!  for  rejection,  \'ol.  I,  pp. 

XV,  xxxix,  xlv,  liii. 
Oesterlen  (Dr.),  Vol.  I,  ]>.  01. 
Ohio,  men  examined  in  : 

beigbt,  girth  and  expansion   of  (best.  Vol.  II,  pp.  (i,  7, 

Ki,  17,  m,  27,  :JG,37,  40,  47,  50,  .57,  00,07, 70,  77. 

mean  f^irtb  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  compared 

with  that  of  men  from  other  .States,  Vol.  I,  p.  ',i'2. 

mean  height  and  girth  of  chest  in  each  congressional 

district  compared  with  that  of  ini'n  fioui  other 

States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  25-27. 

mean  height  compared  with    that  of  men  from  otln'r 

States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  24,  29. 
mean    mobility  of  chest,   in    relation   to  height   and 
girth  of  chest   compared  with  that  of  men  irom 
other  States,  Vol  I,  p.  45. 
number  and  ratio  per  thousand  of  recruits  and  sub- 
stitutes rejected  in  each  congressional  district  on 
account  of  specilied  diseases.  Vol.  II,l)p.  718-727. 
number  of  drafted  men  exempted  iu  each   congres- 
sional district  on   account  of  specilied  diseases. 
Vol.  II,  pp.  5.58,500,  ,502,  504. 
ratio  per  thousand  of  drafted  men  exempted  in  each 
congressional  district  on  account  of  specified  dis- 
eases. Vol.  II,  pp.  012-019. 

height,  girth  and  exiiansion  <  f  chest  of  colored  men, 
Vol.  II,  pp.  8,f,  89, 98,  99, 108, 109, 118,  119, 128,  129, 
138,  139, 148,  149, 158, 159. 

Ohio,  surgeon's  report  from  : — 

third  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  390. 
fourth  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  398. 
fifth  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  399. 
sixth  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  401. 
seventh  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  404. 
eighth  district,  Vol.  I.  p.  406. 
eleventh  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  408. 
fourteenth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  412. 
seveuteeiith  district.  Vol.  I,  i>.  414. 
eighteenth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  418. 
nineteenth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  422. 
Onychogryphosis  ;   cause  for  rejinition.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 
Ophthalmia,  acute  ;  cause  for   rejection.  Vol.  I,  j)]).  xiv, 
xxxiii. 
chronic  :  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  jip.  xiv,  xxiv,  li. 
Ophthalmoscope,  used  to  detect  simuhited  amaurosis. 

Vol.  I,  p.  447. 
Orbigny  (A.  D.  d'),  Vol.  I,  pp.  lxxxvi,20. 
Orchitis  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvii. 
Orfila  (1'.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvi. 

Organs,  internal,  organic  di.sea.se  of;  cause  for  rejection. 
Vol.  I,  p.  11. 
of  locomotion  ;  diseases  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  81. 
their  relation  to: — 
Age,  Vol.  I,  chart  xvii ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  404, 405. 
Complexion, Vol.  I,  chart  xvii ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  450,  4.57. 


OZ.'ENA. 
Organs  of  locomotion,  di.seases  of— Continued, 
their  relation  to  : — 

Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  112,  413,  417,  418,422, 
423,  427,  428. 

Height.  Vol.  I.  chart  xvii ;  V(d.  II,  pp.  412, 413,417, 
418,422,423,427,428. 

Locality,  Vol.  I,  chart  xlvii. 

Localitv  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II.  pp.  532,  .533,  540, 

541,  548,  549,  5.50,  .5.57.  .50  1,  505,  .572,  573,  .582,  583, 

580,  594,  .595, 002.  003.  010,  01 1 .  01.-^,  019,  ()20,  027, 

034,  035. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.   II,  pp. 
.  044-047,  054-0.57,  OOt-litu,  074-1)77,  084-087,  094- 

097,701-707,714-717,721-727,  734-737,  744-747, 

754-757, 704-707. 
Marriage,  Vol.  I,  chart  xvii ;  Vol.  II,  ini.  4,51!, 457. 
Nativitv,  Vol.  I,  chart  xvii;   Vol.   II,  pp.  434,  43.5, 

439,440,  444,445,  449,  4.;.0. 
Occnpalioii,  Vol.  II,  pp.  472,473,477,478,  482,483, 

487,  488,  492,  493,  497,  498,  502, 503, 507, 508,  512, 

513, 517, 518, 522, 523. 

O'Rorke  (Dr.  James),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  240. 

Osteitis  ;  cause  for  rejecti(m.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 

Osteo-sarcoma  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  (ip.  xiii,  xvi, 
xxiii. 

Otitis,  chronic  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiv. 

Otorrhoea,  chronic  purnlenl  ;  cause!  for  rejection,  Vol.  I, 

pp.  xxviii,  xliv,  li,  Iviii,  7. 
its  relation  to: — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  462. 
C  oraplexion.  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,415,420,425. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,  420,  425. 
Locality   (drafteil   men).  Vol.   II,  pp.  520,  527,  534, 

535,  542,  543,550,  551,558,  559,  506,  507,576,577, 

584,  588,  589,  596,  597,  604,  605,612,013,020,621. 

628,  629. 
Locality  (recruits  and  subslilutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  040, 

041,  050,  651,  000.  001,  070,  (;71,  080,081,  690,091, 

700,  701,  710,  711,  720,  721,  730,731,740,741,750, 

751,  700,  701. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  432,  437,  442,  447. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pi).  470,  475,  480,485,  490,  495, 

500,  .505, 510, 5 15,  520. 

fetid ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  1,  p.  xxiv. 

successful  concealment  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  318. 

Over-age  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  1 1 ,  12. 

Ozsena ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pii.  xv,  xxiv,  xxix, 
xxxiv.lii,  Iviii, 7. 

its  relal  ion  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  462. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,  420, 425. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,  420,  425. 
Localitv  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  520,  527,  534, 

535,  542,  543,  550,  55],  558,  559,  566,  507,  .576,  577, 

584,  588,  589,  596,  597,  004,  005,  012,  013,  620,  (i21, 

028,  629. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pi).040, 

041,  (3.50,  051,  OtiO,  661,  070,  071,  680,  081,  090,  091, 

700,  701,  710,  711,  720,  721,  730,  731,  740,  741,  7.50, 

751,  760,  701. 
Marriage,  Vol.  11,  p.  454. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  432,  437,  442, 447. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  470,  47,5,  480,  4«5,  490,  495, 

500, 505, 510, 515, 520. 


556 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


PADDACK. 

P. 

Paddack  (Dr.  J.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  465. 
Paggi  (J.-B.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixvi,  Ixxxvi. 
Palate,  absence  or  det'oruiity  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol. 
I,  p.  XV,  xxiii. 
cleft;  cause  for  rejectioii,Vol.  I,  pp.  xxxiv,  xlv,  lviii,>^. 

its  relatiou  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  46:J. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  41G,  421,  42() 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  4l(>,  421,  420. 

Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  .V28,  .""yi'J,  530, 
5:J7,  544,54.5,  .^52,  .553,500,  501, 508, 50S),  57d,57'J, 
585,  590,  591 ,  598, 599,  000, 007,  014, 015,  022, 023, 
630,  031. 

Localitv  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp. 
642, 643,  652, 053,  062,  033, 072,  673,  682,  683,  692, 
693, 702,  703, 712, 713, 722,  723,  732,  733,  742,  743, 
752,  753,  762,  703. 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 

Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  433,  438,  443, 448. 

Occup.ition,  Vol.  II,  pp.  471,  476,  481,  486,  491,  490, 
501,500,511,510,521. 
fissures  of    boues  of;   cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p. 

lii.    • 
hard,  caries  of;    cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxiv. 
soft,   absence  or  deformity   of;    cause  for   rejection. 

Vol.  I,  p.  XV. 

Palsy,  lead  ;  cause  fen-  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
"Paragraph  85,"  Vol.  I,  p.  Ivii. 
Paralysis,  Vol.  1,  p.  70. 

cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiii,  xxvi,  xlvii,  xlviii, 
liii,  Iviii,  6. 
its  relatiou  to : — 
Age,  Vol.  I,  chart  vi ;  Vol.  II,  p.  461. 
Complexion,  Vid.  I,  chart  vi ;  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Girlli  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Height,  Vol.  I,  chart  vi  ;   Vid.  II,  pj).  4U9,  414,  419, 
424. 

Locality,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxxviii. 

Locality  (drafted  men), Vol.  I,  plate  vii ;   Vol.  II, 

pp.520,  527,  534,  53.5,  542,  543,5.50,  .551,  558,  .5.59, 

506, 507,  .570,  577.  584,  588,  589,  590,  597,  004,  005, 

012,  013,  620,  621,  628,  629. 
Locality   (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.   II,  pp, 

038, 6:59.  048,  649, 658, 659,  668,  669,  678,  679, 6o8. 

689, 698, 099,  708, 709, 718,  719,  728,  729,  738, 739, 

748, 749,  758, 759. 

Marriage,  Vol.  I,  chart  vi ;  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  Vol.  I,  ch.artvi;  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,436,441, 
446. 

Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  474,  479,  484,  489,  494, 
499, 504,. 509, 514, 519. 

agitans;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  liii. 

facial  ;"cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiv. 

general  progressive  ;  cause  for  n-jection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 

laliial  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xv. 

muscular ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 

of  arm  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol   I,)),  xxviii. 

of  bla<lder;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxviii. 

of  eyelids;  oau.se  for  rejection,  V(d.  1,  p.  xiv. 

of  fingers;  cause  for  rejec  ion,  V(d.  I,  p.  x.wiii. 

of  leg  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I.  p.  xxix. 

of  pharynx;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,]),  xv. 

of  rectum  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vid.  I,  p.  xxix. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

Paralysis — Continued. 

of  tongue;  cau.se  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 

traumatic;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
Paris,  Comte  de;  his  history  of  the  Civil  War,  Vid.  1, 

p.  518. 
Park  (Dr.  E.  A.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  229. 
Patten  (Dr.  S.  A.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  177. 
Peckham  (Dr.  F.  H.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  225. 
Pellagra  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xii. 
Peltoii  (Dr.  L.  F.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  255. 
Pemphigus;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xii,  Iv. 
Penis,  loss  of;  cause  for   rejection,  Vol.   I,  pp.  xi.xvii, 
xxiii,  xlviii,  liv,  lix,9. 

its  relation  to  : — 

Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  404. 

Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 

Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422,  427. 

Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422,  427. 

Localitv  (drafted  meu).  Vol.  II,  pp.  .530,  531,538,  539, 
546,  .547,  .554,555,  502,503,  570,571,  580,  581,. 586, 
.592,  593,  000,  601,  608,009,610,  017,  024,  025,632, 
633. 

Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  644, 
045,  654,  055,  664,  665,  674,  075,684,685,694,095, 
704,  705,  714,  715,  724,  725,734,735,  744,745,754, 
755, 704, 765. 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  ]>.  456. 

Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  434,439,444,449. 

Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  472,  477,482,487,  492,  497, 
502,507,519,517,522. 

Pennsylvania  ;  draft  riot  in  twelfth  district  <  f.  Vol.  I,  p. 

325. 
Pennsylvania,  men  examined  in  ; 

height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  4, 

5,  14, 15,  24, 25,  34,  35,  44,  45,  54, 55,  64, 65, 74. 75. 

mean  girth  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  compared 

with  that  of  men  from  other  States, Vol.  I,  p.  39. 

mean  height  and  girth  of  chest  in  each  congressional 

district  compared  with  that   of  men  from  other 

States,  Vid.  I.  pp.  25-27. 

mean  height  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 

States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  24,  29. 
mean    mobility   of  chest  in   relation  to   height    and 
girth  of  chest  compared  with  that  of  men  from 
other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
number  and  ratio  per  thousand  of  recruits  and  substi- 
tutes rejected  in  each  congressional  district   on 
account  of  specified  diseases,  Vol.  II,  pp.  679,(581, 
683, 685, 687- (J97. 
number  of  drafted  men  exempted  in  each   congres- 
sional district  on  account  of  specified  diseasts, 
Vol.  II,  pp.  .542-549. 
ratio  per  thousaiul  of  drafted  men  exempted  in  each 
congressional  district  on  account  of  specified  dis- 
eases. Vol.  II,  pp.  .596-60.3. 
height,  girth  and  expansion  of  cheat  of  colored  men, 
Vol.  II,  pp.  80,  87,  90,  97,  100, 107,  110,  117,   126, 
127, 136, 137, 146, 147, 156, 157. 
Pennsylvania,  surgeon's  report  from  : — 
first  district,  V<d.  I,  p.  296. 
second  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  298. 
third  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  999. 
fourth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  301. 
fifth  district.  Vol.  I,  )).  303. 
sixth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  304. 
seventh  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  306. 
tenth  district,  V(d.  I,  p.  312. 
eleventh  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  316. 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


557 


pp:nnsylvania. 

Peuiisylvania,  surgiMUi'M  report  from — Coiiliimcil. 

Iwi-lftl]  (listncl,  Vol.  I,  p.  :i'.'l. 

thirttiLMith  district,  Vol.  I,  ]). :«(). 

foiirtciiiitll  ilistriot,  Vol.  I,  p.  :i:W. 

fifteeuth  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  335. 

seveuteeutb  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  330. 

twenty -first  district.  Vol.  1,  p.  :M3. 

Peiier  ( ),  Vol.  I,  p.  61. 

Perineum,  tniiiors  of;  ciiu.si'  tor  r<jcction.  Vol.  I,  p.  .\vi. 
Parley  (Dr.  Daniel),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  207. 
Perspiration,  letid  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  1,  pji.  xx\  ii, 

xsx. 
Plilegmasiee,  clironie;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  .\vi. 
Phthisis  laryngea  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pi>.  xxis, 
xxxiv. 

Phthisis  pulmonalis.  Vol.  1,  p.  75. 

eanse  for  rejection,  Vol.  1,  pp.  xvi,  xix,  xxiv,   xxv, 

xxviii,  xxxvi,  xlvi,  liii,  Ivii,  6. 
effect  of  climate  on,  Vol.  I,  pp.  153,  4(54. 
its  relation  to  : — 

Age, Vol.  I,  chart  iv;  Vol.  11,  p.  4111. 
Complexion,  Vol.  1,  chart  iv  ;   Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  4M,  419,  4^4. 
Height,  Vol.  I,  chart  iv,p.  43;  Vol.  11,  pp.  4U9,  414. 

419, 424. 
Locality,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxxvii,  p.  87. 
Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  I,  plate  vi;  Vol.  II,  pp. 
526,  527,  .534,  535,542,543,  550,  551,  55H,  559,  56(i, 
567,  576,  .577,  584,5«H,589,  596,  597,  604,  605,  612, 
613,  620,  621,  628,  629. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp.  638, 
639,648,649,658,659,  668,  669,  (;78,  679,  688,  689, 
698,699,708,709,718,  719,  728,  729,  738,  739,  748, 
749, 758, 759. 
Marriage,  Vol.  I,  chart  iv  ;  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  Vol.  I,  chart  i«;  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,  436,  441, 

446. 
Occupation,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxvii,  p.  86;  Vol.  II,  pj). 
469,  474,  479,  484,  489,  49'4,  499,  504,  509, 514, 519. 

Pinkerton  (Dr.  T.  H.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  501. 
Pinna,  ekzema  on  the  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xli. 

malformation  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xli. 

neoplasms  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xli. 

partial  or  total  absence  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  1, 
p.  xli. 

Pityriasis;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xii,  Iv. 
Plates.     (See  Maps.) 
Plato,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixiv. 

Piatt  (Dr.  Alonzo),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  i>.  4(i3. 
Pleurisy,  acute;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 
chronic  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxix,  liii,  8. 
its  relation  to : —  • 

Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  462. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,415,  420,  425 
Height,  Vol.  II,  i>p.  410,  415,  420,  425. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes), Vol.  11,  pp.  (i4<l, 
641,  650,  651,  660,  661,  (170,671, ■  80,681,(19(1,691, 
700,  701 ,  710,  711,  720,  721, 730, 731,  740, 741, 7.".(i, 
751,  700,  761. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II.  pp.  432,437,442,447. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  470,475,480,485,490,495, 
500,  505,  510,  515,  .520. 
Plica  ;   cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  1,  pp.  xiii,  xxxiii. 
Pliny,  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixiv,  Ixxxvi. 


rULMONAliY  PLAY. 

Pneumonia;  cluonic  ;  cause  for  n-jection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 
Poisoning,  ujelallic  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xii. 

nii.isniatic  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xii. 
Poland,  nitives  of;  mean  girth  of  chest  compared  with 
that  of  other  nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 

mean  height  compared  with  tliat  of  other  nativities, 
Vol.  I,  p.  23. 

mean  mobility  of  chest,  in  relation  to  heiglit  and 
girth  of  chest,  compared  wiih  tbat  of  other  na- 
tivities. Vol.  I,  p.  4.5. 

Ibeir  height,  girth  and  expansion  of  duvst.  Vol.  II, 
pp.  lt)8,  169,  172,  173,  176,  177,  180,  181,  184,  185, 
188,  189,  192,  193,  19(i,  197. 
Polyclet,  the,  of  Godefroy  Scbadow,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixvii. 
Polykleitus,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixiv. 

canon  of.  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixiv,  Ixv. 

Polypus,  of  auditory  canal ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I, 
p.  xiii. 

of  uose  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxi,  xxvii, 
xxix,  xxxiv,  lii. 

of  rectum  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 

Population,   proportion   of   s  Idiers  to,   in   the    United 

States  and  other  countries.  Vol.  I,  p.  64. 
Portugal,  natives  of;  mean  girth  of  chest  compared  witli 

that  of  other  nativities,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 

mean  height  compared  with  that  of  other  nativities. 

Vol.  I,  p.  23. 
mean   mobility   of    chest,  in   relation   to   height   and 

girth  of  chest, compared   with   that  of  other  lui- 

tivities.  Vol.  I,  ]>.  45. 

their  height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest.  Vol.  11,  p|i. 
168,  169,  172,  173,  176, 177,  180,  181,  184,  185,  188, 
.189,  192, 193, 196,  197. 

Poussin  (N.),  Vol.  I.  pp.  Ixvi,  Ixxxvi. 
Preissler  (J.  D.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvi. 

Preliminary  report  of  medical  statistics.  Vol.  1,  p.  iii. 
Prolapsus  ani  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  iv,  xvi, 
.XX,  xxix,  XXXV,  xlvi,  liii,  lix,  9. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  463. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  4-5.5. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.411,  416,  421,  426. 
Height,  Vol.  11,  pp.  411,416,421,426. 
Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  530,  531,  .538, 539, 
546,  547,  5.54,  555,  .562,  563,  570,571,  .580,581,  586, 
.592,  593,  600,  601,  (508,  609,  616,  617,  ()24,  625,  632, 
633. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp.  (542, 
643, 6.52,  653,  662,  663,  672,  673,  682,  683,  692,  693, 
702,703,712,713,722,  723,  732,  733,  742,  743,  752, 
753, 762, 763. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  433,438,443,448. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  471,476,  481,486,491,49(1. 
501,. 506,  511,. 51(;,. 521. 

Proportions  of  human  body.  Vol.  I,  [ip.  l.xii,  lxiv,lxvi. 

Provost-Marshal-General's     Bureau,     Chief    Medical 
Officer  of;  duties  of.  Vol.  1,  p.  i. 

creation  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  i. 

discontinued.  Vol.  I,  ]>.  iii. 

medical  branch  of;  when  established.  Vol.  I,  ji.  i. 
Pruner-Bey,  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixiii,  Ixxxvi,  61. 
Prussia  ;  rate  of  military  aptitiuie  in.  Vol.  I,  p.  (i3. 

recruitment  and  compositinu  of  the  armies  of,  Vol.  I, 

p.  XXX. 

Prussian  Army  ;  disqualifications  for  service  in,  Vol.  I, 

pp.  xxx-xxxvi. 
Pulmonary  play,  Vol.  I,  p.  30. 


558 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


QDETELET. 


Q. 


Quetelet  (L.  A.  .1.),  \o].  I,  jip    Ixv,  Ixvi,  Ixix,  Ixxvii- 

Ixxxii,  Ixxxvi,  17,  l.S,  Ut,  :u;,  43,  M. 
Quintilian,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvi. 

R. 

Races,  niean  iliiiji'iisii)iis  iif,  Vol.  I,  [).  56. 
Rachitic  affections  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxviif. 
Raglan  (Earl  of).  Vol.  I,  p.  KHi. 
Raiiula  ;  cause  lor  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 
Raphael,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixvi. 

Ratios  ;   iniportauce  of,  in  statistical  works.  Vol.  I,  p.  v. 
Recruiting  by  different   governments,  a  comparative 
view  of,  Viil.  1,  p.  viii. 

Recruitment  of  the  armies  of: — 

Austria,  Vol.  1,  \<.  xxxvi, 
I!e];;iHin,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxii. 
France,  Vol.  I,  p.  ix. 
Great  Britain,  Vol.  I,  p.  xviii. 
North-German  Empire,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxx. 
Switzerland,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxv. 
Recruits  ;  term  defiued,  Vol.  I,  j).  4. 

note  on  use  of  the  term  by  the  Provost-Marsbal-Gen- 

eral's  Bureau,  Vol.  I,  p.  i. 
total  number  examined.  Vol.  I,  p.  iii. 
total  number  rejected.  Vol.  I,  p.  iii. 
Rectum,  di.sease  of;  cause  for  rejec  ion.  Vol.  I,  p.  Ivii. 
fistula  of;  cause  for  lejeetion.  Vol.  I,  ]>.  xxix. 
malformation  of;  can.se  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p  liii. 
paralysis  of;  can.se  ibr  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 
poly]ius  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 
prolapse  of;  cause  for  rejecUon,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 
stricture  of;  cause  for  njection,  Vol.  I,  pji.  xvi,  xxiv, 
xxix,  liii,  lix,  9. 

its  relation  to: — 

Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  4(53. 

Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.')5. 

Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  11,  pp.  411,  410,  421,  426. 

Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  4M,  416,  421,  426. 

Localitv  (drafled  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  .OaO,  .''.31,  .'iliW, 
.'■)39,  r.46,  .^)47,  .'■;ri4,5.-r.,  562,  .'"-Ori,  570,  571,580,581, 
580, 592,  593,  600,  601 ,  008;  0U9,  610,  017,  (524, 625, 
632,  633. 

Locality  (recruit sand  sul)s( it utcs).  Vol.  II,  pp.642, 
643, 652, 6.53, 6(i2,  003,  (i72,  673,  (i82,  683, 692, 093, 
702,703,712,713,  722,  723,  732,733,742,743,7.52, 
753, 702,  763. 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 

Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pi>.  433,438,443,448. 

Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  471,  47(;,  481,  486,  491, 496, 
SOL.'iOO,  511,  510,  .521. 
Reeves  (Henry),  Vol.  I,  )i.  64. 

Re-cxamiration  of  rejected  men;  necessity  of.  Vol.  I, 
p.  164. 

Regi;ier  (E.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvii. 

Reise  c''er  Novara,  Vol.  I,  p)).  Ixxxiii,  Ixxxvi,  15. 

Rejected  men;   term  defined.  Vol.  I,  p.  4. 

Rembrandt,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixvi. 

Rendezvcus  camps ;  rc-exainination.s  at.  Vol.  I,  p.  169. 

(See,  also.  Surgeons'  Reports,  j)a»si)H.) 
Report,  preliminary,  of  Medical  Statistics,  Vol.  I,  p.  iii. 
Reports,  linal.  of  surgeons  of  boards  of  enrollment.  Vol. 

I,  pp.  I71-.5(ll. 

iinal,  of  surgeons  of  boards  of  onrollmout,  preliminary 
remarks  upon.  Vol.  I,  pp.  101-170. 

required  of  examiuing-surgeous,  Vol.  I,  p.  v. 


RHODE  rSLAND. 

Resolutions  of  Congress  autliorizing  tlie  preparation  of 
this  report.  Vol.  I,  p.  iii. 

Respiratory  system,  diseases  of,  Vol.  1.  p.  79. 
their  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  I,  chart  xii;  Vol.  II,  p.  402. 
Complexion,  Vol.  1,  chart  xii :  Vol.  II,  p.  4.54. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,  420,  425. 
Height,  Vol.  I,  chart  xii  ;  Vol.  II,  iip.  410,  415,  420, 
425. 

Locality.  Vol.  I,  chart  xliv. 

Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pji.  528,529,536, 
,537,  544,  545,  552,  553,  560,  .561,  568,  ,509,  .578,  579, 
585,  590,  591,  598,  .599,  006,  607,  614,  015,  (i22,  023, 
030,631. 

Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  |)p.  640, 
641,050,051,000,661,  670,  671,  680,  081,  690,  691, 
700,701,710,711,720,  721,  730,  731,  740,  741,  7,50, 
751,700,761. 

Marriage,  Vol.  I,  chart  xii ;  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Nativity,  Vol.  I,  chart  xii ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  432,  437,  442, 
447. 

Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  470,475,480,485,490,495, 
.500,505,510,51.5,520. 

Reynolds  (Sir  Joshua),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixvi,  Ixvii,  Ixxxvii. 

Rheumatism,  acute;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 

chronic.  Vol.  I,  p.  73  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp. 
V,  xxvii,  xxix,  xxsvi,  liv,  Iviii,  (i,  11. 
its  relation  to: — 
Age,  Vol.  I,  chart  i ;  Vol.  II,  p.  461. 
Complexion,  Vol.  I,  chart  i ;  Vol.  II,  p.  4.53. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pj).  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Height,  Vol.  I,  chart  i;  Vol.  11,  pj).  409,414,419, 

424. 
Looalit.y  (drafted  men),  Vol.  I,  ])late  iii;  Vol.  II, 
pp.  52G,  527, 534, 535,  542,  543, 550,  551,  558,  5.59, 
500,  567,  576,  577,  584, 588,  589, 596,  .597,  (i04,  605, 
612,  613,  620,  621,  628,  629. 
Localitv  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  ]i|i.  638, 
639, 648, 649,  658,  059,  008, 069,  078,  079,  088,  089, 
(598,  699, 708,  709,  718,  719, 728,  729,  73H.  739,  748, 
749,  758,  759. 
Marriage,  Vol.  I,  chart  i ;  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  Vol.  I,  chart  i ;  Vol  II,  pp.  431,  43(>,  441, 

446. 
Occupation, Vol. I.  chart  xxv;  Vol.  II,  pp.469,  474, 
479,  484,  489,  494,  499,  504,  509,  514,  519. 
neuralgic  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xvii. 
Rhinitis,  chronic  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xv. 
Rhode  Island,  men  examined  in  ; 

lieiglit,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  ]ip.  2, 3, 

12, 13,  22, 23, 32, 33, 42,  43,  .52,  ,53, 02, 03, 72, 73. 

nu'an  girth  of  chest  in  relation  to  height,  C()mi>are<l 

with  that  of  men  from  oilier  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 

mean  height  and  girth  of  elicst  in  (acli  e(mgre.ssi(inal 

district,  compared  witli   liiat  of  men  from  other 

States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  25-27. 

mean  height  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 

States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  24,29. 
mean  mobility  of  chest,  in  relation  to  height  and  girth 
of  chest,  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
iinuiber  and  ratio  per  thousand  of  recruits  and  sub- 
stitutes rejected  in  each  congressional  district  on 
account  of  specified  diseases,  Vol.  II,  pp.  049,6.51, 
()53, 655, 6.57. 
number  of  drafted   men  exempted  in  each   congres- 
sional district  on  account  of  specified  diseases, 
Vol.  II,  pp.  527. 529,  .531,  .533. 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


659 


RIJODE  ISLAND. 

Rhode  Island,  nicii  txainiiicil  in — CoiitiiuiiMl. 

ratio  JUT  tliiiiisand  (if  drafli-il  iiioii  excinpti'd  in   ciirli 
congressional  district,  on  .account  ot  spccilii'd  dis- 
eases, Vol.  II,  pp.  .W^-SHT. 
height,  gii'tli  '"I'l   I'XiKinsion  of  cLcst  ofcolorrd  imii. 
Vol.   11,  pp.   .'^-l,  H-i,  il.l,  16,  104,  Kl'i,  114,  U.''),  124, 
125, 134,135,  144,14:.,  IM,  155. 
Rhode  Island,  surgeon's  report  from  : — 
first  district,  Vol.  I,  p. 224. 
second  di.strict,  Vol.  I,  p.  225. 
Richie  (Dr.  R.  W.),  Kc])ort  ot,  Vcd.  I,  p.  298. 

Richon( ),  Vol.  I,  p.  (i4. 

Rackets;   cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  liv. 
Rober  (F.  G.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixviii,  Ixxxvii. 

Robert  ( '■),  Vol.  I,  p.  22. 

Roberts  (Dr.  VV.  C.),Repoit  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  240. 
Robinson  (Dr.  F.  C),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  ji.  343. 
Robinson  (Dr.  James  D.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  412. 
Roland  (Dr.  W.  S.),  Reiiort  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  335. 
Roll  of  surgeons  of  boards  of  enrollment.  Vol.  1,  ]>.  503. 
Roman  armies,  invincibility  of,  due  to  care  in  selection 
of  recruits,  Vol.  I, )).  ix. 
soldier;  age  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  ix. 
soldier;  stature  of, Vol.  I, p.  ix. 
Rosellini  (I.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixiii,  Ixxxvii. 
Rothrock  (Dr.  A.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  330. 
Rubens  (P.  P.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixvi,  Ixxxvii. 
Rupia;   cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xii. 
Rupture.    (See  "  hernia.") 
Ruscelli  (Girolamo),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvii. 
Russia,  natives  of ;  mean  girth  of  chest,  coniparid  with 
that  of  other  nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
mean  height,  compared  with  that  of  other  nativities, 

Vol.  1,  p.  23. 
mean  mohility  of  chest,  iu  relation  to  height  and  girth 
of  chest,  compared  with  that  of  other  nativities. 
Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
mean  height  and  expansion  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  lOt;, 
169,172,173,170,177,  180,  181,  184,  185,  188,  189, 
192,  193, 190, 197. 
Russian  government;  application  to,  for  official  data 
unsuccessful.  Vol.  1,  p.  Ix. 

S. 
Sabattini  (G.-B.),Voh  I,  p.  Ixxxvii. 
Salvage  (J.-G.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvi. 
Saudrart  (Joach.  de).  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvii. 
Sanitary  Commission,  U.  S.,  Vol.  1,  p.  Ixxv. 
records  of ;  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxvi. 
statistics  of;  how  obtained,  Vol.  I,  p.  14. 
Sarcocele;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.   I,  pp.  xxiv,  xxxiii, 
xxsiv,liv,  lix,  10. 
its  relation  to: — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  404. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  450. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422,  427. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,417,422,427. 
Localitv   (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  530,  .531,  .538, 
539,540,  547, .554,. 5.55,  502,  503,  .570,  571,  .5.-^0,  .581, 
580, 592,  .593,  (iOO,  001,  008,  609,  010,  617,  024,  (i25, 
632, 033. 
Locality  (recruits  aud  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  Ii44, 
645,  054,  655,  (Ki4,  005,  674,  075,  084,  085,  094,  t)95, 
704,  70.5,  714,  715,  724,  725,  734,  735,  744,  745,  7.54, 
755,  764,  765. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  434,430,444,449. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  472,477,  482,  487,  492,  497, 
502,507,512,517,522. 


SGUltVY. 

Sardinia,  rale  of  military  aptitude  in,  V<d.  I,  p.  63. 

Sarut  (Germain),  \"ol.  I,  p.  64. 

Sasse  (A.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvii. 

Saxony,  natives  of;    physical  dimensions   according   to 

various  observers,  V(d.  I,  pi>.  .58,59. 
late  of  military  aptitude  in.  Vol.  I,  p. 63. 
Scabies  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  Iv. 

its  real  character.  Vol.  I,  p.  396. 
Schadovir  (.I.-G.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixvi.lxvii,  Ixxxvii. 
Scherzer  (Carl),  Vol.  I,  jip.  Ixxiii,  Ixxxvii. 
Schenk  (Dr.  \V.  L.),  Iteport  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  396. 
Schmidt  (Carl),  Vid.  I,  pp.  Ixviii,  Ixxxvii. 
Schv7arz  (Edward),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixxiii,  Ixxxvii. 
Schweinfurth  (Dr.),  Vol.  1,  \>.  15. 
Scirrhus  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxiv,  liii. 
Sclerotic,  extreme  thinness  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol. 

I,  p.  xiv. 
Scorbutus  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 
Scotchmen;  incan  height  of,  erroneously  stated,  Vol.  1,  p. 

Ixix. 
Scotland,   natives  of;   im^an   girth  of   chest  compared 

with  that  of  other  nativities,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
natives  of;  mean  height  compared  with  that  of  other 

nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  23. 
natives   of;  mean    mobility   of  chest    in    relation    to 

height  and  girth  of  chest  compared  with  that  of 

other  nativities,  Vol.  l,p.  45. 
natives  of;  (ihysical  diuieiisions  according  to  various 

observers.  Vol.  I,  pp.  50, 57. 
natives   of;    their    height,    girth   and   i-xpansion    of 

chest,  Vol.  II,  pp-  100,  107.  170,  171,  174,  175,  178, 

179, 182, 183, 186, 187, 190, 191, 19),  195. 
Scrofula,  Vol.  I,  p.  7.5. 
Scrofula;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  )ip.  xii,  xviii,  xix, 

xxi,  XXV,  xxvii,  xxix,  xxxiv,  xxxvi,  li.  Ivii,  Iviii.O. 

its  relation  to  ; — 
Age,  Vol.  I,  chart  iii ;  Vol.  II,  p.  401. 
Complexion,  Vol.  I,  chart  iii ;  Vol.  II,  p.  153. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,414,419,424. 
Height, Vol.  I,  chart  iii ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,419,  424. 
Loc.'ilily  (drafted  men).  Vol.  I,  plate  v  ;  Vol.  II,  [ip. 

526,  527,  .534,  535,  542,  543,  .550,551,558,5,59,506, 

.567,  .570,  .577,  584,  588,  589,596,  597,  (;04, 005, 612, 

613,620,621,028,029. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp.  038, 

039,  048,  049,  058,  659,  668,  669,  078,  079,  688,  089, 

098,  (599,  708,  709,  718.  719,  728,  729,  738,  739,  748, 

749,  7.58,  759. 
Marriage,  Vol.  I,  chart  iii ;  Vol.  II,  p.  4.53. 
Nativitv,  Vol.   I,  chart  iii  ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,  430,  441, 

446.  ■ 
Occnjiation,  V(d.  II.  pp.  409,  474,  479,  484,  489,  494, 

499,  504,  .509,  .514,  519. 

Scrotum,  abscess  of;  cause  for  nyection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvii. 
air  injected  into  cellular  ti.ssiie  of,  Vol.  1,  p.  471. 
cysts  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I.  p.  xvii. 
da'rtrous  affections  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p. 

xvii. 
disease  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxiv,  xlii. 
elephantiasis  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvii. 
fistula  of;  cause  for  iijection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xvii. 
tumors  of;  cau.se  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xvii. 

Scurvy  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xii,  6. 
its  relation  to: — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  461. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
I  Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  400,  414,  419,  424. 


5f50 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


SCUltVY. 

Scurvy — C'oiil  iiuioil. 
its  rdat.iou  to:— 

Uvi'^ht,  Vol.  II,  pp.  lllll,  414, 41!!,  4-.i4. 
Ldt-alitv  (ictniits  and  siilisliliit(«),  Vol.  11,  pp.  (i:5'"> 
i\W,  (i4«,  1)40,  V<:t^,  (in;i,  (KIS,  CCJ.  CuH,  (i7'J,  088,  (>89, 
CiOH,  (!!)'.•,  708,  70'.>,  7 18.  719,  7:28,  7-.i'J,  7:i8,  739,  748,    j 
749,  708,  7.')y.  I 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  ]i.  4.5:i. 

Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,  43(i,  441,  446.  : 

Occupation,  Vol.  II,  p)).  409,  474,  479,  484,  489,  494, 
499,.^^04,.''i09,.''>14,519. 
Segoud  (L.-A.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvii. 
Shaffer  (Dr.  J.  M.),  Kci)ort  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  452. 
Shaw  (Dr.  8.  G.),  Kcjiorf  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  360. 
Shoemakiug  :  it.s  inflncucc  on  health.  Vol.  I,  pp.  198,207, 

212. 
Sliortt  (.Tolm),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvii. 
Sibson  (Fra.s.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvii. 
Sickr.css-rate  among  troops,  Vol.  I,  p.  viii. 
•Sight,  iliniinntioii  of;  cause  for  rejeelion,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiv, 
xxiv. 
los.s  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  |)p.  xxiv,  xxviii. 
Silbermanu  (.J.Tli.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixviii,  Ixxxvii. 
"  Silpi  Gastri,"  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixii. 
Sinks  (Dr.  TiBin),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  j).  499. 
Skiu.  ili.sease  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xx,  xxvii, 
xxviii,  xxxi,  xxxiii,  xxxvi,  xlviii,  Iv,  Ivii,  Iviii,  10. 
its  lelatioti  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  465. 
Complexion;  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418, 423,  428. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 
Localitv  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  532,  .533,  540,  541, 
54S,  549,  550,  557,  564,  505,  572,  .573,  582,  583,  587, 
594,  595,  002,  603,  610,  611,  618,  019,  626,  627,  034, 
635. 

Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp.  040, 
(!47,  656,  057,  Ofili,  0(i7,'67(i,  077,086,687,090.097, 
706,  707,  716,  717,  726,  727,  736,737,746,747,7.50, 
7,57, 766,  767. 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.57. 

Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  435,  440,  445,  450 

Occnp.ation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,  478,  483,488,493,498, 
.503,  .508,  513,  518,523. 
simulated  l>y  effect  of  liniment.  Vol.  I,  p.  3,58. 

Skull,  lesions  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  1,  p.  xxiv. 

tumors  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
Smith  ( Dr.  R.  H.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  306. 
Social  condition.  Vol.  I,  p.  72. 
Soldiers;  jiropoition  of.  to  the  po|iiilation  in  the  United 

States  and  other  countries.  Vol.  I,  p.  04. 
Solitary  vice  ;  cau.so  fur  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ivii,  0, 11. 
ScmerD  (Dr.  Wiii.ston),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  438. 

Gomn?mbulism ;    cause  for   rejection,   V(d.   I,  pp.   xiii, 
xxxvi. 

South  America,  natives  of;  mean  girth  of  chest  compared 

wiih  that  of  other  nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
natives  of;  mean  height  compared  with  that  of  other 

nativities,  Vol.  I,  p.  23. 
natives   of;  mean    mobility   of  chest    in    relation  to 

height  and  girth  of  chest  compared  with  that  of 

other  nativities,  Vol.  I,  ]).  45. 
natives    of;    their   height,    girth    and    exi)ansion  of 

chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  160,  l(i7,  170,  171,174,175,178, 

179, 182, 183,  ISO,  1^7, 190, 191, 194, 195. 
Spain,  natives  of;   me.an  girlh  of  chest  compared   with 

that  of  other  nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 


SPLEEN. 

Spain — Coutlnned. 

natives  of;  mean  height  compared  with  Unit  otother 

nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  23. 
natives   of;  nu-an    mobility   ol'  eliest    in    nlalion    to 
height  anil  girth  of  chest  comiiared  with  that  of 
other  nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
natives   of;    their    height,   girth    and    expansion    of 
chest.  Vol.   II,  pp.  108, 109, 172, 173, 176,  177, 180, 
181, 184, 185, 188, 189, 192, 193, 196, 197. 
proportion  of  .soldiers  to  the  population.  Vol.  I,  p.  04. 
Spalding  (Dr.  A.).  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  384. 
Spasmodic  motions;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxv. 
Speech,  defects  of  orgaus  of,  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  1, 
pp.  xxiv,  Ivii. 
impediment  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xviii. 

Spermatic  cord,  disease  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I, 
p.  xxiv. 

Spermatorrhcea  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  l,pp.  xvii,liv. 

Spina-bifida  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pji.  xvi,  liii. 

Spina- ventosa ;  cause  for  rejectioi.,  V(d.  I,  pp.  xiii,  xxiii. 

Spine,  curvature  of;  cause  f(U-  njection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xix, 

xxxi,  xxxiv,  xliii,  liii,  lix,  10. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  464. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422,  427. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422,  427. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol    II,  pp.  532,  .533,  540. 

.541,  .548,  549,  550,  557,  504,  565,  572,  573,  582,  583, 

,■■86,  594,  595,  602,  603,  610,  611,  618,  619,  626,  627, 

634, 035. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  i)p.  644, 

645,  654,  655,  664,  665,  674,  (i75,  684,  685,  694,  695, 

704,  705,  714,  715,  724,  725,  734,  735,  744,  745,  754, 

755, 764,  765. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  434,  439,  444,  449. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  472,  477,  482,  487,  492,  497, 

502,  507.  512,  517,  ,522. 
deformity  of;  cause  for  njection.  Vol.  I,  ])p.  xx,xxvi, 

xlvi,  liii. 

Spleen,  acute  di.sease  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p,  9. 
its  relation  to: — 
Age,Vol.  II,p.  463. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.55. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II.pii.  411,416,421,426. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 
Localitv   (drafted   men),   Vol.    II,  pp.  530,  531,  ,538, 
539,  546,- 547,  554,  555,  502,  563,  570,  571,  .580,  581, 
586,  .592,  593,  600,  601,  608,  609,  610.  (;17,  024,  625, 
032,  633. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  jip.  042, 
043,  052,  053,  062,  063,  (;72,  (173,  682,  (i83,  692,  693, 
702,  703,  712,  713,  722,  723.  732,  733,  742,  743,  7.52, 
I  753,  762,  763. 

I  Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 

Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  433,  438,  443,  448. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  471,  470,  481,  486,  491,  496, 
501,  506,  .511,. 516,  521. 
chronic  disease  of;  can  e  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiii, 
xlvi,  liii,  Ivii,  9. 

its  relation  to: — 
I  Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  463. 

Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.55. 
I  Girth  of  chest,  V<d.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 

I  Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,  421,  426. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


561 


SPLEEN. 

Spleen — ContinuiHl. 

its  relation  to : — 

Local 


icalitv  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  r):?0.r>:!l,  5H8, 
539,  .'■Uli,  547,  55.1,  ,555,  5iy,5i;:i,  fwd,  .571,580,581, 
58(),  b'M,  09;i,  GUU,  (1111,008, 009,  (IKi,  017, 024, 025, 

m2, 03;!. 

Locality  (recruitsaiidaubstitntcs).  Vol.  II,  pp.  042, 
043,  052,  053,  002,  003,  (i72,  (i73, 082, 083, 092,  (i93, 
702,  703,  712,  713,  722, 723, 732, 733„7 42, 743, 752, 
753,  702,  7()3. 
Marrias"!  Vol.  II,  p.  4.55. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  l>p.  433,  438,  443,  448. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  471,  470,  481,  480,  491,  490, 
.501,500,  511,  510,  .521. 
Sprains  impairiug  mobility  ;  cause  for  rejection,  \ol.  I, 

pp.  liv,  hi. 
Staempfli  (J.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  sxv,  105. 

Stammering;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv,  xxvi, 
XXX,  xxxi,  xxxiv,  xlil,  xlv,  lii,  Iviii,  0. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  401. 
Complexion,  Vo;.  II,  p.  453. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  520,  .527,  .534, 
535,  542,  543,  550,  551,  558,  5,59,  .500,  507,  ,57(;,  577, 
584,  588,  589,  590,  597,  004,  005,  612,  013,  620.  621, 
628,  629. 
Locality  (recrnits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  638, 
639,  048,  (149,  058,  059,  008,  009,  078,  079,  088,  ()89, 
69  <,  099,  708,  709,  718,  719,  728,  729,  738,  739,  748, 
749,  758,  759. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,  430,  441,  446. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  469,  474,  479,  484,  489,  494, 
499,  504,  509,  514,  519. 

Stanton  (Dr.  ,T.  O.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  273. 

services  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  vii. 
Staphyloma;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiv,  xliv,  li. 
Statement,  tabular,  of  labor  rerjuired  in  preparation  of 
statistical  tables,  Vol.  I,  p.  vi. 

Stature,  Vol.  I,  pj).  14-29.     (See  also  "height.") 
actuiil  measurement  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  14. 
an  affair  of  race.  Vol.  I,  pp.  20,  24. 
and  girth  of  chest ;  relation  between.  Vol.  I,  p.  30. 
changes  in,  required  forservice  in  United  States  Army, 

iiom  1790  to  1874,  Vol.  I,  p.  xlix. 
its  dependence  on  age,  Vol.  I,  p.  17. 
its  relation  to : — 

Complexion,  Vol.  I,  p.  24. 
mean,  Vol.  I,  p.  15. 
measured  in  an  erect  or  horizontal  position,  Vol.  I,  p. 

22.      ■ 
minimum  limit  of.  Vol.  I,  pp.  22, 160. 
no  limits  of,  for  drafted  men.  Vol.  I,  pp.  lix,  Ix. 
of  emigrants,  Vol.  I,  p.  10. 
of  foreigners.  Vol.  I,  p.  10. 
of  French  foot-.soldier.  Vol.  1,  p.  ix. 
of  Roman  soldier.  Vol.  1,  p.  ix. 
order  of  superiority  of,  by  : — 

Congressional  districts.  Vol.  I,  p.  25. 

Nativities,  Vol.  I,  p.  23. 

Stiites,  Vol.  I,  p.  24. 
required  for  service  in  the  armies  of  different  coun- 
tries. Vol.  I,  p.  Ix. 
required  for  service  in  different  corps  of  the  : — 

Austrian  army.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxxvii. 
7i 


STRICTUltE  OE  NE(^K  OF  BLADDER. 

Stature — Con  t  i  n  u<'d. 

reiiuired  for  service  in  dilferent  corps  of  the: — 
Belgian  army.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxii. 
British  .army,  Vol.  I,  p.  xviii. 
French  army.  Vol.  I,  p.  x. 
North-German  army.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxx. 
Swiss  army.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxv. 
requisite  ;  left  to  the  discretion  of  the  examiuiug  sur- 
geon. Vol.  I,  p.  Ix. 
superior,  of  the  blonde  races.  Vol.  I,  p.  23. 
table  of  comparative  results,  by  different  observers, 
Vol.  1,  p.  29. 
Stebbins  (Dr.  Richard),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  461. 
Sternum,  caries  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  lix. 

depressed  ;  cause  for  rcjc'ctiou,  Vol.  I,  p.  xv. 
Stevenson  (Dr.  .lolin  R.),  R-'jiort  of,  Vol.1,  p.  281. 
Stewart  (Dr.  J.  H.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  475. 
Stomach,  acute  disease  of ;  cause  lor  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp. 
xxvii,  8. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  403. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  410,421,420. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  410,  421,  420. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  .528,  529,  53R, 
.537,  544, 545, 552,  .5.53,  500,  501,  508,  509,  .578,  579, 
585,  .590,  .591, 598, 599,  606.  607,  014,  615,  622,  623, 
630,031. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.042, 
043,0.52,653,002,003,  072,  073,  082,  0s3,  092,  093, 
702,703,712,713,722,  723,  732,  733,  742,  743,  752, 
7.53, 762, 763. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  433,438,443,448. 
Occnpation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  471,476,181,486,491,496, 
501,. 500,  511,  516,  .521. 
chronic  disease  of;   cause  for   rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 
XXIX,  8. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  463. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Gkth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416,421,426. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,410,421,420. 
Locality  (drafte.l  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  528,  .529,  .5.%, 
537,  .544,  545,  552,  553,  :>t;0,  .561,  .568, 509.  .578,  .579, 
585,  590,  591,  598,  599,  00(i,  607,  014,015,022,023, 
630,  6:!1. 
Localitv  (recrnits  and  substitntes),Vol.  II,  pp.  ()42, 
643,  (152,  053,  0()2,  003,  072, 073,  (i82,  083,  092.093, 
702, 703,  712,  713, 722, 723,  732,  733, 742,  743, 752, 
7.53,  762,  703. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.55. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  433, 438, 443,  448. 
Occnpation,  Vol.  II,  pi).  471,470,481,486,491,490, 
501,500,511,510,521. 
disease  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xv. 
hivmorrhage  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 
Stomatitis  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xv. 
Story  (\V.  W.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixviii,  Ixxxvii.  ' 
Strabismus;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiv,  xxiv, 

xxxii,  xxxiv,  xliv,  li. 
Streeter  (Dr.  .Jos.  H.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  199. 
Stricture  of  neck  of  bladder  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol. 
I,  p.  xxviii. 
of  CESophagna ;    cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv, 

xxxiv,  xlv,  liii. 
of  rectum  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvi,  xxiv, 
xxix,  liii,  lix,  9. 


562 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


STRICTURE  OF  RECTUM. 

Stricture  cf  rectum — Continued. 

its  relation  to  : — 

Akb,  Vol.  11,  p.  4G3. 

Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.".t>. 

Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416, 421, 426. 

Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  416, 421,  426. 

Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  r^W,  531,  5?8, 
.539,  546, 547,  5.54, 5.50,  562,  .563,  570,  571,  ht'O,  581, 
5S6, 592,  593,  600,  601, 60H,  609, 616,  017,  624,  625, 
632, 633. 

Locality  (recruits and  Knlistitntes),Vol.II,pp.  642, 
643,  652,  653,  662, 663,  672,  (.73,  6t<2,  6s3,  692,  693, 
702, 703, 712, 713, 722, 723, 732,  733,  742,  743,  752, 
753, 762, 763. 

Marriage, .Vol.  II,  p.  455. 

Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  433,  438,  443,  448. 

Occupation,  Vol.  II,  ji]).  471,  476,  481, 486, 491, 496, 

501,  506,  511,  516,  .521. 

of  urethra  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvi,xxvii, 

XXX,  XXXV,  liv,  Ivii,  lix,  9, 12. 
its  relation  to  : — 

Age,  Vol.  II,  ]>.  464. 

Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.56. 

Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422,  427. 

Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422,427. 

Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  530,  .531,538, 
539, 546,  547,  ,554,  .5.55,  562, 563,  570,  ,571,  580,  581, 
586, 592,  593, 600, 601, 608,  609,  616,  617,  624,  625, 
ti32, 633. 

Locality  (recruits  and  sutistitu tea).  Vol.  II,  pp.  644, 
645,  654, 655,  (i64, 665,  674,  675,  684,  685,  694,  695, 
704, 705,  714, 715, 724,  725, 734,  735,  744,  745,  754, 
755, 764,  765. 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 

Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  434,  439,  444,  449. 

Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  472, 477, 482, 487, 492,  497, 

502,  507,  512,517,522. 

Substitutes;  term  defined.  Vol.  I,  p.  3. 
in  France,  Vol.  I,  p.  xi. 
total  numher  examined.  Vol.  I,  p.  ii. 
total  number  rejected.  Vol.  I,  p.  iii. 
Sue  (Jean-Joseph),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvii. 
Sullivan  (Dr.  John  L.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  pp.  107, 209. 
■  "  Sunken  lauds"  in  Missouri,  Vol.  I,  p.  389. 
Sunstroke;   cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  6. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  461. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.53. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  638, 
639,  648,  649,  658,  659,  668,  6(59,  67rt,  679,  m)i,  (i89, 
69rl,  699,  708,  709.  718,  719,  728,  729,  738,  739,  748, 
749, 758,  759. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.53. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  431, 436,  441,  446. 
Occupation,  Vol.   II,  pp.469,  474,  479,484,489,494, 
499,  504,  .509, 514, 519. 

Surgeons  of  Boards  of   Enrollment ;    character  and 
abilities  of.  Vol.  1,  p.  ii. 
onerout  duties  of;  how  performed,  Vol.  I,  p.  ii. 
reports  required  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  v. 
roll  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  503. 

military  ;  instructions  to.     (See  Code  of  Instructions.) 
Sutures,  ununited  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
Sweden,  natives  of;  mean  girth  of  chest  compared  with 
tli.it  of  other  natiyities,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 


TEETH. 

Svireden — Continued. 

natives  of;  mean  height  compared  with  that  of  other 

natiyities,  Vol.  1,  p.  23. 
natives   of;    mean    mobility  of  chest   in    relation    to 

height  and  girth  of  chest  compared  with  that  of 

other  nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
natives  of;  their  height,  girth,  and  expansion  of  chest. 

Vol.  II,  pp.  168, 169,  172,  173, 176, 177, 180, 181, 184, 

185, 108, 189, 192,  193, 196, 197. 

Swellings,  chronic;    cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  iv, 
xxviii. 

glandular  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xviii,  xxviii. 

Swiss  army;  disqualifications  for  service  in.  Vol.  1,  pp. 
xxv-xxx. 

stature  required  for  service  in  different  corps  of.  Vol. 

I,  p.  XXV. 

Switzerland,  natives  of;  mean  girth  of  chest  compared 

with  that;  of  other  nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
natives  of;  mean  height  compared  with  that  of  other 

nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  23. 
natives  of;  mean   mobility   of  chest   in   rel.ation    to 

height  and  girth  of  chest  compared  with  that  of 

other  nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
natives  of;  their  height,  girth,  and  expansion  of  chest, 

Vol.  II,  pp.  168, 169, 172, 173, 176, 177, 180, 181, 184, 

185, 188, 189, 192, 193, 196, 197. 
recruitment  and  composition  of  the  armies  of.  Vol.  I, 

p.  XXV. 

Synechia  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiv,  xliv. 
Syphilides  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ivi. 
Syphilis  ;  Vol.  I,  p.  74. 

cau.se  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xix,  xxvii,  11. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  I,  chart  ii ;  Vol.  II,  p.  461. 
Complexion,  Vol.  I,  chart  ii ;  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414, 419,  424. 
Height,  Vol.  I,  chart  ii ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419, 424. 
Locality,  Vol.  I,  chart  xli. 

Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  I,  plate  iv ;  Vol.  II,  pp. 
526,  ,527,  534,  535,  542,  543,  550,  551,  558,  559,  566, 
567,  576,  577,  584,  588,  589,  596,  597,  604,  605,  612, 
613,  620,  621,  628,  629. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  638, 
639,  648,  649,  658,  659,  668,  669,  678,  679,  688,  689, 
698,  699,  708,  709,  718,  719,  728,  729,  738,  739,  748, 
749, 758, 759. 
Marriage,  Vol.  I,  chart  ii :  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 

Nativity,  Vol.  I,  chart  ii ;   Vol.  II,  pp.  431,  436, 441, 
446. 

Occupation,  Vol.  I,  chart  xxvi ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  469,  474, 
479,  484,  489,  494,  499,  504,  509,  514,  519. 
primary;  causefor  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xii,  xlviii,  li,6. 

secondary;  cau.se  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xii,  xxix, 
xxxiii,  Ivii,  Iviii,  11. 

T. 

Tables;  explanation  of  the.  Vol.  II,  pp.  v-xxviii. 

for  converting  centimetres  into  inches.  Vol.  1,  p.  515. 

for  converting  inches  into  centimetres,  Vol.  I,  p.  514. 

for  converting  kilograms  into  pounds.  Vol.  I,  p.  517. 

for  converting  pounds  into  kilograms,  Vol.  I,  p.  516. 
Taenia  ;   cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  liii. 
Teeth,  carious  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv,  xxiii. 

defects  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  ))p.  xxi,  xxvi, 
xxxi,  xxxii,  xlv,  Ivii. 

extracted  to  escape  service.  Vol.  I,  p.  403. 

loss  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv,  xxiii,  xxvi, 
xxxiv,  xlv,  Iii,  Iviii,  8,  11. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


5(;3 


TEETH. 

Teeth,  loss  of — Coutinued. 
its  ri'latiou  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  403. 
Coiiiplcxiwi,  Vol.  II,  p.  455. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,  41fi,  421,  426. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,41(3,421,420. 
Lociilitv  (iliafted  men).  Vol.   II,  pp.  .528,  529,  ,536, 
.537   544    545,  5.52,  .5.53,  560,  561,  56H,  56'.»,  578,  579, 
58,5i  .590,  591,  598,  599,  606,  607, 014,  615,  622,  623, 
630,  631. 
Lociilitv   (recruits   and   substitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp. 
642  643,  652,  (i53,  662,  (■)63, 672, 673,  682,  (if  3,  (592, 
693,702,  703,712,  713,722,723,732,  733,  742,  743, 
752,  753,  762,  763. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.55. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  433,  438,  443,  448. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  471,  470,481,486,  491,  496, 
501,506,  511,  51(i,  521. 
loss  of;  less  important  than  formerly.  Vol.  I,  p.  167. 
loss  of;  prevalence  of,  in  the  United  States,  Vol.  I, 
p.  167. 
Tendons,  dropsy  of;  canse  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
inllammation  ol;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
rupture  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Voltl,  p. xiii. 
Terminology.  Vol.  I,  pp.  3-4. 
Testelin  (II.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvii. 

Testicle,  abscess  of ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p  xxvii. 
acute  disease  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxvii, 
10 
its  relation  to  : 

Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  464. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422,  427. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  l>p.  412,  417,  422,  427. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  644, 
645,054,  055,  (i04,  665,  674,675,  684,  685,  094,  695, 
704, 705, 714, 715, 724,  725, 734,  735,  744,  74.5,  7.54, 
7.55,  704, 76.5. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  434,  439,  444,  449. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  472,  477,  482,  487,  492,  497, 
502,507,512,517,-522. 
atrojihy  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvii,xlii, 

liv. 
chronic  disease  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  10. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  464. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.56. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,417,  422,  427. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422,  427. 
Localitv  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  530,  531,  538, 
539,  .546,  517,  5.54,  555,  .562,  .503,  570,  57 1 ,  .580,  581, 
586,  592,  .593, 000, 601 ,  608,  609,  616,  (SH,  624, 625, 
632,  633. 
Locality  (recrnitsand  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  644, 
(')45,  (.i54,  0.55,  664, 6(i5,  674, 675,  (i84,  6-5,  694,  69.i, 
704, 705, 714, 715, 724,  72.5,  734,  73.5,  744,  745,  7.54, 
755, 764,  765. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.56. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  434,  439, 444,  449. 
Occupji'tion,  Vol.  II,  pp.  472,  477,  482,  487,  492, 497, 
502, 507, 512, 517,. 522. 
degeneration  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvii. 
disease  of ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.1,  pp.  xx,  xxiv,  xxix, 

xiii,  liv,  Ivii. 
hypertrophy  of;  cause   for   rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiii, 

xlvi. 
induration  of;  canse  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  iv. 


TOE. 

Testicle— Continued. 

inflammation  of  cord  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I, 

p.  xvii. 
loss  of;  cause  for  ri'jectiou, Vol.  I,  pp.  xxiii,  xiii,  xlvi, liv. 
retention  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I.  jip.  xviu,  xx, 
xxv,xxxi,  xxxiii,  xiii,  xlvi,  liv  Ivii,  10. 

its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  464. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  450. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,417,  422,427. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,417,422,427. 
Localitv  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  PI>.  530, 531,. 538, 
539,  .540,  547,  .554,  5.55,  5(52,  5()3, 570,  571,  .580,  .581, 
586,  .592,  593,(i00,()01,608,009,6l0,617,624,62o, 
632,  033. 
Locality   (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,   pp. 
()14,  ()45,  054,  655,  661,  665,  674,  675,  684.  6S5,  694, 
695,  704,  705,  714,715,724,725,734,735,744,745, 
754,  755,  7()4,  765. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.5(). 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  434,  439,  444,  449. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  472,477,482,487,492,497, 
502,  .507, 512, 517,  522. 
Tetanus  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 
Thomas  (Dr.  C.  W.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  171. 
Thomson  (A.  S.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvii. 
Thomson  (Dr.  W.  H.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  2.52. 
Thorax,  malformation  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 

xxxiv,  xiii,  slv. 
Thumb,  loss  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvii,  xxi, 
xxiii,  xxviii,  xxxv,  xxxvii,  xlvii,  xlviii,  Iv,  lix, 
il,12. 
Its  relation  to: — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  465. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.57. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 
Height.  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,418,423,428. 
Localitv  (drafted    men).  Vol.  ^h  VV-/'>^l'J^'  "^f' 
541   548,  .549,  .5.50,  557,  .504,  565,  o/2,  573,o82,o83, 
587,  594,. 595,  002,  003,  610,  611,  618,  019,  626, (;27, 
634,635. 
Loealitv  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  I'P-  ''^'"'r 
(i47    (ViO,  6.57,  6(>6,  667,  676.  (i77,686,(iS7,(i90,  IV.I,, 
706,  707,  71(1,  717,  726,727,  736,737,746,747,  <.. 6, 
757, 7t)(),  7(i7. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  435,  440,  445,  450. 
Occupation,  V.,1.  II,  pp.  473,  478,  483,  488,493,498, 
503,508,513,518,523. 
loss  of  one  phalanx  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 
xvii,  Iv,  lix,  12. 
Tinea  capitis ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.1,  p.  xliii. 

favosa;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiii,  xxni. 
furfuracca  ;  cause  for  ri?jection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
Toe,  great,  ineurvated  nail  of;  cau.se  for  rejection.  Vol.  I, 
p.  xviii. 
great,  loss  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvu, 
xxiii,  xxvi,  xlix,  Iv,  11,  12. 
its  relation  to : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  405. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,418,423,428. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 
Localitv  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  PI'- ['32,  533,  540, 
541,. 548, 549, 550,  .5.57,  564,  .5(i5,  5<2,  5/3,  582,  .^8.j, 
5b7,  .594,  595,  602, 603,  010, 611,  618,  019,  020,  02i, 
634,  635. 


5b'4 


GENERAL    JNDEX. 


TOE. 

Toe,  great,  loss  of— Coutinued. 
its  relation  to: — 

Locality  (lecrnits  ami  substitutes),  Vol.  II,  pp.  646, 
647,  6.5(1,6.57, 1)66,  667, 670,  bTT.CHe,  687,  696,  697, 
706,707,716,717,7-26,727,736,737,746,  747,  756, 
707,766,767. 

Marri.ige,  Vol.  II,  p.  4!i7. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  435,  440,  445,  4.50. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,478,483,488,493,498, 
.503,  508, 513,. 51^  .523. 

loss  of  one  pbalauxof;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp. 
xvii,  xxxii,  Iv. 

Toes,  bent;  canse  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvii,  xxxii, 
xliii,  Iv. 

contractions  of;  canse  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvii. 

defects  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.   I,  pp.  xx,  xxvi, 

xxix,  Iv. 
double,  or  branching;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p. 

Iv. 
loss  of;  canse  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvii,  xxvi,  xxxi, 

XXXV,  xliii,  xli.x,  Iv,  lix. 
loss  of  one  pbalanx  of  each  of  last  four  ;  cause  for 

rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvii. 
over-riding  of;  cau.se  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.   xvii, 

xxiv,  xxxii,  xxxvi,  xliii,  Iv. 

supernumerary  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxxvi, 

xliii. 
web;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvii,  xliii,  xlvii, 

Iv. 

Tongue,  acute  disease  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p. 
xxvii. 

deformity  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv,  xxiii, 

xlv. 
disease  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  lii,  Iviii. 
loss  of ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxix,  xxxiv, 
lii,  Iviii,  8. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  463. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.5.5. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,416,421,426. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  411,416,421,426. 
Locality,  (drafted  nun),  Vol.  II,  i)p.  528,529,536, 
537, 544,  545, 5.52, 553,  .560,  561 ,  568, 569,  578,  579, 
585,590,591,598,599,606,607,614,615,  622,  623, 
630,  631. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.55. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  ]ip.  433,  438,  443,  448. 
Occupation.  Vol.  II.  pp.  471,476,481,486,491,496, 
501,506,511,516,521. 
ulcers  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxvii,  lii, 

Iviii. 
wounds   of;    cause   for   rejection,  Vol.   I,  jip.   xxvii, 
Iviii. 

Tonsils,  disease  of;  cause  for  rejrctioii.  Vol.  I,  p.  lii. 
Torticollis  ;  canse  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv,  xxxiv,  xlv, 

xlviii,  liii,  lix,  10.     (See,  also,  "  wry-neck.") 
Trachea,  diseases  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 
tistnla  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv,  xxix,  liii, 
lix,  8. 
its  relation  to: — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  462. 
C'lniplexion,  Vol.  11,  p.  454. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  11,  i)p.  410,  415,  420,  425. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,  420,  425. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  528,  .529,  536, 
537,  544,  545,  5.52,  553,  .5(iO,  fOl,  .568, 569,  .578,  ,579, 
585,590,591,598,599,006,607,614,615,  622,  623, 
630,631. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 


TYPICAL  MAN, 
Trachea,  fistula  of— Continued. 
its  relation  to  : — 

Nativity,  Vol.  11,  pp.  432,437,442,447. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  470,  475, 480,  485,  490,  495, 
500,505,510,515,5-4;0. 
intlammation  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 
Traumatic  paralysis  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
Trees,  forest,  of  California,  Vol.  I,  pp.  480,  493. 

Tremor,  habitual  ;   cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiii, 
XXV,  xxvi,  xxxvi,  xlviii. 

Trichiasis  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiv. 

Tricophyton ;  canse  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 

Tripler  (Cliailes  S.),  manual  for  examination  of  recruits, 
Vol.  I,  p.  1. 

on  capacity  of  chest.  Vol.  I,  pp.  439,  440. 
Trowbridge  (Dr.  W.  H.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  238. 

Tubercles ;    cause  for  rejection.  Vol.   I,   pp.   xii,  xxix, 

Iviii. 

Tuberculosis   in   men  working  as  blacksmiths.  Vol.  I, 
p.  339. 
the  result  of  intermarriage.  Vol.  I,  p.  339.     (See,  also, 
"  phthisis.") 

Tumors  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  iv,  xiii,  xiv,  xvii, 
xxvii,  xxix,  xxxi,  xxxiii,  xxxiv,  xxxvi,  xliv,  xlvi, 
xlviii,  xlix,  liii,  Ivi,  lix. 
chronic,  (of  bones) ;  canse  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
erectile  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xii,  lii. 
tibro-plastie ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xii. 
malignant;  cause  for  rejectioUj  Vol.  I,  pp.  xlviii,  li, 

lii. 
non-malignant ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  0, 
their  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  461. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,414,  419,  424. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  .526.  527,  534, 
535,  542, 543, 550, 551, 558, 559, 566,  567,  57(i,  577, 
584, 588, 589, 596, 597, 604, 005, 612,  613,  620,  621, 
628,  629. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  638, 
639,  648, 649, 658, 659,  l)6H,  669,  ()7S,  679,  (iSH,  689, 
IVJf,  699, 708, 709, 718, 719, 728, 729,  738,  739,  748, 
749, 758, 759. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  431,  436,  441,  446. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  469,  474,  479,  484,  489, 
494,  499,  .504,  509,  514,  519. 
of  abdominal  viscera  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p. 

xvi. 
of  bones  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxviii,  xlvi. 
of  cornea  ;  cau-e  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiv. 
of  face  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxviii. 
of  lachrymal  ducts  ;  cau.se  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xv. 
of  perineum  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.'  I,  p.  xvi. 
of  scrotum  ;  canse  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvii. 
of  skull ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
Tympanitis  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi. 

Tympanum,  obliteration  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I, 
p.  xiii. 
perforation  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xiii,li. 
Typhoid  fever;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 
Typhus  fever  ;  can.se  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxvii. 
Typical  man.  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixxviii,  Ixxxiii. 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


565 


UGLINESS. 


u. 


Ugliness,  excessive  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xiv. 

Ulcers;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  iv,  xii,  xiv,  xx, 
xxiv,  xxvii,  XXX,  xxxi,  xxxv,  xlviii,  Ivi,  lix,  10. 
their  relation  to  : — • 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  405. 
Coiiiplexiou,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 
Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  532,  533,  540, 
541,  548,  549,  556,  557,  ,5()4,  565,  072,  .573,  582,  583, 
.587,  594,  595,  002,  003,  010,  Oil,  018,  019,  020,  027, 
034,  035. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  G4C, 
647,  056,  6.57,  (iOO,  667,  070,  677,  080,  087,  696,  697, 
700,  707,  710,  717,  726,  727,  736,  737,  746,  747,  756, 
757,  766,  767. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.57. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  435,  440,  445,  4.50. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,  478,  483,  488,  493,  498, 
503,  508,  513,  5Io,  523. 
chronic  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  six,  Iv. 
fistulous  ;  cause  for  rcjectiou.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxx. 
of  abdomen  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxviii. 
of  cornea ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiv. 
of  feet;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xlvii. 
of  leg;  self-produced,  Vol.  I,  p.  468. 
of  mouth  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxix. 
of  tongue;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xxvii,  lii, 

Iviii. 
primary  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xii. 
scrofulous ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv,  xxi. 
Unclassified  diseases  ;  cause  for  rcjectiou,  Vol.  I,  p.  5. 
their  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  405. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,423,  428. 
Locality,  (dratted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  532,  533,  540, 
541,  548,  549,  556,  .5.57,  504.  565,  572,  573,  582,  583, 
587,  594,  595,  602,  003,  610,  Oil,  018,  019,  626,  627, 
634,  635. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  i)p.  640, 
047,  050,  057,  000,  007,  070,  077,  OHt!,  (587,  (i96,  697, 
70(;,  707,  710,  717,  720,  727,  730,  737,  746,  747,  756, 
757,  766,  707. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  43.5,  440,  445,  4.50. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,  478,  483,  488,  493,  498, 
503,  508,  513,  518,  523. 

Under  age  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  11,  12. 
Under  size ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol,  I,  pp.  11,  12. 
its  rtlation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  405. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,418,42.3,428. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pj).  046, 

047,  656,(1.57,  C>m,  (i(;7,07(!,  077,  686,687,  096,  697, 

700,  707,716,  717,  720,727,736,  737,  740,  747,  750, 

757, 766,  707. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  435,  4i0,  445,  4.50. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,  478,  483,  488,  493,  498, 

503,  508,  513, 518,  523. 

United  States  ;  mililaiy  aptitude  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  05. 


URINE. 

United  States — Continued. 

natives  of;  their  height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest, 

Vol.  It,  pp.  83-103,  160,  107, 170,  171,  174,  17.5,  178, 

179,  182,  183,  18(;,  187,  190,  191,  194,  195. 
proportion  of  soldiers  to  the  population.  Vol.  I,  p.  ()4. 
recruitment  and  composition  of  the  armies  of.  Vol.  I, 

p.l. 
(See,  also,  "Americans  white,"  "Americans  colored," 

"  Negro,"  and  "American  Indians.") 

United  States  Army  ;  changes  in,  requisite  stature,  and 
age  for  service  in,  from   1790  to   1874,  Vol.  I,  p. 
xlix. 
disqualifications  for  service  in,  Vol.  I,  pp.  li-lvi. 
exaniiiuition  of  recruits  for  service  in,  Vol.  I,  p.  I. 
strength  of,  at  various  dates.  Vol.  I,  p.  07. 

Urethra;  fistula  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvi, 
xxvii,  XXX,  xxxv,  xlvi,'liv,  lix,  9. 
inflammation  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvii, 

xxvii. 
stricture  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvi,  xxvii, 
XXX,  xxxv,  liv,  Ivii,  lix,  9, 12. 
its  relation  to  :^— 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  404. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422,  427. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422,  427. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  530,  .531,  .538, 

539, 540,  547,  554,  555, 502,  503,  .57  0, 57 1,  580,  581, 

580,  592,  593,  OUO,  001,  008, 009, 010,  017,  624, 025, 

632,  633. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  p|i. 

()44, 615,  6.54,  6,55,  604,  61i5,  074,  075, 684,  6^5, 094, 

695, 704,  705, 714,  715,  724, 725,  734,  735, 744,  74.5, 

754,  755,  704,  705. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  pp.  456. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp,  434,  439,  444,  449. 
Oecupation,V.d,  II, pp.  472,  477,482,  487,  492,497, 

502,  507,  512,  517,  522. 

Urinary  passages,  lesions  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I, 
pp.  XXV,  xxvii,  xxix. 
system,  diseases  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  81. 
their  relation  to  : — 

Age,  Vol.  I,  chart  xv  ;  Vol.  II,  p.  464. 
Complexion,  Vol.  I,  chart  xv  ;  Vol.  II,  p.  4,56. 
Gin h  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,422,427. 
Height,  Jiol.  I,  chart  xv  ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,417,422, 

427. 
Locality,  Vol.  I,  chart  xlviii. 
Locality   (drafted  men).  Vol.   II,  pp.  530,  .531,. 538, 

539, 546, 547, 5.54, 555, .502,  503,  .570,  .571,. 580, .581, 

.580,592,593,000,001,008,  009,  610,617,024,62.5, 

632,  633. 
Locality  (recruits  and  .substitutes),Vol,  II,  pp. 642- 

645,  052-655,  6()2-665,  672-  (i75,  082-685,  092-095, 

702-705, 712-715,722-725,  732-735,  742-745, 752- 

755,702-705. 
Marriage,  Vol.  I,  chart  xv  ;  Vol.  II,  p.  4,56. 
Nativity ,Vol.  I,  chart  xv  ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  434, 439,  444, 

449. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  472,  477, 482,  487, 492,  197, 

502,507,512,  517,. 522. 

Urine,  incontinence  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  i>p.  xvi, 
XXV,  XXX,  xxxv,  xlvi,  liv,  lix,  9, 12. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  464. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.56. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422,427. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,417,  422,  427. 


5G6 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


URINE. 

Urine,  incontinence  of — Continued. 
its  relation  to  : — 

Locality   (drafted  men).   Vol.  II,  pp.  530,  531,  538, 
539, 54(5, 547,  .554.  555,  .562,  5(j3,  .570,  571,  ,580,  581, 
581),  592, 593, 000,  (jOl,  (308,  609,  616,  617,  024,  625, 
632, 633. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.644, 
61.5,  051,  655,  604,  605,  674,  675,  684,  68.5,  694,  695, 
704,  705,  714,  715,  724,  725,  734,  735,  744,  745,  754, 
755,  764,  765. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.56. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  434,  439,  444,  449. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  472,  477,  482,  487,  492,  497, 
502,  .507,  512,  517,  522. 
retention  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xsv. 
Uvula,  absence  or  disease  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I, 
p.  xsxiv. 


Vaccination,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxi. 

Valverde  di  Hamusco  (Uiov.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Isxxvii. 

Valvular  disease  of  heart ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I, 

pp.  xvi,  liii. 
Van  Bree  (Math.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvii. 
Vanderpoel  (Dr.  S.  O.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  258. 
Vandyke,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixvi. 
Van  Eycks  (The),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixvi. 
Van  Kleck  (Dr.  J.  R.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  244. 
Varicocele  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvii,  xx,  xxv, 
xxix,  xxxi,  xlvi,  liv,  lix,  10, 12. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  464. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422,  427. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  412,  417,  422,  427. 
Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  530,  .531, 533, 539, 
546,  547,  554,  .555,  562,  .563,  570,  .571,  580,  .581,  586, 
592,  593,  600,  601,  608.  609,  610,617,624,  625,632, 
633. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  644, 
645,  654,  655,  664,  66.5,  074,  075,  684,  685,  694,  695, 
7(14,  705,  714,  715,  724,  725,  734,  735,  744,  745,  754, 
7.55,  764,  765. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  456. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  434,  439,  444,  449. 
Occupation,  Vol.   II,  pp.  472,  477,  482,487,  492,  497, 
502,  507,  512,  517,  522. 
not  thought  disqualifying.  Vol.  I,  p.  168. 
Vedder  (Dr.  A.  M.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  263. 
Veeter  (Dr.  J.  R.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  393. 
Vegetations  of  auditory  canal ;    cause  for  rejection. 
Vol.  1,  p.  xiii. 

Vegetius,  Vol.  I,  p.  ix. 

Veins,  diseases  of;  cause  for  njeetion.  Vol.   I,  j).  xxvii. 
varicose;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  iv,  xii,  xvii, 
xix,  XX,   xxiv,    xxvii,   xxviii,  xxx,  xxxi,  xxxv, 
xlvii,  xlix,  Iv,  Ivi,  lix,  7. 
varicose  ;  not  thought  disiiualifying.  Vol.  I,  p.  168. 
their  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vi.l.  H,  p.   I(i2. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,420,  425. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,  420,  425. 
Localitv  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  528,  .529,  .536, 
.537,. 544,  545, 5.52,  .553, 5(i0,  561,  5(_i8,.509,  578,  .579, 
,585,  .590,  .591,  .598, 599,  606,  607, 614,  61-5,  622,  623, 
•       630, 631. 


VICE. 

Veins,  varicose — Continned. 
their  relation  to  : — 

Localitv  (recruitsandsubstitutes),Vol.  II,  pp.  640, 
(!41,  (350,  651,  600,  001,  070,  071,  (580, 681,  690,  091, 
700,  701,  710,  711,  720, 721, 730, 731, 740, 741, 750, 
751,  760,  761. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  432,  437,  442,  447. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  470,  475,  480,  485,  490,  495, 
500,  505,  510,  515,  520. 
Venereal  disease.    (See  "  syphilis.") 
Vermont,  men  examined  in  ; 

height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  2,3, 

12,  13,  22,  23,  32,  33,  42,  43,  52,  53,  62,  63,  72,  73. 
mean  girth  of  chest,  in  relation  to  height,  compared 
with  that  of  men  from  other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
mean  height  .and  girth  of  chest  in  eiich  congressioiuil 
district  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  25-27. 

mean  height  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 

States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  24,  29. 
mean    mobility  of    chest  in  relation  to  height  and 

girth  of  chest  compared   with  that  of  men  from 

other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 

number  and  ratio  per  thousand  of  recruits  and  sub- 
stitutes rejected  in  each  congressional  district  on 
account  of  specified  diseases,  Vol.  II,  pp.  639, 641, 
643,  045,  647. 
number  of  drafted   men  exempted  in  each  congres- 
sional district  on  account  of  specified  diseases. 
Vol.  II,  pp.  526, 528.  530,  532. 
ratio  per  thousand  of  drafted  men  exempted  in  each 
congressional  district  on  account  of  specified  dis- 
eases. Vol.  II,  pp.  577,  579,  581,  583. 
height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest  of  colored  meu. 
Vol.  II,  pp.  84, 85, 94,  95, 104, 105,  114, 115, 124,  125, 
134,135,144,14.5,154,155. 
Vermont,  surgeon's  report  froui : — 
first  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  190. 
second  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  193. 
third  district,  Vol.  I,  p.  195. 
Vernet  (Horace),  Vol.  1,  p.  Ixvi. 

Vertebrae,  fracture  or  dislocation  of;  cause  for  rejection, 
Vol.  I,  p.  liii. 

Vertebral  column,  caries  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I, 
p.  xlvi. 

cleft ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xlvi. 

distortion  of;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvi,  xxx, 
xliii,  xlvi. 

Vertigo  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xxxvi. 

epileptiform  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
Vesalius  (A.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixvi,  Ixxxvii. 
Veteran  Reserve  Corps,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ix. 
Vice,  solitary  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ivii,  0, 11. 
its  relation  to  : — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  401. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.53. 
Girth  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  409,  414,  419,  424. 
Locality   (drafted  men).  Vol.   II,  pp.  .520,  527,  534, 
535,542,543,550,551,  558,  ,5.59,  .500,  507,  ,570,  .577, 
584,  588,  589, 590,  .597,  604,  605,  612,  013,  620,  621, 
628, 629. 
Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  (i38, 
639,  (348,  649,  058,  659,  668,  669,  678,  679,  688,  689, 
698,  699,  708,  709,  718,  719,  728,  729,  738,  739,  748, 
749,  758,  759. 
Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  453. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  i,p.  431,436,441,416. 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


567 


VICE. 

Vice,  solitary — Coutinned. 
its  rclatii)!!  to  :  — 
Occupation,  Vol.  11,  pp.  409,  474,  479,484,489,494, 
499,  504,  509,  514,  519. 
Villafaue.     {See  Art'o.) 
.  Villerme  (L.).  ^^"I-  I.  P-  Ixxxvii. 
Viuci  (Liiiiianlo  iln),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixiv,  Isvi,  Ixxxvii. 
Viscera  of  abdomen  and  chest,  diseases  of;  cause  for 

rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xx,  xxiv,  xxvi. 
Vision,  defective  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xix. 

defects  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  i>p.  xxi,  xxiv, 

xxxiii,  Ivii. 
testing  tlie  power  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  xxi. 
Vital  capacity,  Vol.  I,  pp.  30,  :i8. 
Vitruvius,  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixiv,  Ixv. 
Vogt  (Carl),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixiv,  Ixxxvii. 
Voice,  defects  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv,  xix, 
xxi,  xxiv,  xlv,  liii. 
loss  of;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  Iviii,  7. 
its  relation  to: — 
Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  4(32. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,415,420,425. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  410,  415,  420,  425. 
Localitv  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  528,  529,  536, 
537,544,545,5,52,  5.53,  5G0, 561,. 568,509.578, 579, 
585, 590, 591, 59s,  599,  C06, 607, 614, 615, 622, 623, 
630, 631. 
Localitv  (recruits  .and  sulistitutes),Vol.II.  pp.  640, 
641,6.51),  651,660,6111,070,671,  680,  681,690,691, 
700,  701, 710,  711,720,  721,730,  731,  740,  741,  750, 
751,  760,  7(;i. 
Marri.age,  Vol.  II,  p.  454. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  432,  437,  442,  447. 
Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  470,  475,  480, 485,490,  495, 
500,505,510,515,520. 
Volpato  (Giov.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvii. 
Volunteers;   term  defined.  Vol.  I,  p.  3. 
total  nuuiber  examined,  Vol.  I,  p.  ii. 
total  number  rejected.  Vol.  I,  p.  ii. 

\¥. 

■Wagenseller  (Dr.  P.  R.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  332. 

"Walden  (Dr.  C.  F.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  ]).  395. 

Wales,  natives  of;  mean  girth  of  chest  compared  with 

that  of  other  nativities,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
mean  height  compared  with  that  of  other  nativities. 

Vol.  I,  p.  23. " 
mean  mobility  of  chest,  in  relation  to  height  and  girth 

of  chest,  compared  with  that  of  other  nativities. 

Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
their  height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest.  Vol.   II, 

lip.  166,  107,  170, 171, 174, 175, 178, 179, 182, 183,186, 

187,190,191,  194,195. 
"Walker  (Dr.  E.  .S.),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  270. 
Ward  (Dr.  .1.  R.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  340. 
■Wasting  of  limbs  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xvii. 
Watelet  (Chr.-Hen.),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvii. 
Web-fingers  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvii,  xxxv, 

lix,  12. 

Web-toes  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  pp.  xvii,  xliii,  xlvii, 
Iv. 

Weight,  Vol.  I,  p.  51. 

extreme  cases  of.  Vol.  I,  pp.  54,55. 

its  relation  to  : — 

Age,  Vol.  I,  p.  .53. 

Height,  Vol.  I,  p.  54. 


WISCONSIN. 

Weight — Coiitinued. 

its  relation  to  heipht,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest 
complexion,  and  age  in: — 
Anierieau-born  colored  men  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp. 

:)lH-333. 
American-born    white   men    accepted.  Vol.   II,  pp. 

300-315. 
niitisb-.Vmericans  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp.  330-351. 
Englishmen  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp.  354-369. 
Geruuius  accepted,  Vol.  II,  pp.  390-405. 
Irishmen  accepted.  Vol.  II,  pp.  372-387. 
mean,   of  men   of  diti'erent   nativities,   according   to 

various  observers, Vol.  I,  pp.  56-59. 
relation  of  height,  girth  and  ex])ansion  of  chest  to  in- 
creasing weight.  Vol.  1,  i>p.  39,40,41. 
Wells  (Dr.  J.  Ralston),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  301. 
Westcott  (Dr.  Robert),  Report  of.  Vol.  I,  p.  285. 
West  Indies,  natives  of;  mean  girth  of  chest,  compared 
with  that  of  other  nativities.  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
mean   height  compared  with  that  of  other  nativities 

Vol.  I,  p.  23. 
mean  mobility  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  and 
girth  of  chest  compared  with  that  of  other 
nativities,  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
their  heipht,  girth  and  ex])ausiou  of  chest,  Vol.  II,  Jip. 
166,167,170,171,174,  175,  178,  179,  182,  183,  186, 
187,190,191,194,195. 

West  Virginia,  men  examined  in  ; 

heiglit,  girth  .and  ex)iansion  of  chest.  Vol.  II,l)p.  6,7, 
16,  17, 26, 27,  36,  37,  46,  47, 56,  .57, 66, 07, 70, 77. 

mean  girth  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  compared 
with  that  of  nien  from  other  .States,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 

mean  height  and  girth  of  chest  in  each  congressional 
district  comjiared  with  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  25-27. 

mean  height  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  pp  24,29. 

mean  mobility  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  and 
girth  of  chest  compared  with  that  of  men  from 
other  States,  Vol.  I, )).  45. 

number  and  ratio  per  thousand  of  recruits  and  sub- 
stitutes rejected  iu  each  congressional  district  on 
account  of  specified  diseases.  Vol.  II,  pp.  699,701, 
703,705,707. 

number  of  drafted  men  exempted  iu  each  congres- 
sional district  on  account  of  speciljed  diseases, 
Vol.  II,  pp.  550, 552,  554,  .556. 

ratio  per  thousand  of  drafted  men  exempted  in  each 
congressional  district  on  accountof  specified  dis- 
eases. Vol.  II,  p]).  605,  607,  i;09,  Oil. 

height,  girth  and  expansion  of  chest  of  colored  men. 
Vol.  II,  ])p.  88,  H9,  98,  99,  108,  109,  118,  119,  128, 
129, 138,  139, 148, 149, 158, 159. 

West  Virginia,  surgeon's  report  from:— 
second  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  300. 
third  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  360. 
White  (Chas.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixiv,  Ixxxvii. 
■White  swelling ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  p.  xiii. 
■Whiting  (Dr.  L.  M.),  Report  of,  Vol.  I,  p.  414. 
■Wilbur  (Dr.  G.  A.),  Report  of,  Vol,  I,  p.  174. 
"Wiuckelmann  (J.  J.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixvi,  Ixxxvii. 
■Wisconsin,  men  examined  iu  ; 

height,  girth  and  exiiansion  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  10, 

11,  20,  21,  30,  31,  40,  41,  50,  51 ,  00,  61,  70,  71,  80,  81. 
mean  girth  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  compared 
with  that  of  men  from  other  States,  Vol.  I,  p.  32. 
mean  height  and  girth  of  chest  in  each  congressional 
district  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  25-27. 


568 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


WISCONSIN. 

■Wisconsin,  men  examined  in — Continued. 

mean  height  compared  with  that  of  men  from  other 

States,  Vol.  I,  pp.  24-29. 
mean  mobility  of  chest  in  relation  to  height  and  girth 
of  chest  compared  \yith  that  of  men  from  other 
States,  Vol.  I,  p.  45. 
number  and  ratio  per  thousand  of  recruits  and  sub- 
stitutes rejected  in  each  congressional  district  on 
account  of  specified  diseases,  Vol.  II,  i^p.  758,760, 
762, 764,  766. 
nnmber  of  drafted  men  exempted  in  each  congres- 
sional  district   on  account  of  specified  diseases, 
Vol.  II,  pp.  567,569,571,573. 
ratio  per  thousand  of  drafted   men   in  each   congres- 
sional district  on  account  of  specified   diseases, 
Vol.  II,  pp.  629,  631, 633,  635. 
height,  girdi  and  expansion  of  chest  of  colored  men. 
Vol.  II,  pp.  92,  93,  102,103,112,113,122,123,132, 
133, 142, 143, 152, 153, 162, 163. 
Wisconsin,  surgeon's  report  from  : — 

fifth  district.  Vol.  I,  p.  470. 
Witt  (Jacob  de),  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixxxvii. 
Woillez  (E.  J.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixxxvii,  48. 
Wounds;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xsvi,  Ivi,  Ivii, 
lix,  11. 
their  relation  to : — 
Age,  Vol.11,  p.  465. 
Complexion,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  41H,  423,  428. 
Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 

Locality  (drafted  men),  Vol.  II,  pp.  532,  533,  540, 
541,548,  .549,  .556,  5.57,  .564,  ,565,  572,  573,  582,583, 
587,  .594,  595,602,  603,  610,  611,  618,  619,626,627, 
634,  635. 

Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  646, 
647,  656,  6.57,  666,  667,  676,  677,  686,  687,  696,  697, 
706,  707,  716,  717,  726,  727,  736,  737,  746,  747,  756, 
757,  766,  767. 


ZEISING. 
Wounds  -Continued, 
their  relation  to  : — 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  4,57. 

Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  435,  440,  445, 4.50. 

Occupation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,  478,  483,  488,  493,  498, 

503, 508, 513, 518,  :a:\. 

Wry -neck  ;  cause  for  rejection,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xv,  xxxiv,  xlv, 
xlviii,  liii,  lix,  10. 

its  relation  to  : — 

Age,  Vol.  II,  p.  465. 

Complexiou,  Vol.  II,  p.  4.57. 

Girth  of  chest.  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,428. 

Height,  Vol.  II,  pp.  413,  418,  423,  428. 

Locality  (drafted  men).  Vol.  II,  pp.  .532,  533,  540, 
541,548,549,  .556,557,  5t)4,  565,  .572,  .573,  582,  583, 
587,  594,  595,  602,  603,  010,  611,  618,  619,  626,  627, 
634,  635. 

Locality  (recruits  and  substitutes).  Vol.  II,  pp.  646, 
647,656,  657,  (:65,  667,  676,  677,  686,  687,096,697, 
706,707,710,  717,  726,  727,  736,  737,  746,747,750, 
757, 766, 767. 

Marriage,  Vol.  II,  p.  457. 
Nativity,  Vol.  II,  pp.  435,  440,  445, 450. 
Occui)ation,  Vol.  II,  pp.  473,  478,  483,  488,  493,  498, 
503,  508,  513, 518,  .523. 

WUlIerstorf-Urbair   (B.   vou.   Commodore),    Vol.   I,   p. 
Ixxxyii. 


Xenophon,  Vol.  I,  p.  Ixiv. 

Xerosis  ;  cause  for  rejection.  Vol.  I,  p.  xiv. 


Z. 


Zeising  (A.),  Vol.  I,  pp.  Ixviii,  Ixxxvii. 


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